List of extinct languages of Asia explained

This is a list of extinct languages of Asia, languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers, and no spoken descendant.

There are 176 languages listed. 16 from Central Asia, 27 from East Asia, 20 from South Asia, 25 from Southeast Asia, 23 from Siberia and 65 from West Asia.

List

This is an incomplete list. You can help by adding missing items, correcting wrong information and adding reliable sources. (March 2024)

Central Asia

Language/dialect	Family	data-sort-type=number	Date of extinction	Ethnic Group(s)	Native to
Avestan	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-800.00001"	800s BC^[1]	Avestan people	Central Asia
Bactrian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1000.00001"	1000s AD^[2]	Bactrians	Bactria
Bulgar	Turkic	data-sort-value="1200.00001"	1200s AD^[3]	Bulgars	Pontic–Caspian steppe
Cuman	Turkic	data-sort-value="1700.00001"	1770 AD^[4]	Cumans	Cumania
Fergana Kipchak	Turkic	data-sort-value="1920.00001"	1920s AD^[5]	Fergana Kipchak-speakers	Fergana Valley
Gorgani	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1500.00001"	1500-1700s AD^[6]	Semnani	Gorgan
Hunnic	unclassified	data-sort-value="400.00001"	400s AD^[7]	Huns	Eurasian Steppe
Khazar	Turkic	data-sort-value="1100.00001"	1100s AD^[8]	Khazars	Khazar Khaganate
Khwarezmian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1000.00001"	1000s AD^[9]	Khwarezmians	Khwarazm
Moghol	Mongolic	data-sort-value="2022.00001"	2022 AD	Moghols	Herat
Old Uyghur	Turkic	data-sort-value="1300.00001"	1300s AD^[10]	Uyghurs in Turfan and Qomul	Mongolia, Hami, Turpan and Gansu
Pahlavani	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Pahlavani people	Chakhansur District
Parthian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1000.00001"	1000s AD^[11]	Parthians	Parthia
Sarghulami	Indo-European	data-sort-value="2014.00001"	by 2014 AD^[12]	Sarghulami speakers	Badakhshan
Vanji	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1925.00001"	1925 AD^[13]	Vanj people	Emirate of Bukhara
Wotapuri-Katarqalai	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1960.00001"	1960 AD^[14]	Afghans	Afghanistan

East Asia

Language/dialect	Family	data-sort-type=number	Date of extinction	Ethnic Group(s)	Native to
Agnean	Indo-European	data-sort-value="900.00001"	900s AD^[15]	Tocharians	Tarim Basin
Babuza	Austronesian	data-sort-value="1977.00001"	by 1977 AD^[16]	Babuza and Taokas	western coast of Taiwan
Baekje	Koreanic	data-sort-value="600.00001"	600s AD^[17]	Baekje	Baekje
Basay	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Qauqaut and Basay	Northern Taiwan
Buyeo	Koreanic?	data-sort-value="_"		Yemaek	Manchuria
Chinese Kyakala	Tungusic	data-sort-value="1901.00001"	1900-1920s AD^[18]	Kyakala	Northeastern China
Favorlang	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Babuza	Taiwan
Kiautschou German pidgin	German-based pidgin	data-sort-value="1901.00001"	1900-1920s AD^[19]	German-educated Chinese	Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory
Gaya	unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Kara tribal confederation	Gaya confederacy
Goguryeo	Koreanic?	data-sort-value="700.00001"	700s AD^[20]	Goguryeo people	Manchuria and Korea
Jie	either Yeniseian or Turkic	data-sort-value="_"		Jie people	Northern China
Khitan	Para-Mongolic?	data-sort-value="1125.00001"	1125 AD^[21]	Khitan people	northeastern China, southeastern Mongolia and eastern Siberia
Kuchean	Indo-European	data-sort-value="900.00001"	900s AD^[22]	Tocharians	Kucha
Kulon	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Kulon speakers	Taiwan
Luilang	Austronesian	data-sort-value="1977.00001"	by 1977 AD	Ketagalan	Banqiao District
Old Yue	unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Nanyue	Southern China
Papora-Hoanya	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Papora and Hoanya	Taiwan
Pazeh	Austronesian	data-sort-value="2010.00001"	2010 AD^[23]	Kazabu and Pazeh people	Taiwan
Rouran	unclassified	data-sort-value="620.00001"	after 620 AD^[24]	The Rouran	Mongolia and Northern China
Siraya	Austronesian	data-sort-value="1800.00001"	1800s AD^[25]	Siraya	Taiwan
Tangut	Sino-Tibetan	data-sort-value="1500.00001"	1500s AD^[26]	Tangut	Northwestern China
Wusun	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Wusun	Qilian Mountains and Dunhuang
Xiongnu	unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Xiongnu	Xiongnu Empire
Xianbei	Para-Mongolic?	data-sort-value="_"		Xianbei	Xianbei state
Ye-Maek	Koreanic	data-sort-value="400.00001"	400s AD^[27]	Yemaek	Manchuria and Southern Korea
Yokohamese	Japanese based pidgin	data-sort-value="1870.00001"	1870-1890s AD^[28]	Western and Chinese traders	Yokohama
Zhang-Zhung	Sino-Tibetan	data-sort-value="900.00001"	900s AD^[29]	Zhangzhung people	western Tibet

