List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene explained
This is a list of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) and continues to the present day.[1]
This list includes the Asian continent and its surrounding islands, including Cyprus. The three Transcaucasian republics of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan are included in the List of European species extinct in the Holocene, even though their territory may fall partially or fully in Asia depending on the definition of Europe considered. Species from Western New Guinea (Indonesia), the Aru Islands (Indonesia), and Christmas Island (Australia) are listed in List of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene.
Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.
Mammals (class Mammalia)
Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)
Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Syrian elephant | Elephas maximus asurus | Mesopotamia | Archaeological evidence and historical records imply an extinction caused by hunting and deforestation in the 8th century BCE, with war elephants from the 3rd century BCE onward being imports from South Asia. However, the lack of evidence of Asian elephants in the Near East between 200,000 and 3,500 years ago has led some authors to propose that Bronze Age elephants were actually introduced by people to provide themselves with exotic game and ivory. If true, this would invalidate the subspecies E. m. asurus.[2] | |
Javan elephant | Elephas maximus sondaicus | Java, Indonesia | Introduced to Sulu in the Philippines in the 14th century, before its extinction in Java; survived in the former until its extermination in 1850. However, the extant Bornean elephant has been suggested to have originated from Sulu stock and not be native to the island. If true, this would make the subspecies E. m. sondaicus synonymous with E. m. borneensis and not globally extinct.[3] | |
Woolly mammoth | Mammuthus primigenius | Northern Eurasia and North America | Most recent remains in Wrangel Island, Russia dated to 1795-1675 BCE.[4] | |
Cyprus dwarf elephant | Palaeoloxodon cypriotes | Cyprus | Most recent remains dated to 10699-7299 BCE. | |
Asian straight-tusked elephant | Palaeoloxodon namadicus | South and East Asia | The date 7330-6250 BCE was obtained from carbonaceous clay near Palaeoloxodon remains in the Baneta Formation of the Narmada Valley, India, suggesting survival into the Holocene, though no direct datation was taken from the bones.[5] | | |
Sea cows (order Sirenia)
Rabbits and hares (family Leporidae)
Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Alor Island giant rat | Alormys aplini | Alor Island, Indonesia | Most recent remains at Tabubung 4 dated to 62 BCE - 87 CE. The extinction coincides with a period of aridification, deforestation, and extinction of other giant rat species in the island.[9] |
| Carpomys dakal | Luzon, Philippines | Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE. Probably disappeared due to increased aridity and deforestation.[10] | |
Buhler's coryphomys | Coryphomys buehleri | Timor | Most recent remains dated to around 50 BCE. | |
Timor giant rat | Coryphomys musseri | Timor | Most recent remains dated to around 50 BCE. | |
| Crateromys ballik | Luzon, Philippines | Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE. Probably disappeared due to increased aridity and deforestation.[11] | |
Miyako long-tailed rat | Diplothrix miyakoensis | Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan | Most recent remains dated to around 9050-8050 BCE. | |
Hooijer's giant rat | Hooijeromys nusantenggara | Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia | Most recent remains dated to around 1050 BCE. | |
| Milimonggamys juliae | Sumba Island, Indonesia | Most recent remains dated to 54-222 CE. | |
| Niviventer sp. | Ishigaki Island, Japan | Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE. | |
Verhoeven's giant tree rat | Papagomys theodorverhoeveni | Flores, Indonesia | Most recent remains to around 1050 BCE. | |
| Raksasamys tikusbesar | Sumba Island, Indonesia | Most recent remains dated to 1935-1700 BCE. | |
Flores cave rat | Spelaeomys florensis | Flores, Indonesia | Most recent remains dated to the Holocene.[12] | | |
Possibly extinct
Primates (order Primates)
Megabats (family Pteropodidae)
Locally extinct
Carnivorans (order Carnivora)
Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Formosan clouded leopard | Population of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) | Taiwan | Last confirmed record in 1983.[22] Though named as a subspecies on the basis of a stuffed specimen in 1862 (N. n. brachyura), later morphological and genetic studies invalidate this distinction.[23] | |
Bali tiger | Population of the Sunda Island tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) | Bali, Indonesia | Last confirmed individual killed in 1937.[24] Named as a separate subspecies in 1912 (P. t. balica), but later included in P. t. sondaica on genetic grounds. | |
Bornean tiger | Population of the Sunda Island tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) | Borneo and Palawan, Philippines[25] | A navicular from Borneo was dated to 8550-1050 BCE. Survival into even more recent times has been proposed on the basis of teeth and skins owned by indigenous peoples, local names, folklore, and alleged sightings including two photographs taken in 1975. However, most authors discount these remains as imports from outside Borneo, and the photographs as hoaxes.[26] | |
Javan tiger | Population of the Sunda Island tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica) | Java, Indonesia | The last confirmed individual was killed at the Mount Halimun Salak National Park in 1984, though a tiger was sighted near Sukabumi Selatan in 2019 and one recovered hair was identified as closer genetically to a Javan museum specimen than to tigers from Sumatra, southeast Asia, and Russia.[27] Named a distinct subspecies in 1844, but genetic research indicates that it is not different enough from the extant Sumatran tiger, and as a result the taxon P. t. sondaica is not extinct. | |
Caspian tiger | Population of the mainland Asian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) | Western and Central Asia | The last known wild individual was killed in Turkey in 1970, and the last in captivity in Iran during the 1979 Revolution. Though named as the subspecies P. t. virgata in 1815, genetic evidence indicates that it is not different enough from other tigers of the Asian mainland to warrant separate status. It was closest to the extant Siberian tiger. | |
South China tiger | Population of the mainland Asian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) | Southern China | Last recorded in the wild around 2000; survives in captivity.[28] Though named as the subspecies P. t. amoyensis in 1905, genetic evidence indicates that it is not different enough from other mainland tigers to warrant separate status. | | |
Possibly extinct
Possibly extinct
Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)
Horses and allies (family Equidae)
Locally extinct
Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)
Possibly extinct
Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)
Camels and llamas (family Camelidae)
Extinct in the wild
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Bactrian camel | Camelus bactrianus | Central and eastern Asian steppe[49] | Genetic evidence indicates that the domestic Bactrian camel and the extant, more desert-adapted wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) from East Turkestan split over one million years ago. In consequence, the latter species cannot be the wild ancestor of the former, and the unknown ancestor of C. bactrianus must have become extinct at some point after the species was domesticated around 4000-3000 BCE.[50] | |
