List of North American animals extinct in the Holocene explained

This is a list of North American animals extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) and continues to the present day.^[1]

Recently extinct animals in the West Indies and Hawaii are in their own respective lists.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Armadillos, pampatheres, and glyptodonts (order Cingulata)

Chlamyphorid armadillos and glyptodonts (family Chlamyphoridae)

Anteaters and sloths (order Pilosa)

Megalonychid ground sloths (family Megalonychidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Jefferson's ground sloth	Megalonyx jeffersoni	Alaska to northern Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 9540-9420 BCE.
	Xibalbaonyx oviceps	Puerto Morelos, Mexico	Most recent remains at El Zapote cenote dated to 8697-8355 BCE.

Nothrotheriid ground sloths (family Nothrotheriidae)

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Columbian mammoth	Mammuthus columbi	Southern and Western United States, and northern Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 8080-7700 BCE.
Pygmy mammoth	Mammuthus exilis	Santa Rosae island, California	Most recent remains dated to 9130-9030 BCE.
Woolly mammoth	Mammuthus primigenius	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains at St. Paul, Alaska dated to 3635-3580 BCE.^[5]

Sea cows (order Sirenia)

Dugongs (family Dugongidae)

Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)

Pikas (family Ochotonidae)

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Gull Island vole	Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus	Great Gull Island, New York	Disappeared around 1900, when the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound were built.^[9]
Anthony's woodrat	Neotoma bryanti anthonyi	Isla Todos Santos, Mexico	Last recorded in 1926. Extinct due to predation by introduced feral cats.^[10]
Bunker's woodrat	Neotoma bryanti bunkeri	Coronados Islands, Mexico	Last recorded in 1931. Likely extinct due to depletion of food sources and predation by introduced cats.^[11]
San Martín Island woodrat	Neotoma bryanti martinensis	Isla San Martín, Mexico	Last recorded in the 1950s. Extinct due to predation by introduced cats.^[12]
Nelson's rice rat	Oryzomys nelsoni	María Madre Island, Mexico	Last recorded in 1897. Possibly extinct due to introduced black rats.^[13]
Giant island deer mouse	Peromyscus nesodytes	Channel Islands of California	Most recent remains at Cave of the Chimneys, San Miguel Island, dated to around 950 CE. If the species survived into colonial times it might have become extinct due to overgrazing, increased wind and water erosion destroying its natural habitat.^[14]
Pallid beach mouse	Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus	Coastal Florida	Last recorded in 1946. Extinct due to extensive habitat loss.^[15]

Possibly extinct

Gophers (family Geomyidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Goff's pocket gopher	Geomys pinetis goffi	Pineda Ridge, Florida	Last recorded in 1955.^[17]
Tacoma pocket gopher	Thomomys mazama tacomensis	Tacoma-Steilacoom, Washington area	Last collected in 1962. Extinct due to habitat alteration through residential development and gravel mining.

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Locally extinct

Dogs (family Canidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Kenai Peninsula wolf	Canis lupus alces	Kenai Peninsula, Alaska	Exterminated through hunting, trapping, and poisoning by 1915. Wolves recolonized the Peninsula in 1962, a decade after predator eradication efforts were reduced.^[20]
Newfoundland wolf	Canis lupus beothucus	Newfoundland	Last known individual killed in 1896.^[21]
Banks Island wolf	Canis lupus bernardi	Banks Island, Northwest Territories	Last recorded between 1918 and 1952.^[22] Considered a synonym of the arctic wolf (C. l. arctos) by some authors on morphological grounds.^[23]
Cascade Mountains wolf	Canis lupus fuscus	Pacific Northwest	Last recorded in 1940. Considered a synonym of the Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus) by some authors.
Mogollon mountain wolf	Canis lupus mogollonensis	Arizona	Last recorded in 1935. Considered a synonym of the Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus) or the Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi) by different authors.
Texas gray wolf	Canis lupus monstrabilis	Texas	Last recorded in 1942. Considered a synonym of the Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi) by some authors.
Southern Rocky Mountain wolf	Canis lupus youngi	Southern Rocky Mountains	Last recorded in 1935.^[24]
Florida black wolf	Canis rufus floridanus	Eastern United States	Extinct by 1920 as a result of deliberate eradication efforts, habitat destruction, and loss of prey.^[25]
Gregory's wolf	Canis rufus gregoryi	Lower Mississippi Valley^[26]
Southern California kit fox	Vulpes macrotis macrotis	Southern California coast	Last collected in 1903.^[27]

Extinct in the wild

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Mexican wolf	Canis lupus baileyi	Southwestern United States and northern Mexico	Extirpated from the wild in the early 1970s and reintroduced in 1998.^[28]
Texas red wolf	Canis rufus rufus	Central Texas to southern Louisiana	Extinct in the wild by 1980 and introduced (in lieu of the extinct subspecies) to eastern North Carolina in 1987. The species is threatened by human persecution and hybridization with coyotes.^[29] Declined as a result of deliberate eradication efforts, habitat destruction, and hybridization with the coyote.