South Asia

Language/dialect	Family	data-sort-type=number	Date of extinction	Ethnic Group(s)	Native to
Aka-Bea	Andamanese	data-sort-value="1931.00001"	1931 AD	Bea	western Andaman Strait and the northern and western coast of South Andaman
Aka-Bo	Andamanese	data-sort-value="2010.20001"	February 2010^[30]	Bo	west central coast of the North Andaman and on the North Reef Island
Aka-Cari	Andamanese	data-sort-value="2020.00001"	April 4, 2020^[31]	Cari	north coast of North Andaman and on Landfall Island
Aka-Kede	Andamanese	data-sort-value="1940.00001"	1930-1950s AD	Aka-Kede	Southeast Middle Andaman
Aka-Kol	Andamanese	data-sort-value="1921.00001"	1921 AD	Kol	Northern section of Middle Andaman
Aka-Kora	Andamanese	data-sort-value="2004.00001"	2004 AD^[32]	Kora	northeast and north central coasts of North Andaman and Smith Island
Akar-Bale	Andamanese	data-sort-value="1940.00001"	1930-1950s AD	Bale	Ritchie's Archipelago, Havelock Island and Neil Island
Ashokan Prakrit	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-232.00001"	232 BC^[33]	Ashoka	Maurya Empire
Cochin Portuguese creole	Portuguese Creole	data-sort-value="2010.80001"	20 August 2010^[34]	Cochin Portuguese Creole speakers	Kochi
Dura	Sino-Tibetan	data-sort-value="2008.00001"	August 2008^[35]	Dura	Nepal
Gandhari	Indo-European	data-sort-value="200.00001"	200s AD^[36]	Gandhari people	Gandhara
Harappan	unclassified	data-sort-value="-1900.00001"	1900s BC^[37]	Harappan people	Indus River
Jangil	Andamanese	data-sort-value="1905.00001"	1905 AD^[38]	Jangil	Rutland Island
Lubanki	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Labana	Punjab
Moran	Sino-Tibetan	data-sort-value="1931.00001"	by 1931 AD^[39]	Morans	Assam
Oko-Juwoi	Andamanese	data-sort-value="1931.00001"	1931 AD	Juwoi	west central and southwest interior of Middle Andaman
Paishachi	Indo-European	data-sort-value="900.00001"	900s AD^[40]	Paishachi people	North India
Pucikwar	Andamanese	data-sort-value="1940.00001"	1930-1950s AD	Pucikwar	south coast of Middle Andaman, northeast coast of South Andaman and Baratang Island
Shauraseni Prakrit	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1000.00001"	1000s AD^[41]	Medieval Indians	Medieval India
Ullatan	Dravidian	data-sort-value="1991.00001"	1991 AD^[42]	Ullatan speakers	India

Southeast Asia

Language/dialect	Family	data-sort-type=number	Date of extinction	Ethnic Group(s)	Native to
Dicamay Agta	Austronesian	data-sort-value="1957.00001"	1957-1974 AD^[43]	Aeta	Luzon
Hoti	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Hoti speakers	Maluku Islands
Hpon	Sino-Tibetan	data-sort-value="_"		Hpon speakers	Myanmar
Hukumina	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Hukumina speakers	northwest Buru
Kamarian	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Kamarian language	west Seram Island
Katabangan	Austronesian	data-sort-value="2006.00001"	by 2006 AD^[44]	Agta	Bondoc Peninsula
Kayeli	Austronesian	data-sort-value="1989.00001"	1989 AD^[45]	Kayeli people	Buru
Kenaboi	unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Kenaboi	Negeri Sembilan
Lelak	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Lelak people	Sarawak
Makuva	Trans–New Guinea?	data-sort-value="1950.00001"	1950s AD^[46]	Makuva speakers	East Timor
Mardijker	Portuguese Creole	data-sort-value="2012.00001"	2012 AD^[47]	Mardijker people	Jakarta
Moksela	unclassified	data-sort-value="1974.00001"	1974 AD^[48]	Moksela people	Sula Islands
Nila	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Nila speakers	Nila Island and Seram Island
Portugis	Portuguese Creole	data-sort-value="_"		Christians of mixed Portuguese and Malay ancestry	Indonesia
Pyu	Sino-Tibetan	data-sort-value="1100.00001"	1100s AD^[49]	Pyu people	Myanmar
Rusenu	Trans–New Guinea?	data-sort-value="2007.00001"	after 2007 AD	Rusenu speakers	eastern East Timor
Sabüm	Austroasiatic	data-sort-value="_"		Malaysians	Malaysia
Seru	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Seru speaking people	Sarawak
Serua	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Seruans	Seram Island
Taman	Sino-Tibetan	data-sort-value="1990.00001"	1990s AD^[50]	Shan	Tamanthi
Tambora	Papuan	data-sort-value="1815.00001"	April 1815 AD^[51]	Tambora culture	Sumbawa
Tandia	Austronesian	data-sort-value="_"		Tandia speakers	West Papua
Tây Bồi	French Pidgin	data-sort-value="1954.00001"	after 1954 AD^[52]	Vietnamese people	Vietnam
Timor Pidgin	Portuguese creole	data-sort-value="1960.00001"	1960s AD^[53]	Portuguese settlers	Dili
Wila'	Austroasiatic	data-sort-value="_"		Wila' speaking people	Malaysia

Siberia

Language/dialect	Family	data-sort-type=number	Date of extinction	Ethnic Group(s)	Native to
Arin	Yeniseian	data-sort-value="1700.00001"	1700s AD^[54]	Ara	Yenisey between Yeniseysk and Krasnoyarsk
Arman	Tungusic	data-sort-value="1970.00001"	1970s AD^[55]	Evens	Arman river
Assan	Yeniseian	data-sort-value="1700.00001"	1700s AD^[56]	Asan people	Krasnoyarsk Krai
Bering Aleut	Eskaleut	data-sort-value="2021.00001"	March 2021 AD^[57]	Aleuts	Kamchatka Krai, Russia
Chuvan	Yukaghir	data-sort-value="1700.00001"	1700s AD^[58]	Chuvans	Anadyr river basin of Chukotka
Eastern Kamchadal	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	data-sort-value="1770.00001"	1770-1790s AD^[59]	Itelmens	Kamchatka Peninsula
Eastern Mansi	Uralic	data-sort-value="2018.00001"	2018 AD^[60]	Mansi	Khanty-Mansi
Kamassian	Uralic	data-sort-value="1989.00001"	1989 AD^[61]	Kamasins	north of the Sayan Mountains
Kerek	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	data-sort-value="2005.00001"	2005 AD^[62]	Kereks	Chukotka
Kott	Yeniseian	data-sort-value="1800.00001"	1800s AD^[63]	Kott speakers	Mana
Kuril Ainu	Ainu	data-sort-value="1850.00001"	1850-1890s AD^[64]	Kuril Ainu	Kuril Islands, Kamchatka and Hokkaido
Kyakhta	Russian-Chinese Pidgin	data-sort-value="_"		Russian and Chinese traders	Kyakhta
Mator	Uralic	data-sort-value="1840.00001"	1840 AD^[65]	Koibal	Sayan Mountains
Mednyj Aleut	Mixed Aleut–Russian	data-sort-value="2022.00001"	October 2022 AD	Alaskan Creoles on Medny Island	Commander Islands, Russia
Omok	Yukaghir	data-sort-value="1700.00001"	1700s AD^[66]	Omoks	Yakutia and Magadan
Pumpokol	Yeniseian	data-sort-value="1800.00001"	1800-1860 AD^[67]	Pumpokol speakers	Yenisey
Sakhalin Ainu	Ainu	data-sort-value="1994.00001"	1994 AD^[68]	Sakhalin Ainu	Sakhalin and Hokkaido
Sireniki	Eskaleut	data-sort-value="1997.00001"	1997 AD^[69]	Sirenik Eskimos	Bering Strait region
Southern Kamchadal	Chukotko-Kamchatkan	data-sort-value="1770.00001"	1770-1790s AD	Itelmens	Kamchatka Peninsula
Southern Mansi	Uralic	data-sort-value="1930.00001"	1930-1970s AD^[70]	Mansi	Sverdlovsk
Western Mansi	Uralic	data-sort-value="1970.00001"	1970-1990s AD^[71]	Mansi	Sverdlovsk
Yugh	Yeniseian	data-sort-value="1900.00001"	1900s AD^[72]	Yug	Yenisey
Yurats	Uralic	data-sort-value="1800.00001"	1800s AD^[73]	Yurats	West of the Yenisey

