List of endangered languages in Europe explained

An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. A language may be endangered in one area but show signs of revitalisation in another, as with the Irish language.

Levels of language endangerment

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines four levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct":^[1]

• Vulnerable - "most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)"
• Definitely endangered - "children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home"
• Severely endangered - "language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves"
• Critically endangered - "the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently"
• Extinct - "there are no speakers left; included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s"

The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of that publication, both published by UNESCO.^[2]

List of languages

Albania • Armenia • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Kazakhstan • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Moldova • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • North Macedonia • Norway • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • Switzerland • Turkey • Ukraine • United Kingdom

Language	width=140pt	Status	Speakers	Notes	ISO 639-3
Albania See main article: Languages of Albania.
Aromanian	Definitely endangered	210,000^[3]	Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo	rup
Judezmo	Severely endangered	60,000^[4]	Also spoken in: Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey	lad
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000^[5]	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Torlakian	Vulnerable	1,500,000^[6]	Also spoken in: Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia	hbs
Armenia See main article: Languages of Armenia.
Pontic Greek	Definitely endangered	778,000^[7]	Also spoken in: Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine	pnt
Suret	Definitely endangered	650,000–1,000,000^[8]	Also spoken in: Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey	aii, cld
Austria See main article: Languages of Austria.
Alemannic	Vulnerable^[9]	7,162,000^[10]	Also spoken in: France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland	gsw, swg, wae
Bavarian	Vulnerable	14,089,000	Also spoken in: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland	bar
Burgenland Croatian	Definitely endangered	50,000–60,000^[11]	Also spoken in: Hungary, Slovakia
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Czech Republic, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Azerbaijan See main article: Languages of Azerbaijan.
Budukh	Severely endangered	200		bdk
Juhuri	Definitely endangered	101,000	Caucasus. Also spoken in: Russia	jdt
Khinalug	Severely endangered	3,000		kjj
Kryz	Severely endangered	5,000		kry
Lezgian	Vulnerable	800,000	Also spoken in: Russia	lez
Rutul	Definitely endangered	36,400	Also spoken in: Russia	rut
Talysh	Vulnerable	912,000	Also spoken in: Iran	tly
Tat	Severely endangered	28,000		ttt
Tsakhur	Definitely endangered	22,300	Also spoken in: Russia	tkr
Udi	Severely endangered	6,160	(Azerbaijan)	udi
Belarus See main article: Languages of Belarus.
Belarusian	Vulnerable	5,058,400^[12]	Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine	bel
Polesian	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: Poland, Ukraine
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Belgium See main article: Languages of Belgium.
Champenois	Severely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: France	fra
Limburgian-Ripuarian	Vulnerable	1,300,000	Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands	ksh, lim
Lorrain	Severely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: France	fra
Moselle Franconian	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: France, Germany, Luxembourg	ltz
Picard	Severely endangered	700,000^[13]	Also spoken in: France	pcd
Walloon	Definitely endangered	600,000	Also spoken in: France, Luxembourg	wln
West Flemish	Vulnerable	1,400,000	Also spoken in: France, Netherlands	vls, zea
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Judezmo	Severely endangered	60,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey	lad
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Bulgaria See main article: Languages of Bulgaria.
Aromanian	Definitely endangered	210,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia	rup
Crimean Tatar	Severely endangered	580,000	(Dobruja). Also spoken in: Romania, Russia, Ukraine	crh, jct
Deli Orman Gagauz	Critically endangered	148,720	(Deli Orman)	bgx, gag
Judezmo	Severely endangered	60,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey	lad
Maritime Gagauz	Severely endangered	148,720	(Maritime). Also spoken in: Romania	bgx, gag