Bears (family Ursidae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
California grizzly bear	Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis)	California	Last recorded at Sequoia National Park in 1924.^[31] Though once named as the subspecies U. a. californicus, DNA evidence shows that it is not different enough to warrant separate status.^[32]
Mexican grizzly bear	Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis)	Aridoamerica	Last known individual killed in northern Sonora in 1976.^[33] Though once named as the subspecies U. a. nelsoni, DNA evidence shows that it is not different enough to warrant separate status.
Ungava brown bear	Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis)	Ungava Peninsula, Quebec	Known from subfossil remains, indigenous folklore and sporadic hunting records of the 18th and 19th centuries. Possible last sighting in 1942, but it could also have been a brown morph of the American black bear.^[34]

Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)

Extinct in the wild

Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)

Horses and allies (family Equidae)

Locally extinct

Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)

Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)

Locally extinct

True deer (family Cervidae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Stag-moose	Cervalces scotti	Great Lakes Region	Most recent remains dated to 9230-8930 BCE.
Eastern elk	Population of the North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis canadensis)	Eastern North America	Traditionally considered the nominate subspecies, but genetic research indicates that there are not enough differences to consider separate subspecies of C. canadensis in North America, and the taxon C. c. canadensis is not extinct as a result.^[44] ^[45] The last confirmed individual was killed near the Clarion River of central Pennsylvania in 1867, though there were unconfirmed sightings in 1869-1870, and ten claimed killings in northern Pennsylvania in 1878. Western elk were reintroduced for hunting purposes in the same state in 1912.^[46]
Merriam's elk	Population of the North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis canadensis)	New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas	Named as the species Cervus merriami in 1902 on the basis of a single skull; in 1978, an anatomical review of a dozen individuals found just enough of a case to consider it a subspecies of Cervus elaphus (later C. canadensis). Further anatomical and genetic research suggest that all American wapiti likely belong to the same subspecies and that the taxon C. c. merriami is a synonym of C. c. canadensis. Wapiti from other regions have been reintroduced to the purported distribution area of Merriam's elk.
Queen Charlotte Islands caribou	Population of the caribou (Rangifer tarandus)	Graham Island, British Columbia	Described as the subspecies R. t. dawsoni in 1900 due to its isolated location and anatomical differences, but mtDNA studies in 2002 showed not enough differences to warrant separate status.^[47] The last known herd was found in 1908, comprising two adult males, one female, and one calf; all but the calf were killed.^[48]

Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Ancient bison	Bison antiquus	North America	A transitional form between steppe bison and modern American bison whose more recent remains date to the early Holocene of Valsequillo basin in Puebla, Mexico. However the direct dating to 5271-5131 BCE is not calibrated and the remains could be older.^[49] Other remains in North America have been dated to 8640-8500 BCE.
Western bison	Bison occidentalis	Eastern Beringia	Another transitional form to American bison that originated in a second dispersal of steppe bison across Beringia, and persisted in Alaska until around 220 CE.^[50]
Steppe bison	Bison priscus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains at Whitehorse, Yukon dated to 3628-3377 BCE.^[51]
Woodland muskox	Bootherium bombifrons	North America	Most recent remains dated to 9110-8950 BCE.
Shrub-ox	Euceratherium collinum	Western United States and Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 9830-9530 BCE.
Harrington's mountain goat	Oreamnos harringtoni	Southern Rocky Mountains	Most recent remains at Rampart Cave, Arizona dated to 11099-8478 BCE.^[52]

Locally extinct

Birds (class Aves)

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Pheasants and allies (family Phasianidae)

-- sortable-->"	Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Californian turkey	Meleagris californica	California	Most recent remains dated to 9100-8380 BCE. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.
Southwestern turkey	Meleagris crassipes	New Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 11510-8770 BCE (uncalibrated date).
Heath hen	Tympanuchus cupido cupido	East coast of the United States	Last individual, a male, died in Martha's Vineyard in 1932.
New Mexico sharp-tailed grouse	Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi	New Mexico and possibly Colorado	Last individual killed in Colfax County, New Mexico in 1952.

