List of extinct languages and dialects of Europe explained

This article is a list of languages and dialects that have no native speakers, no spoken descendants, and diverged from their parent language in Europe.

Currently extinct

Language/dialect	Family	data-sort-type=number	Date of extinction	Region	Ethnic group(s)
Aeolic Greek	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Aeolis, Boeotia, Lesbos, Thessaly	Aeolians
Aequian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-200.00001"	200s BC^[1]	East-central Italy	Aequi
Akkala Sámi	Uralic	data-sort-value="2003.1229"	29 December 2003 AD^[2]	Southwest Kola Peninsula	Akkala Sámi
Alavese		data-sort-value="_"		Álava	Alavese Basques
Ancient Belgian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Nordwestblock	Belgae
Ancient Macedonian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="00.00001"	0–300s AD^[3]	Macedonia	Ancient Macedonians
Andalusi Arabic	Afroasiatic	data-sort-value="1600.00001"	1600s AD^[4]	Al-Andalus	Andalusi Muslims
Andalusi Romance	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1300.00001"	1300s AD	Al-Andalus	Mozarabs and Muladí
Anglo-Norman	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1400.00001"	1400s AD^[5]	Norman England	Anglo-Normans
Antrim Irish	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1983.02251"	25 February 1983 AD^[6]	County Antrim	Irish
Arcadocypriot Greek	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Arcadia and Cyprus	Arcadocypriot Greeks
Armeno-Kipchak	Turkic	data-sort-value="1600s"	1600 AD^[7]	Crimea	Crimean Armenians
Arran Gaelic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1977"	1977 AD^[8]	Isle of Arran	Arran Gaels
Auregnais	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1960.00001"	1960s AD^[9]	Alderney	Channel Islanders of Alderney
Avar	Unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Pannonian Basin	Pannonian Avars
Basque–Icelandic pidgin	Basque–Icelandic pidgin	data-sort-value="1600.00001"	1600s AD^[10]	Westfjords	Basque whalers and Icelanders
Bohemian Romani	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1939.00001"	1939–1945 AD^[11]	Bohemia	Bohemian Romani
Borgarmålet	Swedish–Sámi pidgin	data-sort-value="_"		Swedish Sápmi	Swedes and Sámi
British Latin	Indo-European	data-sort-value="700.00001"	700s AD^[12]	Roman Britain later Anglo-Saxon England	British Romans
Bulgar	Turkic	data-sort-value="1200.00001"	1200s AD^[13]	Danubian Bulgaria and Volga Bulgaria	Bulgars
Buri	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		western Slovakia	Buri tribe
Burgundian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="500.00001"	500s AD^[14]	Kingdom of the Burgundians	Burgundians
Camunic	Unclassified	data-sort-value="-500.00001"	500–0s BC^[15]	Val Camonica	Camunni
Celtiberian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100s AD^[16]	Iberia	Celtiberians
Cimmerian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-620.00001"	620–580s BC^[17]	North Caucasus	Cimmerians
Cisalpine Gaulish	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-50.00001"	50s BC^[18]	Cisalpine Gaul	Cisalpine Gauls
Crimean Gothic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1700.00001"	1700s AD^[19]	Crimea	Crimean Goths
Cromarty	Indo-European	data-sort-value="2012.1002"	2 October 2012 AD^[20]	Cromarty	Scots
Cuman	Turkic	data-sort-value="1770.00001"	1770 AD^[21]	Cumania and Hungary	Cumans
Cumbric	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1100.00001"	1100s AD^[22]	Cumbria	Cumbrians
Curonian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1500.00001"	1500s AD^[23]	Courland	Curonians
Dacian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="500.00001"	500s AD^[24]	Dacia	Dacians
Dalmatian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1898.0610"	10 June 1898 AD^[25]	Dalmatia	Dalmatae
Dardanian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Kingdom of Dardania	Dardani
Deeside Gaelic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1984.0318"	18 March 1984 AD^[26]	Aberdeenshire	Gaels of Aberdeenshire
Doric Greek	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Acarnania	Greeks
East Galindian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Protva basin	Eastern Galindians
Eastern Navarrese		data-sort-value="1991.0000"	1991 AD^[27]	Navarre	Basques
Eiderstedt Frisian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1850.00001"	Mid-1800s AD^[28]	Eiderstedt	Eiderstedt Frisians
Elymian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-500.00001"	500–0s BC^[29]	Western Sicily	Elymians
Èrsh	Northeast Caucasian	data-sort-value="_"		Caucasus	Èr
Eteocretan	Unclassified	data-sort-value="-200.00001"	200s BC^[30]	Crete	Eteocretans
Eteocypriot	Unclassified	data-sort-value="-300.00001"	300s BC^[31]	Cyprus	Eteocypriots
Etruscan	Tyrsenian	data-sort-value="0.00001"	0s AD^[32]	Etruria	Etruscans
Faliscan	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-100.00001"	100s BC^[33]	Northern Lazio	Falisci
Fingallian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Fingal	Fingallians
Franco-Italian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Northern Italy	North Italian writers
Gallaecian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Gallaecia	Gallaeci
Galwegian Gaelic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1760.00001"	1760 AD^[34]	Galloway	Galwegian Gaels
Gaulish	Indo-European	data-sort-value="500.00001"	500s AD	Gaul	Gauls
Germanía	Spanish Argot	data-sort-value="1600.00001"	1600s AD^[35]	Spain	Spanish Criminals
