List of equipment of the Vietnam People's Ground Forces explained

During the First Indochina War (1946–1954), Vietnam War (1955–1975), Cambodian–Vietnamese War (1977–1989), Sino-Vietnamese War (1979) and the Sino-Vietnamese conflicts 1979– 1991 (1979–1991), the Vietnam People's Ground Force relied almost entirely on Soviet-derived weapons and equipment systems. With the end of the Cold War in 1992 Soviet military equipment subsidies ended and Vietnam began the use of hard currency and barter to buy weapons and equipment.Vietnam prioritises economic development and growth while maintaining defense spending. The government does not conduct procurement phases or major upgrades of weapons. From the end of the 1990s the Government of Vietnam has announced the acquisition of a number of strategic systems equipped with modern weapons. Accordingly, Vietnam has been slow to develop naval and air forces to control shallow waters and its exclusive economic zone (EEZ). Currently most defence procurement programs focus on remedying this priority. For example, Vietnam has purchased a number of combat aircraft and warships with the capability to operate in high seas. Vietnam also plans to develop its defence industry, with priority placed on the Navy, combined with assistance from its former communist allies, India, and Japan.^{[1] [2] [3]} Since 2015, Vietnam has begun exploring purchases of U.S. and European weapons while facing numerous political, historical, and financial barriers, as they cannot continue to rely on Soviet and Chinese weapons especially due to the increasing tensions in the South China Sea dispute.^[4]

Personal equipment

Name	Image	Type	Origin	Notes
Night vision
Night vision		Night-vision device		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces.^[5]
Headgears
Type A2 Helmet		Combat helmet		The PAVN's standard issue bump shell is a hard plastic replica of the PASGT helmets. It is used for training exercises and combat drill.
Vietnamese pith helmet		Helmet		Traditional standard issue hard hat, used as the army's utility and barracks cover. Commonly worn by enlisted members with their dress uniforms and during light training.
Utility Cover		Kepi		Standard issue soft cover, consisting of a four-point front panel and an elastic backstrap. The cap's camouflage print is worn matching with field fatigues during patrols.
PASGT Helmet		Combat helmet		Limited use with Special Forces, Border Guards, and the Navy. They are gradually replacing older helmets in all branches of the Army. Most helmets are a Vietnamese-made version of the PASGT Helmet. Earlier models were imported from Israel.^[6] ^[7]
Modular Integrated Communications Helmet		Combat helmet		Vietnamese copy. Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces, police, and infantry soldiers. Manufactured locally at Factory Z176.^[8]
Type High Cut Helmet		Combat helmet		Vietnamese copy. Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces, police, and future infantry soldiers. Manufactured locally at Factory Z176.^[9]
SSh-68		Combat helmet		Limited use.
SSh-40		Combat helmet		Limited use.
M1 Helmet		Combat helmet		Limited use.
Body equipment
AG K53T Body Armour		Body armor		Been introduced in International Army Games's exhibition.^[10]
7,62 K56 Body Armour		Body armor		Been introduced in International Army Games's exhibition.
AG K51T Body Armour		Body armor		Been introduced in International Army Games's exhibition.
Body Armour		Body armor		Limited use. NIJ level III^[11]
Body Armour		Body armor	Vietnam	Modern battle uniform for standard Vietnamese infantry. It will be standard issue in the future. Manufactured at the Z176 factory.^[12]
Marom Dolphin Fusion System		Body armor	Israel	Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces.^[13]
Flak jacket		Body armor	United States	Limited use by some infantry and anti-riot units
Combat Leather Pads		Knee PadsElbow Pads	Vietnam	Standard Issued along with the new K20 military uniform.
Camouflage patterns
K-07 Woodland		Camouflage pattern		Replaced as the standard camo for ground forces by the K-17 Woodland. There are multiple variants of this Woodland camo in terms of slight differences in colors. Commonly used on training fatigues.^[14] ^[15]
K-17 Woodland		Camouflage pattern		Former standard-issue camouflage for ground forces. Similar coloration to the K-07, there are also multiple variants for the other branches of the military.^[16] ^[17] Replaced by the K-20 and observed limited usage since 2020s.
K-17 Multi-Terrain		Camouflage pattern		Used by Vietnamese forces deployed in arid and desert environment. Based on Multicam color schemes. Seen with Vietnamese troops undergoing peacekeeping missions in South Sudan with the United Nations.
K20 Pattern,K21 Field Uniform		Camouflage pattern		Standard issue as of 2021, the PAVN's K20 camouflage pattern was developed with more subdued coloration. The new uniform will consist of 5 different variants for each branches of service: Ground Forces, Border Guard, Air Defence - Air Force, Navy and Coast Guard.^[18]
Modified Duck Hunter Pattern		Camouflage pattern		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Replaced by the Ground Forces-colored K20 camouflage.
Thermal imaging anti-reconnaissance clothing		Camouflage pattern		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Been introduced in International Army Games's exhibition.
Ghillie suit		Ghillie suit		Used by the snipers and People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces, manufactured locally. Been introduced in International Army Games's exhibition.
U.S. Woodland		Camouflage pattern		Limited use. Most commonly seen on old vests mix-matched with K07 uniform or K20

Infantry weapons and weapon attachments

Model	Image	Type	Caliber	Origin	Notes
Accessories
ITL MARS		Red dot sight			Mounted on Uzi, AKM-1, IWI Tavor.
