List of elm trees explained

Many elm (Ulmus) trees of various kinds have attained great size or otherwise become particularly noteworthy; among these are the following.

American Elm Ulmus americana

Most of North America's notable elms are Ulmus americana, a fast-growing and long-lived species capable of attaining great size in a few centuries, especially when open-grown.^[1] American Forests, a non-profit conservation organization, uses the following formula to calculate a point score for each tree to permit comparisons with others:

Trunk Circumference (in inches) + Height (in feet) + 1/4 Average Crown Spread (in feet) = Total Points^[2]

State champion American elm trees

The list of United States state champion American elm trees below tabulates each of the above characteristics, as well as the total points awarded to each tree.

State	Location	Circumference	Height	Average Crown Spread	Total Points	Year
Alabama	Walker County	194inches	92feet	84feet	307	2018	^[3]
Arkansas	On the east side of Arkansas Highway 77 just east of the intersection of Highway 77 and Arkansas Highway 136, two miles north of Athelstan (intersection of Arkansas Highway 140 and Highway 77), Mississippi County	251inches	112feet	107feet	390		^[4]
California	San Jose, Santa Clara County	173inches	89feet	68feet	279	2015	^[5]
Colorado	Denver	205.67inches	110feet	107feet	342.42		^[6]
Colorado	Olney Springs, Crowley County	208.18inches	97feet	82feet	325.68
Colorado	Fort Collins, Larimer County	194.68inches	96feet	95feet	314.43
Colorado	Fort Morgan, Morgan County	209.12inches	75feet	106feet	310.62
Connecticut	Greenwich, Fairfield County	230inches	106feet	98feet	360	2019	^[7]
Delaware		226inches	113feet	104feet	367		^[8]
Delaware	White Clay Creek State Park, Newark, New Castle County	213inches	113feet	81feet	346
Delaware		199inches	75feet	125feet	305
Florida	Duval County	192inches	77feet	51.5feet	282	2016	^[9]
Georgia	Norcross, Gwinnett County	233inches	80feet	125feet	344	2016	^[10]
Georgia	Atlanta, Fulton County	191inches	91feet	125feet	313	2011	^[11]
Idaho	Emmett, Gem County	180inches	98feet	88feet	300	1998	^[12]
Illinois	Edwardsville, Madison County	189.6inches	114feet	103feet	329	2007	^[13]
Indiana	Parke County	245.6inches	108feet	127feet	385.35		^[14]
Iowa	East of Liberal Arts Building, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Johnson County	194inches	93feet	98.5feet	311.25		^[15]
Kentucky	Jackson, Breathitt County	224.5inches	111feet	113.5feet	363.88	2011	^[16]
Louisiana (National champion)	Iberville Parish	324inches	111feet	79feet	455	2010	^[17]
Maine	Yarmouth, Cumberland County (removed in 2010 due to Dutch elm disease)	244inches	110feet	129feet	386	2006	^[18] ^[19]
Massachusetts	Main Street, Old Deerfield, Franklin County (removed in 2017 due to Dutch elm disease)	230.4inches	104.4feet	103.6feet	360.7	2016	^[20]
Massachusetts	Main Street — Bridge Lane, Hatfield, Hampshire County	204inches	86feet	95feet	314	2016
Michigan	6022 East O Avenue, Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo County	264inches	110feet	122.5feet	405	2019	^[21]
Minnesota	Hennepin County near Minneapolis	228inches	80feet	87feet	329.75	2010	^[22]
Missouri	Johnson County	236inches	85feet	126feet	353		^[23]
Montana	Ravalli County	205inches	74feet	83feet	300	2012	^[24]
Montana	Ravalli County	186inches	95feet	65feet	297	2012
Montana	Lewis and Clark County	182inches	83feet	26feet	291	2019
Nebraska	Near Idylwild Park in Lincoln, Lancaster County	222inches	70feet	85feet	313.25	2019	^[25]
Nevada	Idlewild Park, Reno, Washoe County	127inches	86feet	81feet	233		^[26]
New Hampshire	Dover, Strafford County	167inches	100feet	84.5feet	288	2018	^[27]
New Jersey	Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, Hudson County	207inches	90feet	107feet	324		^[28]
New Jersey	Union County	178inches	115feet	86feet	315
New Mexico	Philmont Scout Ranch, near Cimarron, Colfax County	240inches	79feet	91feet	342	2010	^[29]
New York	Fulton County	188inches	140feet	200feet	353	2015	^[30]
North Carolina	Powellsville, Bertie County	229inches	135feet	87feet	385		^[31]
North Dakota	1012 Ninth Street South, Fargo, Cass County	196inches	87feet	98.5feet	308	2016	^[32]
North Dakota	Rose Street, Lisbon, Ransom County	211inches	58feet	100feet	294	2016
Ohio	Hamilton County	262inches	101feet	83feet	383	2016	^[33]
Oklahoma	Pawhuska, Osage County	201inches	66feet	90feet	290	2013	^[34]
Oregon		212inches	120feet	83feet	353		^[35]
Pennsylvania	1 Jackson Street, Wellsboro, Tioga County	232inches	108feet	115feet	369	2017	^[36]
Rhode Island	Providence	195inches	95feet	88feet	312		^[37]
South Carolina	Richland County	272inches	107feet	114feet	405		^[38]
South Carolina	Richland County	225inches	121feet	105feet	372.25
South Carolina	Oconee County	151inches	99feet	80feet	270
South Dakota		201inches	53feet	92feet	277		^[39]
Tennessee	Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park, Shelby County	277inches	122feet	84feet	420	2001	^[40]
Texas	Grayson County	232inches	75feet	116feet	336	2017	^[41]
Utah	195 South 100 East Street, Logan, Cache County	190inches	98feet	84feet	309	2007	^[42]
Vermont	Saxtons River, Windam County	201inches	124feet	110feet	352		^[43]
Virginia	Along the Potomac River in Great Falls, Fairfax County	240inches	130feet	105feet	396	2015	^[44]
Virginia	200 N. George Washington Highway, Deep Creek, City of Chesapeake	252inches	110feet	116feet	391	2018
Washington		215inches	105feet	99feet	345		^[45]
West Virginia	Near Rippon, Jefferson County	279inches	102feet	70feet	398		^[46]
West Virginia	Near Linden, Roane County	219inches	77feet	86feet	317
Wisconsin	On Rock Road east of Greenwood Road, Outagamie County	228inches	105feet	70feet	351	2004	^[47]
Wisconsin	1040 Terrace Drive, Elm Grove, Waukesha County	192inches	135feet	79feet	346.75	2013
Wisconsin	Street tree between 1284 and 1288 North 71st Street, east side of Hart Park, Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County	179inches	145feet	87feet	345.75	2007

