List of exoplanet firsts explained

This is a list of exoplanet discoveries that were the first by several criteria, including:

and others.

The first

The choice of "first" depends on definition and confirmation, as below. The three systems detected prior to 1994 each have a drawback, with Gamma Cephei b being unconfirmed until 2002; while the PSR B1257+12 planets orbit a pulsar. This leaves 51 Pegasi b (discovered and confirmed 1995) as the first confirmed exoplanet around a normal star.

FirstPlanetStarYearNotes
First detected exoplanet later confirmed Gamma Cephei AbGamma Cephei1988 (suspected), 2002 (confirmed)First evidence for exoplanet to receive later confirmation.
First exoplanets to be confirmedPSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C
PSR B1257+121992First super-Earths.[1] These exoplanets orbit a pulsar.
First confirmed exoplanet around normal star51 Pegasi b51 Pegasi1995First convincing exoplanet discovered around a Sun-like star.[2] While the minimum mass of HD 114762 b was high enough (11 Jupiter-masses) that it could be a brown dwarf, 51 Peg b's minimum mass meant that it almost certainly was near the mass of Jupiter.

By discovery method

First discovery by a method
Discovery methodPlanetStarYearNotes
First planet discovered via pulsar timingPSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C
PSR B1257+121992First super-earths.
First planet discovered via radial velocity51 Pegasi b51 Pegasi1995First convincing exoplanet discovered around a Sun-like star. While the minimum mass of HD 114762 b was high enough (11 Jupiter-masses) that it could be a brown dwarf, 51 Peg b's minimum mass meant that it almost certainly was near the mass of Jupiter.
First planet discovered via transitOGLE-TR-56 bOGLE-TR-562002[3] This was also the second planet detected through transiting, and the then farthest planet known at time of discovery. The first extrasolar planet detected to be transiting was HD 209458 b, which had already been discovered by the radial velocity method.[4]
First planet discovered via gravitational lensing / 2004This was discovered independently by the OGLE and MOA teams.[5]
First exoplanet discovered by directly imaging the extrasolar planet2M1207 b2M12072004/2005May be a brown dwarf instead of a planet, depending on formation mechanism and definitions chosen.[6]
First planet discovered through variable star timingV391 Pegasi bV391 Pegasi2007The planet was discovered by examining deviations from pulsation frequency from a subdwarf star.[7]
First extrasolar planet discovered by indirect imaging (visible light)Fomalhaut bFomalhaut2008Discovered by a light reflecting off of a dust cloud surrounding the planet.[8] First planet orbiting an ABO star. In 2020 this object was determined to be an expanding debris cloud from a collision of asteroids rather than a planet.[9]
First extrasolar planet discovered by astrometric observationsHD 176051 bHD 176051 A or HD 176051 B2010Orbits around one of the stars in a binary star system although it is not known which component it is orbiting around.
First exoplanet discovered by orbital perturbations of another planetKepler-19 (KOI-84, TYC 3134-1549-1)2011Detected through transit-timing variation method. Its existence was inferred by the gravitational influence it had on the orbital periodicity of Kepler-19b.[10] [11]
First exoplanets discovered by orbital phase reflected light variationsKepler-70b, Kepler-70c[12] Kepler-702011Now dubious.
First exoplanet discovered by transit-duration variation methodKepler-88 (KOI-142)2013Both transit timing variation and transit-duration variation was measured to measure deviations from the regular orbit of Kepler-88b. Deviations of the planet's transit duration and timing helped to discover Kepler-88c.[13]

By detection method

Some of these planets had already been discovered by another method but were the first to be detected by the listed method.

First detection by a method
Detection methodPlanetStarYearNotes
First planet detected via pulsar timingPSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C
PSR B1257+121992
First planet detected via radial velocity51 Pegasi b51 Pegasi1995
First planet detected by transit method1999This first exoplanet found to be transiting had already been discovered by the radial velocity method. This is also the first planet that has been detected through more than one method.
First directly imaged extrasolar planet (infrared)2M1207 b2M12072004/ 2005May be a sub-brown dwarf instead of a planet, depending on formation mechanism and definitions chosen. If it is a planet, it is the first known planet around a brown dwarf.
First directly imaged extrasolar planet orbiting a 'normal' star (infrared)DH Tauri bDH Tauri2005Revised masses place it below the deuterium-burning limit.[14] May be a brown dwarf companion.[15] DH Tauri b and GQ Lupi b were confirmed as companions within about three month in 2005. Both could be brown dwarfs. If one is a planet, it is the first planet orbiting a 'normal' star, possibly the first exoplanet directly imaged.
First directly imaged extrasolar planet orbiting a sun-like star (infrared)AB Pictoris bAB Pictoris2005[16] It has MJ.[17] GQ Lupi b was found earlier.[18] May, however, be a brown dwarf companion.