Meprolight m21		Red dot sight			Mounted on Uzi, AKM-1, IWI Tavor, STV Rifles and IWI ACE
NL-91, NL-92		Night vision sight			Mounted on Uzi, AKM-1, IWI Tavor, STV Rifles and IWI ACE.^[19]
Aimpoint PRO		Red dot sight		United States	Mounted on STV Rifles.^[20]
Aimpoint CompM4		Red dot sight		United States	Mounted on AKM-1, limited uses.^[21]
Advanced Combat Optical Gunsight		Telescopic sight		United States	Mounted on Special Operations Assault Rifle, Tara TM4 rifle. Limited uses within Military Marksman Demonstration Team.^[22]
Pistols
K14VN		Semi-automatic pistol	7.62×25mm Tokarev		Standard issue service pistol alongside the K54. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory. This model is equipped with a longer barrel, and a double-stack magazine that holds an increased capacity of 13 rounds.^[23] ^[24]
TT-33		Semi-automatic pistol	7.62×25mm Tokarev
		Semi-automatic pistol	7.62×25mm Tokarev		Standard issue service pistol. Manufactured locally as the K54 (from the Type 54 Chinese TT-33 copy), now being phased out by the new domestic K14VN.
			Semi-automatic pistol			Limited use in the army and police, they are being manufactured to slowly replace the K54 and K14VN pistols. Manufactured at the Z111 Factory.^[25] ^[26] ^[27]
Makarov pistol		Semi-automatic pistol			Used by police officers. Limited use in the army. Manufactured locally as the K59.^[28]
Type 59/K59		Semi-automatic pistol	9×18mm Makarov
Browning Hi-Power		Semi-automatic pistol	9×19mm Parabellum		Stored in reserves for shooting ranges.
		Semi-automatic pistol			Used by police officers. Limited use in the army.
		Semi-automatic pistol	9x19 Parabellum		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Forces.^[29]
		Semi-automatic pistol			Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Forces.
		Semi-automatic pistol			Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Forces.
		Semi-automatic pistol	.45 ACP 7.62×25mm Tokarev		Local copies chambered in 7.62×25mm Tokarev and captured US M1911A1s in .45 ACP used by the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army during Vietnam War.
		Weapon accessory			Used by the People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Force.^[30]
Assault rifles
STV-215		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm		Standard issue rifle. Developed and manufactured at the Z111 Factory. The STV-215 is the carbine version of the STV-380, it has a barrel length of 215 mm.^[31] ^[32]
STV-380
Galil ACE		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm		Manufactured at the Z111 Factory. The domestically made version has the charging handles located on the right side similar to traditional AK-47s. They have been replaced as the standard-issue rifle by the domestically manufactured STV-215/STV-380. The majority of them may have been transferred to Laos and since then rarely spotted in Vietnamese service.^[33] ^[34] ^[35]
AKM		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm M43		Still being refurbished, old models are being converted to domestic AKM-1/AKn plasticized refurbishment. Succeeded and replaced as the standard-issue rifle by the STV-215/STV-380.^[36] ^[37]
AKn		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm M43		Standard issue rifle. Manufactured locally with some new detail^[38]
AKM-1		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm M43		Standard issue rifle. Manufactured locally with some new detail^[39]
Type 56		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm M43		Limited use. Refurbished to become AKn-equivalent and being replaced as the standard-issue rifle by the STV-380/STV-215.
AMD-65		Assault rifle	7.62x39mm
Type 58		Assault rifle	7.62x39mm		Limited use. Sent as military aid by North Korea during the Vietnam War.
CAR-15		Carbine	5.56×45mm NATO		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces, naval infantry and coast guard. Converted locally as the M18 at the Z111 Factory, locally produced version of the XM177E2
IWI Tavor TAR-21		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and naval infantry.
vz. 58		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm		Limited use.^[40]
CZ 805 BREN		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO		Use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
Special Operations Assault Rifle		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO		Use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
Tara TM4 Assault rifle		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO		Use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
FN FNC		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO		Use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
M16A1		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO		M16A1 and XM16E1 is used by militia forces in southern provinces. M16A2 used by Coast Guard in small numbers.
M16A2E		Assault rifle	5.56×45mm NATO		Upgraded and manufactured locally as the M16A2VN base on M16A1 and M18 with new stock and Picatinny rail^[41]
		Semi-automatic rifle	7.62×39mm M43		Used by honour guards and militia forces.
Type 63		Assault rifle	7.62×39mm
M14		Battle rifle	7.62×51mm NATO		Stored in reserves.
4MK4		Bolt-action rifle	.303 British		Limited used by Militia Forces.^[42]
Submachine guns
PP-19 Bizon		Submachine gun	9×19mm Parabellum		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Manufactured as the SN9P at the Z111 Factory. The locally produced version comes with a Galil-style stock, and is chambered in 9×19mm.^[43] ^[44]
			9×19mm Parabellum		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Manufactured at the Z111 Factory.
Uzi Pro		Submachine gun	9×19mm Parabellum		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.
Škorpion		Submachine gun	.32 ACP
CZ Scorpion Evo 3		Submachine gun			Use in Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
PM-63		Machine pistol/Submachine gun	9×18mm Makarov		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and guard police.
STV-022		Submachine gun / Assault rifle	7.62×39mm		Derivative of the STV rifle. Used by bodyguard unit under the General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army and other units.
Shotguns
Remington Model 870		Shotgun	12 Gauge
Armsel Striker		Combat shotgun	12 Gauge		Limited use^[45]
Sniper rifles
					Used by the People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Force.