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Schneider's teal	Anas schneideri	Little Box Elder Cave, Wyoming	Most recent remains dated to 8800-8300 BCE (uncalibrated date).
Labrador duck	Camptorhynchus labradorius	Atlantic coast of Canada and New England	Last confirmed individual killed in 1875; unconfirmed in 1878.
Law's diving-goose	Chendytes lawi	Coastal California and Oregon	Most recent remains at Ventura County, California dated to 770-400 BCE.^[54]

Grebes (order Podicipediformes)

Grebes (family Podicipedidae)

Swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds (order Apodiformes)

Hummingbirds (family Trochillidae)

Possibly extinct

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Extinct in the wild

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Possibly extinct

Cranes (family Gruidae)

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Possibly extinct

Auks (family Alcidae)

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Northern storm petrels (family Hydrobatidae)

Possibly extinct

Storks and allies (order Ciconiiformes)

Storks (family Ciconiidae)

New World vultures (order Cathartiformes)

New World vultures and condors (family Cathartidae)

Extinct in the wild

Teratorns (family Teratornithidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Slender teratorn	Cathartornis gracilis	Southern California	Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).
Merriam's teratorn	Teratornis merriami	Southern California to northern Arizona	Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Daggett's eagle	Buteogallus daggetti	Southwestern United States and Nuevo León, Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).
Woodward's eagle	Buteogallus woodwardi	California to Florida and the Caribbean	Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).
	Neophrontops americanus	Rancho La Brea, California	Most recent remains dated to 10230-7630 BCE (uncalibrated date).
Grinnell's hawk-eagle	Spizaetus grinnelli	Rancho La Brea, California	Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

-- sortable-->"	Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Socorro elf owl	Micrathene whitneyi graysoni	Socorro Island, Mexico	Last recorded around 1970. Likely extinct due to predation by introduced cats.
La Brea owl	Oraristrix brea	Southern California	Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).

Falcons (order Falconiformes)

Falcons and caracaras (family Falconidae)

Woodpeckers and allies (order Piciformes)

Woodpeckers (family Picidae)

Possibly extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Imperial woodpecker	Campephilus imperialis	North-central Mexico	Last confirmed record in Durango in 1956, but unconfirmed sightings continued until 2005 in the Copper Canyon of Chihuahua. Declined due to habitat destruction and poisoning by loggers, along with hunting for sport, food, and traditional medicine.^[67]
American ivory-billed woodpecker	Campephilus principalis principalis	Southern United States	Last confirmed record in north-eastern Louisiana in 1944. Several unconfirmed sightings, video and sound records were made in eastern Arkansas in 2004, the Choctawhatchee River in Florida in 2005-2007, and 2006-2007 in Louisiana. Declined due to hunting, logging and forest clearance for agriculture.^[68]

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

Holotropical parrots (family Psittacidae)

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Thrashers, mockingbirds, tremblers, and New World catbirds (family Mimidae)

Possibly extinct

New World blackbirds (family Icteridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Large-billed black bird	Euphagus magnirostris	California to Venezuela and Peru	Most recent remains dated to 8800-8300 BCE (uncalibrated date).
Convex-billed cowbird	Pandanaris convexa	California and Florida to Peru	Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).
	Pyelorhamphus molothroides	Shelter Cave, New Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 29300-9380 BCE (uncalibrated date).
Slender-billed grackle	Quiscalus palustris	Lerma River and Xochimilco, Mexico	Last collected in 1910. Extinct due to the draining of its marsh habitat.^[72]

New World sparrows (family Passerellidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Dusky seaside sparrow	Ammospiza maritima nigrescens	Merritt Island and Titusville, Florida	Declined due to DDT use in marshes and habitat loss caused by dam construction. In 1981 the last five individuals, all male, were captured and taken into captivity. However, a proposed plan to hybridize them with Scott's seaside sparrow and select the offspring with most dusky ancestry wasn't allowed because of legal restrictions against hybridizing endangered taxa.^[73] The last individual died in Walt Disney World's Discovery Island Zoological Park in Orlando, Florida in 1987.
	Pipilo angelensis	Rancho La Brea, California	Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).
Guadalupe towhee	Pipilo maculatus consobrinus	Guadalupe Island, Mexico	Last recorded in 1897. Extinct due to destruction of nesting habitat by introduced goats, and predation by cats.
Zacatecas Worthen's sparrow	Spizella wortheni browni	Northwest Zacatecas, Mexico	Last recorded in 1961. Extinct due to habitat loss to agriculture, overgrazing and erosion by cattle herding, and decline of native herbivores which maintained the bird's habitat.

Wrens (family Troglodytidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
San Benedicto rock wren	Salpinctes obsoletus exsul	San Benedicto Island, Mexico	Wiped out by the eruption of El Boquerón volcano in 1952.
Guadalupe wren	Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda	Guadalupe Island, Mexico	Last recorded in 1897. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats.
San Clemente wren	Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys	San Clemente Island, California	Last recorded in 1968. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats and sheep.