Gothic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1700.00001"	1700s AD^[36]	Throughout Europe	Goths
Hernican	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-1000.00001"	1000–0s BC^[37]	Southeast Latium	Hernici
Herulian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Middle Danube	Heruli
Hunnic	Unclassified	data-sort-value="400.00001"	400s AD^[38]	Hunnic Empire	Huns
Iazychie	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1900.00001"	1900s AD^[39]	Halychyna, Bukovina, Zakarpattia	Ukrainian and Carpatho-Rusyn Moskvophiles
Iberian	Unclassified	data-sort-value="1.00001"	0–500s AD^[40]	Iberia	Iberians
Illyrian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100s AD^[41]	Illyria	Illyrians
Istrian Albanian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1800.00001"	1800s AD^[42]	Istria	Istrian Albanians
Jassic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1400.00001"	1400s AD^[43]	Jászság	Jász
Judaeo-Aragonese	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Aragon	Aragonese Jews
Judaeo-Piedmontese	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Piedmont	Piedmontese Jews
Judaeo-Portuguese	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1801.00001"	1800–1820s AD^[44]	Portugal	Portuguese Jews
Judaeo-Provençal	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1977.1103"	3 November 1977 AD^[45]	Provence	Provençal Jews
Kainuu Sámi	Uralic	data-sort-value="_"		Kainuu	Kainuu Sámi
Kemi Sámi	Uralic	data-sort-value="1900.00001"	1900s AD^[46]	Southern Finnish Lapland	Kemi Sámi
Khazar	Turkic	data-sort-value="1100.00001"	1100s AD^[47]	Khazar Khaganate	Khazars
Klezmer-loshn	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Eastern Europe	Klezmorim
Knaanic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1600.00001"	1600s AD^[48]	Central Europe	West Slavic Jews
Kraasna	Uralic	data-sort-value="1935.00001"	1935-1939 AD^[49]	Krasnogorodsk	Kraasna Estonians
Krevinian	Uralic	data-sort-value="1800.00001"	1800s AD^[50]	Latvia	Kreevins
Lachoudisch	Indo-European	data-sort-value="2022.00001"	2022 AD^[51]	Schopfloch	Jews of Bavaria
Laiuse Romani	Mixed Romani–Estonian	data-sort-value="1940.00001"	1940s AD^[52]	Laiuse	Romani of Laiuse
Lanuvian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Lanuvium	Lanuvians
Leinster Irish	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Leinster	Irish of Leinster
Leivu	Uralic	data-sort-value="1988.00001"	1988 AD^[53]	Gauja	Gauja Estonians
Lemnian	Tyrsenian	data-sort-value="-400.00001"	400s BC^[54]	Lemnos	Lemnians
Lepontic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-0.00001"	0s BC^[55]	Cisalpine Gaul and Raetia	Lepontii
Liburnian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Liburnia	Liburnians
Ligurian	Unclassified	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100s AD^[56]	Liguria	Ligures
Locrian Greek	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Locris	Locrians
Lombardic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="800.00001"	800s AD^[57]	Pannonia and Italy	Lombards
Lucanian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-200.00001"	200s BC^[58]	Lucania	Lucanians
Lusitanian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100s AD^[59]	Lusitania	Lusitanians
Malkh	Northeast Caucasian	data-sort-value="_"		North Caucasus	Malkh
Marsian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-150.00001"	150s BC^[60]	Marsica	Marsi
Marrucinian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-200.00001"	200s BC^[61]	Chieti	Marrucini
Merya	Uralic	data-sort-value="_"		Upper Volga region	Meryans
Meshchera	Uralic	data-sort-value="1500.00001"	1500s AD^[62]	Meshchera Lowlands	Meshchera
Messapic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-100.00001"	100s BC^[63]	Salento	Messapians
Southern Goesharde Frisian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1981.00001"	1981 AD^[64]	Southern Goesharde	Frisians of South Goesharde
Minoan	Unclassified	data-sort-value="-1450.00001"	1450s BC^[65]	Crete	Minoans
Moselle Romance	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1000.00001"	1000s AD^[66]	The Moselle	People along the Moselle
Muromian	Uralic	data-sort-value="900.00001"	900s AD^[67]	Oka basin	Muromians
Mycenaean Greek	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-1200.00001"	1200s BC^[68]	Mycenaean Greece	Mycenaean Greeks
Noric	Indo-European	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100s AD^[69]	Noricum	Norici
Norn	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1850"	1850 AD^[70]	Northern Isles and Caithness	Norse settlement of Northern Isles and Caithness
North Picene	Unclassified	data-sort-value="-1000.00001"	1000–0s BC^[71]	North Picenum	North Picentes
Northern Manx	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1940.00001"	1940s AD^[72]	Northern part of the Isle of Man	Northern Manx
Old Novgorod	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1500.00001"	1500s AD^[73]	Novgorod Republic	Novgorodians
Old Prussian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1700.00001"	1700s AD^[74]	Prussia	Old Prussians
Oscan	Indo-European	data-sort-value="0.00001"	0s AD^[75]	Campania and Latium adiectum	Osci
Paelignian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-100.00001"	100s BC^[76]	Valle Peligna	Paeligni
Paeonian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Paeonia	Paeonians
Paleo-Corsican	Unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Corsica	Ancient Corsi