					Used by the People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Mobile Police Force.
PSL		Designated marksman rifle	7.62×54mmR
IWI Galatz		Sniper rifle	7.62×51mm NATO		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Marine Infantry. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.
		Sniper rifle			Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces
OSV-96		Anti-materiel rifle	12.7×108mm		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.^[46]
SBT-12M1^[47]
KSVK		Anti-materiel rifle	12.7×108mm		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.^[48]
		Anti-materiel rifle	.50 BMG		+50 examples were bought.^[49]
Machine guns
TUL-1		Light machine gun	7.62×39mm		Vietnamese TUL-1 light machine gun used the frame of Chinese Type 56 assault rifle but with stock of an RPK, barrel sights from an RPD and 30-round magazine used on the AK-47/Type 56, there are rare 40-round magazines. The TUL-1 body was thin, only 1 mm compared to the 1.5 mm of an RPK. It was also heavier and had an inferior rate of fire compared to the RPK. However, the firing rate and effective range of the weapon was successfully better than that of an AK-47/Type 56. The TUL-1 LMGs were manufactured between 1970–1974 and ended after Vietnam obtained production rights to the RPK itself.
PKM		General-purpose machine gun	7.62×54mmR		Standard issue machine gun. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.^[50] New ĐL7N copies are made with a modern plastic stock and grip, and includes a picatinny rail for a sight on top.
ĐL7N
RPK		Light machine gun	7.62×39mm		Standard issue machine gun. Manufactured locally.
KPV		Heavy machine gun	14.5×114mm
IWI Negev		Light machine gun	5.56×45mm NATO		Limited use. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory
RPD		Light machine gun	7.62×39mm		Standard issue machine gun. Manufactured locally.
Type 67		General-purpose machine gun	7.62×54mmR		Limited use.
M240B		General-purpose machine gun	7.62×51mm NATO		Limited use by Military Marksman Demonstration Team.
M60		General-purpose machine gun	7.62×51mm NATO		Limited use.
Uk vz. 59		General-purpose machine gun	7.62×54mmR
FN Minimi Mk3		Light machine gun	5.56×45mm NATO		Limited use in People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces and Military Marksman Demonstration Team.^[51]
NSV		Heavy machine gun	12.7×108mm		Standard issue tank-mounted machine gun. Manufactured locally at the Z111 Factory.^[52] ^[53]
DShK		Heavy machine gun	12.7×108mm		Mounted on T-55 tanks. Currently being phased out by the NSV.
		Medium machine gun	7.62×51mm NATO		Limited use.
Grenade-based weapons
AGS-17		Automatic grenade launcher	30 mm Grenade		Standard issue. Manufactured locally.
M203		Grenade launcher	40 mm Grenade		Manufactured locally as the T-40 at the Z111 Factory. Replaces the trigger for a lever. Mounts on the Galil ACE 32, STL-1A, M18, M16A2 and TAR-21.
OPL40MSPL40		Grenade launcher	40mm Grenade		Standard issue grenade launcher accompanying the STV-380 rifles.
M79		Grenade launcher	40 mm Grenade		Standard issue. Manufactured locally.^[54]
Milkor MGL		Grenade launcher	40 mm Grenade		Used by People's Army of Vietnam Special Forces. Manufactured locally as the MGL-VN1.^[55]
Mortars
STA-50		Light mortar	50mm Mortar		Manufactured locally at the Z117 Factory.^[56]
M1 mortar		Infantry mortar	81mm Mortar
M2 mortar		Infantry mortar	60mm Mortar
M29 mortar		Infantry mortar	81mm Mortar
82-PM-41		Mortar	82 mm Mortar
M1938		Mortar	107 mm Mortar
PM-43		Mortar	120 mm Mortar
M1943		Mortar	160 mm Mortar
Portable anti-materiel weapons
SPG-9			73 mm HEAT		Manufactured locally as SPG-9T2.
RPG-7V		Rocket-propelled grenade	40 mm HEAT		Manufactured locally as RPG7V-VN or SCT-7. Internally codenamed B-41.
RPG-29		Rocket-propelled grenade	105 mm HEAT		Manufactured locally under the name of SCT-29.^[57] ^[58]
9K38 Igla		Man-portable air-defense system	72mm		Manufactured locally under license.^[59]
9K338 Igla-S
9K32 Strela-2		Man-portable air-defense system	72mm		Manufactured locally.^[60]
B-10		Anti-tank recoilless rifle	82 mm HEAT		Manufactured locally.
B-11		Anti-tank recoilless rifle	82mm HEAT		Weapon at reserve
M-40		Anti-tank recoilless rifle	105mm HEAT		Weapon at reserve
M72 LAW		Anti-tank weapon	66 mm HEAT
9K111 Fagot		Guided anti-tank missile	120 mm HEAT
9M14 Malyutka		Guided anti-tank missile	125 mm HEAT		Manufactured locally under license from Serbia version with improved semi-automatic command to line of sight guidance.
9M113 Konkurs		Guided anti-tank missile	135 mm HEAT
					Only for chemical forces.

Vehicles

Vehicle	Image	Type	Origin	Quantity	Notes
Tanks
T-90S/SK		Main battle tank		64^[61]
T-62		Main battle tank		70^[62]
T-54M/55M		Main battle tank		850^[63]	Currently around 310 T-54/55 tanks undergo refits and upgrades to Vietnamese/Israeli T-54M modernized program at Z153 factory. As of January 2024, 100 tanks have been upgraded to the T-54M standard in stage 1.