Dromedary | Camelus dromedarius | Arabian Peninsula | Most recent remains of the wild form at Al Sufouh, United Arab Emirates, dated to 404 BCE.[51] The species survives as domestic and feral populations. | | |
Pigs (family Suidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|
Cebu warty pig | Sus cebifrons cebifrons | Cebu, Philippines | Described from skulls collected in Cebu island, where the species Sus cebifrons is now extinct, but lack of other remains makes the subspecies distinction with other Philippine islands populations dubious.[52] The whole species is threatened by habitat fragmentation caused by logging and agriculture, hunting pressure, and hybridization with domestic pigs.[53] |
| Sus sp. | Miyako Island, Japan | Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE. | |
Locally extinct
Chinese river dolphins (family Lipotidae)
Possibly extinct
True deer (family Cervidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Miyako roe deer | Capreolus tokunagai | Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan | Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE.[56] | |
Irish elk | Megaloceros giganteus | Western Europe to southern Siberia | Most recent remains at Kamyshlov, Russia dated to 5845-5673 BCE.[57] | |
Schomburgk's deer | Rucervus schomburgki | Central Thailand | Last known animals in the wild were killed in 1932 near Sai Yoke and Kwae Yai, and the last in captivity was killed in 1938. Declined in the 19th century because of habitat loss as its wet grassland habitat was turned into rice fields for export. It was also hunted for meat during the monsoon season, and to use its antlers in traditional medicine.[58] | | |
Extinct in the wild
Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Bubal hartebeest | Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus | North Africa and Southern Levant | Disappeared from the Southern Levant during the Iron Age (1200-586 BCE).[61] | |
Caucasian wisent | Bison bonasus caucasicus | Caucasus and Anatolia | Present in eastern Turkey until the Iron Age.[62] | |
Steppe bison | Bison priscus | Northern Eurasia and North America | Most recent, confirmed remains were dated to 6870-6950 BCE near the Popigai River in the Taymyr Peninsula of Russia, and environmental DNA of bison was recovered from permafrost in northeastern Siberia dating to 5050-3800 BCE. Partial B. priscus remains are hard to distinguish anatomically from B. bonasus, which muddles the timeframe of its extinction in Europe and Western Siberia; often the species B. priscus is assigned to Late Pleistocene remains and B. bonasus to Holocene remains without further discussion. However B. priscus is both genetically distinct and known to have survived into the middle Holocene of North America.[63] Remains of either B. priscus or B. bonasus were dated in the Angara River basin to 2550-2440 BCE,[64] and a small bison persisted in the Baikal region until the 7th-10th century CE (considered B. priscus by Boeskorov and B. bonasus by Sipko). | |
Indian aurochs | Bos primigenius namadicus | Indian subcontinent | Most recent remains dated to 2200 BCE in Karnataka, India. The Indian aurochs was independently domesticated and is the originator of the zebu cattle.[65] | |
Eurasian aurochs | Bos primigenius primigenius | Mid-latitude Eurasia[66] | Present near Lake Baikal on 3020-2960 BCE,[67] China by 1900-1745 BCE,[68] Southern Levant until the Iron Age (1200-585 BCE), and the Turkey-Syria border until the Late Middle Ages. The Eurasian aurochs was domesticated in Anatolia in the eighth millennium BCE, originating most domestic breeds of taurine cattle. | |
Cebu tamaraw | Bubalus cebuensis | Cebu, Philippines | Described from a partial skeleton from either the Late Pleistocene or the Holocene.[69] | |
| Bubalus grovesi | South Sulawesi, Indonesia | Most recent remains dated to the Middle or Late Holocene.[70] | |
Short-horned water buffalo | Bubalus mephistopheles | South, central, and east China | Most recent remains at Gaoling, Xi'an dated to 1750-1650 BCE. The domestic water buffalo now present in China is not a descendant of B. mephistopheles but was introduced from Southeast Asia.[71] | |
Queen of Sheba's gazelle | Gazella bilkis | Taiz, Yemen | Only known from five animals hunted in 1951.[72] | |
Saudi gazelle | Gazella saudiya | Arabian Peninsula | Last recorded in 1970. It was hunted to extinction.[73] | | |
Extinct in the wild
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Lowland wisent | Bison bonasus bonasus | Western Europe to southern Siberia | Present during the Holocene in the southern Urals, Western Siberia, the Kuznetsk Depression, Altai and Baikal regions[75] (if the latter wasn't B. priscus). The subspecies became globally extinct in the wild after the last wild animals were hunted in Poland during World War I, but survived in captivity.[76] It was reintroduced to the Altai in 1982-1984. | |
Arabian oryx | Oryx leucoryx | Arabian Peninsula | Extinct in the wild in 1972 and reintroduced in Jiddat al-Harasis, Oman in 1980.[77] | | |
Locally extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Muskox | Ovibos moschatus | Northern Eurasia and North America | Most recent remains in the Taymyr Peninsula, Russia dated to 615-555 BCE. It was reintroduced to the Bikada River area in the same region in 1974.[78] | |
Lesser kudu | Tragelaphus imberbis | East Africa and western Arabian Peninsula | No skeletal remains known but appears in Holocene rock art from Saudi Arabia and possibly Jordan in numbers and detail suggestive of being a native species to the area. Recent presence in the Arabian Peninsula is controversial. In 1967, a pair of horns were claimed to have been taken from an animal shot in Jabal Halmayn, Yemen; another was shot in Nuqrah, Saudi Arabia in 1968. Some authors believe both were escapees from private collections,[79] others that the distance between the two locations is larger than it would be expected for introduced specimens. | | |
Birds (class Aves)
Ostriches and fossil relatives (order Struthioniformes)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
East Asian ostrich | Pachystruthio anderssoni[80] | Lake Baikal to Yellow River[81] | Eggshell fragments most recently dated to 7600-6245 BCE in Shabarakh-usu and Barun Daban, Mongolia.[82] | |
Arabian ostrich | Struthio camelus syriacus | Near East and Arabian Peninsula | Last confirmed individual killed in Jubail, Saudi Arabia around 1941; there was also a second-hand report of a dying animal north of Petra, Jordan in 1966. Its closest relative, the North African ostrich, was introduced as a substitute in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s.[83] | | |
Landfowl (order Galliformes)
Pheasants and allies (family Phasianidae)
Possibly extinct
Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)
Possibly extinct
-- sortable-->" | Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Pink-headed duck | Rhodonessa caryophyllacea | Northern and eastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar | Last recorded in Bihar in 1948-1949. It was uncommon and non-migratory despite its vast range. Declined due to trophy hunting, as it was generally not considered good to eat, and habitat destruction. | |
Crested shelduck | Tadorna cristata | Primorye, Hokkaido, and South Korea; possibly North Korea and northeastern China | Last confirmed record in 1964.[84] | | |
Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)
Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)
-- sortable-->" | Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Ryukyu wood pigeon | Columba jouyi | Okinawa, Kerama, and Daito Islands, Japan | Last recorded on Okinawa in 1904 and on Daito in 1936, after a quick decline. The reason of extinction is unknown.[85] | |
