List of African animals extinct in the Holocene explained

This list of African species extinct in the Holocene covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) and continues to the present.^[1]

Africa is highly biodiverse; it is the continent with the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. However, a few species have disappeared from Africa as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity.

Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, Macaronesia, and Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha are biogeographically distinct from mainland Africa and have a much greater number of Holocene extinctions. Recently extinct species from these regions are listed in separate articles.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)

Possibly extinct

Primates (order Primates)

Lorises, pottos, and angwantibos (family Lorisidae)

Possibly extinct

True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)

True shrews (family Soricidae)

Locally extinct

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Barbary lion	Population of the northern lion (Panthera leo leo)	North Africa	Lions existed throughout Egypt in ancient times. The last lion in Libya was killed in 1700,^[10] in Tunisia in 1891, in Morocco in 1942 on the Tizi-N'Tichka pass of the High Atlas, and in Algeria in 1943. There was an unconfirmed sighting of a lion by the passengers of a bus in a remote wooded area of the Béni Ourtilane District of Algeria in 1956.^[11] Despite being the first subspecies named by Linnaeus in the 18th century, modern molecular studies indicate that there is not enough difference with the extant lions of India, western and central Africa to warrant separate subspecies status, and as a result the taxon P. l. leo is not extinct.^[12]
Cape lion	Population of the southern lion (Panthera leo melanochaita)	South Africa	Last individual was killed in KwaZulu-Natal in 1865. Though widely recognized as a subspecies since being named in 1842, modern molecular studies indicate that there is not enough difference with extant lions of southern and eastern Africa to warrant separate subspecies status, and as a result the taxon P. l. melanochaita is not extinct.
Barbary leopard	Population of the African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus)	Atlas Mountains	Last recorded in 1996. Though named as the subspecies P. p. panthera in 1777, it was later included in P. p. pardus on morphological and molecular grounds.
Zanzibar leopard	Population of the African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus)	Unguja, Tanzania	Only African insular population of leopards. Subjected to a extermination campaign after the Zanzibar Revolution of 1964, the last confirmed sighting happened in 1986. Though named as the subspecies P. p. adersi in 1932, it was included in the African leopard P. p. pardus in 1996 on morphological grounds.^[13] There was an unconfirmed recording of a leopard in Unguja in 2018.

Dogs (family Canidae)

Locally extinct

Bears (family Ursidae)

Locally extinct

Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)

Horses and allies (family Equidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Atlas wild ass	Equus africanus atlanticus	North Africa	Disappeared around 300 CE. This subspecies is attributed a distribution in the Atlas region of northern Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia, although E. africanus is also known from the Holocene of the Sahara, Egypt, and Arabia,^[17] excluding the extant subspecies E. a. africanus and E. a. somaliensis from Sudan and the Horn of Africa. North African rock art and Roman mosaics show animals with characteristic leg stripes and a shoulder stripe, often doubled, different from the extant subspecies. However, it's been claimed that the name E. a. atlanticus would be unavailable due to improper description of a type specimen.^[18] ^[19] Domestic donkeys have two different haplotypes, one shared with the Nubian wild ass, and another of unknown origin that is not found in the Somali wild ass. The presence of the Atlas wild ass in the Ancient world makes it a plausible source for the second haplotype.^[20]
North African horse	Equus algericus	North Africa	Most recent remains dated to 4855-4733 BCE at El Harhoura 1, Morocco.
Giant Cape zebra	Equus capensis	Southern Africa	Most recent remains at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa were dated to 8120-7980 BCE. Described as the largest equid of the African Quaternary and an extreme hypsodont, its extinction is speculated to be related to the decline in the availability or productivity of grassland habitats since the end of the Last Glacial Maximum. However, ancient DNA studies indicate that the giant Cape zebra is not a separate species, but a distinct lineage of the plains zebra (E. quagga).^[21]
North African zebra	Equus mauritanicus	North Africa	Related to the plains zebra. Disappeared c. 4000 BCE.
	Equus melkiensis	Northern Algeria and Morocco	Disappeared c. 4000 BCE. Related to the African wild ass and sometimes considered the same as E. a. atlanticus.
Quagga	Equus quagga quagga	Cape Province, South Africa	Last seen in the wild between 1860 and 1865. The last individual died in captivity in Europe in 1883. It was hunted to extinction.^[22]

