List of European species extinct in the Holocene explained

This is a list of European species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE) and continues to the present day.^[1]

This list includes the European continent and its surrounding islands. All large islands in the Mediterranean Sea are included except for Cyprus, which is in the List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. The recently extinct animals of the Macaronesian islands in the North Atlantic are listed separately. The three Caucasian republics of Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Armenia are included, even though their territory may fall partially or fully in Asia depending on the definition of Europe considered.

Overseas territories, departments, and constituent countries of European countries are not included here; they are found on the lists pertaining to their respective regions. For example, French Polynesia is grouped with Oceania, Martinique is grouped with the West Indies, and Réunion is grouped with Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands, despite all of them being politically part of France.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

Mammals (class Mammalia)

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Woolly mammoth	Mammuthus primigenius	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains in the Southern Urals dated to 9650 BCE, and in Cherepovets, Russia to 9290-9180 BCE.^[2]
Tilos dwarf elephant	Palaeoloxodon tiliensis	Tilos, Greece	Most recent remains dated to 3040-1840 BCE. A painting on the Ancient Egyptian tomb of Rekhmire (1470-1445 BCE) depicting exotic animals brought to Egypt as tribute by foreign peoples, includes a picture of an animal interpreted as a dwarf elephant by some authors.^[3]

Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)

Pikas (family Ochotonidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
	Ochotona transcaucasica	Georgia and Azerbaijan^[6]	Similar to the Afghan pika. It probably became extinct in the early Holocene.^[7]
Sardinian pika	Prolagus sardus	Corsica and Sardinia	Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.^[8] Though hunted by the original human inhabitants of the islands, it likely became extinct due to Roman agricultural practices, the introduction of predators (dogs, cats, and small mustelids) and ecological competitors (rodents, rabbits, and hares).^[9] Transmission of pathogens by rabbits and hares could have been another factor.^[10] Survival into modern history, even as late as 1774 on the smaller island of Tavolara, has been hypothesised from the description of unknown mammals by later Sardinian authors; however, this interpretation remains dubious owing to anatomical discrepancies.^[11]

Locally extinct

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
	Microtus brecciensis	Iberian Peninsula	Most recent remains dated to 8450 BCE.^[14]
	Pliomys coronensis	Western Europe	Most recent remains in Green Spain dated to the Holocene.
Tyrrhenian vole	Tyrrhenicola henseli	Corsica and Sardinia	Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.

Locally extinct

Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
	Mus minotaurus	Crete, Greece	Most recent remains at Mochlos dated to the Bronze Age. It was outcompeted and replaced by the house mouse accidentally introduced by sailors from the eastern Mediterranean.^[15]
St. Kilda house mouse	Mus musculus muralis	St Kilda, Scotland	A commensal species, it became extinct after the removal of all human inhabitants from the island in 1930.^[16]
Tyrrhenian field rat	Rhagamys orthodon	Corsica and Sardinia	Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.

Squirrels (family Sciuridae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Spermophilus citelloides	Central Europe	Most recent remains dated to the early Holocene.^[17]
Spermophilus superciliosus	North Central Europe and the British Isles	Most recent remains dated to 8750 BCE in north Central Europe.

True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)

True shrews (family Soricidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Sardinian giant shrew	Asoriculus similis	Corsica and Sardinia^[18]	Most recent remains dated to 348 BCE - 283 CE.
Balearic giant shrew	Nesiotites hidalgo	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Most recent remains at Alcúdia dated to 3030-2690 BCE, coinding with the period of initial human settlement in the island. It could have succumbed to diseases carried by introduced commensal mammals.^[19]