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Torlakian	Vulnerable	1,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia	hbs
Croatia
Arbanasi	Severely endangered	Unknown
Istriot	Severely endangered	1,300		ist
Istro-Romanian	Severely endangered	1,400		ruo
Judezmo	Severely endangered	60,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey	lad
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Venetian	Vulnerable	3,900,000	Also spoken in: Italy, Slovenia	vec
Vojvodina Rusyn	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Serbia
Cyprus See main article: Languages of Cyprus.
Cypriot Arabic	Severely endangered	9,800		acy
Czech Republic
Bavarian	Vulnerable	14,089,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland	bar
East Franconian	Vulnerable	4,900,000	Also spoken in: Germany	vmf
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Denmark See main article: Languages of Denmark and Languages of the Faroe Islands.
Faroese	Vulnerable	72,000		fao
Low Saxon	Vulnerable	2,200,000^[14]	Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands, Russia	act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep
Scanian	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: Sweden	swe
South Jutlandic	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Germany	jut
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Estonia See main article: Languages of Estonia.
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Võro-Seto	Definitely endangered	133,680^[15]	Also spoken in: Russia	est
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Finland See main article: Languages of Finland.
Inari Sámi	Severely endangered	400^[16]		smn
Karelian	Definitely endangered	19,753^[17] ^[18]	Also spoken in: Russia	krl
North Saami	Definitely endangered	25,000	Also spoken in: Norway, Russia, Sweden	sme
Olonetsian	Definitely endangered	14,100–25,000^[19]	Also spoken in: Russia	olo
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Skolt Saami	Severely endangered	350	Also spoken in: Norway, Russia	sms
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
France See main article: Languages of France.
Alemannic	Vulnerable	7,162,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland	gsw, swg, wae
Alpine Provençal	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Italy	oci
Auvergnat	Severely endangered	80,000		oci
Basque	Vulnerable	751,000^[20]	Also spoken in: Spain	eus
Breton	Severely endangered	207,000^[21]		bre
Burgundian	Severely endangered	50,000^[22]		fra
Champenois	Severely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Belgium	fra
Corsican	Definitely endangered	150,000	Also spoken in: Italy	cos
Frainc-Comtou	Severely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Switzerland	fra
Franco-Provençal	Definitely endangered	157,000	Also spoken in: Italy, Switzerland	frp
Gallo	Severely endangered	191,000^[23]		fra
Gascon	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Spain	oci
Languedocien	Severely endangered	5,000		oci
Ligurian	Definitely endangered	600,000	Also spoken in: Italy, Monaco	lij
Limousin	Severely endangered	10,000		oci
Lorrain	Severely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Belgium	fra
Moselle Franconian	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg	ltz
Norman	Severely endangered	20,000		nrn
Picard	Severely endangered	700,000	Also spoken in: Belgium	pcd
Poitevin-Saintongeais	Severely endangered	200,000–300,000^[24]		fra
Provençal	Severely endangered	350,000		oci
Rhenish Franconian	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: Germany	pfl
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Walloon	Definitely endangered	600,000	Also spoken in: Belgium, Luxembourg	wln
West Flemish	Vulnerable	1,400,000	Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands	vls, zea
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Georgia
Abkhaz	Vulnerable	190,000	Also spoken in: Russia, Turkey	abk
Bats	Severely endangered	500^[25]		bbl
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic	Severely endangered	<500^[26]	Also spoken in: Russia	bhn
Homshetsma	Severely endangered	Unknown	(Caucasus). Also spoken in: Russia	hye
Laz	Definitely endangered	22,000	Also spoken in: Turkey	lzz
Mingrelian	Definitely endangered	344,000		xmf
Ossete	Vulnerable	597,450	Also spoken in: Russia	oss
Pontic Greek	Definitely endangered	778,000	Also spoken in: Armenia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine	pnt
Svan	Definitely endangered	14,000		sva
Udi	Severely endangered	6,160	(Georgia) .	udi
Urum	Definitely endangered	190,000	Also spoken in: Russia, Ukraine	uum
Germany See main article: Languages of Germany.
Alemannic	Vulnerable	7,162,000	Also spoken in: Austria, France, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland	gsw, swg, wae
Bavarian	Vulnerable	14,089,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland	bar