Possibly extinct

Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
	Ceratotherium mauritanicum	Northern and eastern Africa	Though more known from the Pliocene and Pleistocene, it survived into the early Holocene of Morocco and Tunisia and is commonly depicted in North African rock art hunting scenes up to the Bronze Age. It was extremely similar to the northern white rhinoceros C. simum cottoni in size, proportions, and dentition, and has been treated as its direct ancestor, a subspecies (though cottoni is now recognized as a subspecies of C. simum itself), or synonymous with it.^[25] ^[26]
Southern black rhinoceros	Diceros bicornis bicornis	Southwestern Africa	Disappeared from the Cape Colony in the mid-19th century.^[27] The IUCN considers the south-western black rhinoceros (D. b. occidentalis) from Namibia and Angola, used to re-stock South Africa, to be the same subspecies. If this is followed, the taxon D. b. bicornis is not extinct.^[28]
	Diceros bicornis longipes	Burkina Faso to South Sudan	An investigation into the last known location in Cameroon in 2006 found abundant evidence of wildlife poaching and no sign of rhinoceroses except that faked by local rhinoceros monitors. There have been no sightings or other evidence afterward.^[29]

Extinct in the wild

Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)

Right and bowhead whales (family Balaenidae)

Locally extinct

Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)

Locally extinct

True deer (family Cervidae)

Locally extinct

Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Bubal hartebeest	Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus	North Africa and southern Levant^[43]	Last animal in Tunisia was killed in 1902 near Tataouine, in Algeria south of the Chott Ech Chergui in the 1920s, and in Morocco in Missour in 1925. The subspecies was also present in Egypt along the Nile and in the oases of the western desert until the early Middle Ages.Extinct and vanishing mammals of the Old World (1945) by Harper, Francis, from the Internet Archive
Bond's springbok	Antidorcas bondi	Southern Africa	Most recent remains at Kruger Cave, South Africa dated to 5680-5560 BCE.^[44]
North African aurochs	Bos primigenius mauritanicus	North Africa	Wild populations are assumed to have disappeared c. 4000 BCE, though genetic evidence suggests that North African aurochs underwent indigenous domestication near the onset of the Holocene, and that some races of African cattle are descended from it. Of these, the N'Dama, Kuri, and some varieties of West African Shorthorn descend exclusively from the African aurochs, without admixture from Eurasian cattle.^[45] The aurochs possibly survived for longer in Egypt, disappearing from the upper Nile in the Predynastic period but surviving in the Delta (Buto) until the Roman era. Hunting, habitat modification for agriculture, and competition with domestic cattle may have caused its decrease in numbers and ultimate disappearance.^[46]
	Caprinae indet.	South Africa mountains	Most recent remains at Colwinton Shelter, South Africa dated to 4360-4280 BCE. The extinction coincided with changes in vegetation leading to the replacement of grazing ungulates for browsers.
	Damaliscus hypsodon	Kenya and Tanzania	Most recent remains dated to after 8902-8638 BCE in Kisese II, Tanzania.
Bluebuck	Hippotragus leucophaeus	Overberg, South Africa	Fossil evidence and rock art suggests that the species was more broadly spread around southern Africa in the Pleistocene and early Holocene, but its range contracted because of climate-driven vegetation change until it was reduced to just 4300 km^2 east of Cape Town. It finally disappeared around 1800 CE as a result of hunting, competition with livestock, and habitat loss and fragmentation caused by agriculture.
Roberts' lechwe	Kobus leche robertsi	Luongo and Kalungwishi drainage systems, Luapula, Zambia	Last seen between 1980 and 1985.^[47]
Giant wildebeest	Megalotragus priscus	Southern and possibly eastern Africa	Most recent remains at Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa dated to 6442-6210 BCE.
Kenya oribi	Ourebia ourebi kenyae	Lower slopes of Mount Kenya, Kenya
African giant buffalo	Syncerus antiquus	Africa	Widespread through the continent in the Pleistocene, it became restricted to North Africa in the Holocene and survived until 3060-2470 BCE. Increased aridification and competition with domestic cattle have both been suggested as causes of its extinction.^[48]