Type-59		Main battle tank		350	Type 59-I
T-34		Medium tank		45^[64]	Used only for training and coastal defense
Type-63		Amphibious Light tank		150^[65]	Called PT-85 in local service because of its 85 mm gun, similar to the PT-76
PT-76		Amphibious Light tank		300
Infantry fighting vehicles
BMP-1		Infantry fighting vehicle		300^[66]
BMP-2		Infantry fighting vehicle
Armoured personnel carriers
M113		Armoured personnel carrier		200	Equipped with DShK or NSVT 12.7 mm heavy machine gun and sometimes with the SPG-9. 1970s photos show M40 recoilless rifles from capture
M106 mortar carrier		Mortar carrier		Unknown	Self-propelled 107 mm mortars сaptured in the Vietnam War.
Type 63		Armoured personnel carrier		80
MT-LB		Armoured personnel carrier		Unknown	Was seen used by artillery troops preparing for the 2020 International Army Games.^[67]
BTR-40		Armoured personnel carrier		100^[68]	Not sure(may be removed).
BTR-50PK		Armoured personnel carrier		280^[69]
BTR-60PB		Wheeled armoured personnel carrier		400^[70]	Used by both Army and Naval Marines.
GAZ-59037A		Armoured personnel carrier		Unknown	Used in natural disaster rescue and response missions.^[71]
BTR-152		Wheeled armoured personnel carrier		160	Being upgraded with new diesel engine.^[72] One is converted to an armored ambulance to support the field hospital in Bentiu, South Sudan, as a part of the UN peacekeeping mission in South Sudan
Armoured cars
Dongfeng EQ2050		Military light utility vehicle		Unknown	Used by Engineers at United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.
BRDM-2		Armoured scout car		50^[73]
Cadillac V-100		Armoured scout car		Unknown	Upgraded by the Military Mechanical Engineering Institute with assistance from Z751 factory to replace old and worn out parts after Vietnam was reunified with American-made weapons replaced with Russian-based weapons.^[74] ^[75] Acquired through capturing them in the Vietnam War.^[76]
Artillery
SS-1 Scud B/C/D		Tactical ballistic missile		24^[77]
Hwasong-6		Tactical ballistic missile	DPRK	100 missiles
BM-14		140mm multiple rocket launcher		<100^[78]	BM-14MM and BM-14-17M variant.^[79] ^[80] 100 launchers exported from the USSR in 1965-1966 period.
BM-21		122mm multiple rocket launcher		350
(M-46)/Type 59		130mm field gun		Unknown	While the current number is unknown, the Soviet Union provided 519 pieces of the M-46 from 1968 - 1973.^[81] Some were most likely lost in combat or taken out of service over the years.
ASU-85		85mm assault gun		Unknown
2S1 Gvozdika		122mm self-propelled artillery		Unknown
2S3 Akatsiya		152 mm self-propelled artillery		30
M101		105 mm towed howitzer		Unknown
M114		155 mm towed howitzer		Unknown
M-30^[82]		122 mm towed howitzer		Unknown	While the current number is unknown, the Soviet Union provided 450 pieces of the M-30 from 1964 - 1969. Some were most likely lost in combat or taken out of service over the years.
D-20		152 mm towed gun-howitzer		Unknown	While the current number is unknown, the Soviet Union provided 500 pieces of the D-20 from 1966 - 1970. Some were most likely lost in combat or taken out of service over the years.
D-30		122 mm towed howitzer		Unknown	While the current number is unknown, the Soviet Union provided 50 pieces of the D-30 in 1974. Some may have been taken out of service over the years.
D-44		85 mm field gun		Unknown
D-74^[83]		122mm field gun		Unknown	While the current number is unknown, the Soviet Union provided 200 pieces of the D-74 from 1970 - 1971 and China provided 100 pieces of the Type-60 (Chinese made version of D-74) in 1974. Some were most likely lost in combat or taken out of service over the years.
Engineering vehicles
BTS-4		Armoured recovery vehicle		Unknown
IMR-2		Armoured engineering vehicle		2	Based on T-72 chassis
BREM-1M		Armoured recovery vehicle		Unknown	Based on T-90 chassis^[84]
BMK-150		Motor canoe			Equipped for pontoon bridge units
VSN-1500		Motor canoe			Equipped for engineer units as a light troop transport canoe^[85]
PTS		Tracked amphibious transport		Unknown
GSP-55		Self-propelled amphibious ferry		3	Operated by 575th Engineer Brigade^[86]
PMP Floating Bridge		Pontoon bridge		>1	At least one equipped for 414th Engineer Brigade^[87]
TMM-3M		Armoured vehicle-launched bridge		Unknown
MS-20 Daglezja		Armoured vehicle-launched bridge		4^[88]
MT-LB		Artillery reconnaissance
AT-L		Artillery tractor
ATS-59G		Artillery tractor		Unknown
M548		Artillery tractor		Unknown
M578		Armored recovery vehicle
KrAZ-255
PZM-2
Schweres Rüstfahrzeug (SRF)		Rescue vehicle
Logistic vehicles
Zil-130		Military truck
Zil-131		Military truck
Zil-157		Military truck
Gaz-66		Military truck
Ural-375		Military truck
Kraz-255B		Military truck
		Van	(design) Thailand (Manufacturing place)		Used by Army's communication force^[89]
Isuzu F-Series		Truck
Hyundai HD170		Truck
MAZ-537		Artillery tractor
KZKT-74281-012-chassis
KamaZ-43253		Military truck		Unknown	Replacing older Ural trucks^[90]
KamAZ 43118		Military truck		Unknown	Replacing older Ural trucks
KamAZ 65224		Military truck		Unknown	Replacing older Ural trucks
		Tactical military truck		Unknown
Renault ME160		Truck		Unknown	Used by 410th Battalion, 683rd Transportation Brigade^[91]
Light utility vehicles
Toyota Innova		Light utility vehicles	Japan (design) Indonesia Thailand (Manufacturing place)		Used by Army officers.
