List of extinct Indigenous peoples of Brazil explained

At the time of the discovery of Brazil by the Europeans, a total of 2,000 Indigenous nations, divided into several thousand tribes, existed in Brazil. The total number of Native tribes which inhabited present day Brazil at the time of first contact is disputed and difficult to ascertain. The names of large number of tribes who were exterminated as a result of intertribal warfare are not recorded anywhere and so is the case of several smaller tribes who were wiped out by the colonizers. Curt Nimuendajú gives a list of 1,400 nations in his monumental work Mapa etno-histórico do Brasil e regiões adjacentes, but he ignored many smaller (extinct) tribes in Eastern Brazil, and was at the time of writing unaware of some other tribes which were uncontacted at that time.[1] Currently only 200 nations (790 tribes) are alive, with no survivors being reported for the remaining nations. However, this doesn't mean their bloodlines are extinct; only their cultures. Brazilian Pardo and Mestizo population have mostly unknown indigenous backgrounds, some or several of them likely stemming from extinct cultures. The Bandeirantes hunted and enslaved indigenous peoples in the then unexplored interior of Brazil from the 16th to the early 19th century. The indigenous peoples were eventually acculturated and integrated into European civilization.

Most of the recorded extinctions of the Brazilian tribes were caused by warfare with the neo-Brazilians and from the epidemics which were sometimes deliberately spread by the colonizers. Intertribal warfare between various native Brazilian tribes also caused a significant number of extinctions. For example, the Matses, one of the tribes in the Vale do Javari region exterminated at least 4 smaller tribes during the 20th century.[2]

Famous extinct Brazilian nations

Out of the more than 1,800 extinct nations and thousands of tribes, names are available for only a few of them.

Recent Extinctions

According to Darcy Ribeiro, a total of 87 tribes became extinct during the 1900-57 period. Another 38 became Assimilated (detribalized and merged in to the general population).

Recorded extinctions of Brazilian tribes during the 1900–1957 time period:[16]

Tribe*Language FamilyLocation
AipatseCaribRio Culuene, MT
AminapeTupiRio Mequens, RO
ApaniekraJeRio Porquinhos, Maranhão
ApiakaTupiUpper Rio Tapajós
Arara do Xingu [Pariri, Timirem.etc.]CaribBetween Xingu and Tocantins
Arara [4 different tribes]NA1. Jamaxim 2. Manicore 3. Rio Preto 4. Rio Guaraibas, PA/AM
ArawineTupiRio 7 de Setembro, MT
ArikenTupiBetween Rio Candeia and Rio Jamari, RO
AruaTupiRio Branco, RO
BaenanBaenanLeft bank of Rio Pardo, Bahia
Botocudos [Pojixa, Nakreehe, Minajirum, Jiporok, Gutkrak, [[Krenak]]]BotocudosBahia & Minas Gerais
EmerilonTupiFar North Amapa
EspinhosPanoRio Corumaha, Acre
GuarategajaTupiRio Mequens, RO
GuatoGuatoRio Paraguai, MS
HuariHuariRio Corumbiara, RO
ItogapukTupiRio Madeirinha, AM
IpotewatTupiUpper Cacoal, RO
JabutifedTupiBetween Rio Cacoal & Rio Riosinho, RO
JabutiNAUpper Rio Branco
KabixianaTupiUpper Rio Corumbiara, RO
KamakanKamakanBahia
KanamariKatukinaUpper Inauini, AM
Karipuna do RondoniaPanoRio Capivari, RO
KaritianaTupiAlto Rio Candeias, AM
KatianaAruakUpper Rio Purus
KaxarariAruakUpper Rio Curuquete, AM-AC
Kayapo-KradauJeN. Araguaia, S.Para
Kayapo do SulJeBoundary of Minas Gerais and São Paulo
KayuixanaAruakBetween Rio Japura and Rio Solimoes, AM
KenkateyeJeRio Alpercatas, Maranhao
KepkiriwatTupiRio Pimenta Bueno, RO
KinikinaoAruakAquidauana, MS
KokamaTupiRio Solimoes, AM
Krem YeJeMaranhão - Para
KrikatiJeMaranhão
KujijineriAruakBetween Upper Envira and Curumaha, Acre
KunibaAruakBetween Juruasinho and Jutai, AM
KurinaPanoRio Jutai & Rio Jandiatuba, AM
KuruayaTupiRio Jamaxim, S Para
KustenaoAruakRio Batovi and Rio Ronuro, MT
KuyanawaPanoNW. Acre
LayanaAruakRio Miranda, MS
MakurapTupiRio Branco, RO
ManiteneriAruakRio Purus, Acre
ManitsawaTupiUpper Xingu, MT
MarakanaNAMountains south of Rio Uraricoera, Roraima
MarawaAruakLower Jutai, AM
MatanawiMatanawiLower Marmelos, AM
MayorunaPanoRio Javari, AM
MialatTupiUpper Leitao, RO
MiranhaWitotoRio Tefe, Rio Caicara, AM
Monde or SanamaikaTupiRight of Pimenta Bueno, RO
NaravuteCaribMiddle Culuene, MT
NatuNASergipe
OfayeOfaieMS
OtiOtiCampos Novos, São Paulo
Oyanpik or WayampiTupiOiapoque, Amapa
PalmelasCaribRight of Rio Guapore, RO
Parawa [Hon, Maro-Djapa]KatukinaLeft of Upper Jurua, AM
PaseAruakLower Rio Ica, AM
Pataxo-HahahaiPataxoJequitinhonha, Bahia
PauxiCaribRight of Middle Cumina, Para
PauxianaCaribBetween Rio Mocajai and Rio Catrimani, Roraima
PayaguáGuaycuruanAlong the Paraguay River and in Mato Grosso do Sul. The last Payaguá died in 1942.
PoyanawaPanoUpper Rio Moa, Acre
PurukotoCaribMaraca Island, Rio Uraricoera, Roraima
Rama RamaTupiRio Anari & Rio Machadinho, RO
SakuyaPanoExtreme NW Acre
SanamaikaTupiLeft of Pimenta Bueno, RO
TakuatepTupiRio Tamuripa, RO
ToraChapacuraLower Marmelos, AM
TsuvaCaribMiddle Culuene, MT
TuriwáraTupiMaranhão
TxakamekraJeRio das Flores, Maranhão
UrumiTupiRight of Rio Jiparana, RO
WainumaAruakMiddle Japura, Amazonas - Colombia border
WarekenaAruakRio Icana and Rio Xie, NW AM
WayoroNAUpper Rio Branco, RO
XipayaTupiRio Iriri & Rio Curua, Para
YuberiAruakLower Tapaua & Middle Purus, AM
YumaNAUpper Ipixuna & Tabocal, AM
YuriYuriBetween Ica, Japura & Solimões