New World warblers (family Parulidae)

Possibly extinct

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Turtles and tortoises (order Testudines)

Tortoises (family Testudinidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Southeastern giant tortoise	Hesperotestudo crassiscutata	Southern United States	Most recent remains dated to around 9515 BCE.^[75]
Wilson's tortoise	Hesperotestudo wilsoni	Southwestern United States	Most recent remains dated to around 9050 BCE.

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

Frogs (order Anura)

True toads (family Bufonidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Chiriqui harlequin frog	Atelopus chiriquiensis	Talamanca-Chiriqui Mountains, Costa Rica	Last recorded in 1996. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.^[76]
Pass stubfoot toad	Atelopus senex	Central Costa Rica	Last recorded in 1986. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis.^[77]
Golden toad	Incilius periglenes	Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica	Last recorded in 1989. Probably extinct due to climate change, chytridiomycosis, and airborne pollution.^[78]

Extinct in the wild

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Wyoming toad	Anaxyrus baxteri	Laramie Basin, Wyoming	Survives only at the four-times impounded Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge, where it last reproduced naturally in 1991 and is re-stocked annually with captive born toadlets. The species is affected by chytridiomycosis, bacteria, pesticides, irrigation practices, lack of genetic diversity, predation by mustelids, drought, increased salinity, and expansion of the salt cedar which reduces habitat suitability.^[79]
Panamanian golden frog	Atelopus zeteki	El Valle de Antón and Cerro Campana, Panama	Last recorded in the wild in 2009. The species is mainly threatened by chytridiomycosis, but also deforestation, water pollution, collection for the pet trade, and increased sedimentation of streams caused by road construction.^[80]

Freshbelly frogs (family Craugastoridae)

Possibly extinct

Tree frogs and allies (family Hylidae)

Possibly extinct

Salamanders (order Urodela)

Lungless salamanders (family Plethodontidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Ainsworth's salamander	Plethodon ainsworthi	Jasper County, Mississippi	Last recorded in 1964. Possibly extinct due to deforestation.^[86]
Jalpa false brook salamander	Pseudoeurycea exspectata	Cerro Miramundo, Jalapa, Guatemala	Last recorded in 1976. Possibly extinct due to habitat loss to farming and logging.^[87]

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)

Suckers (family Catostomidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Snake River sucker	Chasmistes muriei	Jackson Lake, Wyoming and possibly the Snake River	Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. Likely extinct due to hybridization with the Utah sucker after the Jackson Lake Dam was built and blocked spawning migration.
Harelip sucker	Lagochila lacera	Southeastern United States	Last collected in 1893. Though originally abundant and widely spread, the species inhabited only deep clearwater pools and fed almost entirely on molluscs. It likely became extinct due to increased siltation and turbidity caused by agriculture practices, which both reduced the number of molluscs and made them more difficult to find.

Carps and minnows (family Cyprinidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Maravillas red shiner	Cyprinella lutrensis blairi	Maravillas Creek, Texas	Last collected in 1954. Exterminated by introduced plains killifish.
Mexican dace	Evarra bustamantei	Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels in the Valley of Mexico	Last collected in 1970. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction through pollution and water extraction.^[88]
Plateau chub	Evarra eigenmanni	Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels	Last collected in 1954. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction through pollution and water extraction.^[89]
Endorheic chub	Evarra tlahuacensis	Lake Chalco in the Valley of Mexico	Last collected in 1970. Extinct due to habitat destruction and water pollution.^[90]
Thicktail chub	Gila crassicauda	California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay	Last collected in 1957. Extinct due to the conversion of the Central Valley to intensive agriculture, marsh draining, channelization of rivers and introduction of extotic fish species.
Pahranagat spinedace	Lepidomeda altivelis	Pahranagat Valley, Nevada	Last collected in 1938. Extinct due to predation by, and competition with the mosquitofish and other introduced species.
Durango shiner	Notropis aulidion	Tunal River, Durango, Mexico	Last collected in 1961. Possibly extinct due to pollution, competition and predation by the largemouth bass and other introduced species.
Salado shiner	Notropis saladonis	Salado River, Mexico	Not found in any sampling expeditions launched since 1988. The reasons of extinction are unknown.^[91]
Rio Grande bluntnose shiner	Notropis simus simus	Upper Rio Grande and the Pecos River	Last collected in 1964. Possibly extinct due to changes in the water flow caused by dams, irrigation, and channelization, along with competition from introduced species.
Phantom shiner	Notropis orca	Rio Grande	The only pure individual known is the holotype taken in 1975, though hybrids with the bluntnose shiner are known as far as 1891. Possibly extinct due to changes to the water flow (which increased hybridization), increased salinity caused by irrigation, and introduced fish species.
Clear Lake splittail	Pogonichthys ciscoides	Clear Lake and its tributaries, California	Last collected in 1970. Extinct due to extreme eutrophication of the lake caused by agriculture.
Banff longnose dace	Rhinichthys cataractae smithi	Banff National Park, Alberta	Extinct since 1986.^[92] Declined after the introduction of several exotic species including mosquitofishes, sailfin mollies, guppies, convict cichlids, and green swordtails, followed by the alteration of water flows related to the use of hotsprings as public baths and sewage spillage. As numbers fell the subspecies became more vulnerable to hybridization with R. c. cataractae, which caused its final extinction.
Las Vegas dace	Rhinichthys deaconi	Las Vegas Valley, Nevada	Last collected in 1940. The springs it inhabited were destroyed during the urban development of Las Vegas.
Grass Valley speckled dace	Rhinichthys osculus reliquus	Lander County, Nevada	Known only from the type series of 474 specimens collected in 1938. Though abundant in this time, it was completely gone and replaced by introduced rainbow trout and brook trout when a second collection attempt was made in 1969.
Stumptooth minnow	Stypodon signifer	Southern Coahuila, Mexico	Last collected in 1903. It was a mollusc-eating specialist, and molluscs were greatly affected by habitat modification and pollution caused by agriculture.