East Franconian	Vulnerable	4,900,000	Also spoken in: Czech Republic	vmf
Ripuarian	Vulnerable	250,000	Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands	ksh
Low Saxon	Vulnerable	2,200,000	Also spoken in: Denmark, Netherlands, Russia	act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep
Moselle Franconian	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Luxembourg	ltz
North Frisian	Severely endangered	10,000		frr
Rhenish Franconian	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: France	pfl
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Saterland Frisian	Severely endangered	2,000		stq
Sorbian	Definitely endangered	19,900		dsb, hsb
South Jutlandic	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Denmark	jut
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Greece See main article: Languages of Greece.
Aromanian	Definitely endangered	210,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia	rup
Arvanitika	Severely endangered	50,000		aat
Cappadocian Greek	Critically endangered	2,800		cpg
	Critically endangered	250
Gagauz (South Balkans)	Severely endangered	148,720	(South Balkans) . Also spoken in: North Macedonia, Turkey	bgx, gag
Judezmo	Severely endangered	60,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey	lad
Megleno-Romanian	Severely endangered	5,000	Also spoken in: North Macedonia	ruq
Pontic Greek	Definitely endangered	778,000	Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine	pnt
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Tsakonian	Critically endangered	2,000–4,000^[27]		tsd
Hungary See main article: Languages of Hungary.
Bavarian	Vulnerable	14,089,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Switzerland	bar
Burgenland Croatian	Definitely endangered	50,000–60,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Slovakia	hbs
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Rusyn	Vulnerable	70,000	Also spoken in: Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine	rue
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Ireland See main article: Languages of Ireland.
Irish	Definitely endangered	170,000-1,760,000^[28]	Also spoken in: United Kingdom	gle
Shelta	Critically endangered^[29]	50,000		sth
Italy See main article: Languages of Italy.
Alemannic	Vulnerable	7,162,000	Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland	gsw, swg, wae
Algherese (Catalan)	Definitely endangered	Unknown		cat
Alpine Provençal	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: France	oci
Arbëresh	Definitely endangered	100,000		aae
Bavarian	Vulnerable	14,089,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland	bar
Cimbrian	Definitely endangered	400^[30]		cim
Corsican	Definitely endangered	150,000	Also spoken in: France	cos
Emilian	Definitely endangered	1,300,000^[31]		egl
Faetar	Definitely endangered	<1,000^[32]	An outlying dialect of Francoprovençal	frp
Franco-Provençal	Definitely endangered	157,000	Also spoken in: France, Switzerland	frp
Friulian	Definitely endangered	600,000		fur
Gallo-Italic of Sicily	Definitely endangered	60,000^[33]		lmo
Gallurese	Definitely endangered	100,000	An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO	sdn
Gardiol	Severely endangered	Unknown	An outlying dialect of Alpine Provençal
Griko	Severely endangered	20,000^[34]	An outlying dialect of Greek spoken in Calabria and Salento	ell
Ladin	Definitely endangered	41,100^[35] ^[36]		lld
Ligurian	Definitely endangered	600,000	Also spoken in: France, Monaco	lij
Lombard	Definitely endangered	3,800,000	Also spoken in: Switzerland	lmo
Mòcheno	Definitely endangered	1,900	An outlying dialect of Bavarian	mhn
Molise Croatian	Severely endangered	<1,000^[37]		svm
Piedmontese	Definitely endangered	2,000,000		pms
Resian	Definitely endangered	929^[38]	An outlying dialect of Slovene	slv
Romagnol	Definitely endangered	430,000^[39]	Also spoken in: San Marino	rgn
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Sardinian	Definitely endangered	1,000,000^[40] ^[41]		src, sro
Sassarese	Definitely endangered	100,000	An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO	sdc
Sicilian	Vulnerable	4,700,000		scn
Neapolitan	Vulnerable	5,700,000		nap
Swabian German	Severely endangered	820,000		swg
Swiss German	Severely endangered	4,930,000^[42]		gsw
Töitschu	Severely endangered	22,780	An outlying dialect of Alemannic	gsw, swg, wae
Venetian	Vulnerable	3,900,000	Also spoken in: Croatia, Slovenia	vec
Walser	Severely endangered	22,780		wae
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Kazakhstan See main article: Languages of Kazakhstan.
Dungan	Definitely endangered	110,000	Also spoken in: Kyrgyzstan	dng
Latvia
Belarusian	Vulnerable	5,058,400	Also spoken in: Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine	bel
Latgalian	Vulnerable	200,000	Also spoken in: Russia	lav
Livonian	Critically endangered	250^[43]		liv
