At the time of the discovery of Brazil by the Europeans, a total of 2,000 Indigenous nations, divided into several thousand tribes, existed in Brazil. The total number of Native tribes which inhabited present day Brazil at the time of first contact is disputed and difficult to ascertain. The names of large number of tribes who were exterminated as a result of intertribal warfare are not recorded anywhere and so is the case of several smaller tribes who were wiped out by the colonizers. Curt Nimuendajú gives a list of 1,400 nations in his monumental work Mapa etno-histórico do Brasil e regiões adjacentes, but he ignored many smaller (extinct) tribes in Eastern Brazil, and was at the time of writing unaware of some other tribes which were uncontacted at that time.[1] Currently only 200 nations (790 tribes) are alive, with no survivors being reported for the remaining nations. However, this doesn't mean their bloodlines are extinct; only their cultures. Brazilian Pardo and Mestizo population have mostly unknown indigenous backgrounds, some or several of them likely stemming from extinct cultures. The Bandeirantes hunted and enslaved indigenous peoples in the then unexplored interior of Brazil from the 16th to the early 19th century. The indigenous peoples were eventually acculturated and integrated into European civilization.
Most of the recorded extinctions of the Brazilian tribes were caused by warfare with the neo-Brazilians and from the epidemics which were sometimes deliberately spread by the colonizers. Intertribal warfare between various native Brazilian tribes also caused a significant number of extinctions. For example, the Matses, one of the tribes in the Vale do Javari region exterminated at least 4 smaller tribes during the 20th century.[2]
Out of the more than 1,800 extinct nations and thousands of tribes, names are available for only a few of them.
According to Darcy Ribeiro, a total of 87 tribes became extinct during the 1900-57 period. Another 38 became Assimilated (detribalized and merged in to the general population).
Recorded extinctions of Brazilian tribes during the 1900–1957 time period:[16]
Tribe* | Language Family | Location |
---|---|---|
Aipatse | Carib | Rio Culuene, MT |
Aminape | Tupi | Rio Mequens, RO |
Apaniekra | Je | Rio Porquinhos, Maranhão |
Apiaka | Tupi | Upper Rio Tapajós |
Arara do Xingu [Pariri, Timirem.etc.] | Carib | Between Xingu and Tocantins |
Arara [4 different tribes] | NA | 1. Jamaxim 2. Manicore 3. Rio Preto 4. Rio Guaraibas, PA/AM |
Arawine | Tupi | Rio 7 de Setembro, MT |
Ariken | Tupi | Between Rio Candeia and Rio Jamari, RO |
Arua | Tupi | Rio Branco, RO |
Baenan | Baenan | Left bank of Rio Pardo, Bahia |
Botocudos [Pojixa, Nakreehe, Minajirum, Jiporok, Gutkrak, [[Krenak]]] | Botocudos | Bahia & Minas Gerais |
Emerilon | Tupi | Far North Amapa |
Espinhos | Pano | Rio Corumaha, Acre |
Guarategaja | Tupi | Rio Mequens, RO |
Guato | Guato | Rio Paraguai, MS |
Huari | Huari | Rio Corumbiara, RO |
Itogapuk | Tupi | Rio Madeirinha, AM |
Ipotewat | Tupi | Upper Cacoal, RO |
Jabutifed | Tupi | Between Rio Cacoal & Rio Riosinho, RO |
