List of directly imaged exoplanets explained

This is a list of extrasolar planets that have been directly observed, sorted by observed separations. This method works best for young planets that emit infrared light and are far from the glare of the star. Currently, this list includes both directly imaged planets and imaged planetary-mass companions (objects that orbit a star but formed through a binary-star-formation process, not a planet-formation process). This list does not include free-floating planetary-mass objects in star-forming regions or young associations, which are also referred to as rogue planets.

The data given for each planet is taken from the latest published paper on the planet to have that data. In many cases it is not possible to have an exact value, and an estimated range is instead provided. The coldest and oldest planet directly imaged is Epsilon Indi Ab, which has six times Jupiter's mass, an effective temperature of 275 K, and an age of about 3.5Ga.This list includes the four members of the multi-planet system that orbit HR 8799.

It is unlikely or at least unclear if objects on a wide orbit (≥100 AU) formed in circumstellar disks and these objects are therefore more often referred as planetary-mass companions.[1] Only in rare cases, such as for HD 106906 b, the formation of the object in the disk is seen plausible.

Key

Exoplanets have been discovered using several different methods for collecting or combining direct images to isolate planets from the background light of their star. Non-Redundant Aperture Masking Interferometry is a method of combining the views of multiple telescopes into a single image, while the other methods are algorithms for combining multiple direct images taken from the same telescope.

Exoplanets

Although listed in the table below, the identities of Candidate 1, FW Tau b, 2MASS J044144 b, and HD 100546 b are disputed. They may not actually be true exoplanets.