Bonin wood pigeon | Columba versicolor | Nakondo Shima and Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands | Last recorded in 1889. Likely extinct due to deforestation and predation by introduced rats and cats.[86] | | |
Possibly extinct
-- sortable-->" | Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Catanduanes bleeding heart | Gallicolumba luzonica rubiventris | Catanduanes, Philippines | Described from one specimen collected in 1971. Recent sightings were reported in 2008, but its current status is unknown. | |
Sulu bleeding-heart | Gallicolumba menagei | Tawi-tawi, Philippines | Described from two individuals collected in 1891, when it was considered extremely rare, but there were unconfirmed local reports in 1995 that it was abundant until the 1970s. Possibly became extinct due to hunting and deforestation.[87] | |
Negros fruit dove | Ptilinopus arcanus | Negros Island, Philippines | Only known from the type specimen, a female, collected in 1953. Its mate was also shot but the body fell in the underbrush and could not be retrieved. Likely disappeared due to hunting and large escale deforestation of the island. | | |
Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|
Iwo Jima rail | Amaurornis cinerea brevipes | Naka Iwo Jima and Minami Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands | Last recorded in 1925, though the last "official sighting" was in 1911. |
Bornean Baillon's crake | Porzana pusilla mira | Borneo | Only collected once in 1912. | |
Cranes (family Gruidae)
Locally extinct
Plovers, dotterels, and lapwings (family Charadriidae)
Possibly extinct
Possibly extinct
Buttonquails (family Turnicidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|
Tawi-tawi buttonquail | Turnix sylvaticus suluensis | Jolo and Tawi-tawi, Philippines | Last recorded in the 1950s. It could have disappeared due to severe deforestation and introduced predators. |
| Turnix sp. | Timor | Most recent remains dated to 650 CE. | |
Boobies, cormorants, and relatives (order Suliformes)
Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Bennu heron | Ardea bennuides | Arabian Peninsula | Most recent remains at Umm Al Nar, United Arab Emites, dated to around 2500 BCE. It possibly disappeared due to wetland degradation.[91] | |
Bonin nankeen night heron | Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris | Chichi-jima and Nakōdo-jima, Bonin Islands | Last collected in 1889. The cause of extinction is unknown. | | |
Locally extinct in the wild
Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)
True owls (family Strigidae)
Possibly extinct
Barn-owls (family Tytonidae)
Possibly extinct
-- sortable-->" | Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|
Natuna Bay owl | Phodilus badius arixuthus | Bunguran Island, Indonesia | Known only from the holotype described in 1932.[96] The reasons of extinction are unclear. |
Samar bay owl | Phodilus badius riverae | Samar Island, Philippines | Only known from the holotype described in 1927 and lost in the destruction of the Bureau of Science in Manila in 1945. It has been ruled invalid by some authors because the original description (as the full species Phodilus riverae) did not include comparison with other subspecies. | |
Hornbills and hoopoes (order Bucerotiformes)
Hornbills (family Bucerotidae)
Kingfishers and relatives (order Coraciiformes)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Sangihe dwarf kingfisher | Ceyx fallax sangirensis | Sangihe Island, Indonesia | Last recorded in 1997. Likely extinct due to deforestation caused by intense logging and agriculture. | |
Ryukyu kingfisher | Todiramphus cinnamominus miyakoensis | Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan | Only known from the holotype collected in 1887. Its exact nature is suspect, as the island is unsuitable for kingfishers, the bill's sheath is missing from the holotype, and the length of flight feathers noted in the original description may have been an artefact of preservation. Otherwise the type is similar to the Guam kingfisher. | | |
Woodpeckers and allies (order Piciformes)
Woodpeckers (family Picidae)
Old World parrots (family Psittaculidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Cebu hanging parrot | Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus | Cebu, Philippines | The last individuals in captivity died in London in 1943, after being caught in the wild in 1929. The date of extinction in the wild is unclear, but was likely caused by widespread deforestation in the 19th and 20th centuries. 2004 reports likely belonged to other subspecies subsequently introduced to the island. | |
Siquijor hanging parrot | Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis | Siquijor, Philippines | Last recorded in 1908; a claimed individual collected in 1954 was actually a escaped cage bird. The subspecies likely disappeared due to deforestation and capture for the pet trade. | | |
Possibly extinct
Possibly extinct
Monarch flycatchers (family Monarchidae)
Possibly extinct
Old World flycatchers (family Muscicapidae)
Possibly extinct
Reptiles (class Reptilia)
Crocodilians (order Crocodilia)
Crocodiles (family Crocodylidae)
Locally extinct
Squamates (order Squamata)
Monitor lizards (family Varanidae)
Turtles and tortoises (order Testudines)
Amphibians (class Amphibia)
Frogs (order Anura)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Sri Lanka bubble-nest frog | Pseudophilautus adspersus | Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka | Last collected in 1886. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[104] | |
| Pseudophilautus dimbullae | Dimbula, Sri Lanka | Known only from holotypes collected in 1933. The causes of extinction are unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[105] [106] | |
| Pseudophilautus eximius | |
| Pseudophilautus extirpo | Sri Lanka | Last recorded in 1882. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[107] | |
| Pseudophilautus halyi | Pattipola, Sri Lanka | Only known from the holotype collected in 1899. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[108] | |
Whitenose bubble-nest frog | Pseudophilautus leucorhinus | Sri Lanka | Only known from the holotype collected before 1856. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[109] | |
| Pseudophilautus maia | Ramboda, Sri Lanka | Only known from two specimens collected in 1876 or earlier. Possibly disappeared when the local forest was cleared in 1978, which also resulted in the extinction of the endemic tree Albizia lankaensis.[110] | |
| Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi | Sri Lanka | Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[111] | |
| Pseudophilautus nanus | Southern Sri Lanka | Only known from the lectotype collected in 1869. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[112] | |
Sharp-nosed bush frog | Pseudophilautus nasutus | Sri Lanka | Last recorded in 1869; later observations in Sri Lanka and Southern India are misidentifications. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[113] | |
| Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus | Sri Lanka | Only known from the lectotype collected in 1872. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.[114] | |
| Pseudophilautus pardus | Sri Lanka | Only known from the holotype collected before 1859. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[115] | |
| Pseudophilautus rugatus | Taralanda, Sri Lanka | Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[116] | |
| Pseudophilautus temporalis | Sri Lanka | Only known from the lectotype and type series collected in 1864. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[117] | |
Variable bush frog | Pseudophilautus variabilis | Sri Lanka | Only known from the lectotype collected in 1858. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[118] | |
| Pseudophilautus zal | Sri Lanka | Not recorded since before 1947. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.[119] | |