Jabuti | NA | Upper Rio Branco |
Kabixiana | Tupi | Upper Rio Corumbiara, RO |
Kamakan | Kamakan | Bahia |
Kanamari | Katukina | Upper Inauini, AM |
Karipuna do Rondonia | Pano | Rio Capivari, RO |
Karitiana | Tupi | Alto Rio Candeias, AM |
Katiana | Aruak | Upper Rio Purus |
Kaxarari | Aruak | Upper Rio Curuquete, AM-AC |
Kayapo-Kradau | Je | N. Araguaia, S.Para |
Kayapo do Sul | Je | Boundary of Minas Gerais and São Paulo |
Kayuixana | Aruak | Between Rio Japura and Rio Solimoes, AM |
Kenkateye | Je | Rio Alpercatas, Maranhao |
Kepkiriwat | Tupi | Rio Pimenta Bueno, RO |
Kinikinao | Aruak | Aquidauana, MS |
Kokama | Tupi | Rio Solimoes, AM |
Krem Ye | Je | Maranhão - Para |
Krikati | Je | Maranhão |
Kujijineri | Aruak | Between Upper Envira and Curumaha, Acre |
Kuniba | Aruak | Between Juruasinho and Jutai, AM |
Kurina | Pano | Rio Jutai & Rio Jandiatuba, AM |
Kuruaya | Tupi | Rio Jamaxim, S Para |
Kustenao | Aruak | Rio Batovi and Rio Ronuro, MT |
Kuyanawa | Pano | NW. Acre |
Layana | Aruak | Rio Miranda, MS |
Makurap | Tupi | Rio Branco, RO |
Maniteneri | Aruak | Rio Purus, Acre |
Manitsawa | Tupi | Upper Xingu, MT |
Marakana | NA | Mountains south of Rio Uraricoera, Roraima |
Marawa | Aruak | Lower Jutai, AM |
Matanawi | Matanawi | Lower Marmelos, AM |
Mayoruna | Pano | Rio Javari, AM |
Mialat | Tupi | Upper Leitao, RO |
Miranha | Witoto | Rio Tefe, Rio Caicara, AM |
Monde or Sanamaika | Tupi | Right of Pimenta Bueno, RO |
Naravute | Carib | Middle Culuene, MT |
Natu | NA | Sergipe |
Ofaye | Ofaie | MS |
Oti | Oti | Campos Novos, São Paulo |
Oyanpik or Wayampi | Tupi | Oiapoque, Amapa |
Palmelas | Carib | Right of Rio Guapore, RO |
Parawa [Hon, Maro-Djapa] | Katukina | Left of Upper Jurua, AM |
Pase | Aruak | Lower Rio Ica, AM |
Pataxo-Hahahai | Pataxo | Jequitinhonha, Bahia |
Pauxi | Carib | Right of Middle Cumina, Para |
Pauxiana | Carib | Between Rio Mocajai and Rio Catrimani, Roraima |
Payaguá | Guaycuruan | Along the Paraguay River and in Mato Grosso do Sul. The last Payaguá died in 1942. |
Poyanawa | Pano | Upper Rio Moa, Acre |
Purukoto | Carib | Maraca Island, Rio Uraricoera, Roraima |
Rama Rama | Tupi | Rio Anari & Rio Machadinho, RO |
Sakuya | Pano | Extreme NW Acre |
Sanamaika | Tupi | Left of Pimenta Bueno, RO |
Takuatep | Tupi | Rio Tamuripa, RO |
Tora | Chapacura | Lower Marmelos, AM |
Tsuva | Carib | Middle Culuene, MT |
Turiwára | Tupi | Maranhão |
Txakamekra | Je | Rio das Flores, Maranhão |
Urumi | Tupi | Right of Rio Jiparana, RO |
Wainuma | Aruak | Middle Japura, Amazonas - Colombia border |
Warekena | Aruak | Rio Icana and Rio Xie, NW AM |
Wayoro | NA | Upper Rio Branco, RO |
Xipaya | Tupi | Rio Iriri & Rio Curua, Para |
Yuberi | Aruak | Lower Tapaua & Middle Purus, AM |
Yuma | NA | Upper Ipixuna & Tabocal, AM |
Yuri | Yuri | Between Ica, Japura & Solimões |
In some cases, the tribes which were classified as extinct later re-emerged and exerted their identity. Examples are Krenak and Apiacá
In certain other cases, tribes which became extinct in Brasil existed as a living nation elsewhere, such as the Oyanpik