  †   There is no consensus whether these companions of stars should be considered sub-brown dwarfs or planetsCheck https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/docs/imaging.html to see more directly imaged planets. It contains an updated table of all of them.
StarExoplanetImageMass (MJ)Radius (RJ)Period (yr)Observed separation (AU)EccentricityDistance to Earth (ly)Year of discoveryImaging techniqueRef(s).
WISE J0336-0143WISE J0336-0143 B† 4-12.55-9332023source substraction[2]
Alpha Centauri ACandidate 1 (?)0.11±0.050.459±0.17~11.14.372021
CFBDSIR J145829+101343CFBDSIR J145829+101343 b10.527.52.62011Direct imaging
HD 206893HD 206893 c5.71332023interferometry[3]
HD 206893 B†262017ADI, PCA[4]
WISE 1217+1626WISE 1217+1626 A b220.934130-2108.02012Direct imaging
AF LeporisAF Lep b2-5.520.680.47872023Direct imaging[5] [6] [7]
Beta PictorisBeta Pictoris b12.71.46[8] 22.4790.082008RSDI[9] [10] [11] [12]
LP 852-7WD 1202–232 b1-75011.47342024 (unconfirmed)PSF-substraction[13]
51 Eridani51 Eridani b2.61.0?13?2014ADI, KLIP[14]
WISE 1711+3500WISE 1711+3500 B8.7-22280-43015622012laser AO[15]
HR 8799HR 8799 e7.01.34914.50.142010ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 d7.01.310024.50.092008ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 c7.01.318937.40.242008ADI, LOCI
HR 8799 b5.01.247469.20.172008ADI, LOCI
2M J0441442M J044144 b†5–10152010Direct imaging
29 CygniHIP 99770 b13.9-16.11.0551.016.90.25130.92022ALOCI
HIP 21152HIP 21152 b60.32022Direct imaging
HR 2562HR 2562 b301.1120.32016Direct imaging
PDS 70PDS 70 b??213702018ADI, TLOCI
PDS 70 c??353702019SDI
HIP 81208 CHIP 81208 Cb†14.8~285234852023[16]
PZ TelescopiiPZ Telescopii b120.52010Direct imaging, radial velocity
Epsilon Indi Ab5.75-6.91173.60.40122018 (RV), 2024 (images)coronagraphic images[17]
LAWD 83WD 2105–82 b1-224334.6252.72024 (unconfirmed)PSF-substraction
HD 169142HD 169142 b1-437.21152019/2023pseudo-ADI, PDI, ASDI, ADI[18] [19]
2M12072M1207b †4.21.5162040.60.372004Direct imaging
59 VirginisGliese 504 b†40.9643.52013ADI, LOCI
2MASS J01225093-24395052MASS J01225093-2439505 b24.51.0522013Direct imaging
KR MuscaeHD 100546 b8.50±4.006.953±22014Direct imaging
Kappa AndromedaeKappa Andromedae b13?552013ADI, LOCI
HD 95086HD 95086 b5.0??56?2013ADI, LOCI
2MASS J01033563-5515561(AB)2MASS J0103 AB b†12-14841542013AO[20]
HIP 65426HIP 65426 b6-121.5600922017ADI, TLOCI[21] [22]
AB AurigaeAB Aurigae b9-122.75?930.19-0.605082022ADI/RSDI, ALOCI[23]
MWC 758MWC 758 c1002023Direct imaging
GQ LupiGQ Lupi b1–3631002004Direct imaging
VHS 1256-1257VHS 1256 b †11.239001022015Direct imaging
YSES 2YSES 2 b1153592021reference star image substraction[24]
2MASS J04372171+26510142M0437 b3-51184182021AO[25]
ROXs 42BROXs 42Bb91968.32013Direct imaging[26]
2MASS J02192210-39252252MASS J02192210-3925225 b13.91.441602015Direct imaging
TYC 8998-760-1TYC 8998-760-1 b †141603092020imaging + coronagraph[27]
TYC 8998-760-1 c63202020[28]
CFHTWIR-Oph 98CFHTWIR-Oph 98 b1.86±0.05~22000200±62021Direct imaging
CHXR 73CHXR 73 b2102006Direct imaging
ROXs 12ROXs 12 b162140.832013Direct imaging
2MASS J22362452+47514252M2236+4751 b†11-142302052017AO[29]
Mu2 ScorpiiMu2 Scorpii b†l14.4±0.8242.40.562022Direct imaging
Ophiuchi 11Ophiuchi 11 b21±320,000243±552006Direct imaging
AB PictorisAB Pictoris b†[30] 1.752601642005imaging+ coronagraph[31] [32]
GSC 6214-00210GSC 6214-00210 b†14 ± 23203552008/2011[33]
FW TauriFW Tauri b†10±4or star[34] ?~12,000[35] 330?[36] 2013Direct imaging[37] [38]
DH TauriDH Tauri b†11±32.7±0.83304412005/2014Coronagraph, AO[39] [40]
1RXS J16091RXS 1609 b†8–141.76518331.10.082008/2010Direct imaging
HIP 79098 ABHIP 79098 AB b20.5±4.5345±62019Direct imaging
CT ChamaeleontisCT Chamaeleontis b†17±62.204402007Direct imaging
HD 203030HD 203030 B114871282006SDI[41]
b Centaurib Centauri b10.95563302021coronagraph+ classical angular differential imaging[42]
HD 106906HD 106906 b†11±2??650?2013ADI
USco CTIO 108USco CTIO 108 b146702008Direct imaging
2MASS J23225240-61511142MASS J23225299-615127512.6-13.3705138.42014Direct imaging[43] [44]
HIP 78530HIP 78530 b23±1740±602010Direct imaging
HN PegasiHN Pegasi b21.9987±9.42803773±132006Direct imaging
FU TauriFU Tauri b168002008Direct imaging
SR 12SR 12(AB) c†119803372011[45]
2MASS J05581644–45015590558 B6-121,043882024Direct imaging[46]
DT VirginisRoss 458(AB) c†8.51.833,0811,167.70.17[47] 2011Direct imaging
BD+60 1417BD+60 1417b†13.47±5.671.31±0.061,662144±132021Direct imaging[48]
SE 70S Ori 6851,7001,2902006Direct imaging[49]
2MASS J0249-0557AB2MASS J0249-0557c†1,9501592018Direct imaging[50]
GU PisciumGU Piscium b†11±2163,0002,0002014Direct imaging
LOri 167LOri 167B2,0001,3002007Direct imaging[51]
GSC 00568-01752SDSS J2249+0044AB (for single object)2264146.72010/2024Direct imaging[52] [53] [54]
WD 0806-661WD 0806-661 B†7–9??2,500?2011Direct imaging
USco1621 AUSco1621 b16±22,880±202019Direct imaging
USco1556 AUSco1556 b15±23,500±402019Direct imaging
L 34-26COCONUTS-2b†~1,100,0006,47135.51±0.012021/2011Direct imaging[55]
TYC 9486-927-12MASS J2126–814013.3±1.7?~900,0006,684?80.72±13.862016/2006Direct imaging[56]
GJ 900CW2335+014210.512,000682024Direct imaging[57]
BD+29 50072MASS J2351+301022,10677.122015 (age+mass)/ 2016 (co-movement)/ 2024 (both)Direct imaging[58] [59]

See also

External links

Notes and References

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