Extinct in the wild

Catfishes (order Siluriformes)

Ictalurids (family Ictaluridae)

Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)

Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Longjaw cisco	Coregonus alpenae	Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Huron	Last collected in Lake Erie in 1957, in Lake Michigan in 1967, and in Lake Huron in 1975. Extinct due to overfishing, predation by the sea lamprey which colonized the lakes in the 1940s, and hybridization with other ciscoes.
Deepwater cisco	Coregonus johannae	Lakes Michigan and Huron	Last collected in Lake Michigan in 1951, and in Lake Huron in 1952. Extinct due to overfishing, sea lamprey predation, and hybridization with other ciscoes.
Lake Ontario kiyi	Coregonus kiyi orientalis	Lake Ontario	Last collected in 1964. Extinct due to overfishing, introduced fishes, and deterioration of water quality caused by eutrophication and chemical pollution.
Blackfin cisco	Coregonus nigripinnis	Lakes Michigan and Huron	Last collected in 1923 in Lake Huron, and 1969 in Lake Michigan. Extinct due to overfishing, sea lamprey predation, and hybridization with other ciscoes.
Yellowfin cutthroat trout	Oncorhynchus clarkii macdonaldi	Twin Lakes, Colorado	Extinct around 1910 as a result of competition and hybridization with introduced fishes.
Alvord cutthroat trout	Oncorhynchus clarki ssp.	Alvord Basin in Oregon and Nevada	Only known from individuals hybridized with the rainbow trout, which was introduced to the area in the early 1930s.
Silver trout	Salvelinus agassizi	Dublin Pond and Christine Lake, New Hampshire	Last recorded in Christine Lake in 1926 and in Dublin Pond in 1930. Extinct due to overfishing and several exotic fish introductions.

Possibly extinct

Silversides (order Atheriniformes)

Neotropical silversides (family Atherinopsidae)

Possibly extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Alberca silverside	Chirostoma bartoni	La Alberca caldera, Lerma River basin, Mexico	Not recorded after the crater lake dried during a drought in 2006.^[96]
Least silverside	Chirostoma charari	La Mintzita spring, Michoacan, Mexico	Last recorded in 1957. Declined due to overuse of water resources, deforestation of gallery forests, pollution, hypereutophication, and hybridization with other Chirostoma species.^[97]

Toothcarps (order Cyprinodontiformes)

Pupfishes (family Cyprinodontidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Villa Lopez pupfish	Cyprinodon ceciliae	Bolsón de Sandía, Nuevo León, Mexico	Last recorded in 1988. The spring it was endemic dried completely in 1991 as a consequence of water extraction for agriculture use.^[98]
Cachorrito de la Trinidad	Cyprinodon inmemoriam	Ojo La Trinidad, northern Mexico	Only known from the holotype collected in 1984. The spring it was found in was destroyed by water extraction.^[99]
Tecopa pupfish	Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae	Tecopa Hot Springs, California	Last recorded before 1972.^[100]
Catarina pupfish	Megupsilon aporus	Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico	Last recorded in the wild in 1994, and in captivity in 2012. Extinct due to groundwater extraction and introduced fish species.^[101]