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Liechtenstein See main article: Languages of Liechtenstein.
Alemannic	Vulnerable	7,162,000	Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland	gsw, swg, wae
Lithuania
Belarusian	Vulnerable	5,058,400	Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Ukraine	bel
Karaim	Severely endangered	80	(Lithuania).	kdr
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Luxembourg See main article: Languages of Luxembourg.
Luxembourgish	Vulnerable	430,000	Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Germany	ltz
Walloon	Definitely endangered	600,000	Also spoken in: Belgium, France	wln
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Moldova See main article: Languages of Moldova.
Gagauz (Bessarabia)	Critically endangered	148,720	Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine	bgx, gag
Monaco See main article: Languages of Monaco.
Ligurian	Definitely endangered	600,000	Also spoken in: France, Italy	lij
Montenegro See main article: Languages of Montenegro.
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Netherlands See main article: Languages of the Netherlands.
Limburgish	Vulnerable	1,300,000	Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany	lim
Low Saxon	Vulnerable	2,200,000	Also spoken in: Denmark, Germany, Russia	act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
West Flemish	Vulnerable	1,400,000	Also spoken in: Belgium, France	vls, zea
West Frisian	Vulnerable	470,000		fry
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
North Macedonia See main article: Languages of North Macedonia.
Aromanian	Definitely endangered	210,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia	rup
Megleno-Romanian	Severely endangered	5,000	Also spoken in: Greece	ruq
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Norway See main article: Languages of Norway.
Lule Sámi	Severely endangered	650^[44]	Also spoken in: Sweden	smj
North Saami	Definitely endangered	25,000	Also spoken in: Finland, Russia, Sweden	sme
Pite Sámi	Critically endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Sweden	sje
Skolt Saami	Severely endangered	350	Also spoken in: Finland, Russia	sms
Southern Sámi	Severely endangered	600	Also spoken in: Sweden	sma
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Poland See main article: Languages of Poland.
Belarusian	Vulnerable	5,058,400	Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine	bel
Kashubian	Severely endangered	108,000^[45]	Also spoken in: Canada	csb
Polesian	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: Belarus, Ukraine
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Rusyn	Vulnerable	70,000	Also spoken in: Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine	rue
Wymysorys	Severely endangered	20^[46]		wym
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Portugal See main article: Languages of Portugal.
Asturian-Leonese	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Spain	ast, ext, mwl
Romania See main article: Languages of Romania.
Banat Bulgarian	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Serbia	bul
Crimean Tatar	Severely endangered	580,000	(Dobruja) . Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine	crh, jct
Csángó	Severely endangered.	Unknown		hun
Gagauz (Bessarabia)	Severely endangered	148,720	Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine	bgx, gag
Judezmo	Severely endangered	60,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Turkey, Serbia	lad
Nogai	Severely endangered	87,000	(Dobruja) .	nog
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Rusyn	Vulnerable	70,000	Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine	rue
Torlakian	Vulnerable	1,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia	hbs
Transylvanian Saxon	Severely endangered	200,000^[47]
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Russia See main article: Languages of Russia and List of endangered languages in Russia.
San Marino See main article: Languages of San Marino.
Romagnol	Definitely endangered	430,000^[48]	Also spoken in: Italy	rgn
Serbia See main article: Languages of Serbia.
Aromanian	Definitely endangered	210,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia	rup
Banat Bulgarian	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Romania	bul
Judezmo	Severely endangered	60,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Turkey	lad
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Torlakian	Vulnerable	1,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania	hbs
Vojvodina Rusyn	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Croatia
Slovakia
Burgenland Croatian	Definitely endangered	50,000–60,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Hungary	hbs
Eastern Slovak	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: Ukraine	slk
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Rusyn	Vulnerable	70,000	Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine	rue