1RXS J160929.1-210524 b was found later.[19] Revised mass places it at or above the deuterium-burning limit. May be a sub-brown dwarf instead of a planet, depending on formation mechanism and definitions chosen. The orbital status of the companion was confirmed in 2010.[20]

First planet with observed secondary eclipse (infrared)HD 209458 bHD 2094582005Planet was discovered in 1999. This is the first detection of light from an object with a clear planetary origin.[21]
First planet characterized by atmospheric spectroscopyHD 209458 bHD 2094582007,[22] also by.[23] HD 189733 b was characterized spectroscopically only few month later.[24] Any of the earlier Direct imaging exoplanets, e.g. 2M1207 b, DH Tauri b or GQ Lupi b have spatially resolved spectroscopic observations, but the objects need confirmation to be of planetary origin.
First planets directly characterized through astrometric observationsGliese 876 b and Gliese 876 cGliese 8762009
First planet detected by orbital phase reflected light variations in visible lightCoRoT-1b[25] CoRoT-12009The planet in question had already been discovered with transit method.
First planet characterized by spatially resolved atmospheric spectroscopyHR 8799 cHR 87992010[26] [27] Several spectra of Direct imaging exoplanets might be earlier, but the objects need confirmation to be of planetary origin. Especially AB Pictoris b is a candidate, if its mass is confirmed to be MJ.
First planets detected through ellipsoidal light variations of the host starHAT-P-7bHAT-P-72010[28]
First planets detected through transit timing variation methodKepler-9b, Kepler-9cKepler-92010Transit-timing variation was used to confirm both planets detected through transit method.[29]
First planet detected through transit duration variation methodKepler-16b[30] Kepler-162011Orbital motion of the three-body system Kepler-16 causes variations of the duration of stellar eclipses and planetary transits.
First planet detected with eclipsing binary timing with well-characterized orbitKepler-16bKepler-162011Kepler-16b itself was detected through transit method. There are stars with earlier detections through eclipsing binary timing. However, either those signals have matched with unstable orbits or the exact orbits are not known.[31]
First planet detected by light variations due to relativistic beamingTrES-2bTrES-2A2012[32]
First tilted multi-planetary system discoveredKepler-56b, c and dKepler-562013 [33]
First extrasolar planet detected through polarimetryDH Tauri b /GSC 6214-210 bDH Tauri /GSC 6214-2102021"polarization of several tenths of a percent for DH Tau B and GSC 6214-210 B in H-band" ... "unlikely to be caused by interstellar dust." ... "the polarization most likely originates from circumsubstellar disks."[34] Both companions may be brown dwarfs or exoplanets.Polarized scattered light was found for HD 189733 b in 2008.[35] It could not be confirmed and was disputed by two separate teams.[36] [37] [38] Possibly a "Saharan dust event over the La Palma observatory in 2008 August". HD 189733 b was discovered in 2005.

By system type

First discovery by system type
System typePlanetStarYearNotes
First extrasolar planet discovered in a solitary star systemPSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C
PSR B1257+121992First extrasolar planets discovered.[39]
First multiple planet extrasolar system discoveredPSR B1257+12 A
PSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C
PSR B1257+121992First pulsar planetary system.
First planet discovered in a circumbinary orbitPSR B1620-26 bPSR B1620-261993Orbits a pulsar and a white dwarf. Discovery confirmed in 2003.
First planet discovered in globular clusterPSR B1620-26 bPSR B1620-261993Located in Messier 4.
First planet discovered in a multiple main-sequence star system55 Cancri b55 Cancri199655 Cnc has a distant red dwarf companion.
  • The planet around Gamma Cephei was already suspected in 1988, although its existence was not confirmed until 2002
  • Gamma Cephei Ab is the first relatively close binary with a planet.
First "free-floating" planet discovered[40] S Ori 682000~5 MJupiter[41] Isolated status needs confirmation. Could be a companion of SE 70; needs confimation.[42] (S Ori 70) has a mass of 3 MJupiter; needs confirmation.[43] [44]
First binary star system where both components have separate planetary systemsHD 20781 b
HD 20781 c
HD 20782 b
HD 20781
HD 20782
2011
First multiple planet system in a multi-star system where multiple planets orbit multiple starsKepler-47b
Kepler-47c
Kepler-472012[45] [46] NN Serpentis cataclysmic variable is suspected to have at least 2 planets as of 2009.[47]