| Pseudophilautus zimmeri | Point de Galle, Sri Lanka | Not recorded since 1927. The given range is now heavily urbanized, suggesting habitat destruction as the reason of extinction.[120] | | |
Salamanders (order Urodela)
True salamanders and newts (family Salamandridae)
Sturgeons and paddlefishes (order Acipenseriformes)
Locally extinct
Herrings and anchovies (order Clupeiformes)
Possibly extinct
Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)
Carps, minnows, and relatives (family Cyprinidae)
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Beyşehir bleak | Alburnus akili | Lake Beyşehir, Turkey | Extinct due to predation by zanders introduced in 1955. It could also have hybridized with the also introduced Sakarya bleak.[129] | |
| Anabarilius macrolepis | Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China | Disappeared when the lake dried completely for 20 days in 1981, as a result of water substraction.[130] | |
Pait | Barbodes amarus | Lake Lanao, Philippines | Last recorded in 1982. Disappeared along with most of the original ichthyofauna of the lake (see below) due to excesive and unsustainable fishing practices such as dynamite fishing, extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic use; illegal logging and pollution, and predation by accidentally introduced tank goby and snakehead gudgeon. The latter species is now the most common fish in the lake.[131] | |
Baolan | Barbodes baoulan | Last recorded in 1991.[132] | |
Bagangan | Barbodes clemensi | Last recorded in 1975.[133] | |
| Barbodes disa | Last recorded in 1964.[134] | |
Katapa-tapa | Barbodes flavifuscus | Last recorded in 1964.[135] | |
| Barbodes herrei | Last recorded in 1974.[136] | |
| Barbodes katolo | Last recorded in 1977.[137] | |
Kandar | Barbodes lanaoensis | Last recorded in 1964.[138] | |
| Barbodes manalak | Last recorded in 1977.[139] | |
Bitungu | Barbodes pachycheilus | Last recorded in 1964.[140] | |
Barbodes palaemophagus | Last recorded in 1975.[141] | |
| Barbodes palata | Last recorded in 1964.[142] | |
Bagangan sa erungan | Barbodes resimus | Last recorded in 1964.[143] | |
| Barbodes tras | Last recorded in 1976.[144] | |
Bitungu | Barbodes truncatulus | Last recorded in 1973.[145] | |
Yilong carp | Cyprinus yilongensis | Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China | Disappeared when the lake dried completely for 20 days in 1981, as a result of water substraction.[146] | |
Hula bream | Mirogrex hulensis | Lake Hula, Israel | Disappeared in 1957-1963, after most of the lake was drained to turn the bottom into farmland.[147] | |
| Schizothorax saltans | Talas River basin, Kazakhstan | Last recorded in 1953. Disappeared due to habitat loss caused by water substraction, high pollution, and fishing.[148] | | |
Possibly extinct
Catfishes (order Siluriformes)
Schilbid catfishes (family Schilbeidae)
Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)
Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)
Extinct in the wild
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments | Pictures |
---|
Kunimasu | Oncorhynchus kawamurae | Lake Tazawa, Japan | Extirpated from its original range in 1940, when acidic water was released to the lake during the construction of hydroelectric power infrastructure. Survives in Lake Saiko, where the species was introduced in 1935.[153] | |
Beloribitsa | Stenodus leucichthys | Caspian Sea, Volga, Ural, and Terek River drainages | Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival.[154] | | |
Gobies and relatives (order Gobiiformes)
Possibly extinct
Common name | Scientific name | Range | Comments |
---|
Bia | Exyrias volcanus | Taal Lake, Philippines | Last recorded in 1927. Possibly disappeared due to overfishing, pollution, habitat degradation, and invasive species among other reasons.[155] [156] |
Yellow-bellied goby | Silhouettea flavoventris | |
Cichlids and convict blennies (order Cichliformes)
Cichlids (family Cichlidae)
Silversides and rainbowfishes (order Atheriniformes)
Possibly extinct
Requiem sharks (family Carcharhinidae)
Possibly extinct
Shovelnose rays and allies (order Rhinopristiformes)
Sawfishes (family Pristidae)
Locally extinct
Insects (class Insecta)
Dragonflies and damselflies (order Odonata)
White-legged damselflies (family Platycnemididae)
Possibly extinct
Beetles (order Coleoptera)
Ground beetles (family Carabidae)
Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda)
See also
External links
Notes and References
- Walker . Mike . Johnsen . Sigfus . Rasmussen . Sune Olander . Popp . Trevor . Steffensen . Jorgen-Peder . Gibrard . Phil . Hoek . Wim . Lowe . John . Andrews . John . Bjo Rck . Svante . Cwynar . Les C. . Hughen . Konrad . Kersahw . Peter . Kromer . Bernd . Litt . Thomas . 2009 . Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records . live . . 24 . 1 . 3–17 . 2009JQS....24....3W . 10.1002/jqs.1227 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131104131948/http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Holocene.pdf . 2013-11-04 . 2022-04-24 . free . David J. . Lowe . Takeshi . Nakagawa . Rewi . Newnham . Jakob . Schwander.
- Çakırlar, C., & Ikram, S. (2016). When elephants battle, the grass suffers.' Power, ivory and the Syrian elephant". Levant, 48 (2), 167-183.
- Alfred, R., Ahmad, A. H., Payne, J., Williams, C., Ambu, L. N., How, P. M., & Goossens, B. (2012). Home range and ranging behaviour of Bornean elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) females. PLoS One, 7(2), e31400.
- Stuart, A.J. et al. (2002). "The latest woolly mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius Blumenbach) in Europe and Asia: a review of the current evidence". Quaternary Science Reviews, 21 (14-15), 1559-1569.
- Turvey, S.T. et al. (2021). "Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in India: How much do we know?" Quaternary Science Reviews, 252, p. 106740.
- Domning, D. . 2016 . Hydrodamalis gigas . 2016 . e.T10303A43792683 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T10303A43792683.en . 18 November 2021.
- Boeskorov, G. G., Chernova, O. F., & Shchelchkova, M. V. (2023, May). First Find of a Frozen Mummy of the Fossil Don Hare Lepus tanaiticus (Leporidae, Lagomorpha) from the Pleistocene of Yakutia. In Doklady Earth Sciences (Vol. 510, No. 1, pp. 298-302). Moscow: Pleiades Publishing.
- Prost, S., Knapp, M., Flemmig, J., Hufthammer, A. K., Kosintsev, P., Stiller, M., & Hofreiter, M. (2010). A phantom extinction? New insights into extinction dynamics of the Don‐hare Lepus tanaiticus. Journal of evolutionary biology, 23(9), 2022-2029.
- Louys, J., O’Connor, S., Higgins, P., Hawkins, S., & Maloney, T. (2018). New genus and species of giant rat from Alor Island, Indonesia. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 11(4), 503-510.
- Ochoa . Janine . Mijares . Armand S B . Piper . Philip J . Reyes . Marian C . Heaney . Lawrence R . 2021-04-23 . Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini) . Journal of Mammalogy . 102 . gyab023 . 909–930 . 10.1093/jmammal/gyab023 . 0022-2372.
- Ochoa . Janine . Mijares . Armand S B . Piper . Philip J . Reyes . Marian C . Heaney . Lawrence R . 2021-04-23 . Three new extinct species from the endemic Philippine cloud rat radiation (Rodentia, Muridae, Phloeomyini) . Journal of Mammalogy . 102 . gyab023 . 909–930 . 10.1093/jmammal/gyab023 . 0022-2372.
- Locatelli, E., Due, R. A., van den Bergh, G. D., & Van Den Hoek Ostende, L. W. (2012). "Pleistocene survivors and Holocene extinctions: the giant rats from Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia)". Quaternary International, 281, 47-57.
- Gerrie, R. . Kennerley, R. . amp . 2016. Crateromys paulus . 2017 . e.T5501A115071934 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T5501A22415490.en. 2 June 2024.
- Tshen, L. T. (2016). Biogeographic distribution and metric dental variation of fossil and living orangutans (Pongo spp.). Primates, 57, 39-50.