West Asia

Language/dialect	Family	data-sort-type=number	Date of extinction	Ethnic Group(s)	Native to
Adhari	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1600.00001"	1600s AD^[74]	Azeris	Iranian Azerbaijan
Akkadian	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100s AD^[75]	Akkadians	Mesopotamia
Ammonite	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="_"		Ammonites	northwestern Jordan
Amorite	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="_"		Amorites	Levant
Ancient Cappadocian	unclassified	data-sort-value="500.00001"	500s AD^[76]	Ancient Cappadocian speakers	Anatolia
Armazic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100s AD^[77]	Aramaic Caucasians	South Caucasus
Carian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-200.00001"	200s BC^[78]	Carians	Caria
Cimmerian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-620.00001"	620-580s BC^[79]	Cimmerians	West Asia
Dadanitic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="-500.00001"	Second half of the first millennium BC^[80]	Lihyanites	Lihyan
Daylami	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1300.00001"	1300s AD^[81]	Daylamites	South Caspian Sea
Dumaitic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="-600.00001"	600s BC^[82]	Arabs	Dumat al-Jandal
Eblaite	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="-3000.00001"	3rd millennium BC^[83]	Eblabites	Ebla
Edomite	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="-999.00001"	early half of 1st millennium BC^[84]	Edomites	southwest Jordan and southern Israel
Elamite	language isolate	data-sort-value="-700.00001"	700s BC^[85]	Elamites	Elam
Eteocypriot	unclassified	data-sort-value="-300.00001"	300s BC^[86]	Eteocypriots	Cyprus
Galatian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="500.00001"	500s AD^[87]	Galatians	Galatia
Garachi	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Garachi	Azerbaijan
Gutian	unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Guti	Zagros Mountains?
Hadramautic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="600.00001"	600s AD^[88]	Hadramites	Yemen, Oman and Saudi Arabia
Hasaitic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100s AD^[89]	Arabs	Al-Ahsa Oasis
Hattian	unclassified	data-sort-value="-2000.00001"	2nd millennium BC^[90]	Hattians	Anatolia
Himyaritic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="1000.00001"	by 1000s AD^[91]	The Himyarite tribal confederacy	Yemen
Hismaic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="300.00001"	300s AD^[92]	Arabs	Ḥismā
Hittite	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-1180.00001"	1180s BC^[93]	Hittites	Anatolia
Hurrian	Hurro-Urartian	data-sort-value="-1000.00001"	1st millennium BC^[94]	Hurrians	Mittani
Isaurian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="500.00001"	500s AD^[95]	Isaurians	Isauria
Judeo-Golpaygani	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Persian Jews	Golpayegan
Kalasmaic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-1200.00001"	1200s BC^[96]	Luwic people	Anatolia
Kaskian	unclassified	data-sort-value="-700.00001"	700s BC^[97]	Kaskians	Northeastern Anatolia and Colchis
Kassite	Hurro-Urartian ?	data-sort-value="-300.00001"	300s BC^[98]	Kassites	Babylon
Luwian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-1000.00001"	1st millennium BC^[99]	Luwians	Anatolia and northern Syria
Lycaonian	unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Lycaonians	Lycaonia
Lycian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-200.00001"	200s BC^[100]	Lycians	Lycia and Lycaonia
Lydian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-200.00001"	200s BC^[101]	Lydians	Lydia
Mamluk-Kipchak	Turkic	data-sort-value=1516.00001"	after 1516 AD^[102]	Mamluk	Syria
Median	Indo-European	data-sort-value=100.00001"	100s AD^[103]	Medes	Persia
Milyan	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-1000.00001"	1st millennium BC^[104]	Milyans	Milyas
Minaean	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="600.00001"	600s AD^[105]	Minaeans	Yemen
Minoan	unclassified	data-sort-value="-1450.00001"	1450s BC^[106]	Minoans	Crete and Ugarit
Mlaḥsô	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="1999.00001"	1999 AD^[107]	Syriac Orthodox Christians	Mlahsô and Qamishli
Moabite	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="-999.00001"	early half of 1st millennium BC^[108]	Moabites	northwestern Jordan
Mycenaean Greek	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-1200.00001"	1200s BC^[109]	Mycenaean Greeks	Mycenaean Greece
Mysian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-0.00001"	0s BC^[110]	Mysians	Mysia
Nabatean	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="_"		Nabataeans	Levant, Sinai Peninsula and northwest Arabia
Palaic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-2000.00001"	2nd millennium BC^[111]	Palaic Peoples	Pala
Palmyrene Aramaic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="274.00001"	after 274 AD^[112]	Palmyrenes	Syrian Desert, primarily in Palmyra
Philistine	unclassified	data-sort-value="-900.00001"	900s BC^[113]	Philistines	Philistia
Phoenician	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="-1000.00001"	1st millennium BC^[114]	Phoenicians	Canaan and Cyprus
Phrygian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100s AD^[115]	Phrygians	Central Anatolia
Pisidic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-200.00001"	200s BC^[116]	Pisidians	Pisidia
Qatabanian	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="600.00001"	600s AD^[117]	People of Qataban	Yemen
Sabaic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="600.00001"	600s AD^[118]	Sabaeans	Yemen
Sabir	Romance-based Pidgin	data-sort-value="1800.00001"	1800s AD^[119]	Medieval traders and Crusaders	Mediterranean Basin
Safaitic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="200.00001"	200s AD^[120]	Northern Arabs	Syria
Samalian	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="-730.00001"	730s BC^[121]	People of Samʾal	Samʾal
Sidetic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-200.00001"	200s BC^[122]	People of Side	Side
Socotra Swahili	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="2009.00001"	by 2009 AD^[123]	Soqotri people	Socotra
South Gileadite	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="-770.00001"	770s BC^[124]	People of Deir Alla	Deir Alla
Sumerian	language isolate	data-sort-value="0.00001"	0s AD^[125]	Sumerians	Sumer and Akkad
Sutean	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="_"		Suteans	Levant and Mesopotamia
Taymanitic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="-499.00001"	500s BC^[126]	Ancient North Arabian Arabs	Tayma
Thamudic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="267.00001"	after 267 AD^[127]	Thamud	Kingdom of Thamud
Ubykh	Northwest Caucasian	data-sort-value="1992.00001"	7 October 1992 AD^[128]	Ubykh	Ubykhia
Ugaritic	Afro-Asiatic	data-sort-value="-1300.00001"	1300s BC^[129]	People of Ugarit	Levant
Urartian	Hurro-Urartian	data-sort-value="-1000.00001"	1st millennium BC^[130]	Urartian	Urartu