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Slovenia See main article: Languages of Slovenia.
Gottscheerish	Critically endangered	Unknown
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Venetian	Vulnerable	3,900,000	Also spoken in: Croatia, Italy	vec
Spain See main article: Languages of Spain.
Aragonese	Definitely endangered	30,000–50,000^[49]		arg
Asturian-Leonese	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Portugal	ast, ext, mwl
Basque	Vulnerable	751,000	Also spoken in: France	eus
Gascon	Definitely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: France	oci
Sweden See main article: Languages of Sweden.
Dalecarlian	Definitely endangered	Unknown		swe
Modern Gutnish	Definitely endangered	2,000–5,000^[50] ^[51]		swe
Lule Sámi	Severely endangered	650	Also spoken in: Norway	smj
North Saami	Definitely endangered	25,000	Also spoken in: Finland, Norway, Russia	sme
Pite Sámi	Critically endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: Norway	sje
Scanian	Vulnerable	Unknown		swe
Southern Sámi	Severely endangered	600	Also spoken in: Norway	sma
Ume Sámi	Critically endangered	100		sju
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Switzerland See main article: Languages of Switzerland.
Alemannic	Vulnerable		Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein	gsw, swg, wae
Bavarian	Vulnerable	14,089,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy	bar
Frainc-Comtou	Severely endangered	Unknown	Also spoken in: France	fra
Franco-Provençal	Definitely endangered	157,000	Also spoken in: France, Italy	frp
Lombard	Definitely endangered	3,800,000	Also spoken in: Italy	lmo
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Romansh	Definitely endangered	60,000		roh
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom	ydd
Turkey See main article: Languages of Turkey.
Abaza	Definitely endangered	49,800	Also spoken in: Russia	abq
Abkhaz	Vulnerable	190,000	Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia	abk
Adyghe	Definitely endangered	610,000	Also spoken in: Iraq, Israel, Jordan, North Macedonia, Russia, Syria	ady
Gagauz (South Balkans)	Severely endangered	460,000	(South Balkans) Also spoken in: Greece, North Macedonia	bgx
Homshetsma	Definitely endangered	Unknown		hye
Judezmo	Severely endangered	60,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia	lad
Kabard-Cherkes	Vulnerable	590,000	Also spoken in: Russia	kbd
Laz	Definitely endangered	22,000	Also spoken in: Georgia	lzz
Pontic Greek	Definitely endangered	778,000	Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Ukraine	pnt
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Suret	Definitely endangered	650,000–1,000,000	Also spoken in: Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria	aii, cld
Western Armenian	Definitely endangered	1,600,000		hye
Zazaki	Vulnerable	3,000,000–4,000,000		zza
Ukraine See main article: Languages of Ukraine.
Belarusian	Vulnerable	5,058,400	Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia	bel
Crimean Tatar	Severely endangered	580,000	(Crimea). Also spoken in Bulgaria, Romania, Russia	crh, jct
Crimean Turkish	Severely endangered	580,000
Eastern Slovak	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: Slovakia	slk
Gagauz	Definitely endangered	148,720	(Bessarabia). Also spoken in: Moldova	bgx, gag
Karaim	Critically endangered	80	(Western Ukraine)	kdr
Mariupolitan Greek	Severely endangered	Unknown		ell
Nogai	Severely endangered	87,000	(Crimea)	nog
Plautdietsch	Definitely endangered	447,360		pdt
Polesian	Vulnerable	Unknown	Also spoken in: Belarus, Poland
Pontic Greek	Definitely endangered	778,000	Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey	pnt
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Rusyn	Vulnerable	70,000	Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia	rue
Urum	Definitely endangered	190,000	Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia	uum
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom	ydd
United Kingdom and Crown dependencies See main article: Languages of the United Kingdom and Languages of Ireland.
Cornish	Critically endangered	557^[52]		cor
Guernésiais	Severely endangered	200	(Guernsey)	nrn
Irish	Definitely endangered	170,000-1,760,000	Also spoken in: Ireland	gle
Jèrriais	Severely endangered	4,700	(Jersey)	nrn
Manx	Critically endangered	1,853^[53]	(Isle of Man)	glv
Romani	Definitely endangered	3,500,000	Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine	rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy
Scots	Vulnerable	99,200		sco
Scottish Gaelic	Definitely endangered	57,375^[54]	Also spoken in: Canada	gla
Sercquiais	Critically endangered	3^[55]
Welsh	Vulnerable	892,200^[56]	Also spoken in: Patagonia	cym
Yiddish	Definitely endangered	1,510,000	Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine	ydd