Paleo-Sardinian	Unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Sardinia	Nuragic peoples
Pamphylian Greek	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Pamphylia	Pamphylians
Pannonian Romance	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Pannonia	Latin Pannonians
Pecheneg	Turkic	data-sort-value="1100.00001"	1100s AD^[77]	Eastern Europe	Pechenegs
Pelasgian	Unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Aegean Islands	Pelasgians
Phrygian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100 AD^[78]	Balkans	Bryges
Pictish	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1000.00001"	1000s AD^[79]	Northern Scotland	Picts
Polabian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1756.1003"	3 October 1756 AD	Northeastern Germany	Polabian Slavs
Praenestinian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Palestrina	Praenestinians
Pre-Samnite	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Campania	Pre-Samnites
Punic	Afroasiatic	data-sort-value="600.00001"	600s AD^[80]	Iberia, Malta, Sicily, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands	Carthaginians
Rhaetic	Tyrsenian	data-sort-value="-0.00001"	0s BC^[81]	Raetia	Raeti
Rotvælsk	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1900.00001"	1900s AD^[82]	Denmark	Natmændsfolk
Rugian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Lower Austria	Rugii
Russenorsk	Russian–Norwegian pidgin	data-sort-value="1900.00001"	1900s AD^[83]	Northern Norway	Pomors and Norwegians
Sabine	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-299.00001"	300s-200s BC^[84]	Sabina	Sabines
Sabir	Romance-based Pidgin	data-sort-value="1800.00001"	1800s AD^[85]	Mediterranean Basin	Medieval traders and Crusaders
Selonian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1500.00001"	1500s AD^[86]	Selonia	Selonians
Semigallian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1500.00001"	1500s AD^[87]	Semigallia	Semigallians
Shirvani Arabic	Afroasiatic	data-sort-value="_"		Shirvan	Shirvani
Sicanian	Unclassified	data-sort-value="_"		Central Sicily	Sicani
Siculian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-300.00001"	300s BC^[88]	Eastern Sicily	Sicels
Sidicini	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Sidicinum	Sidicini
Skalvian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Scalovia	Skalvians
Skirian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		North of the Middle Danube	Sciri
Slovincian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1900.00001"	1900s AD^[89]	Northwestern Kashubia	Slovincians
Solombala English	English–Russian pidgin	data-sort-value="_"		Solombala Shipyard	English and Russian traders
Sorophatic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="100.00001"	100s AD	Catalan Countries	Sorophatic people
South Picene	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-300.00001"	300s BC^[90]	South Picenum	South Picentes
Sudovian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1500.00001"	1500s AD^[91]	Yotvingia	Yotvingians
Suebian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Elbe basin and northwestern Iberia	Suebi
Tartessian	Unclassified	data-sort-value="-100.00001"	100s BC^[92]	Tartessos	Tartessians
Thracian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="500.00001"	500s AD^[93]	Thracia	Thracians
Ubykh	Northwest Caucasian	data-sort-value="1992.1007"	7 October 1992 AD^[94]	Ubykhia	Ubykh
Umbrian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-0.00001"	0s BC^[95]	Umbria	Umbri
Vandalic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="500.00001"	500s AD^[96]	Vandal kingdoms	Vandals
Venetic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-0.00001"	0s BC^[97]	Veneto	Adriatic Veneti
Vestinian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-100.00001"	100s BC^[98]	Abruzzo	Vestini
Volga Türki	Turkic	data-sort-value="_"		Idel-Ural	Tatars and Bashkirs
Volscian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="-200.00001"	200s BC^[99]	Volscia	Volsci
Wangerooge Frisian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Wangerooge	Wangerooge Frisians
Welsh Romani	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1950.00001"	1950 AD^[100]	Wales	Romani
West Galindian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Northeastern Poland	Western Galindians
Wursten Frisian	Indo-European	data-sort-value="_"		Land Wursten	Frisians of Land Wursten
Yola	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1800.00001"	1800s AD^[101]	Forth and Bargy	Irish of Forth and Bargy
Zarphatic	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1300.00001"	1300s AD^[102]	Northern France and west-central Germany	French Jews

Formerly extinct

Language/dialect	Family	data-sort-type=number	Date of extinction	Region	Ethnic group
Cornish	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1700.00001"	1700s AD^[103]	Cornwall	Cornish people
Livonian	Uralic	data-sort-value="2013.0602"	2 June 2013 AD^[104]	Livonian Coast	Livonians
Ludza	Uralic	data-sort-value="2006.00001"	2006 AD^[105]	Latgale	Ludza Estonians
Manx	Indo-European	data-sort-value="1974.1227"	27 December 1974 AD^[106]	Isle of Man	Manx people

See also

• Lists of extinct languages
• List of endangered languages in Europe

Notes and References

1. Web site: Aequian - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20150309165259/http://multitree.org/codes/xae. dead. 9 March 2015. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. 5th to 3rd centuries BC..