See also

• List of languages by time of extinction
• List of extinct languages and dialects of Europe
• Languages of Asia
• List of endangered languages in Asia

Notes and References

1. Web site: Avestan. https://archive.today/20140416075227/http://multitree.org/codes/ave. dead. 16 April 2014. LINGUIST List. 24 April 2024. 1200 - 800 BC..
2. Web site: Bactrian. https://web.archive.org/web/20211003030016/http://multitree.org/codes/xbc . dead. 3 October 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-08. 300 BC - 1000 AD..
3. Web site: Volga-Bolgarian. https://archive.today/20150204115321/http://multitree.org/codes/xbo . dead. 4 February 2015. LINGUIST List. 25 April 2024. 13th century AD..
4. Book: Melnyk, Mykola. 2022. Byzantium and the Pechenegs. István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770..
5. Web site: Robert. Lindsay. Mutual Intelligibility Among the Turkic Languages. 2024-04-07. This lect is the descendant of the Fergana Kipchak language that went extinct in the late 1920's..
6. Book: Borjian, Habib. 2008. The Extinct Language of Gurgān: Its Sources and Origins. 681. Hence, Gurgani must have died out sometime after the fifteenth but certainly before the nineteenth century.
7. Book: Waldman. Carl. Mason. Catherine. 2006. Encyclopedia of European Peoples. 393. time period:Fourth to fifth century c.E..
8. Web site: Khazar. https://archive.today/20150204115307/http://multitree.org/codes/zkz. dead. 4 February 2015. LINGUIST List. 24 April 2024. 6th - 12th century AD..
9. Web site: Chorasmian. https://web.archive.org/web/20210513180927/http://multitree.org/codes/xco. dead. 13 May 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-08. 300 BC - 1000 AD..
10. Web site: Old Uighur. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811074018/http://multitree.org/codes/oui. dead. 11 August 2011. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-08. 9th - 14th Centuries AD..
11. Web site: Parthian. https://web.archive.org/web/20210224015235/http://multitree.org/codes/xpr. dead. 24 February 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-05. 300 BC - 1000 AD..
12. Book: Kakar. Hasan Kawun. Government and Society in Afghanistan: The Reign of Amir 'Abd al-Rahman Khan. 2014. University of Texas Press. 9780292729001. 5.
13. Book: Dagikhudo. Dagiev. Carole. Faucher. 2018. Identity, History and Trans-Nationality in Central Asia . Andreev explains that 100 years ago there was an ancient Vanji language used by people of Vanj valley. He then provides as example that in 1925, when travelling to Vanj Valley, him and his travel companion met an old man who told that, when he was 11 years old, he was speaking Vanji language. Unfortunately, the old man could remember only 20-30 words, but even then, he was not sure if they were all correct..
14. Book: Brenzinger, Matthias. 2007. Language Diversity Endangered. ... "Two ... Wot (Wotapuri - Katarqalai). Of the latter we can witness how the process of extinction has moved on inexorably in the course of the twentieth century. In the 1940's Morgenstierne reported that Wot was spoken in two villages in the Katar valley, one at Wotapuri at the confluence of the Pech river with the streams coming from the valley, one further up the valley in Katarqalai. 15 years later Budruss (1960) visited both villages found no speakers of the language in the lower village, Pashto having completely replaced it, and in the upper one only a few passive speakers who remember having spoken the language in their earlier years..
15. Web site: Tokharian A. https://archive.today/20150215152158/http://multitree.org/codes/xto. dead. 15 February 2015. LINGUIST List. 31 May 2024. c. 7th - 10th centuries AD..
16. Book: Marsh, Mikell Alan. 1977. FAVORLANG-PAZEH-SAISIAT: A PUTATIVE FORMOSAN SUBGROUP.. 2. Taokas and Luilang might also be associated with this FPS subgroup, but available data on these now-extinct languages are too limited to determine this with any surety..
17. Web site: Paekche. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706024605/http://multitree.org/codes/pkc. dead. 6 July 2022. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-07. 5th to 7th centuries AD..
18. Web site: UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA. https://archive.today/20120805141127/http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/nasia_report.html. dead. 5 August 2012. 2024-07-06. Present state of the language: EXTINCT probably in the early 20th century, no exact date available.
19. Web site: Language Contact in the German Colonies: Papua New Guinea and beyond. Péter. Maitz. Craig A.. Volker. 2017. 2024-07-14. Kiautschou Pidgin German, which was spoken in the German colony Kiautschou on the coast of China in the early 20th century..
20. Web site: Koguryo. https://web.archive.org/web/20190902231949/http://multitree.org/codes/zkg. dead. 2 September 2019. LINGUIST List. 2024-04-25. 1st century to mid-8th century A.D..
21. Web site: Kitan. https://web.archive.org/web/20120602134211/http://multitree.org/codes/zkt. dead. 2 June 2012. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-08. 916 - 1125 AD..
22. Web site: Tokharian B. https://archive.today/20150215152129/http://multitree.org/codes/txb. dead. 15 February 2015. LINGUIST List. 11 May 2024. c. 7th - 10th centuries AD..
23. Web site: The prosodic structure of Pazeh. 2024-05-21. Pazeh, an Austronesian language of Taiwan thought to have lost its last speaker in 2010..
24. 7 May 2020. Early nomads of the Eastern Steppe and their tentative connections in the West. the Khüis Tolgoi inscription must have been erected between 604 and 620 AD.. Cambridge University Press. 10.1017/ehs.2020.18 . Savelyev . Alexander . Jeong . Choongwon . 2 . 35663512 . 7612788 .
25. Web site: iso639-3/fos. 2024-05-21. Siraya is a Formosan language spoken until the end of the 19th century by the indigenous Siraya people of Taiwan..