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Cheetah	Acinonyx jubatus	Africa and western Asia to India	Remains were found in Shengavit and Urartu, Armenia dating to the 4th-3rd millennium BCE. It is also depicted in rock art of the 4th-1st millennium BCE, where it can be differenciated from the leopard by the shape of its paws and unretracted claws. Possibly survived in Armenia until the Middle Ages before disappearing due to hunting.^[20]
Lion	Panthera leo	Africa, western Asia, northern India, and southern Europe	According to the alternate hypothesis, the modern lion expanded into southern Europe and replaced the cave lion there already in the Late Glacial, surviving in Italy and northern Spain until the Preboreal or Boreal.^[21] A possible second colonization event took place in the Balkans during the Atlantic and Subboreal periods, reaching as far as Hungary, southwestern Ukraine, and Greece. In the Iron Age the lion strongly declined until it disappeared from these regions, possibly because of hunting and habitat loss caused by increasing human population and livestock rearing.^[22] In 370 CE the Greco-Roman orator Themistius mentioned that lions had disappeared from Thessaly, their last Balkan stronghold. Lions were also hunted historically across Transcaucasia, and were reportedly common in the ungulate-rich Kura-Araz and Mughan plains, up to the Absheron Peninsula, until 900 CE.
European leopards	Populations of Panthera pardus	Central and southern Europe	A cold-adapted subspecies of the leopard, Panthera pardus spelaea, was widespread in Europe during the Pleniglacial and Late Glacial.^[23] A 8850 BCE record from the Franco-Cantabrian region, another from the Preboreal or Boreal of Greece, and two from the Sub-Atlantic of western and southern Ukraine could indicate that leopards survived or recolonized the continent in the Holocene. However, later remains from Hellenistic and Roman sites are confidently attributed to imports from Asia and Africa. In the Caucasus, the leopard was hunted to extinction from most of the region by the 1950s or 1960s, but still survives in small areas of the North Caucasus, southern Armenia, and Azerbaijan.^[24] These leopards belong to the Persian subspecies Panthera pardus tulliana, which also occurs in Anatolia.^[25] In 1889 an Anatolian leopard was killed in the Greek island of Samos after swimming from Asia. Local folklore suggests that similar events have happened in the island at different times in history.^[26]
Tiger	Panthera tigris	Tropical and temperate Asia to the Black Sea	Present permanently in the Caucasus region and along the Caspian and eastern Azov coasts, the Terek and Kuban rivers, and the estuary of the Don river during the 10th-12th centuries CE, with vagrants recorded as far as Chernihiv, Ukraine. Last recorded in Mingrelia and Imeretia at the beginning of the 17th century, Armenia in the early 19th century, eastern Georgia in 1936,^[27] and Azerbaijan's Talysh Mountains in 1966. Last three were all vagrants intruding after tigers stopped breeding in the respective area.^[28]

Dogs (family Canidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Sicilian wolf	Canis lupus cristaldii	Sicily, Italy	Exterminated by livestock farmers. The last confirmed individual was killed in 1924 near Bellolampo; unconfirmed killings near Palermo were reported between 1935 and 1938, and unconfirmed sightings between 1960 and 1970.^[29]
European dhole	Cuon alpinus europaeus	Central, Southern Europe and the Caucasus	Most recent remains dated to 7050-6550 BCE in Riparo Fredian, Italy (with doubts)^[30] and Les Coves de Santa Maira, Spain.^[31] Claims of 21st century presence of dhole in the Caucasus are erroneous.^[32]
Sardinian dhole	Cynotherium sardous	Corsica and Sardinia	Most recent remains in Corsica dated to 9910-9710 BCE and Sardinia to 9531-9196 BCE, roughly coinciding with modern human colonization of the islands.^[33]

Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)

Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)

Horses and allies (family Equidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Tarpan	Equus ferus ferus	Western Europe to western Siberia,^[36] Anatolia?^[37]	Historical sources record wild horses living until the 12th century in Denmark, 13th in Germany,^[38] 14th in Portugal, 16th in Spain,^[39] the Vosges, East Prussia, and Lithuania; 18th in the northern Carpathians and southern Urals,^[40] and 19th in Poland and Ukraine.^[41] The last in the wild was killed in Askania-Nova in 1879, and the last in captivity died in the Moscow Zoo in 1887. Some sources treat them as wild, untameable animals of different nature to horses, and others as feral horses or hybrids, casting doubt on the moment when pure wild horses became extinct in the continent. Despite this, the IUCN considers the subspecies E. f. ferus valid. The Tatar-Cossack word "tarpan" was popularized for European wild horses in the 19th century, though today is sometimes limited to horses from central and eastern Europe.Paleogenomics suggest that horses were domesticated independently in the Ponto-Caspian steppe and expanded to the rest of Europe by the Bronze Age. Early nomadic pastoralists likely released their horses to graze freely at night, resulting in feral populations and hybridization with wild horses. Wild mares were also captured to replenish domestic herds, breaking down the social order of wild herds and diminishing their reproduction. Around 600-1100 CE, the originally high genetic diversity of domestic horses descended to modern levels. In historical times European wild horses were hunted for their meat, hide, traditional medicine, sport, and to protect crops and livestock hay deposits during the winter. Several horse breeds have been claimed to have recent tarpan ancestry including the Konik, Sorraia, Exmoor pony, Hucul pony, Bosnian Mountain Horse, Estonian Native, and Gotland pony. However, genetic and historical evidence indicate that all are typical domestic horses.
Hydruntine	Equus hemionus hydruntinus	Southern Europe to northern Iran	Remains dated to 8050 BCE in Western Europe, 3550 BCE in Italy, 3300-2700 BCE in Karanovo, Bulgaria; 3200-2500 BCE in Los Millares, Spain; 2050 BCE in southern Central Europe, and 1500-500 BCE in Keti, Armenia. Questionable remains in Didi-gora, Georgia dated to 1075 BCE. The hydruntine inhabited open steppe habitat that became rarer and fragmented in the Holocene, making it more vulnerable to human exploitation.^[42]