2. Web site: Nordisk samekonvensjon. 26 October 2005. no. Nordic Sami Convention. 4 September 2023. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070411023150/http://www.galdu.org/govat/doc/nordisk_samekonvensjon.pdf. 11 April 2007.
3. Web site: Ancient Macedonian. https://archive.today/20131122022719/http://multitree.org/codes/xmk. dead. LINGUIST List. 22 November 2013. 2024-01-30. Survived until the early 1st millennium AD..
4. Book: Versteegh. Kees. Kees Versteegh. Eid. Mushira. 2006. Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Brill.
5. Web site: xno. https://web.archive.org/web/20210511123239/http://multitree.org/codes/xno. dead. LINGUIST List. 11 May 2021 . 2024-02-27. 12th - 15th centuries AD..
6. News: Lament For Seamus 'Bhriain' Mac Amhlaigh. 2006-02-12. Glens Of Antrim Historical Society. 2024-06-13. ... Séamus Bhriain Mac Amhlaigh, last native Irish speaker in the Glens of Antrim who died on the 25th February, 1983..
7. Abdurrazak Peler . Gökçe Yükselen . 2015 . Tarihte Türk – Ermeni Temasları Sonucunda Ortaya Çıkmış Bir Halk: Ermeni Kıpçakları veya Gregoryan K . A People Emerged as A Result of Historical Turkic – Armenian Contact: The Armeno-Kipchaks or Gregorian Kipchaks . Journal of Turkish Studies . tr . 10 . 8 . 253 . 10.7827/turkishstudies.8215 . free.
8. Broderick. George. 2018. The Arran Place-Name Survey: 1974–1975. The Journal of Scottish Name Studies. University of Mannheim. 12. 4. The reputedly last native speaker of Arran Gaelic, Donald Craig (1899–1977).... 5 December 2023.
9. Web site: Scottish man dies, taking town's unique dialect with him. Satter. Raphael. 4 October 2012. Toronto Star. 4 September 2023. The last native speaker of Alderney French, a Norman dialect spoken in the Channel Islands, died around 1960..
10. Web site: Icelandic Basque pidgin. Jose Ignatio. Hualde. 3 June 2024. ...translation of two manuscripts written in Iceland in the seventeenth century. Since the contact situation was interrupted in the first part of the eighteenth century and was of intermittent nature, the contact pidgin probably never developed much further than the stage recorded in the manuscripts..
11. Web site: Romani - Gypsies. Crystalinks. 12 May 2024. In Central Europe, the extermination in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was so thorough that the Bohemian Romani language became extinct..
12. Book: Charles-Edwards, Thomas. Thomas Charles-Edwards. 29 November 2012. Wales and the Britons, 350-1064. Oxford University Press. 75. 978-0198217312.
13. Web site: Volga-Bolgarian . https://archive.today/20150204115321/http://multitree.org/codes/xbo . dead . . 4 February 2015 . 24 April 2024 . 13th century AD..
14. Book: Lockwood. William. William Burley Lockwood. 1972. A Panorama of Indo-European Languages. Hutchinson. 0091110211.
15. Web site: Camunic . https://archive.today/20150106094247/http://multitree.org/codes/xcc . dead . . 6 January 2015 . 15 May 2024 . Survived until the second half of first millennium BC..
16. Web site: Celtiberian . https://archive.today/20150201203718/http://multitree.org/codes/xce . dead . . 1 February 2015 . 24 April 2024 . Circa 175 BC to 100 AD..