26. Web site: Tangut. https://archive.today/20150406065647/http://multitree.org/codes/txg. dead. 6 April 2015. LINGUIST List. 25 April 2024. c. 11th - 16th centuries AD..
27. Christopher I.. Beckwith. 2007. 240. Koguryo: The Language of Japan's Continental Relatives. There are no significant phonological differences among the words found in toponyms from different parts of the later Koguryo kingdom, including the former Ye-Maek and early Paekche territories absorbed by Koguryo in the fifth century.. Brill. 16 August 2024.
28. Aya. Inoue. 2006. 55. Grammatical Features of Yokohama Pidgin Japanese: Common Characteristics of Restricted Pidgins. A pidginized variety of Japanese called Yokohamese or Japanese Ports Lingo evolved during the reign of Emperor Meiji from 1868 to 1912, and largely disappeared by the end of the nineteenth century.. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa. 19 August 2024.
29. Web site: Zhang-zhung. https://archive.today/20150119211340/http://multitree.org/codes/xzh. dead. 19 January 2015. LINGUIST List. 25 April 2024. 7th - 10th century AD..
30. Web site: 5 February 2010. Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies. 7 March 2024. The Daily Telegraph.
31. Web site: April 30, 2020. Remembering Licho, the Last Speaker of the Sare Language. 7 March 2024. Terralingua.
32. Web site: The Hindu. https://web.archive.org/web/20121110010919/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article100977.ece?css=print . dead. 10 November 2012. The Hindu. 2024-03-07.
33. Book: George. Cardona. Dhanesh K. . Jain. 2003. 164. The Indo-Aryan Languages. The inscriptions of Asoka - a king of the Maurya dynasty who reigned, based in his capital Pataliputra, from 268 to 232 BC over almost the whole of India - were engraved in rocks and pillars, in various local dialects..
34. Web site: 28 October 2010. The Death of an Indian-born Language. 7 March 2024. Open Magazine.
35. Web site: January 15, 2008. The last of Nepal's Dura speakers. 7 March 2024. BBC.
36. Web site: KHAROSTHI MANUSCRIPTS: A WINDOW ON GANDHARAN BUDDHISM. 2024-05-13. ... the Kharosthi script was used as a literary medium, that is, from the time of Asoka in the middle of the third century B.C. until about the third century A.D..
37. Web site: Indus Valley Language. https://web.archive.org/web/20190624192224/http://multitree.org/codes/xiv. dead. 24 June 2019. LINGUIST List. 2024-06-07. 2500-1900 BC..
38. Web site: The Andamanese. https://web.archive.org/web/20130520161055/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter8/text8.htm#jangil. dead. 20 May 2013. 2024-03-07.
39. Jacquesson. François. van Breugel. Seino. 2017. The linguistic reconstruction of the past The case of the Boro-Garo languages. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 40. 1. 108. 10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van. A second more dramatic example is P.R. Gurdon’s 1904 article 'The Morans' in the same journal. ... The census returned 78 speakers in 1901, 24 in 1911 and none in 1931..
40. Web site: Paisaci Prakrit. https://web.archive.org/web/20190606202244/http://www.multitree.org/codes/qpp.html. dead. 6 June 2019. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-12. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD, though it was probably spoken as early as the 5th century BC..
41. Web site: iso639-3/psu. 2024-06-23. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries AD....
42. Web site: Ullatan. Ethnologue. 2024-06-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20080208181816/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ull. 2008-02-08. dead.
43. Web site: 98. Jason William. Lobel. Philippine and North Bornean languages: Issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. https://web.archive.org/web/20221115050949/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/graduate/Dissertations/JasonLobelFinal.pdf. dead. 15 November 2022. 2024-08-14. SIL linguist Richard Roe contacted this group in 1957 and took a word list of 291 words. They lived on the Dicamay River on the western side of the Sierra Madre near Jones, Isabela. Roe told me that there was only one family there then. In November 1974, after talking with Roe and with a copy of his wordlist in hand, I went to Jones to see if I could find the Agta who spoke this language. I was unable to find them. We talked to many Filipinos in the area, but they all said they had not seen any Negritos for several years. Some people whispered to me that migrant Ilokano homesteaders had killed a number of the Agta a few years ago..
44. Web site: 92. Jason William. Lobel. Philippine and North Bornean languages: Issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. https://web.archive.org/web/20221115050949/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/graduate/Dissertations/JasonLobelFinal.pdf. dead. 15 November 2022. 2024-08-14. While the Katabangan of Catanauan exists in name as a group, a visit to the group in 2006 confirmed that none of the Katabangan speak any language natively other than Tagalog, nor is there any recollection of their ancestors speaking any other language..
45. Web site: iso639-3/kzl. 2024-05-17. The last speaker of the Leliali dialect died in 1989.
46. Web site: Noorderlicht Nieuws: Raadselachtig Rusenu. https://web.archive.org/web/20070418082956/http://noorderlicht.vpro.nl/artikelen/34024406/. dead. 18 April 2007. 2024-08-06. Dutch.
47. Web site: Dimas. Dimas. PUNAHNYA BAHASA KREOL PORTUGIS. LIPI. 13 June 2024. Indonesian. 8 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808003934/http://ipsk.lipi.go.id/index.php/kolom-peneliti/kolom-kemasyarakatan-dan-kebudayaan/417-punahnya-bahasa-kreol-portugis. dead.
48. Web site: Moksela. Ethnologue. 2024-06-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20081023230254/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=vms. 2008-10-23. dead. Last speaker died in 1974..
49. Web site: Pyu. https://web.archive.org/web/20210605040158/http://multitree.org/codes/pyx. dead. 5 June 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. c. 5th? - 12th century AD..