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Turkmenian kulan	Equus hemionus kulan	Ukraine to Central Asia^[43]	Probably present in the deserts between the Volga and Ural rivers until the 18th or 19th century, when it was extirpated due to increasing hunting with firearms and seizure of waterholes for livestock use. 18th century records from Voronezh, Russia are considered unreliable.^[44] It was first reintroduced to Askania-Nova, Ukraine in 1950.^[45] In 2020 Rewilding Europe released kulan in the Tarutyns'kyj steppe near the Danube Delta.^[46] It has also announced plans to release kulan in Spain as proxy for the hydruntine.^[47]
Persian onager	Equus hemionus onager	Iran and the eastern Caucasus	Most recent remains at the Baku fortress dated to the 13th century.

Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)

Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)

Right and bowhead whales (family Balaenidae)

Locally extinct

Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)

Locally extinct

True deer (family Cervidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Caucasian moose	Alces alces caucasicus	North Caucasus and the Transcaucasian coast of the Black Sea	Hunted to extinction by the beginning of the 20th century. The subspecies' validity is questioned because moose from Russia later colonized the North Caucasus naturally over the 20th century.^[54]
Irish elk	Megaloceros giganteus	Europe and Southern Siberia	Most recent remains in Maloarkhangelsk, Russia dated to 5766-5643 BCE,^[55] and in the South Urals dated to 2320 BCE. Alleged Holocene remains from Great Britain, Ireland, Schleswig-Holstein, and Ukraine are poorly dated or erroneous. Scythian engravings from 600-500 BCE that appear to depict Megaloceros could have been based on fossil remains.
	Praemegaceros cazioti	Corsica and Sardinia^[56]	Most recently dated to 8718 BCE in Teppa u Lupinu, Corsica and 5641–5075 BCE in Grotta Juntu, Sardinia. It survived the first human colonization of the islands, but became extinct when Neolithic peoples arrived.