17. Book: Ivantchik, A.I.. 2001. The current state of the Cimmerian problem. The development of the Classical tradition on the subject of the Cimmerians after their disappearance from the historical arena, no later than the very end of the 7th or very beginning of the 6th century BC.
18. Web site: Cisalpine Gaulish . https://archive.today/20140302063338/http://multitree.org/codes/xcg . dead . . 2 March 2014 . 24 April 2024 . ca. 150-50 BC.
19. Web site: The Corpus of Crimean Gothic. Krause. Todd. Slocum. Jonathan. University of Texas at Austin. 4 September 2023. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070302065118/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-10-R.html. 2 March 2007.
20. Web site: Cromarty fisherfolk dialect's last native speaker dies. BBC. 2 October 2012. 1 June 2024.
21. Book: Melnyk, Mykola . 2022 . Byzantium and the Pechenegs . István Varró, a member of the Jász-Cuman mission to the empress of Austria Maria Theresa and the known last speaker of the Cuman language, died in 1770..
22. Book: Nicolaisen. W. F. H.. W. F. H. Nicolaisen. 1976. Scottish Place-names: Their Study and Significance. Batsford. 131. 0713432535.
23. Encyclopedia: Haarmann. Harald. Harald Haarmann. Okuka. Miloš. Miloš Okuka. Lexikon der Sprachen des europäischen Ostens. Kurisch. Curonian. 4 September 2023. de. 2002. Wieser. Wieser Enzyklopaedie des europäischen Ostens. 10. Klagenfurt, Austria. 3851295102. 610229982. 957. https://web.archive.org/web/20131019173036/http://eeo.uni-klu.ac.at/index.php?title=Kurisch. 19 October 2013. dead.
24. Web site: Dacian. https://archive.today/20141230224410/http://multitree.org/codes/xdc. dead. LINGUIST List. 30 December 2014. 2024-01-29. 1st Millennium BC - 500 AD..
25. Book: Roegiest. Eugeen. 2006. Vers les sources des langues romanes: un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania. fr. Acco. 138. 9033460947.
26. Web site: Gaelic in the North East | The School of Language, Literature, Music and Visual Culture | The University of Aberdeen. www.abdn.ac.uk.
27. Web site: Ekialdeko nafarra (Euskalkia) . https://web.archive.org/web/20140110144504/http://www.ahotsak.com/euskalkiak/ekialdeko-nafarra/ . dead . 10 January 2014 . Basque . 2024-04-06 .
28. Ove . Rogby . Niederdeutsch auf friesischem Substrat . Studia Germanistica Upsaliensia . 1967 . 5 . 19 . de.
29. Web site: Elymian . https://archive.today/20150103044307/http://multitree.org/codes/xly . dead . . 3 January 2015 . 15 May 2024 . 2nd half of 1st Millennium BC..
30. Web site: Eteocretan . https://archive.today/20150418173353/http://multitree.org/codes/ecr . dead . . 18 April 2015 . 24 April 2024 . An ancient language of Crete, 4th-3rd centuries BC..
31. Web site: Eteocypriot - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20150217100336/http://multitree.org/codes/ecy. dead. 17 February 2015. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. An ancient language of Cyprus, up to 4th C BC..
32. Book: Rix, Helmut . Helmut Rix . Woodard . Roger D. . 2004 . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages . registration . Etruscan . https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo0000unse_t8o9/page/944 . en . Cambridge . Cambridge University Press . 943–966 . 978-0-521-56256-0.
33. Web site: Faliscan . https://archive.today/20140301160604/http://multitree.org/codes/xfa . dead . . 1 March 2014 . 24 April 2024 . 650 - 100 BC..
34. Web site: Transactions of the Dumfriesshire and Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society. Kennedy. Elaine. Toolis. Francis. 2010. 30 June 2024. The last native Gaelic speaker was said to be Margaret McMurray of Cultezron, near Maybole, who died at an advanced age in 1760.
35. Rey. Agapito. 1946. Review of Poesías germanescas. Hispania. 29. 4. 634. 10.2307/333740. 333740. 0018-2133. This life of crime, or on its borderline, was called "germania" in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain..
36. Web site: The Corpus of Crimean Gothic. Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum. University of Texas at Austin. February 6, 2008. https://web.archive.org/web/20070302065118/http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/gotol-10-R.html. March 2, 2007. dead.
37. Web site: Hernican. https://web.archive.org/web/20190605214523/http://www.multitree.org/codes/xhr.html. dead. LINGUIST List. 5 June 2019. 2024-03-24. Two inscriptions identified thus far, dating to first millennium BC..
38. Book: Waldman. Carl. Mason. Catherine. 2006. Encyclopedia of European Peoples. 393. time period:Fourth to fifth century c.E..