- Ibrahim, Y. K., Tshen, L. T., Westaway, K. E., of Cranbrook, E., Humphrey, L., Muhammad, R. F., ... & Peng, L. C. (2013). First discovery of Pleistocene orangutan (Pongo sp.) fossils in Peninsular Malaysia: Biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications. Journal of Human Evolution, 65(6), 770-797.
- Harrison, T., Jin, C., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., & Zhu, M. (2014). Fossil Pongo from the Early Pleistocene Gigantopithecus fauna of Chongzuo, Guangxi, southern China. Quaternary International, 354, 59-67.
- Samuel T. Turvey . Kristoffer Bruun . Alejandra Ortiz . James Hansford . Songmei Hu . Yan Ding . Tianen Zhang . Helen J. Chatterjee . 2018 . New genus of extinct Holocene gibbon associated with humans in Imperial China . Science . 360 . 6395 . 1346–1349 . 10.1126/science.aao4903 . 29930136 . 2018Sci...360.1346T . free .
- Wilson, D. E., & Graham, G. L. (Eds.). (1992). Pacific island flying foxes: proceedings of an international conservation conference (Vol. 90). US Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service.
- Mildenstein, T. . Paguntalan, L. . 2016 . Acerodon jubatus . 2016 . e.T139A21988328 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T139A21988328.en . 20 November 2021.
- Fukui, D. . Sano, A. . 2019 . Murina tenebrosa . 2019 . e.T13948A22096705 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T13948A22096705.en . 18 November 2021.
- Fukui, D. . Sano, A. . amp . Pipistrellus sturdeei . 2020. e.T17365A22123157. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T17365A22123157.en. 10 July 2020.
- News: Everington, K. . 2019 . 'Extinct' Formosan clouded leopard spotted in E. Taiwan . Taiwan News.
- Kitchener, A. C. . Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. . Eizirik, E. . Gentry, A. . Werdelin, L. . Wilting, A. . Yamaguchi, N. . Abramov, A. V. . Christiansen, P. . Driscoll, C. . Duckworth, J. W. . Johnson, W. . Luo, S.-J. . Meijaard, E. . O’Donoghue, P. . 2017 . A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group . Cat News . Special Issue 11 . 73–75 . Sanderson, J. . Seymour, K. . Bruford, M. . Groves, C. . Hoffmann, M. . Nowell, K. . Timmons, Z. . Tobe, S..
- Rossi, L., Scuzzarella, C. M., & Angelici, F. M. (2020). "Extinct or Perhaps Surviving Relict Populations of Big Cats: Their Controversial Stories and Implications for Conservation". In Problematic Wildlife II (pp. 393-417). Springer, Cham.
- Piper, P. J.; Ochoa, J.; Lewis, H.; Paz, V.; Ronquillo, W. P. (2008). "The first evidence for the past presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) on the island of Palawan, Philippines: extinction in an island population". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 264 (1–2): 123–127.
- Piper, P. J. . R. J. Rabett, Earl of Cranbrook . Confirmation of the presence of the tiger Panthera tigris (L.) in Late Pleistocene and Holocene Borneo . Malayan Nature Journal . 2007 . 59 . 3 . 259–267 . 2018-05-29.
- Wirdateti . W. . Yulianto . Y. . Raksasewu . K. . Adriyanto . B. . 2024 . Is the Javan tiger Panthera tigris sondaica extant? DNA analysis of a recent hair sample . Oryx . 1–6 . 10.1017/S0030605323001400 . free.
- Tilson, R., Defu, H., Muntifering, J., & Nyhus, P. J. (2004). "Dramatic decline of wild South China tigers Panthera tigris amoyensis: field survey of priority tiger reserves". Oryx, 38 (1), 40-47.
- Mudappa, D. . Helgen, K. . Nandini, R. . 2016 . Viverra civettina . 2016 . e.T23036A45202281 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T23036A45202281.en . 18 November 2021.
- Book: Walker, Brett. 2008. The Lost Wolves of Japan. University of Washington Press.
- Knight, J. (1997) "On the extinction of the Japanese wolf". Asian Folklore Studies, 56 (1).
- Makenov, M. (2018). Extinct or extant? A review of dhole (Cuon alpinus Pallas, 1811) distribution in the former USSR and modern Russia. Mammal Research, 63(1), 1-9.
- Lowry, L. . 2017 . Zalophus japonicus . 2017 . e.T41667A113089431 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T41667A113089431.en . 18 November 2021.
- Conroy, J.. Melisch, R.. Chanin, P. . amp . 1998. The distribution and status of the Eurasian Otter (Lutra lutra) in Asia—a preliminary review . IUCN Otter Specialist Group Bulletin. 15. 1. 15-30.
- Strong, S. M. (2017). Ainu Spirits Singing: The Living World of Chiri Yukie’s Ainu Shin'yoshu. University of Hawaii Press.
- Косинцев, П. А., Пластеева, Н. А., & Васильев, С. К. (2013). Дикие лошади (Equus (Equus) sl) Западной Сибири в голоцене. Зоологический журнал, 92(9), 1107-1107.
- Wutke, S. (2016). Tracing Changes in Space and Time: Paternal Diversity and Phenotypic Traits during Horse Domestication (Doctoral dissertation, Universität Potsdam).
- Moehlman, P.D. . Feh, C. . 2015 . Equus hemionus ssp. hemippus . 2015 . e.T7962A3144566 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T7962A3144566.en . 13 November 2021.
- Crees, Jennifer J.; Turvey, Samuel T. (May 2014). "Holocene extinction dynamics of Equus hydruntinus, a late-surviving European megafaunal mammal". Quaternary Science Reviews. 91: 16–29.
- Boeskorov, G. G. (2006). Arctic Siberia: refuge of the Mammoth fauna in the Holocene. Quaternary international, 142, 119-123.
- http://www.pleistocenepark.ru/en/photo/68/ www.pleistocenepark.ru/en/ – Horses.
- Cai, D., Zhu, S., Gong, M., Zhang, N., Wen, J., Liang, Q., ... & Jiang, Y. (2022). "Radiocarbon and genomic evidence for the survival of Equus Sussemionus until the late Holocene". Elife, 11, e73346.
- Boyd, L.. King, S. R. B. . Zimmermann, W.. Kendall, B.E.. amp. 2015. Equus ferus. 2016. e.T41763A97204950 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41763A45172856.en. 16 December 2020.
- Guagnin, M., Shipton, C., el‐Dossary, S., al‐Rashid, M., Moussa, F., Stewart, M., ... & Petraglia, M. D. (2018). "Rock art provides new evidence on the biogeography of kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis), wild dromedary, aurochs (Bos primigenius) and African wild ass (Equus africanus) in the early and middle Holocene of north‐western Arabia". Journal of Biogeography, 45 (4), 727-740.
- Wang, Y., Pedersen, M.W., Alsos, I.G. et al. (2021). "Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics". Nature.
- Rhinoceros sondaicus . amp . Ellis, S. . Talukdar, B. . 2020 . e.T19495A18493900 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T19495A18493900.en . 16 January 2022.
- Khan, R. (2013). Wildlife of the Sundarban. REDI SCOVERI NG SUNDARBAN, 36.