Locally extinct

Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Caucasian wisent	Bison bonasus caucasicus	Caucasus and Anatolia	Declined after the Russian conquest of the Caucasus as a result of increased hunting, deforestation, and domestic cattle rearing. The subspecies was protected in the 1890s when it was limited to 442 animals in the area between the Belaya and Laba rivers. However an epizootic outbreak in 1919 reduced the animals to just 50, and the last individuals were poached in 1927.^[58] The only captive animal, a male, lived in Germany between 1908 and 1925 and bred with females of the lowland wisent subspecies. As a result, several wisent populations carry its genes today.^[59]
Carpathian wisent	Bison bonasus hungarorum	Carpathian Mountains and Transylvania	Claimed subspecies disappeared in either 1762 or 1790, but there is a lack of differences to justify it. It was described from a single neurocranium in the Hungarian National Museum that was subsequently lost in the Hungarian Revolution of 1956.^[60]
Steppe bison	Bison priscus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains dated to 1130-1060 BCE near the Oyat river in Western Russia. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.^[61] Recent calibrated dates include 9450 BCE in the Southern Urals, 8650 BCE in the Middle Urals, and 7550 BCE in Boreal Europe.
Eurasian aurochs	Bos primigenius primigenius	Mid-latitude Eurasia	Declined as a result of hunting, deforestation for agriculture, competition with livestock for pastures, and diseases transmitted by domestic cattle. The last individual in the Jaktorow forest of Mazovia, Poland died in 1627,^[62] and the last in Sofia, Bulgaria in the late 17th or early 18th century.^[63] ^[64] There are different active projects to breed aurochs-like cattle and release them in the wild as proxy for the aurochs.
European water buffalo	Bubalus murrensis	Central, eastern, and southeastern Europe	Most recent confirmed remains in Kolomna, Russia dated to 10811 BCE, during the Last Glacial Period.^[65] However, unique genetic introgression into local domestic water buffaloes and possible remains from the Neolithic of southeastern Europe (9000-7000 BCE) and Atlantic of Austria (7000-4000 BCE) suggest that the native European species of water buffalo survived into the Holocene.^[66] In 2019, Rewilding Europe released domestic buffaloes in the Danube Delta as proxy for the European water buffalo.^[67]
Portuguese ibex	Capra pyrenaica lusitanica	Portuguese-Galician border	Hunted to extinction around 1890. A different subspecies of Spanish ibex naturally colonized the Peneda-Gerês National Park in the Portuguese ibex's former range during the 21st century.^[68] ^[69]
Pyrenean ibex	Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica	Pyrenees and possibly the Cantabrian Mountains^[70]	The last individual, a female, died at Ordesa National Park in 2000. A single cloned individual was born on July 30, 2003, but died several minutes later,^[71] making this the first case of biological taxon de-extinction and a taxon becoming extinct twice. In 2014, Spanish ibexes from the Guadarrama Mountains were released in the French Pyrenees as proxy for the Pyrenean ibex.
Balearic Islands cave goat	Myotragus balearicus	Gymnesian Islands, Spain	Most recent remains dated to 3969-3759 BCE in Menorca, 3649-3379 BCE in Cabrera,^[72] and 2830-2470 BCE in Mallorca. The timeframe allows to confidently exclude climate change as a reason for the extinction and blame it solely on the first human settlers to the islands.^[73]

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Wild water buffalo	Bubalus arnee^[76]	Southern Asia	Most recent remains at Kosi Choter, Armenia dated to the Bronze Age.^[77]
Tahr	Hemitragus sp.	Southern Europe to the Caucasus and the Himalayas	Most recent remains in the Iberian Peninsula dated to 9600 BCE.
Muskox	Ovibos moschatus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains in Sweden were dated to 7050 BCE.^[78] The first reintroduction attempt was made at Gurskøya, Norway in 1925, but all animals died because of the unfavorable climate or poaching. Another herd was released at Hjerkinn in the Dovre mountains in 1932. These animals are presumed to have been exterminated during World War II, though there were unconfirmed sightings of muskoxen at Tafjord in 1942 and 1951. The definitive successful reintroduction in Dovre was made in 1947.^[79] In 1971 a herd left Dovre after being harassed by tourists and established itself in Harjedalen, Sweden. Norwegians also introduced muskoxen to Svalbard in 1929, outside of the muskox's natural range, but this population died out by the 1970s.

Birds (class Aves)

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Possibly extinct

Buttonquails (family Turnicidae)

Locally extinct

Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)

Locally extinct

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Locally extinct

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Reptiles (class Reptilia)

Squamates (order Squamata)

Wall lizards (family Lacertidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Ratas Island lizard	Podarcis lilfordi rodriquezi	Ratas Island off Mahón, Spain	Exterminated in 1935^[91] when the island was exploded as part of remodeling works in Mahón harbor.^[92]
Santo Stefano lizard	Podarcis siculus sanctistephani	Santo Stefano Island, Italy	Extinct around 1965 as a result of a epidemic and predation by introduced snakes and feral cats.^[93]

Vipers (family Viperidae)

Ray-finned fish (class Actinopterygii)

Sturgeons and paddlefishes (order Acipenseriformes)

Sturgeons (family Acipenseridae)

Locally extinct

Minnows and allies (order Cypriniformes)

Carps, minnows, and relatives (family Cyprinidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Skadar nase	Chondrostoma scodrense	Lake Skadar	Described in 1987 from specimens preserved in the 1900s. Surveys of the lake failed to find any living animals.^[98]
Danube delta gudgeon	Romanogobio antipai	Lower Danube	Last recorded in the 1960s.^[99]

Salmon, trout and relatives (order Salmoniformes)