Toyota Hilux		Pickup truck	Japan (design) Thailand (Manufacturing place)		Used by Military control force.
Mitsubishi Pajero		Utility Vehicle	Thailand Austria (Manufacturing place)		Used by Army's communication force^[92]
UAZ-469		Military light utility vehicle

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Aircraft	Image	Type	Origin	Notes
IAI Heron		Reconnaissance		3^[93]
Orbiter 2		Reconnaissance		^[94]
ITAD M-400		Reconnaissance
UAV Shikra		Reconnaissance		Produced and developed by Viettel^[95]
HS-6L		Reconnaissance
VT-Patrol		Reconnaissance		Produced and developed by Viettel
VT-Pigeon		Reconnaissance		Produced and developed by Viettel
VT-Swift		Reconnaissance		Produced and developed by Viettel

Procurement

In 2006, Israel reported to the United Nations Register Organisation of Conventional Arms (UNROCA) that two of its light armoured vehicles had been sold to Vietnam.^[96] A number of Israeli companies won a bid to modernise and upgrade T-54/55 tanks as well as establishing factories in the country. Israel's program includes upgrading armour, night vision system and a fire control system upgrade (produced in Poland). In May 2002, Vietnam and Ukraine reached an agreement of military technical co-operation which extended to 2005. Accordingly, Ukraine will support Vietnam primarily to upgrade its armour and artillery, and improve weapons co-production and repair facilities.^[96] In February 2005, the Ministry of Defence of Finland ceded to Vietnam about 70 T-54 and T-55 tanks from the Soviet era. In early March 2005, Poland signed a contract to sell to Vietnam 150 T-72 tanks which would have been used to support training, ammunition, equipment maintenance, and repair, but this contract was cancelled in 2006 because Vietnam wanted to focus more on its Navy and Air Force.^[96] In addition to upgrading tanks, the Ministry of Defence of Vietnam signed a military co-operation agreement with Russia. The Vietnamese have also developed the capacity to produce their own equipment and repair existing equipment.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Tạp chí Bộ Ngoại giao Trung Quốc đánh giá về chiến lược và sức mạnh quân sự của Việt Nam. Vietnamese. VNTime. 24 August 2011. 25 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20110925211332/http://vntime.vn/QuocTe-QuanSu/KhiTai-QuanSu/2011/8/24/Tap-chi-Bo-Ngoai-giao-Trung-Quoc-danh-gia-ve-chien-luoc-va-suc-manh-quan-su-cua-Viet-Nam-97bc9d29.html. 25 September 2011. dead.
2. Web site: Russian missiles to guard skies over Vietnam. https://web.archive.org/web/20030907073049/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/EI05Ag02.html. unfit. 7 September 2003. Sergei Blagov. Asia Times. 5 September 2003. 27 June 2015.
3. Web site: Japan-Vietnam Defense Relations in the Indo-Pacific Spotlight. Parameswaran. Prashanth. The Diplomat. en-US. 2019-04-02.
4. Web site: Vietnam Pushes Modernization as China Challenge Grows. Wendell Minnick. Defense News. 31 August 2015. 25 April 2016.
5. Web site: 200 thiết bị quân sự Việt Nam sản xuất được giới thiệu ở Army Games 2021. www.qdnd.vn.
6. Web site: Mũ chống đạn của Quân đội Việt Nam chịu được đạn 9mm. netnews.vn. 2019-04-16. 16 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190416202353/http://netnews.vn/Mu-chong-dan-cua-Quan-doi-Viet-Nam-chiu-duoc-dan-9mm-quan-su-150-0-1162817.html. dead.
7. Web site: Tìm hiểu các loại mũ sắt, mũ chống đạn của QĐNDVN. soha.vn. 5 July 2014 . vi. 2019-04-16.
8. https://web.archive.org/web/20210910142724/https://netnews.vn/Nua-the-ky-gay-dung-thuong-hieu-cua-Z176-quan-su-150-1757-2600997.html Half a century of branding of Z176
9. https://web.archive.org/web/20221209173841/https://ttxh.org/an-ninh/quoc-phong/dac-nhiem-viet-nam-bat-kip-xu-the-mu-chong-dan-hang-dau-the-gioi-1112202040038.html Vietnamese special forces catch up with the world's leading bulletproof helmet trend
10. Web site: 200 thiết bị quân sự Việt Nam sản xuất được giới thiệu ở Army Games. vnexpress.net.
11. Web site: 2018-09-03. Cận cảnh áo giáp chống đạn 'Made in Việt Nam': đạt cấp III+ theo tiêu chuẩn Mỹ, chống đạn AK-47 ở khoảng cách 15m.. 2021-02-01. genk.vn.