39. Book: Magocsi, Paul R. . With their backs to the mountains: a history of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns . 2015 . Central European University Press . 978-963-386-107-3 . Budapest . 929239528.
40. Web site: Iberian. https://archive.today/20150117205227/http://multitree.org/codes/xib. dead. LINGUIST List. 17 January 2015. 2024-01-30. 2nd half of 1st Millennium BC - 1st half of 1st Millennium AD..
41. Book: Fol. Alexander. Alexander Fol. 2002. Thrace and the Aegean: Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Thracology, Sofia - Yambol, 25–29 September, 2000. 1. International Foundation Europa Antiqua. 225. 9549071456.
42. Web site: Lauren. Simmonds. A Brief History Of The Extinct Istrian-Albanian Language. 11 May 2023. 30 April 2024 . ...the Istrian-Albanian language ”died” in the nineteenth century.
43. Web site: Yassic . https://archive.today/20141223133610/http://multitree.org/codes/ysc . dead . . 23 December 2014 . 24 April 2024 . 15th century AD?.
44. Web site: July 10, 2018. Ladino's Lost Sibling. 25 March 2024. Medium. It’s estimated that it was still used until the beginning of the 19th century..
45. Book: Nahon. Peter. 2023. Les parlers français des israélites du Midi. fr. ELiPhi. 177–179. 978-2372760669.
46. Web site: iso639-3/sjk . 2024-05-16 . Extinct now for over 100 years, few written examples of Kemi Sami survive..
47. Web site: Khazar . https://archive.today/20150204115307/http://multitree.org/codes/zkz . dead . . 4 February 2015 . 24 April 2024 . 6th - 12th century AD..
48. Web site: Knaanic . https://archive.today/20150313071031/http://multitree.org/codes/czk . dead . . 13 March 2015 . 24 April 2024 . c. 700 - 1600 AD..
49. Web site: Who are the Lutsis. Ludzīlazest. 8 August 2024. ...the last speaker of Kraasna most likely died before World War II..
50. Web site: Krevinian. https://web.archive.org/web/20120926150707/http://multitree.org/codes/zkv.html. dead. LINGUIST List. 26 September 2012. 2024-04-06. Material from 15th-19th centuries AD..
51. News: Lili. Eylon. The Judenrein town that spoke Hebrew . Times Of Israel. 25 June 2022. Indeed, by 1994, reportedly only 12 people used some 200 Lachoudish words. The dialect Lachoudish had its day; it is now extinct.
52. Book: Smith, Norval. Arends. Jacque. Muysken. Pieter. Smith. Norval. An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages. Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction. John Benjamins. 1994.
53. Web site: Linguistica Uralica, 2010. Quantity in Leivu. kirj.ee. 27 July 2024. The speaker Anton Bok was born in 1908. He lived in Pajuçsilla village. He was recorded in 1971 by Paulopriit Voolaine. His mother tongue was Leivu and he acquired Latvian at school. He has been called the last Leivu speaker; he died in 1988..
54. Web site: Lemnian - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20150423205348/http://multitree.org/codes/xle. dead. 23 April 2015. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. An ancient language of the Greek island of Lemnos. Until perhaps 400 BC..
55. Web site: Lepontic - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20141226233921/http://multitree.org/codes/xlp. dead. 26 December 2014. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. c. 600 BC - 1 BC..
56. Web site: Ligurian - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20150103042307/http://multitree.org/codes/xlg. dead. 3 January 2015. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. 300 BC- 100 AD..
57. Web site: Langobardic - MultiTree. https://web.archive.org/web/20210818153933/http://multitree.org/codes/lng. dead. 18 August 2021. LINGUIST List. 8 April 2024. 4th - 9th century AD..
58. Book: Scheu, Frederick. 1964 . The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society.
59. Web site: Lusitanian - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20150118171944/http://multitree.org/codes/xls. dead. 18 January 2015. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. 2nd Century AD..
60. Web site: Marsian - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20150414071542/http://multitree.org/codes/ims. dead. 14 April 2015. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. 300-150 BC..
61. Web site: Marrucinian . https://archive.today/20150203101821/http://multitree.org/codes/umc . dead . . 3 February 2015 . 24 April 2024 . The tablet seems to have dated to the mid 3rd century BC..
62. Book: Waldman. Carl. Mason. Catherine. 2006. Encyclopedia of European Peoples. 521. time period:Ninth to 16th century c.E..
63. Book: Joseph. Brian. Brian Joseph. Klein. Jared. Wenthe. Mark. Fritz. Matthias. 11 June 2018. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. 3. De Gruyter. 1839–1840. 978-3110542431.
64. News: Nils . Århammar . Das Nordfriesische, eine bedrohte Minderheitensprache in zehn Dialekten: eine Bestandsaufnahme . de . Horst Haider . Munske . Sterben die Dialekte aus? Vorträge am Interdisziplinären Zentrum für Dialektforschung an der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg . October–December 2007 . University of Erlangen-Nuremberg.