Extinct in the wild

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Potosi pupfish	Cyprinodon alvarezi	Potosí Spring, Galeana, Nuevo León, Mexico	Last recorded in the wild in 1994. Declined due to near total habitat loss as a result of groundwater extraction, predation and competition with introduced species.^[103]
La Palma pupfish	Cyprinodon longidorsalis	Bolsón de Sandía, Nuevo León, Mexico	Last recorded in the wild in 1994, as a result of groundwater extraction.^[104]
Charco Palma pupfish	Cyprinodon veronicae		Disappeared from the wild in 1995 as a result of groundwater extraction, which caused in 1997 the complete drying of the spring it was endemic to.^[105]

Splitfins (family Goodeidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Parras characodon	Characodon garmani	Southern Coahuila, Mexico	Known only from the holotype collected around the 1880s. Likely extinct due to habitat alteration.^[106]
Raycraft Ranch killifish	Empetrichthys latos concavus	Pahrump Valley, Nevada	Last collected in 1953. Likely extinct due to introduced carp and bullfrogs; after its probable extinction, the spring it was endemic to was filled to eliminate mosquitos.
Pahrump Ranch poolfish	Empetrichthys latos pahrump	Nye County, Nevada	Last recorded in 1958. Likely extinct due to excessive water extraction, introduced carp and bullfrogs.
Ash Meadows killifish	Empetrichthys merriami	Ash Meadows, Nevada	Last collected in 1948. Likely extinct due to habitat alteration and predation by introduced bullfrogs and crayfish.

Extinct in the wild

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Banded allotoca	Allotoca goslinei	Jalisco, Mexico	Last recorded in the wild in 2004. Declined rapidly from 2000 after green swordtails were introduced in its last known location.^[107]
Golden skiffia	Skiffia francesae	Teuchitlan River and Laguna de Sayula, Jalisco, Mexico	Declined due to habitat degradation and exotic fish introductions. The last known wild population disappeared when the El Molino pond dried during a drought in 2010.^[108]

Poeciliids (family Poeciliidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Amistad gambusia	Gambusia amistadensis	Goodenough Spring, Texas	Endemic to a spring flooded by a dam in 1969. In anticipation, several individuals were collected and kept in captivity, but all were found to be hybridized with mosquitofish after 1974.
San Marcos gambusia	Gambusia georgei	San Marcos River and spring, Texas	Last recorded in 1983. Extinct due to reduced spring flows, pollution, introduced fishes and ornamental plants, and hybridization with mosquitofish.^[109]

Extinct in the wild

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Monterrey platyfish	Xiphophorus couchianus	Atlantic slope of Mexico	Last collected in the wild in 1967. Declined due to habitat destruction, pollution, predation and competition with introduced species.^[111]
Marbled swordtail	Xiphophorus meyeri	Melchor Muzquiz, Coahuila, Mexico	Last recorded in the wild in 1997. Declined due to water abstraction for mining activities.^[112]

Lionfishes and sculpins (order Scorpaeniformes)

Sticklebacks (family Gasterosteidae)

Perchs and allies (order Perciformes)

Perchs (family Percidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Maryland darter	Etheostoma sellare	Lower Susquehanna River, United States	Last confirmed record in 1986 and a possible one in 1988. Its range contracted after the damming of the Susquehanna; the last known location has degraded water quality caused by agriculture.^[114]
Blue walleye	Sander vitreus glaucus	Lakes Ontario and Erie, and Niagara River	Population began to fluctuate wildly in 1915 as a result of over-fishing before it collapsed in 1958. The final individuals may have hybridized with walleye.

Malacostracans (class Malacostraca)

Isopods (order Isopoda)

Marine pillbugs (family Sphaeromatidae)

Extinct in the wild

Decapods (order Decapoda)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
	Cambarellus alvarezi	Potosí Spring, Nuevo León, Mexico	Endemic to a spring that was drained by pumping groundwater in 1994.^[118]
Sandhills crayfish	Procambarus angustatus	Sand Hills, Georgia	Only known from the holotype collected in around 1856.^[119]

Possibly extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
White Spring cave crayfish	Cambarus veitchorum	White Spring Cave, Limestone County, Alabama	Last collected in 1968.^[120]
Bigcheek cave crayfish	Procambarus delicatus	Ocala National Forest, Lake County, Florida	Last recorded in 1976. Declined due to disturbance and pollution caused by tourism.^[121]

Insects (class Insecta)

Mayflies (order Ephemeroptera)

Spiny-headed burrowing mayflies (family Palingeniidae)

Stoneflies (order Plecoptera)

Green stoneflies (family Chloroperlidae)

Grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids (order Orthoptera)

Short-horned grasshoppers (family Acrididae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Central Valley grasshopper	Conozoa hyalina	Central Valley, California	Last recorded before 1953.^[125]
Rocky Mountain locust	Melanoplus spretus	Western and central Canada and United States	Last collected in 1902. Possibly extinct due to destruction of its riparian breeding habitat in the northern Rocky Mountains.^[126]