See also

• Lists of endangered languages
• List of European languages
• List of extinct languages of Europe
• List of endangered languages in Russia
• List of endangered languages in Asia

Notes and References

1. Book: 2010 . Moseley . Christopher . Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger . Memory of Peoples . 3rd . Paris . UNESCO Publishing . 978-92-3-104096-2 . 2015-04-11 .
2. http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php?hl=en&page=atlasmap# For the online atlas version see here
3. Web site: Aromanian . 4 July 2022 . Ethnologue.
4. Web site: Peim . Benjamin . Ladino Lingers on in Brooklyn – Barely . . 12 August 2017.
5. Web site: Romani Project: Numbers and distribution . University of Manchester.
6. "Torlak" at Web site: UNESCO's list of endangered languages . Unesco.org . 2013-03-24.
7. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082135/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pnt/21 . April 12, 2018 . Pontic . . 2018-04-11.
8. Web site: Suret Language.
9. http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1011.html "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger - Interactive Map."

10. ; ;

11. Web site: Geschichte der kroatischen Volksgruppe in Österreich . de . History of the Croatian ethnic group in Austria . hrvatskicentar.at . 6 October 2016 . 20 April 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160420184207/http://www.hrvatskicentar.at/hrvatsko/geschichte.htm . dead.
12. Web site: Population classified by knowledge of the Belarusian and Russian languages by region and Minsk City . Belstat.gov.by . 2 December 2018 . 3 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170803170716/http://www.belstat.gov.by/en/perepis-naseleniya/perepis-naseleniya-2009-goda/main-demographic-and-social-characteristics-of-population-of-the-republic-of-belarus/population-classified-by-knowledge-of-the-belarusian-and-russian-languages-by-region-and-minsk-city/ . dead.
13. Julie . Auger . . "Issues of authenticity, purity, and autonomy in minority languages: What is "real" Picard, and who is an "authentic" speaker?" . Congress Minority and Diasporic Languages of Europe . 14–17 February 2003 . Berkeley, US. in Book: Pawel . Nowak . Corey . Yoquelet . Berkeley Linguistics Society (BLS 29).

14. ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

15. Web site: Rahva ja eluruumide loendus 2021 – eesti keelt kõnelev rahvastik murdekeele oskuse, vanuserühma, soo ja elukoha (haldusüksus) järgi, 31. detsember 2021 . et . Population and housing census 2021 - Estonian-speaking population by dialect proficiency, age group, gender and place of residence (administrative unit), December 31, 2021.
16. Web site: Anaras: The Inari Sámis . 2010-04-01 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071023195643/http://www.siida.fi/anaras/english/yleistietoa/yleistietoa.html . 2007-10-23 . dead.
17. Web site: ru:Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 . Rosstat — Vserossiyskaya perepis' naseleniya 2020 . ru . Rosstat — All-Russian Population Census 2020 . 2023-01-03 . rosstat.gov.ru.
18. Web site: Karel'skiy yazyk . ru:Карельский язык . ru . Karelian.
19. Karjalainen . Heini . Puura . Ulriikka . Grünthal . Riho . Kovaleva . Svetlana . Karelian in Russia. ELDIA Case-Specific Report . Studies in European Language Diversity . 26 . ELDIA . 2013 . 2192-2403.
20. VI° Enquête Sociolinguistique en Euskal herria (Communauté Autonome d'Euskadi, Navarre et Pays Basque Nord) (2016).)
21. Web site: ENQUÊTE SOCIO-LINGUISTIQUE : QUI PARLE LES LANGUES DE BRETAGNE AUJOURD'HUI ? . Région Bretagne . 8 October 2018 . 9 October 2018.
22. Web site: Bourguignon-morvandiau | Défense et promotion des langues d'oïlDéfense et promotion des langues d'oïl . fr.
23. Web site: Enquête socio-linguistique: qui parle les langues de Bretagne aujourd'hui? . 8 October 2018 . Région Bretagne . fr . Socio-linguistic survey: who speaks the languages of Brittany today?.
24. Web site: Delavaud . Jean . 4 March 2017 . Langues régionales. Une journée pour parler le poitevin-saintongeais . Regional languages. A day to speak Poitevin-Saintongeais . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210926135324/https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/langues-regionales-une-journee-pour-parler-le-poitevin-saintongeais-4828937 . 26 September 2021 . 19 September 2021 . Ouest-France . fr.
25. Web site: UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger . . en . 2018-04-17.
26. Book: Fox, S. . 2009 . The Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan . New Jersey . Gorgias Press.
27. Book: Campbell . Lyle . Cataloguing the World's Endangered Languages . Bellew . Anna . . 2018 . 204–205 . 9781317413899 . en . Google Books.
28. Book: Report of the 2016 Census of Ireland . 2017 . Central Statistics Office . Dublin, Ireland . 66, 69 . 7. Irish . Of the 1.76 million who said they could speak Irish, 73,803 said they speak it daily outside the education system, a fall of 3,382 on the 2011 figure. ... (421,274) said they never spoke Irish. ... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas. The total population of all Gaeltacht areas in April 2016 was 96,090.
29. Web site: Three Unique Languages of Ireland . 24 November 2015.
30. Web site: UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger . . en . 2018-01-14.
31. Web site: Istituto nazionale di statistica . La lingua italiana, i dialetti e le lingue straniere, Anno 2006 . The Italian language, dialects and foreign languages, Year 2006 . 2007-04-20 . it . 2012-12-17 . cs1 . portal-lem.com.
32. http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/sssocio/proceedings/Nagy.pdf
33. Book: Toso, Fiorenzo . Lingue d'Europa: la pluralità linguistica dei paesi europei fra passato e presente . it . Languages of Europe: the linguistic plurality of European countries between past and present . Baldini Castoldi Dalai . Milano . 2006 . 158.
34. Book: Vincent, N. . Italian . B. . Comrie . The world's major languages . London . Croom Helm . 1981 . 279–302.
35. Web site: South Tyrol in Figures . Declaration of language group affiliation – Population Census 2011 . PDF . 2012-10-07.
36. Web site: 15° Censimento della popolazione e delle abitazioni. Rilevazione sulla consistenza e la dislocazione territoriale degli appartenenti alle popolazioni di lingua ladina, mòchena e cimbra (dati provvisori) . 15th Population and Housing Census. Survey on the consistency and territorial dislocation of the members of the Ladin, Mòchena and Cimbrian speaking populations (provisional data) . 2012 . Autonomous Province of Trento . it . 2012-10-07.
37. Web site: Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3 . Walter . Breu . ISO 639-3 Registration Authority . 2012-03-06 . 2013-06-30.
38. News: February 5, 2004 . "Siamo resiani e non sloveni" Mille firme per un referendum . "We are Resians and not Slovenians" One thousand signatures for a referendum . Il Messaggero .
39. Web site: La lingua italiana, i dialetti e le lingue straniere Anno 2006 . it . The Italian language, dialects and foreign languages Year 2006 . 2006.
40. Book: Ti . Alkire . Carol . Rosen . Romance languages: a Historical Introduction . 2010 . . New York . 3.
41. Book: Lubello, Sergio . 2016 . Manuale Di Linguistica Italiana, Manuals of Romance linguistics . . 499.
42. Web site: Sprachen, Religionen – Daten, Indikatoren: Sprachen – Üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochene Sprachen . official site . Languages, Religions - Data, Indicators: Languages - Languages commonly spoken at home . 2015 . Swiss Federal Statistical Office . Neuchâtel, Switzerland . de, fr, it . Zu Hause oder mit den Angehörigen sprechen 60,1% der betrachteten Bevölkerung hauptsächlich Schweizerdeutsch . At home or with relatives, 60.1% of the population considered mainly speak Swiss German . 2016-01-13 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160114180444/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html . 14 January 2016 . dmy-all.
43. Web site: LĪBIEŠU VALODAS SITUĀCIJA . 2012-01-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140202235047/http://www.livones.net/valoda/?raksts=8701 . 2014-02-02 . dead.
44. Web site: Fant hemmelighetene i lulesamenes språk . no . Found the secrets in the language of the Lule Sami . Forskning.
45. Web site: Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludności i Mieszkań 2011. Raport z wyników . pl . National Population and Housing Census 2011. Report on the results . Central Statistical Office of Poland.
46. Wicherkiewicz . Tomasz . Król . Tymoteusz . Olko . Justyna . Tomasz Wicherkiewicz .