65. Web site: Minoan - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20150103044431/http://multitree.org/codes/omn. dead. 3 January 2015. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. Circa 1800 and 1450 BC..
66. Post . Rudolf . 2004 . Zur Geschichte und Erforschung des Moselromanischen . Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter . 68 . 1–35 . 0035-4473 .
67. Book: Blokland, Rogier . The Endangered Uralic Languages . John Benjamins Publishing Company . 2003 . 9027247528 . Amsterdam . 108.
68. Web site: FROM PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN TO MYCENAEAN GREEK:A PHONOLOGICAL STUDY . https://web.archive.org/web/20240512013436/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/105223994/From_Proto_Indo_European_to_Mycenaean_Greek_A_Phonological_Study_2_fin-libre.pdf?1692789315=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DFrom_Proto_Indo_European_to_Mycenaean_Gr.pdf&Expires=1715480334&Signature=TeKFtz9EIeDWFhhpHXfi7il5nK-7RO7yD0kONPHQsJ99aD4O7PFjAGzzm2l3wLlCT2Mgifon6Wjsl0AUoM5P02LbP02VlUyxSYXZrzbchsOD5iQD5gletwvXV9q1sfKWaX0-tnW0C0iBgPW~ST4gPmKMovML8SQPYZvzRYkyJW4D3oxQFcUP5c1Ypi96N~nmFvjvPRopyNMeaKokaMtKGLrZiMjvrIlHU9BcKLsLcKlvzvhjhdvaiR1XIdxt3mTyAGVNm1WcnO1wiMsI-tZvKU8bfYO-2eUXNEMLY1zp0QxhXMnrRgIPOodTnG0fX3FOmNRCvgUQyknElgoKB~0A~g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA. live . 12 May 2024 . 24 April 2024 . ... no tablets or any other inscribed vessels were found from ca. 1200 BC onwards..
69. Web site: iso639-3/nrc. 2024-02-27. An ancient language, spoken in the Balkans from the 4th century BC - ca. 100 AD..
70. North-western European language evolution: NOWELE, vols. 50–51 (Odense University Press, 2007), p. 240
71. Web site: The North Picene Language. https://web.archive.org/web/20091225002446/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/LLDescription.cfm?code=nrp. dead. 25 December 2009. LINGUIST List. 24 July 2024. 1st millennium BC..
72. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language (David Crystal, editor); Cambridge University Press, 1987; p. 303: "The Isle of Man was wholly Manx-speaking until the 18th century... the last mother-tongue speakers died in the late 1940s"
73. Web site: A HISTORY OF THE PRONOMINAL DECLENSION IN THE NOVGOROD DIALECT OF OLD RUSSIAN FROM THE ELEVENTH-CENTURY TO THE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY.. . 2024-04-09. the 11th century, to the end of the 15th century.
74. Book: Young, Steven . 2008 . Baltic . Kapović . Mate . The Indo-European Languages . London . Routledge . 486–518. 978-03-6786-902-1.
75. Schrijver . Peter . Oscan love of Rome . Glotta . 2016 . 92 . 1 . 223–226 . 10.13109/glot.2016.92.1.223 . 0017-1298. Page 2 in the online version.
76. Web site: Paelignian . https://web.archive.org/web/20200323183525/http://multitree.org/codes/pgn.html . dead . . 23 March 2020 . 24 April 2024 . Very few inscriptions exist, all from the 1st century BC..
77. Web site: Pecheneg . https://archive.today/20150313064857/http://multitree.org/codes/xpc . dead . . 13 March 2015 . 24 April 2024 . 7th - 12th centuries AD..
78. Web site: Neo-Phrygian. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095331/http://multitree.org/codes/xpg. dead. LINGUIST List. 11 August 2011. 2024-03-06. 8th century BC to 2nd century AD..
79. Book: Wormald. Jenny. Jenny Wormald. 25 August 2005. Scotland: A History. Oxford University Press. 28–32. 0198206151.
80. Web site: Punic. https://web.archive.org/web/20110811122641/http://multitree.org/codes/xpu. dead. LINGUIST List. 11 August 2011. 2024-02-26. 1st Millennium BC - 600 AD..
81. Web site: Script . Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum. Magrè-alphabet finds dated to the middle and/or late La Tène period, apart from the above-mentioned ones from the area of Verona, are the Magrè antler pieces, the inscriptions from Bostel, IT-2 from the Inntal, and the Trissino bones. IT-4 is dated by context and may be older than the 1st century BC.. 2024-06-04.