Katydids (family Tettigoniidae)

Book lice, bark lice, and sucking lice (order Psocodea)

Chicken body lice (family Menoponidae)

Possibly extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
California condor louse	Colpocephalum californici	North America	Possibly extinct when the last California condors were taken into captivity and deloused in the mid-1980s.
Second lice species of the California condor

Mammal lice (family Trichodectidae)

Possibly extinct

Beetles (order Coleoptera)

True weevils (family Curculionidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Fort Ross weevil	Trigonoscuta rossi	Fort Ross, California	Last recorded in 1975. The cause of extinction is unknown.^[128]
Yorba Linda weevil	Trigonoscuta yorbalindae	Yorba Linda desert dunes, California	Last recorded in 1975. Its habitat was destroyed by urbanization.^[129]

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Grass moths (family Crambidae)

Caddisflies (order Trichoptera)

Long-horned caddisflies (family Leptoceridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Athens caddisfly	Triaenodes phalacris	United States^[135]
Three-toothed caddisfly	Triaenodes tridontus	United States	Last recorded in 1991.^[136]

Snails and slugs (class Gastropoda)

Mud snails (family Hydrobiidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Olive marstonia	Marstonia olivacea	Big Spring Creek, Madison County, Alabama	Extinct in the 1960s due to impoundment in the Tennessee Valley.^[139]
Corded purg	Pyrgulopsis nevadensis	Nevada^[140]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Cahaba pebblesnail	Clappia cahabensis	Cahaba River, Alabama	Unconfirmed last record in 2005.^[141]
Umbilicate pebblesnail	Clappia umbilicata	Alabama^[142]
Oachita pebblesnail	Somatogyrus amnicoloides	Arkansas^[143]
Thick-lipped pebblesnail	Somatogyrus crassilabris	White River, Baxter County, Arkansas	Only known from the holotype collected in 1915.^[144]
Tennessee pebblesnail	Somatogyrus currierianus	Alabama^[145]
Channeled pebblesnail	Somatogyrus wheeleri	Arkansas^[146]

Ramshorn snails (family Planorbidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Shoal sprite	Amphigyra alabamensis	Alabama^[149]
Boulder snail	Athearnia crassa	Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia^[150]
Carinate flat-top snail	Neoplanorbis carinatus	United States^[151] ^[152]
Angled flat-top snail	Neoplanorbis smithi
Little flat-top snail	Neoplanorbis tantillus	Coosa River, Alabama	Extinct due to several impoundments between 1914 and 1967.^[153]
Umbilicate flat-top snail	Neoplanorbis umbilicatus	United States^[154]
Acorn ramshell	Planorbella multivolvis	Michigan^[155]

Pleurocerids (family Pleuroceridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Short-spired elimia	Elimia brevis	Alabama^[156]
Closed elimia	Elimia clausa	St. Clair County, Alabama^[157]
Fusiform elimia	Elimia fusiformis	Coosa River, Alabama^[158]
Shouldered elimia	Elimia gibbera	Alabama^[159]
High-spired elimia	Elimia hartmaniana	United States^[160]
Constricted elimia	Elimia impressa	Alabama^[161]
Hearty elimia	Elimia jonesi	Coosa River, Alabama^[162]
Ribbed elimia	Elimia laeta	Alabama^[163]
Wrinkled elimia	Elimia macglameriana	Alabama and Georgia^[164]
Pupa elimia	Elimia pupaeformis	Alabama^[165] ^[166]
Pygmy elimia	Elimia pygmaea
Rough-lined elimia	Elimia pilsbryi	Coosa River, Alabama^[167]
Excised slitshell	Gyrotoma excisa	Last recorded in 1924.^[168] ^[169] ^[170] ^[171] ^[172]
Striate slitshell	Gyrotoma lewisii
Pagoda slitshell	Gyrotoma pagoda
Ribbed slitshell	Gyrotoma pumila
Pyramid slitshell	Gyrotoma pyramidata
Round slitshell	Gyrotoma walkeri
Agate rocksnail	Leptoxis clipeata	Alabama^[173]
Maiden rocksnail	Leptoxis formosa	Alabama and Georgia^[174]
Rotund rocksnail	Leptoxis ligata	Alabama^[175] ^[176] ^[177]
Lyrate rocksnail	Leptoxis lirata
Bigmouth rocksnail	Leptoxis occultata
Coosa rocksnail	Leptoxis showalterii	United States^[178] ^[179] ^[180]
Squat rocksnail	Leptoxis torrefacta
Striped rocksnail	Leptoxis vittata