    pl:Justyna Olko

    . 10 November 2017 . Awakening the Language and Speakers' Community of Wymysiöeryś . . 26 . 1 . 179–191 . 10.1017/s1062798717000424 . 1062-7987 . free.
47. Web site: Transylvanian Saxon (Siweberjesch Såksesch) . . 18 September 2022.
48. Web site: La lingua italiana, i dialetti e le lingue straniere Anno 2006 . it . The Italian language, dialects and foreign languages Year 2006 . 2006.
49. News: Perez . R. . 2017-02-21 . El aragonés: la lengua romance que ya solo hablan el 1% de los aragoneses . es . Aragonese: the Romance language that already only 1% of Aragonese speak . ABC . 14 January 2020.
50. Web site: Vanliga frågor (faq) . https://web.archive.org/web/20120828130434/http://www.gutamal.org/gillet/faq . dead . 28 August 2012 . 28 August 2012 . 18 February 2018.
51. Book: 2010 . Moseley . Christopher . Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger . Memory of Peoples . 3rd . Paris . UNESCO Publishing . 978-92-3-104096-2 . 11 April 2015.
52. Web site: Number of Welsh, Gaelic, Irish and Cornish speakers from the 2011 Census . . 2 June 2018 . 9 June 2017 . en.
53. News: Sarah Whitehead . How the Manx language came back from the dead | Education . . 25 June 2017.
54. Web site: 2011 Census of Scotland . https://web.archive.org/web/20140604200212/http://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/ods-web/data-warehouse.html . 4 June 2014 . 30 May 2014., Table QS211SC
55. https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240221-sarkese-britains-archaic-norman-language
56. Web site: Annual Population Survey – Ability to speak Welsh by local authority and year . gov.wales . 27 January 2022 . 20 June 2019 . 20 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190620200907/https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Welsh-Language/Annual-Population-Survey-Welsh-Language/annualpopulationsurveyestimatesofpersonsaged3andoverwhosaytheycanspeakwelsh-by-localauthority-measure . dead.