82. Bakker, P. & Nielsen, F.S., 2011. Goddeis genter! Mål & mæle, 34(1), pp.13–18.
83. Web site: Russenorsk – A Language Sketch. 2011-11-02. https://web.archive.org/web/20170108001735/http://faculty.washington.edu/wassink/2010%20sketches/Russenorsk.pdf. 2017-01-08.
84. Web site: Sabine. https://archive.today/20150417075900/http://multitree.org/codes/sbv. dead. LINGUIST List. 17 April 2015. 2024-01-30. Mid-first millennium BC, perhaps surviving as late as the 3rd or 2nd century BC..
85. Book: The Lingua Franca. Natalie Operstein. 2021.
86. Web site: Selonian . https://archive.today/20150412233902/http://multitree.org/codes/sxl . dead . . 12 April 2015 . 24 April 2024 . Survived until 16th century..
87. Web site: Zemgalian : Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe : Blackwell Reference Online. www.blackwellreference.com. 2017-06-28.
88. Book: Joseph. Brian. Brian Joseph. Klein. Jared. Wenthe. Mark. Fritz. Matthias. 11 June 2018. Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. 3. De Gruyter. 1854. 978-3110542431.
89. Book: Gilbers. Dicky. Schaeken. Joe. Nerbonne. John. John Nerbonne. 2000. Languages in Contact. Rodopi. 329. 9042013222.
90. Web site: South Picene - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20150309165331/http://multitree.org/codes/spx. dead. 9 March 2015. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. 6th century BC to 4th century BC..
91. Web site: Sudovian . https://archive.today/20150308100724/http://multitree.org/codes/xsv . dead . . 8 March 2015 . 24 April 2024 . Until 16th century?.
92. Web site: Tartessian. https://archive.today/20121220222904/http://multitree.org/codes/txr. dead. LINGUIST List. 20 December 2012. 2024-01-30. c 700 BC - 100 BC..
93. Web site: Thracian - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20141224211344/http://multitree.org/codes/txh. dead. 24 December 2014. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. 1st Millennium BC - 500 AD..
94. Book: E. F. K. . Koerner . First Person Singular III: Autobiographies by North American Scholars in the Language Sciences . 1 January 1998 . John Benjamins Publishing . 978-90-272-4576-2 . 33 .
95. Web site: Umbrian . https://archive.today/20150309165357/http://multitree.org/codes/xum . dead . . 9 March 2015 . 24 April 2024 . Mid-first millennium BC, surviving as late as the 1st century BC..
96. Book: Hennings . Thordis . Einführung in das Mittelhochdeutsche . 2012 . De Gruyter . Berlin . 978-3-11-025959-9 . 26 . 3 . de . Introduction to Middle High German.
97. Encyclopedia: Wallace . Rex . 2004 . Venetic . Woodard . Roger D. . The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages . 840–856 . . 0-521-56256-2 . 2 December 2023 . 8 December 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081208005230/http://www.umass.edu/classics/wallace.htm . dead .
98. Web site: Vestinian - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20150309165333/http://multitree.org/codes/xvs. dead. 9 March 2015. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. 250-100 BC..
99. Web site: Volscian - MultiTree. https://archive.today/20150309165340/http://multitree.org/codes/xvo. dead. 9 March 2015. LINGUIST List. 4 September 2023. 3rd century BC..
100. Web site: iso639-3/rmw . 2024-06-25. Welsh Romani is a variety of the Romani language which was spoken fluently in Wales until at least 1950..
101. Book: Hickey. Raymond. The Oxford Handbook of Irish English. 2023. Oxford University Press. 48. 3.6.2 The Dialect of Forth and Bargy. After a period of decline, it was replaced entirely in the early nineteenth century by general Irish English of the region..
102. Web site: Judeo-French . 2022-10-13 . Jewish Languages . Kiwitt . Marc . https://web.archive.org/web/20221013152556/https://www.jewishlanguages.org/judeo-french . 2022-10-13 . live . . Zwink . Julia.
103. Spriggs . Matthew . Matthew Spriggs . Where Cornish was Spoken and When: A Provisional Synthesis . Cornish Studies . Second Series . 11 . Payton . Philip . 2003 . 228–269 . Institute of Cornish Studies, University of Exeter Press . live . ResearchGate . https://web.archive.org/web/20230426211145/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282577683_Where_Cornish_was_spoken_and_When_A_Provisional_Synthesis . 26 April 2023.
104. News: David . Charter . Death of a language: last ever speaker of Livonian passes away aged 103 . . 2013-06-05 . 2013-12-01.
105. Web site: Ludzī kīļ : The Lutsi Language. lutsimaa.lv. 2024-06-13. The last speaker of Lutsi, Nikolājs Nikonovs, died in 2006..
106. Broderick. George. 2017. The Last Native Manx Gaelic Speakers. The Final Phase: 'Full' or 'Terminal' in speech?. Studia Celtica Fennic. XIV. 18–57.