Bivalves (class Bivalvia)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Coosa elktoe	Alasmidonta mccordi	Coosa River, Alabama	Extinct in 1964 due to loss of all habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Carolina elktoe	Alasmidonta robusta	North and South Carolina^[181]	Taxonomic status uncertain.
Ochlockonee arcmussel	Alasmidonta wrightiana	Ochlockonee River, Florida	Extinct since the 1930s due to habitat fragmentation or degradation.
Arc-form pearly mussel	Epioblasma arcaeformis	Cumberland and Tennessee River systems^[182]	Extinct since the 1940s due to loss of all habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Angled riffleshell	Epioblasma biemarginata	Cumberland and Tennessee River systems^[183]	Extinct in 1970 due to habitat destruction.
Arcuate pearly mussel	Epioblasma flexuosa	Tennessee, Cumberland, and Ohio River systems^[184]	Extinct in the 1920s or 1930s, due to loss of habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Curtis pearly mussel	Epioblasma florentina curtisii	Little Black River, Missouri	Extinct in the 1990s due to habitat degradation.
Yellow blossom	Epioblasma florentina florentina	Holston River, Tennessee	Extinct in the 1940s due to loss of habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Acorn pearly mussel	Epioblasma haysiana	Cumberland and Tennessee River systems^[185]	Extinct in 1970 due to habitat degradatation and fragmentation.
Stone's pearly mussel	Epioblasma lenior	Tennessee River system	Extinct in 1967 due to loss of habitat through impoundment or channelization.^[186]
Lewis pearly mussel	Epioblasma lewisii	Cumberland and Tennessee River systems^[187]	Extinct in 1950 due to loss of habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Upland combshell	Epioblasma metastriata	Conasauga River, Georgia	Extinct in 1980s due to habitat destruction and fragmentation.
Southern acornshell	Epioblasma othcaloogensis	Conasauga River, Georgia	Extinct in the 1970s due to habitat destruction and fragmentation.
Fine-rayed pearly mussel	Epioblasma personata	Tennessee, Ohio, and Wabash River systems	Last collected in 1924.^[188] Extinct in the 1920s or 1930s due to loss of habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Nearby pearly mussel	Epioblasma propinqua	Tennessee, Cumberland, Ohio, and Wabash River systems^[189]	Extinct in 1936 due to loss of habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Sampson's pearly mussel	Epioblasma sampsonii	Kentucky, Illinois, and Indiana^[190]	Extinct in the 1930s or 1940s due to habitat destruction and fragmentation.
Steward's pearly mussel	Epioblasma stewardsonii	Tennessee and Coosa River systems^[191]	Extinct in the 1940s due to loss of habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Green-blossom pearly mussel	Epioblasma torulosa gubernaculum	Tennessee River system	Last fresh shells collected in the 1980s.^[192]
Tubercled-blossom pearly mussel	Epioblasma torulosa torulosa	Tennessee and Ohio River systems^[193]	Extinct in the 1970s due to loss of all habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Turgid-blossom pearly mussel	Epioblasma turgidula	Southern Appalachians and Cumberland Plateau^[194]	Extinct in 1976 due to loss of all habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Lined pocketbook	Lampsilis binominata	Flint River, Georgia	Extinct in the 1970s due to habitat degradation.
Highnut	Pleurobema altum	United States^[195]
Longnut	Pleurobema nucleopsis	United States^[196]
Alabama clubshell	Pleurobema troschelianum	Alabama, Tennessee, and Georgia^[197]
True pigtoe	Pleurobema verum	Alabama^[198]
Black clubshell	Pleurobema curtum	East Fork Tombigbee River, Mississippi	Extinct in the 1990s due to habitat destruction and fragmentation.
Flat pigtoe	Pleurobema marshalli	Tombigbee River, Mississippi and Alabama	Extinct in 1984 due to loss of all habitat through impoundment or channelization.
Rio Grande monkeyface	Rotundaria couchiana	Rio Grande	Extinct in the early 1900s due to habitat degradation.
Stirrup shell	Theliderma stapes	Sipsey River, Alabama	Extinct in the 1980s due to habitat fragmentation and destruction.

See also

• List of Hawaiian animals extinct in the Holocene
• List of Antillian and Bermudan animals extinct in the Holocene
• List of South American animals extinct in the Holocene
• Holocene extinction
• Peopling of the Americas
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service
• IUCN Red List

Notes and References

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197. Pleurobema troschelianum. e.T17694A7335150. Bogan, A.E.. 2000. 2000. 13 November 2021. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17694A7335150.en.
198. Pleurobema verum. e.T17695A7336569. Bogan, A.E.. 2000. 2000. 13 November 2021. Mollusc Specialist Group. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2000.RLTS.T17695A7336569.en.