50. Web site: Taman. Ethnologue. 2024-06-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20111217190012/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tcl. 2011-12-17. dead. Reportedly the last speaker of Taman died in the 1990s..
51. The Papuan Language of Tambora. Mark Donohue. Oceanic Linguistics. 2007. 46. 2. 520–537. ...the language, along with its speakers, was lost in a gigantic volcanic eruption, the most cataclysmic in historic times in April 1815.. JSTOR. 10.1353/ol.2008.0014. 20172326. 2024-05-07.
52. Book: Haarmann, Harald. German. Lexikon der untergegangenen Sprachen. 188.
53. Web site: iso639-3/tvy. 2024-05-17. ...that was spoken in Bidau, an eastern suburb of Dili, East Timor until the 1960s.
54. Web site: Arin. https://web.archive.org/web/20210212232304/http://multitree.org/codes/xrn. dead. 12 February 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-07. Survived until the 18th century AD..
55. Atlas of the world's languages in danger. Christopher. Moseley. Alexandre. Nicolas. Languages that have become extinct since being linguistically described include Mator (Samoyed, in the 1840s), Kott (Yeniseic, in the 1850s), Arman (an archaic variety of Even, in the 1970s). UNESCO. 2024-08-20.
56. Web site: Assan. https://web.archive.org/web/20120913050054/http://multitree.org/codes/xss.html. dead. 13 September 2012. LINGUIST List. 2024-05-21. Survived until the 18th century AD..
57. News: 5 October 2022. Last Native Speaker Of Aleut Language In Russia Dies. Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty. 2024-04-26.
58. Web site: Chuvantsy. https://web.archive.org/web/20120602134302/http://multitree.org/codes/xcv. dead. 2 June 2012. LINGUIST List. 2024-04-26. Survived until perhaps the 18th century AD..
59. Web site: UNESCO RED BOOK ON ENDANGERED LANGUAGES: NORTHEAST ASIA. https://archive.today/20120805141127/http://www.helsinki.fi/~tasalmin/nasia_report.html. dead. 5 August 2012. 2024-07-06. Present state of the language: EXTINCT since the late 18th century.
60. Book: Daniel. Abondolo. Riitta-Liisa. Valijärvi. 31 Mar 2023. The Uralic Languages. Maksim Sivtorov passed away in early 2018, and Eastern Mansi is thus the latest Uralic language to become extinct..
61. Web site: February 9, 2019. Dying Languages. 7 March 2024. Dzen.
62. Book: Fortescue, Michael. 22 December 2011. Comparative Chukotko-Kamchatkan Dictionary. 1.
63. Web site: Kott. https://web.archive.org/web/20120921041328/http://multitree.org/codes/zko.html. dead. 21 September 2012. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-07. Survived until middle of 19th century AD..
64. 15 March 2019. The study of old documents of Hokkaido and Kuril Ainu : promise and challenges. 北方言語研究 . 9 . 67–93 . Unfortunately, Kuril Ainu, which is absolutely indispensable for the reconstruction, disappeared in the late 19th century with just few old documents left.. 2024-05-08 . Sato . Tomomi . Bugaeva . Anna .
65. Web site: Mator. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811102110/http://multitree.org/codes/mtm. dead. 11 August 2011. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-07. Mator or Motor was a Uralic language belonging to the group of Samoyedic languages, extinct since the 1840s..
66. Web site: Omok. https://web.archive.org/web/20120602134257/http://multitree.org/codes/omk. dead. 2 June 2012. 2024-04-26. LINGUIST List. Survived until perhaps 18th century..
67. Web site: Michael. Krauss. The Indigenous Languages of the North : A Report on Their Present State. 23 April 2024. including Kott/Assan, Arin, Pumpokol, all extinct between about 1800 and 1860.
68. Web site: Samuel M.. Wilson. Cultures in Contact. In 1994, Take Asai died at the age of 102. She was the last native speaker of Sakhalin Ainu. 2024-05-08.
69. Web site: Sirenik. https://web.archive.org/web/20121210101426/http://multitree.org/codes/ysr. dead. 10 December 2012. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-07. In January 1997 the last native speaker of the language, a woman named Vyie (Valentina Wye) died..
70. Book: Daniel. Abondolo. Riitta-Liisa. Valijärvi. 31 Mar 2023. The Uralic Languages. Southern Mansi, whose aboriginal territory covered a vast area including parts of easternmost Europe, is undoubtedly the Mansi language that was first to become extinct. When that happened can only be estimated on the basis of the records of Kannisto and others, which show that shift to both Russian and Siberian Tatar was progressing rapidly at the beginning of the twentieth century, leading to the conclusion that the language probably survived until the middle decades..
71. Book: Daniel. Abondolo. Riitta-Liisa. Valijärvi. 31 Mar 2023. The Uralic Languages. Although we do not know the time of the death of the last speaker of Western Mansi, it does indeed seem certain that there were none left by the end of the twentieth century.
72. Web site: Yug. https://web.archive.org/web/20210312032814/http://multitree.org/codes/yug. dead. 12 March 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-07. 18th - 20th century AD..
73. Web site: Michael. Krauss. The Indigenous Languages of the North : A Report on Their Present State. 23 April 2024. Yurats was another Samoyedic language replaced by the eastward advance of Tundra Nenets, extinct during the nineteenth century, with meager documentation.
74. Web site: AZERBAIJAN vii. The Iranian Language of Azerbaijan. Encyclopædia Iranica. 2024-08-20.
75. Web site: Neo-Assyrian. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-05. Survived until around 100 AD..
76. Book: Eric. Cooper. Michael J.. Decker. 2012. 14. Life And Society In Byzantine Cappadocia. The echoes of native Cappadocian could be heard into the sixth century and perhaps beyond..
77. Web site: Armazic. https://web.archive.org/web/20191212015126/http://multitree.org/codes/xrm. dead. 12 December 2019. LINGUIST List. 2024-04-16. 1st-2nd centuries AD..