Salmon, trout and relatives (family Salmonidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
	Coregonus bezola	Lac du Bourget, France	Last recorded individual caught in the late 19th century, though local testimonies suggest it persisted until the 1960s.^[100]
True fera	Coregonus fera	Lake Geneva	Last recorded in 1920. Became extinct due to eutrophication and overfishing.^[101]
Lake Constance whitefish	Coregonus gutturosus	Lake Constance	Not recorded since eutrophication of the lake peaked in the early 1970s, killing all eggs.^[102]
Gravenche	Coregonus hiemalis	Lake Geneva	Not recorded since the early 1900s. Likely disappeared due to eutrophication and overfishing.^[103]
	Coregonus restrictus	Lake Morat, Switzerland	Last recorded in 1890, likely because of eutrophication.^[104]
	Salvelinus neocomensis	Lake Neuchâtel, Switzerland	Last recorded in 1904.^[105]

Locally extinct

Lionfishes and sculpins (order Scorpaeniformes)

Sticklebacks (family Gasterosteidae)

Cartilaginous fish (class Chondrichthyes)

Shovelnose rays and allies (order Rhinopristiformes)

Sawfishes (family Pristidae)

Locally extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Smalltooth sawfish	Pristis pectinata	Mid-Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea	Last caught in Vis, Croatia in 1902, and broadly in the Mediterranean before 1956.^[111]
Largetooth sawfish	Pristis pristis	Circumtropical	Last caught in Embiez, France before 1966.

Lampreys and relatives (class Hyperoartia)

Lampreys (order Petromyzontiformes)

Northern lampreys (family Petromyzontidae)

Insects (class Insecta)

Praying mantises (order Mantodea)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Spined dwarf mantis	Ameles fasciipennis	Probably near Tolentino, Italy	Known only from the holotype, probably collected around 1871.^[113]
	Pseudoyersinia brevipennis	Hyères, France	Only known from the holotype collected in 1860.^[114]

Bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice (order Psocodea)

Mammal lice (family Trichodectidae)

Possibly extinct

Beetles (order Coleoptera)

Predaceous diving beetles (family Dytiscidae)

Butterflies and moths (order Lepidoptera)

Metalmark butterflies (family Riodinidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
British large copper	Lycaena dispar dispar	England, United Kingdom	Last recorded in 1864.^[118]
Moss-land silver-studded blue	Plebejus argus masseyi	Lancashire and Cumbria, United Kingdom	Last recorded in 1942.^[119]
Dutch alcon blue	Phengaris alcon arenaria	Utrecht and Holland, Netherlands	Last recorded in 1980.^[120]
British large blue	Phengaris arion eutyphron	Southern Britain	Last recorded in 1979. The subspecies P. a. arion was later introduced from Sweden to replace it.^[121]

Cosmet moths (family Cosmopterigidae)

Caddisflies (order Trichoptera)

Net-spinning caddisflies (family Hydropsychidae)

Flies and mosquitos (order Diptera)

Long-legged flies (family Dolichopodidae)

Slugs and snails (class Gastropoda)

Mud snails (family Hydrobiidae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Graecoanatolica macedonica	Doiran Lake on the Greece-North Macedonia border	Last recorded in 1987 and deemed extinct as a result of water substraction, which peaked in 1988. However, fresh shells collected in 2009 may hint to its continued survival.^[125]
Ohridohauffenia drimica	Upper Drin River in North Macedonia	Last recorded before 1983. Disappeared when the river was drained.^[126]

Possibly extinct

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Belgrandia varica	Var River Delta, France	Not seen since 1870. The documented area of distribution was greatly urbanized, degraded, and polluted afterward.^[127]
Belgrandiella boetersi	Tiefsteinschlucht, Austria	Not seen in surveys since at least 1968. It likely declined due to groundwater abstraction and habitat degradation.^[128]

True glass snails (family Zonitidae)

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Zonites santoriniensis	Santorini, Greece	Wiped out by the Minoan eruption.^[129]
Zonites siphnicus	Sifnos, Sikinos, and Folegandros, Greece	Only known from subfossil remains collected in 1935-1936.^[130]

Possibly extinct

Sea anemones, corals, and zoanthids (class Hexacorallia)

Sea anemones (order Actiniaria)

Possibly extinct

Plants (kingdom Plantae)

Sunflowers (family Asteraceae)

Probably extinct

Primroses (family Ericales)

Extinct in the wild

Grasses (family Poaceae)

Extinct in the wild

See also

• List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene
• Holocene extinction
• Lists of extinct species
• List of extinct bird species since 1500
• Extinct in the wild
• Lazarus taxon

External links

• The Extinction Website
• IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
• European Union - Nature and Biodiversity

Notes and References

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