12. Web site: Việt Nam tự chủ sản xuất xe thiết giáp quân sự. 2021-05-18. comcom24.net. 18 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210518225736/https://comcom24.net/viet-nam-tu-chu-san-xuat-xe-thiet-giap-quan-su/. bot: unknown.
13. Web site: VCCorp.vn. Áo giáp và ba lô thế hệ mới của Đặc công Việt Nam: Rất độc đáo. 2021-09-10. soha.vn. 7 December 2018 . vi.
14. Web site: Tìm hiểu về quân phục ngụy trang của quân đội Việt Nam (phần 2). tintucvietnam.vn. 2018-03-04. Tin tức Việt Nam – Cập nhật tin tức trong nước hôm nay. vietnamese. 2019-04-16.
15. Web site: Baomoi. baomoi.com. 2019-04-17.
16. Web site: [ẢNH] Quân phục ngụy trang "kỹ thuật số" của Việt Nam có những ưu điểm nào?]. 2018-07-07. Báo điện tử An Ninh Thủ Đô. 2019-04-16.
17. Web site: Ảnh: Quân phục dã chiến mới của QĐND Việt Nam. 2017-11-16. Kienthuc.net.vn. 2019-04-16.
18. Web site: Việt Nam chính thức lựa chọn trang bị quân phục dã chiến K20 mới - BAOMOI.COM. 2021-02-17. m.baomoi.com.
19. Web site: Chiến sĩ QĐND VN được trang bị kính nhìn xuyên đêm. 5 October 2013. ZingNews.vn.
20. Web site: Thủ tướng Phạm Minh Chính dự, theo dõi diễn tập của Quân đoàn 12 . 2023-12-23 . www.qdnd.vn . en-US.
21. Web site: 2019-11-21 . Việt Nam nâng cấp súng AK để gắn kính ngắm hiện đại - Tạp chí Doanh nghiệp Việt Nam . 2024-02-27 . Tạp chí Doanh nghiệp Việt Nam .
22. Web site: AARM-30: Đoàn xạ thủ của Quân đội nhân dân Việt Nam xuất sắc giành vị trí nhất bảng . 2024-02-27 . VietNamNet News .
23. Web site: Sức mạnh dàn súng Việt Nam tự sản xuất. 2019-04-01. baodatviet.vn.
24. Web site: 2015-12-19. K14-VN Pistol. 2019-04-01. Modern Firearms. en.
25. Web site: Ngạc nhiên vũ khí tối tân đến không ngờ của Đặc công VN. 2018-12-13. Kienthuc.net.vn. 2019-04-02.
26. Web site: Việt Nam sản xuất súng ngắn Jericho 941. 2021-01-31. datviet.trithuccuocsong.vn. 5 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210205134649/https://datviet.trithuccuocsong.vn/quoc-phong/quoc-phong-viet-nam/viet-nam-san-xuat-sung-ngan-jericho-941-3420298/. dead.
27. Web site: Bên trong nhà máy sản xuất 25.000 khẩu Galil một năm của Việt Nam Quán bia ComCom. 2021-01-31. vi. 26 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210226161830/https://comcom24.net/ben-trong-nha-may-san-xuat-25-000-khau-galil-mot-nam-cua-viet-nam-2/. dead.
28. Web site: Quân đội Nhân dân Việt Nam được trang bị những loại súng ngắn nào. soha.vn. 12 October 2014 . vi. 2019-04-01.
29. Web site: tienphong.vn . 2016-06-10 . Mẫu súng ngắn hiện đại nhất mà Công an Việt Nam sở hữu . 2023-03-26 . baonghean.vn . id.
30. Web site: Trung Quốc 'choáng': CSCĐ Việt Nam dùng 'Súng bẻ góc' Israel. baodatviet.vn. 2019-04-02. 29 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180829110231/http://baodatviet.vn/quoc-phong/binh-luan-quan-su/trung-quoc-choang-cscd-viet-nam-dung-sung-be-goc-israel-3237837/. dead.
31. Web site: 2020-07-17. STV-380 and STV-215 - New Service Rifles of Vietnamese Army -. 2021-01-31. The Firearm Blog. en-US.
32. Web site: 2020-10-20. A Look Into Vietnamese Firearms Manufacturing in Z111 Factory -. 2021-01-31. The Firearm Blog. en-US.
33. Web site: Yuval Azulai. 18 July 2012. Israel's defense industry targets Vietnam. 25 April 2016. Globes.
34. Web site: Jon Grevatt. 3 February 2014. Israel Weapon Industries to begin assault rifle production in Vietnam. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140307055558/http://www.janes.com/article/33334/israel-weapon-industries-to-begin-assault-rifle-production-in-vietnam. 7 March 2014. 25 April 2016. IHS Jane's 360.
35. Web site: tử . Báo Nghệ An điện . 2019-01-16 . Việt Nam cung cấp súng trường Galil cho Lào . 2024-03-24 . Báo Nghệ An điện tử . vi.
36. Web site: "Lính mới" Hải quân Việt Nam luyện bắn súng AK. kienthuc.net.vn. 1 November 2013.
37. Web site: Vietnam has upgraded Kalashnikov AKM under the name STL-1A | weapons defence industry military technology UK | analysis focus army defence military industry army . www.armyrecognition.com. 2019-04-01.