78. Web site: Carian. https://web.archive.org/web/20210414043912/http://multitree.org/codes/xcr. dead. 14 April 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. 7th to 3rd centuries BC..
79. Book: Ivantchik, A.I.. 2001. The current state of the Cimmerian problem. The development of the Classical tradition on the subject of the Cimmerians after their disappearance from the historical arena, no later than the very end of the 7th or very beginning of the 6th century BC.
80. Web site: Dadanitic. 2024-05-10. Dadanitic was the alphabet used by the inhabitants of the ancient oasis of Dadan, probably some time during the second half of the first millennium BC..
81. Mehdi Marashi, Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Persian studies in North America: studies in honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery, Ibex Publishers, Inc., 1994,, 9780936347356, p. 269.
82. Web site: Dumaitic. 2024-05-10. According to the Assyrian annals Dūma was the seat of successive queens of the Arabs, some of whom were also priestesses, in the eighth and seventh centuries BC..
83. Web site: Palaeosyrian. https://archive.today/20150110080920/http://multitree.org/codes/xeb. dead. 10 January 2015. LINGUIST List. 24 April 2024. 3rd Millenium BC..
84. Web site: Edomite. https://archive.today/20150309165246/http://multitree.org/codes/xdm. dead. 9 March 2015. LINGUIST List. 24 April 2024. Earlier half of the 1st Millennium BC..
85. Web site: Elamite. https://web.archive.org/web/20170402151642/http://multitree.org/codes/elx. dead. 2 April 2017. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-05. 3rd millennium BC - 8th Century BC..
86. Web site: Eteocypriot. https://archive.today/20150217100336/http://multitree.org/codes/ecy. dead. 17 February 2015. LINGUIST List. 6 August 2024. An ancient language of Cyprus, up to 4th C BC..
87. Web site: Galatian. https://web.archive.org/web/20191107190408/http://multitree.org/codes/xga. dead. 7 November 2019. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. Perhaps from the late 1st millenium BC, and spoken until the 6th century AD, according to Greek Historians..
88. Web site: Hadramitic. https://web.archive.org/web/20120915020232/http://multitree.org/codes/xhd.html. dead. 15 September 2012. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. 100 BC - 600 AD..
89. Web site: Hasaitic. LINGUIST List. 2024-05-10. They are thought to date from the first two centuries AD..
90. Web site: Hatti. https://archive.today/20150309165343/http://multitree.org/codes/xht. dead. 9 March 2015. LINGUIST List. 24 April 2024. 2nd Millennium BC..
91. Web site: The “Ḥimyaritic” Language in pre-Islamic Yemen A Critical Re-evaluation. Its attribution to the tribe of Ḥimyar led to the designation of this idiom as“Ḥimyaritic”. According to the sources, this language must have been in use in the Yemeni highlands up to the Xth century and even later,. Academia.edu. Stein. Peter. 2008. 203.
92. Web site: Hismaic. 2024-05-10. i.e. first century BC to fourth century AD.
93. Web site: Hittite. https://web.archive.org/web/20160810012813/http://multitree.org/codes/hit. dead. 10 August 2016. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. 1500–1180 BC.
94. Web site: Hurrian. https://web.archive.org/web/20190717025952/http://multitree.org/codes/xhu. dead. 17 July 2019. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-05. 2nd - Ist Millennium BC..
95. Web site: Noel. Lenski. Assimilation and Revolt in the Territory of Isauria, From the 1st Century BC to the 6th Century AD. 2024-08-13. Beginning in the middle of the second millenniumBC the region had fallen under the control of the Hittite empire and from that point until at least the end of the sixth century AD its inhabitants continued to speak a branch of Hittite now called Luwian.. Academia.edu.
96. Book: Schwemer. Daniel. Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi. 71. 2024. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur. Mainz. XIX. de.
97. Web site: Historical Memory about Migration of the Kaskians in Western Georgia. 2024-05-06. The Kaška first appear on the territory of the Hittite empire in the 15th c. B.C. and are mentioned till 8th c. B.C.. 335.
98. Web site: Kassites. Crystalinks. 15 August 2024. Kassite (Cassite) was a language spoken by Kassites in northern Mesopotamia from approximately the 18th to the 4th century BC..
99. Web site: Hieroglyphic Luwian. https://archive.today/20141229003408/http://multitree.org/codes/hlu. dead. 29 December 2014. LINGUIST List. 24 April 2024. 2nd-1st Millennium BC..
100. Web site: Lycian. https://archive.today/20150309165323/http://multitree.org/codes/xlc. dead. 9 March 2015. LINGUIST List. 24 April 2024. 500 BC to about 200 BC..
101. Web site: Lydian. https://archive.today/20150101175609/http://multitree.org/codes/xld. dead. 1 January 2015. LINGUIST List. 24 April 2024. 8th to ? 3rd century BC..
102. Web site: STATUS OF THE KYPCHAK LANGUAGE IN MAMLUK EGYPT: LANGUAGE - BARRIER OR LANGUAGE - CONTACT?. Gulnar Nadirova Logo. 25 April 2024. Even towards the end of the Mamluk period, during the reign of the last sultan al-Ghawri (1501-1516), the Mamluk, called Asanbay min Sudun, copied the religious Hanbali tract of Abu al-Layth in Kypchak language for the royal library..
103. Web site: Median. https://web.archive.org/web/20190412115558/http://multitree.org/codes/xme. dead. 12 April 2019. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-13. 500 BC - 100 AD..
104. Web site: Milyan. https://web.archive.org/web/20210917183949/http://multitree.org/codes/imy. dead. 17 September 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. First millennium BC..
105. Web site: Minaic. https://web.archive.org/web/20120826012810/http://multitree.org/codes/inm.html. dead. 26 August 2012. LINGUIST List. 2024-05-20. 100 BC - 600 AD..
106. Web site: Minoan. https://web.archive.org/web/20191009043646/http://multitree.org/codes/omn. dead. 9 October 2019. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-05. Circa 1800 and 1450 BC..