- van Strien, N.J. . Manullang, B. . Sectionov, Isnan, W. . Khan, M.K.M . Sumardja, E. . Ellis, S. . Han, K.H. . Boeadi, Payne, J. . Bradley Martin, E. . amp . Dicerorhinus sumatrensis . 2008 . e.T6553A12787457 . 2008 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T6553A12787457.en .
- Chuluunbat, B., Charruau, P., Silbermayr, K., Khorloojav, T., & Burger, P. A. (2014). "Genetic diversity and population structure of Mongolian domestic Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus)". Animal Genetics, 45 (4), 550-558.
- Ji, R., Cui, P., Ding, F., Geng, J., Gao, H., Zhang, H., ... & Meng, H. (2009). "Monophyletic origin of domestic bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) and its evolutionary relationship with the extant wild camel" (Camelus bactrianus ferus)". Animal Genetics, 40 (4), 377-382.
- von den Driesch, A. et al. (2008). "The hunt for wild dromedaries at the United Arab Emirates coast during the 3rd and 2nd millennia BC. Camel bones from the excavations at Al Sufouh 2, Dubai, UAE". MOM Éditions, 49 (1), 487-497.
- Groves, C. P., & Albarella, U. (2007). "Current views on taxonomy and zoogeography of the genus Sus". In Pigs and Humans: 10,000 Years of Interaction, 15-29.
- Meijaard, E.. Oliver, W.R.T. . Leus, K. . amp. 2017. Sus cebifrons. e.T21175A44139575. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T21175A44139575.en.
- Horwitz, L. K., & Tchernov, E. (1990). "Cultural and environmental implications of hippopotamus bone remains in archaeological contexts in the Levant". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 280 (1), 67-76.
- Smith, B.D. . Wang, D. . Braulik, G.T. . Reeves, R. . Zhou, K. . Barlow, J. . Pitman, R.L. . 2017 . Lipotes vexillifer . 2017 . e.T12119A50362206 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T12119A50362206.en . 19 November 2021.
- Louys . J. . Braje . T. J. . Chang . C.-H. . Cosgrove . R. . Fitzpatrick . S. M. . Fujita . M. . Hawkins . S. . Ingicco . T. . Kawamura . A. . MacPhee . R. D. E. . McDowell . M. C. . Meijer . H. J. M. . Piper . P. J. . Roberts . P. . Simmons . A. H. . van den Bergh . G. . van der Geer . A. . Kealy . S. . O'Connor . S. . 2021 . No evidence for widespread island extinctions after Pleistocene hominin arrival . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 118 . 20 . e2023005118 . 10.1073/pnas.2023005118. 0027-8424 . 33941645 . 8157961 . 2021PNAS..11823005L . free .
- Lister, A. M., & Stuart, A. J. (2019). The extinction of the giant deer Megaloceros giganteus (Blumenbach): New radiocarbon evidence. Quaternary International, 500, 185-203.
- Duckworth, J.W. . Robichaud, W. . Timmins, R. . 2015 . Rucervus schomburgki . 2015 . e.T4288A79818502 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-3.RLTS.T4288A79818502.en . 18 November 2021.
- Jiang, Z.. Harris, R.B.. amp . 2016. Elaphurus davidianus. e.T7121A22159785 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T7121A22159785.en. 29 March 2020.
- Dayuan, X., Yuanyuan, Z., Zhibin, C., Zhenyu, Z., Ming, C., Mengdi, F., ... & Xuejiao, Y. (2022). "Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus) in China: population dynamics and challenges". Journal of Resources and Ecology, 13 (1), 41-50.
- Tsahar, E., Izhaki, I., Lev-Yadun, S., & Bar-Oz, G. (2009). "Distribution and extinction of ungulates during the Holocene of the southern Levant". PLOS ONE, 4 (4), e5316.
- Crees, J. (2013). Dynamics of large mammal range shifts and extinction: evidence from the Holocene record of Europe (Doctoral dissertation, Imperial College London).
- Zazula, G. D., Hall, E., Hare, P. G., Thomas, C., Mathewes, R., La Farge, C., ... & Shapiro, B. (2017). A middle Holocene steppe bison and paleoenvironments from the Versleuce Meadows, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 54(11), 1138-1152.
- Markova, A. K., Puzachenko, A. Y., Van Kolfschoten, T., Kosintsev, P. A., Kuznetsova, T. V., Tikhonov, A. N., ... & Kuitems, M. (2015). "Changes in the Eurasian distribution of the musk ox (Ovibos moschatus) and the extinct bison (Bison priscus) during the last 50 ka BP". Quaternary International, 378, 99-110.
- Chen, S. et al. (2010). "Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the South Asia Neolithic". Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27 (1), 1-6.
- Van Vuure, C., & van Vuure, T. (2005). Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox. Pensoft Pub.
- Plasteeva, N. A., Gasilin, V. V., Devjashin, M. M., & Kosintsev, P. A. (2020). "Holocene Distribution and Extinction of Ungulates in Northern Eurasia". Biology Bulletin, 47 (8), 981-995.
- Brunson, K., Zhao, X., He, N., Dai, X., Rodrigues, A., Yang, D. (2016). "New insights into the origins of oracle bone divination: ancient DNA from Late Neolithic Chinese bovines". Journal of Archaeological Science. 74, 35–44.
- Croft, D. A., Heaney, L. R., Flynn, J. J., & Bautista, A. P. (2006). Fossil remains of a new, diminutive Bubalus (Artiodactyla: Bovidae: Bovini) from Cebu island, Philippines. Journal of Mammalogy, 87(5), 1037-1051.
- Rozzi, R. (2017). A new extinct dwarfed buffalo from Sulawesi and the evolution of the subgenus Anoa: An interdisciplinary perspective. Quaternary Science Reviews, 157, 188-205.
- Yang, D.Y. et al. (2008). "Wild or domesticated: DNA analysis of ancient water buffalo remains from north China". Journal of Archaeological Science, 35 (10), 2778-2785.
- IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group . 2016 . Gazella bilkis . 2016 . e.T8987A50188129 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8987A50188129.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group . 2016 . Gazella saudiya . 2016 . e.T8980A50187890 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T8980A50187890.en . 18 November 2021.
- Timmins, R.J. . Burton, J. . Hedges, S. . 2016 . Bos sauveli . 2016 . e.T2890A46363360 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T2890A46363360.en . 18 November 2021.
- Sipko, T. P. (2009). "European bison in Russia–past, present and future". European Bison Conservation Newsletter, 2, 148-159.
- Tokarska, M., Pertoldi, C., Kowalczyk, R., & Perzanowski, K. (2011). Genetic status of the European bison Bison bonasus after extinction in the wild and subsequent recovery. Mammal Review, 41(2), 151-162.
- Spalton, A. (1993). "A brief history of the reintroduction of the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx into Oman 1980–1992". International Zoo Yearbook, 32 (1), 81-90.
- Klein, D. R., Yakushkin, G. D., & Pospelova, E. B. (1993). "Comparative habitat selection by muskoxen introduced to northeastern Alaska and the Taimyr Peninsula, Russia". Rangifer, 13 (1), 21-25.