38. Web site: Việt Nam "cải lão hoàn đồng" súng trường AK-47 huyền thoại như thế nào? . 11 July 2020 .
39. Web site: Lộ điểm đặc biệt trên súng AKM-1 Việt Nam sản xuất . 12 September 2019 .
40. Web site: Việt Nam mua nhiều vũ khí từ CH Czech. Vietnamese. BBC News. 23 July 2014. 25 April 2016.
41. Web site: Việt Nam nâng cấp thành công súng trường M16 - DVO - Báo Đất Việt . datviet.trithuccuocsong.vn . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210913224554/https://datviet.trithuccuocsong.vn/quoc-phong/quoc-phong-viet-nam/viet-nam-nang-cap-thanh-cong-sung-truong-m16-3419356/ . 2021-09-13.
42. Web site: [ẢNH] Bất ngờ, Việt Nam sản xuất khẩu súng trường nổi tiếng của Anh quốc . 8 November 2018 .
43. Web site: [Indo Defense 2018] Vietnamese Small Arms Part One: Lee Enfield's, M79's, and Bizon's -]. 2018-11-29. The Firearm Blog. en-US. 2019-04-01.
44. Web site: Trang bị súng phóng lựu thế hệ mới T40 cho Galil ACE?. baodatviet.vn. 2019-04-02. 6 August 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190806144129/http://baodatviet.vn/quoc-phong/quoc-phong-viet-nam/trang-bi-sung-phong-luu-the-he-moi-t40-cho-galil-ace-3350893. dead.
45. Web site: Khẩu súng shotgun liên thanh cực kỳ độc đáo của Quân đội Việt Nam . 2 February 2021 .
46. Web site: Administrator . 2018-01-22 . Vietnam to start production of Russian OSV-96 anti-materiel rifle January 2018 Global Defense Security army news industry Defense Security global news industry army 2018 Archive News year . 2024-03-24 . Army Recognition . en-gb.
47. Web site: Triển lãm Quốc phòng quốc tế Việt Nam 2022 . 2024-03-24 . . vi . Súng bắn tỉa 12,7mm SBT12M1..
48. Web site: Vietnam Begins Manufacture of 12.7mm KSVK, Expands Capabilities -. 2017-08-17. The Firearm Blog. en-US. 2019-04-02.
49. Web site: E-RAPORT MSPO 3/2016 - Nowości i eksportowe sukcesy Tarnowa - Altair Agencja Lotnicza.
50. Web site: Việt Nam sản xuất thành công súng máy PKMS hiện đại. soha.vn. 29 April 2015 . vi. 2019-04-02.
51. Web site: Mổ xẻ' biến thể mới nhất súng máy FN Minimi Việt Nam. Vietnamese. Kiến Thức. 28 November 2013. 29 November 2013.
52. Web site: Sức mạnh T-54/55 Việt Nam tăng đáng kể. Vietnamese. Báo Đất Việt. 13 March 2012. 25 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20120315231502/http://quocphong.baodatviet.vn/Home/QPCN/Suc-manh-T5455-Viet-Nam-tang-dang-ke/20123/197418.datviet. 15 March 2012. dead.
53. Web site: Nhà máy Z111: Cái nôi sản xuất súng cho QĐ Việt Nam. soha.vn. 10 September 2016 . vi. 2019-04-02.
54. Web site: Việt Nam sửa chữa súng phóng lựu Mỹ. Vietnamese. Báo Đất Việt. 8 December 2012. 29 April 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103221546/http://quocphong.baodatviet.vn/Home/QPCN/Viet-Nam-sua-chua-sung-phong-luu-My/20128/227887.datviet. 3 November 2012. dead.
55. Web site: Việt Nam chế tạo súng phóng lựu tự động. Vietnamese. Báo Đất Việt. 29 January 2012. 25 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20120306162550/http://quocphong.baodatviet.vn/Home/QPCN/Viet-Nam-che-tao-sung-phong-luu-tu-dong/20121/188989.datviet. 6 March 2012. dead.
56. Web site: Súng cối và đạn cối triệt âm 50 mm Việt Nam có gì đặc biệt?. soha.vn. 16 November 2017 . vi. 2019-06-15.
57. Web site: Giải mã vũ khí chống tăng "vặn cổ" được Type 99 của Việt Nam. 17 September 2018. trithuccuocsong.vn.
58. Web site: Việt Nam bất ngờ sản xuất thành công 'hỏa thần diệt tăng' RPG-29.
59. Book: Small Arms Survey (2004) . . 2004 . 81.
60. [International Institute for Strategic Studies|International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)]
61. Web site: Vietnam Orders Russian T-90 Tanks. 2021-03-19. www.defenseworld.net.
62. January 2017 . Chapter One: Defence and military analysis . The Military Balance . 117 . 1 . 7–18 . 10.1080/04597222.2017.1271206 . 219622408 . 0459-7222.
63. Web site: Vietnam Army Equipment. Global Security. 25 April 2016.
64. January 2004 . Central and South Asia . The Military Balance . 104 . 1 . 309–317 . 10.1080/725292372 . 219627990 . 0459-7222.
65. January 2004 . Essay: International Terrorism . The Military Balance . 104 . 1 . 378–385 . 10.1080/725292364 . 219623724 . 0459-7222.
66. January 2014 . Chapter Seven: Middle East and North Africa . The Military Balance . 114 . 1 . 297–354 . 10.1080/04597222.2014.871884 . 219623759 . 0459-7222.
67. Web site: Hóa ra Việt Nam có sử hữu xe thiết giáp MT-LB thiết kế cực độc. 2023-01-21. kienthuc.net. 27 June 2020.
68. January 1999 . Analyses and tables . The Military Balance . 99 . 1 . 280–318 . 10.1080/04597229908460136 . 0459-7222.