By star type

First discovery by star type
Star typePlanetStarYearNotes
First pulsar planet discoveredPSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C
PSR B1257+121992
First known planet orbiting a white dwarf.PSR B1620-26 bPSR B1620-261993GD 66 b was announced in 2007, but has not been confirmed.
First known extrasolar planet orbiting a main sequence star (Sun-like)51 Pegasi b51 Pegasi1995First hot Jupiter.
First known planet orbiting a red dwarfGliese 876 bGliese 8761998[48] [49]
First "free-floating" planet discoveredS Ori 682000~5 MJupiter Isolated status needs confirmation. Could be a companion of SE 70; needs confimation. (S Ori 70) has a mass of 3 MJupiter; needs confirmation.
First known planet orbiting a giant starIota Draconis bIota Draconis2002Aldebaran b was announced in 1997, but was not confirmed until 2015.
First known planet orbiting a brown dwarf.2M1207 b2M12072004May in fact be a sub-brown dwarf instead of a planet, depending on formation mechanism and definitions chosen. First directly imaged planet.
First known planet orbiting an ABO star (blue-white star)Fomalhaut bFomalhaut2008First extrasolar planet discovered by visible light image. In 2020 this object was determined to be an expanding debris cloud from a collision of asteroids rather than a planet.
First confirmed planet orbiting a white dwarf.WD 1856+534 bWD 1856+5342020

By planet type

Firsts by planet type
Planet typePlanetStarYearNotes
First super-Earth discovered[50] PSR B1257+12 B
PSR B1257+12 C
PSR B1257+121992First planets discovered.
First hot Jupiter51 Pegasi b51 Pegasi1995First planet discovered orbiting a main sequence star.
First evaporating planet discoveredHD 209458 bHD 2094581999First transiting planet.
First "free-floating" planet discoveredS Ori 682000~5 MJupiter Isolated status needs confirmation. Could be a companion of SE 70; needs confimation. (S Ori 70) has a mass of 3 MJupiter; needs confirmation.
First extrasolar terrestrial planet orbiting a main sequence star55 Cancri e55 Cancri2004Mu Arae c (discovered in 2004) has been proposed to be a terrestrial planet, but its terrestrial nature is not confirmed, as no radius measurements are available so the density is unknown. The minimum mass is comparable to that of Uranus, which is not a terrestrial planet. The first extrasolar planet found to have a density compatible with being a rocky planet is CoRoT-7b in 2009. 55 Cancri e was found to be a terrestrial planet in 2011.
First super-Earth orbiting a main sequence starGliese 876 dGliese 8762005Orbits a red dwarf star.
First icy extrasolar planet orbiting a main sequence star2006Orbits a red dwarf star. The icy nature of this planet is not confirmed, as no radius measurements are available so the density is unknown. The first extrasolar planet known to have a density compatible with being an icy planet is GJ 1214 b, though even for this case there are other possibilities for the composition.
First ocean planet candidate; also first small planet within the circumstellar habitable zoneGliese 581dGliese 5812007Orbits a red dwarf star. This planet orbits a little too far from the star, but the greenhouse effect would be enough to make this planet habitable. The other ocean planet candidate, GJ 1214 b, was detected by transit in which the density was calculated and determined that this planet is an ocean planet. Now disputed.[51] [52]
First Jupiter analogueHIP 11915 bHIP 119152015The discovery raises the possibility that HIP 11915 will be the first Solar System analogue discovered.

Other

Other firsts
RecordPlanetStarYearNotes
First map of an extrasolar planet releasedHD 189733 bHD 1897332007The map in question is a thermal emission map.[53]
First multi-planet extrasolar system directly imaged2008
First planet discovered with a retrograde orbit2009The planet HAT-P-7b was discovered before WASP-17b, but its retrograde nature was announced after that of WASP-17b.
First planet discovered orbiting a Sun-like star in a star clusterPr0201b
Pr0211b
Pr0201
Pr0211
2012Beehive Cluster star cluster.[54]
First recorded planet-planet transitKepler-89d
Kepler-89e
Kepler-892012Kepler-89e was found to partially transit Kepler-89d.[55]
First extrasolar planet with serious potential to support lifeKepler-62fKepler-622013Kepler-62f was the first definite near-Earth-sized planet discovered within its star's habitable zone.[56] [57] The dubious planet candidate Gliese 581g was discovered in 2010. This planet may be tidally locked to its parent star, but there could be a habitable band along the terminator.
First transiting planet discovered in a star clusterKepler-66b
Kepler-67b
Kepler-66
Kepler-67
2013NGC 6811 star cluster; these two planets were, at the time of discovery, only two of six total planets known in star clusters.[58]
First map of cloud coverage of an extrasolar planetKepler-7bKepler-72013Observations indicate cloud coverage in the west and clear skies in the east.[59]
First not tidally locked extrasolar planet to have its day length measuredBeta Pictoris bBeta Pictoris2014Rotation speed was calculated to be 8.1 hours.[60]
First planet found to contain water in the stratosphereWASP-121bWASP-1212017[61] [62]
First extrasolar planet system with one radial velocity and one directly imaged planetBeta Pictoris b Beta Pictoris cBeta Pictoris2019[63]
First Earth-mass rogue planet unbounded by any star, and free floating in the Milky Way galaxy.OGLE-2016-BLG-19282020Detected by microlensing techniques.[64] [65]

See also

Notes and References

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