Extinct in the wild

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Mohrr gazelle	Nanger dama mohrr	Northwestern Sahara	Disappeared from the wild in 1968, being last seen in Western Sahara.^[49] The first reintroduction program began in Senegal in 1984^[50] and was followed by others in Morocco and Tunisia. The Tunisian project ended in failure with the death of the last animal in 2020.
Scimitar oryx	Oryx dammah	Fringes of the Sahara	The last wild population in Chad disappeared between 1988 and 1990.^[51] A reintroduction program began in Tunisia in 1985.^[52]

Locally extinct

Birds (class Aves)

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Guineafowl (family Numididae)

Possibly extinct

Bustards (order Otidiformes)

Bustards (family Otididae)

Possibly extinct

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Sandpipers (order Scolopacidae)

Possibly extinct

Auks (family Alcidae)

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Spanish imperial eagle	Aquila adalberti	Southwestern Iberia and northwestern Morocco^[59]	Could have disappeared as a breeder from Morocco before 1950,^[60] though two adult pairs were seen in Tassaoti, Oued Laou and the mouth of the Moulouya river in 1977. Vagrant juveniles still visit the northern part of the country from the Guadalquivir marshes^[61] and are sometimes killed in unprotected power lines.
Red kite	Milvus milvus	Europe and the Mediterranean region	Last bred in Morocco in 2004, although small numbers can be seen in the winter. Its presence in other African countries is at best uncertain.^[62]

Passerines (order Passeriformes)

Cisticolas and allies (family Cisticolidae)

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Squamates (order Squamata)

Plated lizards (family Gerrhosauridae)

Amphibians (class Amphibia)

Frogs (order Anura)

African torrent frogs (family Petropedetidae)

Possibly extinct

True toads (family Bufonidae)

Extinct in the wild

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)

Carps, minnows, and relatives (family Cyprinidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
	Labeobarbus microbarbis	Lake Luhondo, Rwanda	Known from a single individual collected c. 1937, it is presumed to have become extinct in the 1950s after the introduction of Tilapia and Haplochromis to the lake. However the validity of the species is doubtful and could be a hybrid of Barbus and Varicorhinus instead.^[67]
Giant Atlas barbel	Labeobarbus reinii	Northwestern Morocco	Last recorded in 2001. The rivers it inhabited have been affected by pollution and damming, but the precise causes of extinction are poorly understood.^[68]
Tunisian barb	Luciobarbus antinorii	Chott el Djerid, Tunisia	Last collected in 1989. It could have disappeared due to excessive water substraction.^[69]
	Luciobarbus nasus	Ksob river drainage, Morocco	Last recorded in 1874. The river has been affected by pollution and damming, but the precise causes of extinction are poorly understood.^[70]

Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)

Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)

Toothcarps (order Cyprinodontiformes)

Livebearers and relatives (family Poeciliidae)

Insects (class Insecta)

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Gossamer-winged butterflies (family Lycaenidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Mbashe River buff	Deloneura immaculata	Mbhashe River, Eastern Cape, South Africa	Only known from three individuals collected "at the end of December 1863".^[73]
Morant's blue	Lepidochrysops hypopolia	Eastern South Africa	Only recorded in the 1870s.^[74]

See also

• List of Madagascar and Indian Ocean Island animals extinct in the Holocene
• List of Macaronesian animals extinct in the Holocene
• List of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha animals extinct in the Holocene
• Lists of extinct species
• List of extinct bird species since 1500
• Extinct in the wild
• Lazarus taxon

External links

• The Extinction Website
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

Notes and References

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