69. Web site: Vietnamese Army developed BTR-152 armored vehicle medevac variant | April 2018 Global Defense Security army news industry | Defense Security global news industry army 2018 | Archive News year. www.armyrecognition.com.
70. Web site: 6 November 2013 . SIPRI arms transfer database . 6 November 2013 . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
71. Web site: Mơ thành thật: Việt Nam đã nhận xe thiết giáp BTR-80 phiên bản đặc biệt! . 22 December 2016.
72. Web site: Lực lượng vũ trang tỉnh: Bảo đảm tốt công tác kỹ thuật đáp ứng yêu cầu hoạt động. 22 May 2023. 12 December 2023. Báo Hoà Bình.
73. January 2005 . Caribbean and Latin America . The Military Balance . 105 . 1 . 315–358 . 10.1080/04597220500387670 . 161596649 . 0459-7222.
74. Web site: Việt Nam đã cải tiến xe thiết giáp Commando V-100 ra sao?.
75. Web site: Việt Nam có nên tái biên chế thiết giáp V-100 Commando?. 14 June 2017.
76. Web site: Điểm qua một số chương trình nâng cấp vũ khí nổi bật của VN (P3). 19 July 2014.
77. Web site: Worldwide Ballistic Missile Inventories (See Vietnam). Brianna Starosciak. Arms Control Association; Missile Defense Agency; US Department of Defense; Congressional Research Service; National Air and Space Intelligence Center; US Department of State; Federation of American Scientists. Arms Control Association. 5 January 2012. 27 June 2015.
78. Web site: Trade Registers . 2022-08-19 . armstrade.sipri.org.
79. Web site: Развитие отечественных РСЗО. Часть 4. Час испытаний. Альтернативная История. Russian. 28 May 2022. 1 June 2022. 1 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220601183847/https://alternathistory.com/razvitie-otechestvennyh-rszo-chast-4-chas-ispytanij/. dead.
80. Web site: Sức mạnh pháo phản lực có cỡ nòng lớn nhất Việt Nam. Kiến Thức. Vietnamese. 20 August 2018. 1 June 2022.
81. https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php
82. Web site: Ngạc nhiên: Pháo M-30 vẫn trực chiến trong QĐND Việt Nam. kienthuc.net.vn. 10 December 2016.
83. Web site: Buổi bắn thử nghiệm 3 loại đạn pháo cấp chiến dịch do Việt Nam tự nghiên cứu sản xuất. Tisstore. 14 October 2015. YouTube.
84. Web site: Tăng T-90S Việt Nam sẽ có cận vệ BREM-1M đi kèm . BÁO ĐẤT VIỆT . 26 February 2020 . 25 February 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200225233934/https://baodatviet.vn/quoc-phong/quoc-phong-viet-nam/tang-t-90s-viet-nam-se-co-can-ve-brem-1m-di-kem-3395462/ . dead .
85. Web site: Giá liên kết máy đẩy với thuyền vượt sông nhẹ. Vietnam People's Army Newspaper. 7 October 2017. 3 November 2023.
86. Web site: Đoàn cán bộ, học viên Học viện Quốc phòng thăm và làm việc tại Lữ đoàn Công binh 575 (Quân khu 1). Vietnam People's Army Newspaper. 13 July 2011. 3 November 2023.
87. Web site: Lữ đoàn Công binh 414 (Quân khu 4): Coi trọng thực hành, gắn với thực tế. 1 November 2023. 18 April 2023. People's Army Newspaper (Vietnam).
88. https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_may_2021_global_security_army_industry/vietnamese_army_gets_polish_mechanized_bridges_ms-20_daglezja.amp.html Vietnamese army gets Polish mechanized bridges MS-20 Daglezja
89. Web site: Bảo đảm thông tin liên lạc kịp thời, chính xác, bí mật, an toàn. 28 June 2019.
90. Web site: Việt Nam nhận loạt "ngựa thồ siêu khỏe" từ Nga. 9 November 2019. 10 November 2019. 4 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201204194619/https://baodatviet.vn/quoc-phong/quoc-phong-viet-nam/viet-nam-nhan-loat-ngua-tho-sieu-khoe-tu-nga-3391108/. dead.
91. Web site: Thực hiện Nghị quyết 847 của Quân ủy Trung ương ở Tổng cục Hậu cần: Cách làm sáng tạo, hiệu quả thiết thực. Báo quân đội nhân dân. 29 August 2022 . 29 August 2022.
92. Web site: Vươn lên làm chủ công nghệ, bảo đảm thông tin liên lạc trong tình hình mới. 17 July 2020.
93. Web site: Soi UAV Heron 1 Việt Nam có thể đã mua từ Israel. 9 December 2018.
94. Web site: Egozi2014-09-29T15:15:08+01:00. Arie. Vietnam acquires unmanned Orbiter 2. 2021-09-16. Flight Global. en.
95. Web site: Báo Anh hé mở thông tin về UAV hiện đại của Việt Nam. 12 November 2018. trithuccuocsong.vn.
96. Vietnam People's Army: Development and Modernization. Carlyle A. Thayer. Sultan Haji Bolkiah Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies, Ministry of Defence, Bolkiah Garrison, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam. Cite Seer X, National Science Foundation (NSF). 30 April 2009. 10/41. 10.1.1.401.6314.