In some cases, the tribes which were classified as extinct later re-emerged and exerted their identity. Examples are Krenak and Apiacá
In certain other cases, tribes which became extinct in Brasil existed as a living nation elsewhere, such as the Oyanpik

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Unidentified tribes. https://web.archive.org/web/20140107085727/https://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/visualizacao/livros/liv14278_mapa.pdf. 2014-01-07. 2023-08-21.
  2. Web site: Formation of the Matsés people and contact history > Matsés. pib.socioambiental.org. 2015-06-24.
  3. Web site: The land of the Amazons. 2015-06-24.
  4. Book: Languages of the Amazon. Aĭkhenvalʹd, A.I.U.. Aikhenvald, A.Y.. 2012. OUP Oxford. 9780199593569. 86. 2015-06-24.
  5. Web site: Arikapú. pib.socioambiental.org. 2023-08-21.
  6. Book: The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Olson, J.S.. 1991. Greenwood Press. 9780313263873. 170. 2015-06-24.
  7. Book: The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Olson, J.S.. 1991. Greenwood Press. 9780313263873. 69. 2015-06-24.
  8. Web site: Greene . Margaret E. . Crocker . William H. . March 1994 . Some Demographic Aspects of the Canela Indians of Brazil . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20181129053620/https://anthropology.si.edu/canela/literature/demography.pdf . 29 November 2018 . 28 February 2023 . Smithsonian Institution.
  9. Book: The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Olson, J.S.. 1991. Greenwood Press. 9780313263873. 78. 2015-06-24.
  10. Web site: Usina de Letras. usinadeletras.com.br. 2015-06-24.
  11. Web site: Subgroups, migrations and contact > Kayapó. pib.socioambiental.org. 2015-06-24.
  12. Book: Indians of Brazil in the Twentieth Century. Hopper, J.H.. Dole, G.E.. 1967. Institute for Cross-Cultural Research. 9780911976021. 2015-06-24.
  13. Book: Language Contact in Amazonia. Aĭkhenvalʹd, A.I.U.. 2002. Oxford University Press. 9780199257850. 282. 2015-06-24.
  14. Book: The Indians of Central and South America: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Olson, J.S.. 1991. Greenwood Press. 9780313263873. 206. 2015-06-24.
  15. Web site: Archived copy . 2012-10-01 . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213855/http://www.desvendar.com/especiais/indio/tribos.asp . 2015-09-23 .
  16. Ribeiro, D. (1967). Indigenous cultures and languages of Brazil. In J. H. Hopper (Ed.), Indians of Brazil in the Twentieth Century (pp. 77–166). Washington D.C.: Institute for cross-cultural research.