- Book: Kingdon, J.. Mammals of Africa. 2013. Bloomsbury Publishing. London. 978-1408189962. 142–7. Butynski, T. . Happold, D. .
- Buffetaut, E. (2023). The Missing Late Pleistocene Ostrich Femur from Zhoukoudian (China): New Information Provided by a Rediscovered Old Cast. Diversity, 15(2), 265.
- Janz, L. et al. (2009). Dating North Asian surface assemblages with ostrich eggshell: implications for palaeoecology and extirpation. Journal of Archaeological Science, Vol 36 (9), pp. 1982-1989
- Routledge, J. (2020). Ostrich Eggshell from the Far Eastern Steppe: Stable Isotopic Exploration of Range, Commodification, and Extirpation. Doctoral dissertation, Trent University, Canada.
- Boug, A. & Islam, M.Z. (2018) "Dating Saudi Arabian Desert Surface Assemblages with Arabian Ostrich Struthio camelus syriacus Eggshell by C14: Propositions for Palaeoecology and Extinction". Biodiversity International Journal, 2 (1): 107-113.
- BirdLife International . 2018 . Tadorna cristata . 2018 . e.T22680021A132052989 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680021A132052989.en . 19 November 2021.
- BirdLife International . 2016 . Columba jouyi . 2016 . e.T22690222A93265958 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690222A93265958.en . 12 November 2021.
- BirdLife International . 2016 . Columba versicolor . 2016 . e.T22690218A93265793 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22690218A93265793.en . 18 November 2021.
- Gallicolumba menagei. e.T22691005A93299100. BirdLife International. 2016. 2016. 12 November 2021. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22691005A93299100.en.
- Nevard, T. D., Haase, M., Archibald, G., Leiper, I., Van Zalinge, R. N., Purchkoon, N., ... & Garnett, S. T. (2020). Subspecies in the Sarus Crane Antigone antigone revisited; with particular reference to the Australian population. Plos one, 15(4), e0230150.
- Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- BirdLife International . BirdLife International . 2023. e.T22696750A226827998 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T22696750A226827998.en. Urile perspicillatus. 2 June 2024.
- Book: Turvey, Sam. Holocene extinctions. 2009. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-953509-5. 29 February 2012.
- BirdLife International . 2018 . Geronticus eremita . 2018 . e.T22697488A130895601 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697488A130895601.en . 19 November 2021.
- Böhm, C., Bowden, C. G., Seddon, P. J., Hatipoğlu, T., Oubrou, W., El Bekkay, M., ... & Unsöld, M. (2021). The northern bald ibis Geronticus eremita: history, current status and future perspectives. Oryx, 55(6), 934-946.
- Hume, J.P. (2017) Extinct Birds. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- BirdLife International . 2018 . Otus siaoensis . 2018 . e.T22728599A134199532 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22728599A134199532.en . 12 November 2021.
- König, C., & Weick, F. (2008). Owls of the world. A&C Black.
- BirdLife International. 2018. Cinclus cinclus. e.T22708156A131946814. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22708156A131946814.en . 2 June 2024.
- BirdLife International . 2017 . Carpodacus ferreorostris . 2017 . e.T22720622A111776645 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720622A111776645.en . 18 November 2021.
- BirdLife International . 2016 . Zoothera terrestris . 2016 . e.T22708535A94163698 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708535A94163698.en . 18 November 2021.
- Masseti, M. (2021). "Vertebrates of Upper Mesopotamia: Present Evidence and Archaeological Data". In Tigris and Euphrates Rivers: Their Environment from Headwaters to Mouth (pp. 13-72). Springer, Cham.
- https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2022.0085 Iijima, M. et al. (2022). "An intermediate crocodylian linking two extant gharials from the Bronze Age of China and its human-induced extinction". The Royal Society Publishing.
- Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. A.G.J. Rhodin. P.C.H. Pritchard. P.P. van Dijk. R.A. Saumure. K.A. Buhlmann. J.B. Iverson. R.A. Mittermeier. amp . Chelonian Research Monographs . 1088-7105. 5. 10.3854/crm.5.000e.fossil.checklist.v1.2015. 11336/62240. free.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Nannophrys guentheri . 2020 . e.T58390A156580255 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58390A156580255.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus adspersus . 2020 . e.T58811A156580927 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58811A156580927.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus dimbullae . 2020 . e.T58835A156581915 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58835A156581915.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus eximius . 2020 . e.T58839A156581975 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58839A156581975.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus extirpo . 2020 . e.T58840A156582033 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58840A156582033.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus halyi . 2020 . e.T58852A156582452 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58852A156582452.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus leucorhinus . 2020 . e.T58862A156582678 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58862A156582678.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus maia . 2020 . e.T136000A156588623 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T136000A156588623.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi . 2020 . e.T58869A156583167 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58869A156583167.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus nanus . 2020 . e.T58877A156583351 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58877A156583351.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus nasutus . 2020 . e.T58878A156583411 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58878A156583411.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus . 2020 . e.T58883A156583754 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58883A156583754.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus pardus . 2020 . e.T136163A156588728 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T136163A156588728.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus rugatus . 2020 . e.T58895A156584657 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58895A156584657.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus temporalis . 2020 . e.T58924A156585775 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58924A156585775.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus variabilis . 2020 . e.T58931A156585835 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58931A156585835.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus zal . 2020 . e.T58938A156586194 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58938A156586194.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Pseudophilautus zimmeri . 2020 . e.T58939A156586253 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T58939A156586253.en . 18 November 2021.
- IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group . 2020 . Cynops wolterstorffi . 2020 . e.T59445A63869216 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T59445A63869216.en . 18 November 2021.
- Nedoluzhko, A. V., Sharko, F. S., Tsygankova, S. V., Boulygina, E. S., Barmintseva, A. E., Krasivskaya, A. A., ... & Mugue, N. S. (2020). "Molecular phylogeny of one extinct and two critically endangered Central Asian sturgeon species (genus Pseudoscaphirhynchus) based on their mitochondrial genomes". Scientific Reports, 10 (1), 1-7.
- Mugue, N. . Karimov, B. . amp . 2022 . Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi . e.T18599A156719554 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T18599A156719554.en. 14 May 2023.
- Qiwei, W. . 2022 . Acipenser dabryanus . 2022 . e.T231A61462199 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T231A61462199.en . 21 July 2021.
- Gessner, J. . Williot, P. . Rochard, E. . Freyhof, J. . Kottelat, M. . & . 2022 . Acipenser sturio . e.T230A137215851 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T230A137215851.en . 21 March 2023.
- Memiş, D., Yamaner, G., TOSUN, D. D., Tunçelli, G., & TINKIR, M. (2020). Current status of economically important diadromous fish species of Turkey; European eel, Black Sea trout and sturgeon species. Aquatic Research, 3(4), 188-196.
- Qiwei . W. . 2022 . Psephurus gladius . e.T18428A146104283 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T18428A146104283.en . 21 July 2022.
- Torres, A.G.. Kesner-Reyes, K. . Capuli, E. . amp . 2021. Clupea manulensis . e.T162160049A162160065 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T162160049A162160065.en. 10 Jan 2023.