107. Web site: The Neo-Aramaic Languages. Ibrahim Ḥanna was the last speaker of the Mlaḥso language, as the village was destroyed in 1915 during the Armenian genocide. He died in 1999 in Qāmišli in Syria. 2024-05-08.
108. Web site: Moabite. https://web.archive.org/web/20210303085724/http://multitree.org/codes/obm. dead. 3 March 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-05. Earlier half of the 1st Millennium BC..
109. Web site: FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TO MYCENAEAN GREEK:A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY. https://web.archive.org/web/20240512013436/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105223994/From_Proto_Indo_European_to_Mycenaean_Greek_A_Phonological_Study_2_fin-libre.pdf?1692789315=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DFrom_Proto_Indo_European_to_Mycenaean_Gr.pdf&Expires=1715480334&Signature=TeKFtz9EIeDWFhhpHXfi7il5nK-7RO7yD0kONPHQsJ99aD4O7PFjAGzzm2l3wLlCT2Mgifon6Wjsl0AUoM5P02LbP02VlUyxSYXZrzbchsOD5iQD5gletwvXV9q1sfKWaX0-tnW0C0iBgPW~ST4gPmKMovML8SQPYZvzRYkyJW4D3oxQFcUP5c1Ypi96N~nmFvjvPRopyNMeaKokaMtKGLrZiMjvrIlHU9BcKLsLcKlvzvhjhdvaiR1XIdxt3mTyAGVNm1WcnO1wiMsI-tZvKU8bfYO-2eUXNEMLY1zp0QxhXMnrRgIPOodTnG0fX3FOmNRCvgUQyknElgoKB~0A~g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA. live. 12 May 2024. 24 April 2024. ... no tablets or any other inscribed vessels were found from ca. 1200 BC onwards..
110. Web site: Mysian. https://web.archive.org/web/20220216014714/http://multitree.org/codes/yms. dead. 16 February 2022. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. Before 1st Century AD..
111. Web site: Palaic. https://archive.today/20150222170051/http://multitree.org/codes/plq. dead. 22 February 2015. LINGUIST List. 24 April 2024. 2nd Millennium BC..
112. Web site: THE ARABIC WORDS IN PALMYRENE INSCRIPTIONS . 11 May 2024 . The earliest dated Palmyrene inscription is from the year 44 BC and the latest discovery has been dated to the year 274 AD.. ResearchGate.
113. Web site: Aren M.. Maeir. Louise A.. Hitchcock. The Appearance, Formation and Transformation of Philistine Culture: New Perspectives and New Finds. 2024-08-13. Thereafter, accordingly, over a period of approximately two centuries, this culture became increasingly influenced by the local, Levantine cultures until somewhere in the IA IIA (sometime after 1000 BCE), the unique, foreign attributes of the Philistine culture disappeared..
114. Web site: Phoenician. https://web.archive.org/web/20220204050356/http://multitree.org/codes/phn. dead. 4 February 2022. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-05. 2nd - 1st Millennium BC..
115. Web site: Neo-Phrygian. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095331/http://multitree.org/codes/xpg . dead . 11 August 2011. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. 8th century BC to 2nd century AD..
116. Web site: Pisidian. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811082342/http://multitree.org/codes/xps. dead. 11 August 2011. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. 2nd-3rd century BC..
117. Web site: Qatabanic. https://web.archive.org/web/20120918113934/http://multitree.org/codes/xqt.html. dead. 18 September 2012. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. 100 BC - 600 AD..
118. Web site: Sabaic. https://archive.today/20150124203025/http://multitree.org/codes/xsa. dead. 24 January 2015. LINGUIST List. 24 April 2024. 100 BC - 600 AD..
119. Book: The Lingua Franca. Natalie Operstein. 2021.
120. Web site: Al-Jallad. 2020. The month ʾdr in Safaitic and the status of spirantization in "Arabian" Aramaic. Academia.edu. 2024-04-29. A minority of dated texts suggest that the practice of carving Safaitic inscriptions spanned at least from the second century BCE to the third century CE.. Al-Jallad. Ahmad.
121. Web site: The Sam'alian Language. https://web.archive.org/web/20090831103310/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=qey. dead. 31 August 2009. LINGUIST List. 24 July 2024. 820-730 BC..
122. Web site: Sidetic. https://web.archive.org/web/20210918163456/http://multitree.org/codes/xsd. dead. 18 September 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. 3rd - 2nd centuries BC..
123. Web site: Jouni Filip. Maho. The 2nd New Updated Guthrie List. https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf. February 3, 2018. 2009. dead. 49. 2024-08-20.
124. Web site: ברוך מרגלית. עלילות בלעם בר-בעור מעמק סוכות. https://web.archive.org/web/20141221023150/http://lib.cet.ac.il/Pages/item.asp?item=7595. December 21, 2014. Oct 1998. dead. Hebrew. 2024-08-20.
125. Web site: Sumerian. https://web.archive.org/web/20130627130707/http://multitree.org/codes/sux. dead. 27 June 2013. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-05. The language continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language until the 1st century AD..
126. Web site: The Language of the Taymanitic Inscriptions and its Classification . Therefore, at least part of the Taymanitic corpus can safely be dated to the second half of the 6th century BCE. . . 2024-05-08 . Kootstra-Ford . Fokelien .
127. Web site: Al-Jallad. 2018. The earliest stages of Arabic and its linguistic classification . 2024-05-10. These inscriptions are concentrated in northwest Arabia, and one occurs alongside a Nabataean tomb inscription dated to the year 267 CE.. Academia.edu. Al-Jallad. Ahmad.
128. Book: First Person Singular III: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences. 1 January 1998. E. F. K.. Koerner. John Benjamins Publishing. 978-90-272-4576-2. 33.
129. Web site: Ugaritic. https://web.archive.org/web/20210322213913/http://multitree.org/codes/uga. dead. 22 March 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-05. 15th to 13th Century BC..
130. Web site: Urartean. https://web.archive.org/web/20210310043712/http://multitree.org/codes/xur. dead. 10 March 2021. LINGUIST List. 2024-03-06. Ist Millennium BC..