- Freyhof, J. . 2014 . Alburnus akili . 2014 . e.T787A19005895 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T787A19005895.en . 18 November 2021.
- Zhou, W. . Anabarilius macrolepis . e.T166049A6178632 . 2011 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T166049A6178632.en . 5 January 2018.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes amarus . 2020 . e.T18882A192624745 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18882A192624745.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes baoulan . 2020 . e.T18884A192624901 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18884A192624901.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes clemensi . 2020 . e.T18886A192625045 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18886A192625045.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes disa . 2020 . e.T18888A192625192 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18888A192625192.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes flavifuscus . 2020 . e.T18889A192625334 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18889A192625334.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes herrei . 2020 . e.T18890A192625464 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18890A192625464.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes katolo . 2020 . e.T18891A192625645 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18891A192625645.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes lanaoensis . 2020 . e.T18892A192625785 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18892A192625785.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes manalak . 2020 . e.T18904A192626589 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18904A192626589.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes pachycheilus . 2020 . e.T4135A192624182 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T4135A192624182.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes palaemophagus . 2020 . e.T15633A192624463 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T15633A192624463.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes palata . 2020 . e.T20687A192626734 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T20687A192626734.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes resimus . 2020 . e.T12751A192624320 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T12751A192624320.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G., Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S., Gimena, R.V., Eza, N.D., Kesner-Reyes, K., Villanueva, T.R., Alcantara, A.J. & Rebancos, C.M.. Barbodes tras . 2020 . e.T18901A90997500 . 2020 . 3 January 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes truncatulus . 2020 . e.T15634A192624604 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T15634A192624604.en . 18 November 2021.
- Zhou, W. . 2011 . Cyprinus yilongensis . 2011 . e.T6179A12546193 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T6179A12546193.en . 18 November 2021.
- Goren, M. . 2014 . Mirogrex hulensis . 2014 . e.T73A19848542 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T73A19848542.en . 18 November 2021.
- Mamilov, N. . 2020 . Schizothorax saltans . 2020 . e.T169838762A169838772 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T169838762A169838772.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Palla, H.P. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . Leander, N.J.S. . Ame, E.C. . Guino-o, R.S. II, Ballad, E.L. . Garcia, M.P.C. . Cecilio, M.A.F. . Gonzalez, J.C.T. . Gaerlan, R.S.P. . Reyes, A.T. . 2021 . Barbodes cataractae . 2021 . e.T18885A90996334 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T18885A90996334.en . 14 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . David, E.B. . Bactong Jr. . M.A. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes lindog . 2020 . e.T18903A192626347 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18903A192626347.en . November 17, 2021.
- Torres, A.G. . Guerrero, R.D. III, Nacua, S.S. . Gimena, R.V. . Eza, N.D. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . David, E.B. . Bactong Jr. . M.A. . Villanueva, T.R. . Alcantara, A.J. . Rebancos, C.M. . 2020 . Barbodes sirang . 2020 . e.T18898A192625918 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T18898A192625918.en . November 18, 2021.
- Ng, H.H. . 2011 . Platytropius siamensis . 2011 . e.T180996A7657156 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T180996A7657156.en . 18 November 2021.
- Miyazaki, Y.. Mukai, T.. Nakajima, J.. Takaku, K. . Taniguchi, Y. . amp . 2019. Oncorhynchus kawamurae . e.T110463465A110463483 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T110463465A110463483.en . 27 September 2022.
- Stenodus leucichthys. e.T20745A9229071. Freyhof, J.. 2008. 2008. 19 November 2021. Kottelat, M.. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T20745A9229071.en.
- Torres, A.G.. Mutia, M.T.M.. Palla, H.P.. Muyot, M.C.. Leander, N.J.S. . Kesner-Reyes, K. . amp . 2021. Exyrias volcanus . e.T162160431A162160434. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T162160431A162160434.en. 2 June 2024.
- Torres, A.G.. Kesner-Reyes, K.. Leander, N.J.S. . Capuli, E. . amp . 2021. Silhouettea flavoventris. e.T162160938A162160945. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T162160938A162160945.en. 2 June 2024.
- Goren, M. . 2006 . Tristramella intermedia . 2006 . e.T60792A12399367 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60792A12399367.en . 18 November 2021.
- Goren, M. . 2006 . Tristramella magdelainae . 2006 . e.T61365A12468486 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T61365A12468486.en . 18 November 2021.
- Torres, A.G.. Leander, N.J.S.. Kesner-Reyes, K. . Ballad, E.L. . amp . 2021. Neostethus ctenophorus . e.T128710699A128710736 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T128710699A128710736.en. 2 June 2024.
- Dulvy, N.K. . Kyne, P.M. . Finucci, B. . White, W.T. . 2020 . Carcharhinus obsoletus . 2020 . e.T115696622A115696628 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T115696622A115696628.en . 18 November 2021.
- Ferretti, F., Morey Verd, G., Seret, B., Sulić Šprem, J., & Micheli, F. (2016). Falling through the cracks: the fading history of a large iconic predator. Fish and fisheries, 17(3), 875-889.
- Dow, R.A. . 2020. Risiocnemis laguna . e.T139565471A146602520. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T139565471A146602520.en . 2 June 2024.
- Blakemore . Bull. Kanagawa Museum . Extinction of Japan's first formally described earthworm Amynthas japonicus (Horst, 1883) (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Megadrilacea, Megascolecidae). . Bulletin of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum . 48 . 55–60 . 2019 . 10 May 2019.
- Mollusc Specialist Group . 1996 . Lamellidea monodonta . 1996 . e.T11196A3261468 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11196A3261468.en . 16 November 2021.
- Mollusc Specialist Group . 1996 . Lamellidea nakadai . 1996 . e.T11197A3261518 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T11197A3261518.en . 17 November 2021.
- Mollusc Specialist Group . 1996 . Vitrinula chaunax . 1996 . e.T23033A9408010 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T23033A9408010.en . 14 November 2021.
- Mollusc Specialist Group . 1996 . Vitrinula chichijimana . 1996 . e.T23034A9408060 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T23034A9408060.en . 18 November 2021.
- Mollusc Specialist Group . 1996 . Vitrinula hahajimana . 1996 . e.T23035A9408110 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T23035A9408110.en . 16 November 2021.
- Mollusc Specialist Group . 1996 . Hirasea planulata . 1996 . e.T10182A3180725 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T10182A3180725.en . 17 November 2021.
- Heller, J. . 1996 . Xerocrassa picardi . 1996 . e.T22248A9367794 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T22248A9367794.en . 16 November 2021.
- Bouchet, P. . 1996. Littoraria flammea . e.T12242A3329078. 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T12242A3329078.en. 7 August 2007.
- Tomiyama, K. . 1996 . Gastrocopta chichijimana . 1996 . e.T8953A12939455 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8953A12939455.en . 14 November 2021.
- Tomiyama, K. . 1996 . Gastrocopta ogasawarana . 1996 . e.T8954A12939505 . 10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8954A12939505.en . 15 November 2021.