Other lists of American elm trees

Other notable American elm trees include:

• The Treaty Elm, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In what is now Penn Treaty Park, the founder of Pennsylvania, William Penn, is said to have entered into a treaty of peace in 1683 with the native Lenape Turtle Clan under a picturesque elm tree immortalized in a painting by Benjamin West. West made the tree, already a local landmark, famous by incorporating it into his painting after hearing legends (of unknown veracity) about the tree being the location of the treaty. No documentary evidence exists of any treaty Penn signed beneath a particular tree. On 6 March 1810 a great storm blew the tree down. Measurements taken at the time showed it to have a circumference of 24feet, and its age was estimated to be 280 years. Wood from the tree was made into furniture, canes, walking sticks and various trinkets that Philadelphians kept as relics.
• The Washington Elm, Cambridge, Massachusetts. George Washington is said to have taken command of the American Continental Army under the Washington Elm in Cambridge on 3 July 1775. The tree survived until the 1920s and "was thought to be a survivor of the primeval forest". In 1872, a large branch fell from it and was used to construct a pulpit for a nearby church.^[48] The tree, an American White Elm, became a celebrated attraction, with its own plaque, a fence constructed around it and a road moved in order to help preserve it.^[49] The tree was cut down (or fell – sources differ) in October 1920 after an expert determined it was dead. The city of Cambridge had plans for it to be "carefully cut up and a piece sent to each state of the country and to the District of Columbia and Alaska," according to The Harvard Crimson.^[50] As late as the early 1930s, garden shops advertised that they had cuttings of the tree for sale, although the accuracy of the claims has been doubted. A Harvard "professor of plant anatomy" examined the tree rings days after the tree was felled and pronounced it between 204 and 210 years old, making it at most 62 years old when Washington took command of the troops at Cambridge. The tree would have been a little more than in diameter (at above ground) in 1773.^[51] In 1896, an alumnus of the University of Washington obtained a rooted cutting of the Cambridge tree and sent it to Professor Edmund Meany at the university. The cutting was planted, cuttings were then taken from it, including one planted on 18 February 1932, the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington, for whom Washington state is named. That tree remains on the campus of the Washington State Capitol. Just to the west of the tree is a small elm from a cutting made in 1979.^[49]

• "Herbie" in Yarmouth, Maine, stood by present-day East Main Street (Route 88) from 1793 to 2010.^[52] At 110feet in height, it was believed to be, between 1997 and the date of its felling,^[53] the oldest^[54] and tallest Ulmus americana in New England.^[55] The tree, which partially stood in the front yard of a private residence, had a 20feet circumference and (until mid-2008) a 93feet crown spread.^[55] As of 2003, only twenty of Yarmouth's original 739 elms had survived Dutch elm disease.^[56] In August 2009 it was revealed that, after battling fifteen bouts of Dutch elm disease, the tree had lost, and on 19 January 2010 it was cut down.^[57]
• The Liberty Tree, an elm on Boston Common in Boston, Massachusetts, was a rallying point for the growing resistance to the rule of England over the American colonies.
• The Great Elm on Boston Common, supposed to have been in existence before the settlement of Boston, at the time of its destruction by the storm of 15 February 1876 measured 22feet in circumference.^{[58] [59]}
• George Washington's Elm, Washington, D.C. George Washington supposedly had a favorite spot under an elm tree near the United States Capitol Building from which he would watch construction of the building. The elm stood near the Senate wing of the Capitol building until 1948.^[48]
• The Logan Elm stood near Circleville, Ohio. The 65adj=midNaNadj=mid tree had a trunk circumference of and a crown spread of .^[60] Weakened by Dutch elm disease, the tree died in 1964 from storm damage. The Logan Elm State Memorial commemorates the site and preserves various associated markers and monuments. According to tradition, Chief Logan of the Mingo tribe delivered a passionate speech at a peace-treaty meeting under this elm in 1774, said to be the most famous speech ever given by a Native American.
• The Sauble Elm. With a girth of 24inchesft9inchesin (ftin) and a height of over 40m (130feet), the Sauble Elm, a white elm (Ulmus americana) which once grew beside the banks of the Sauble River between the towns of Hepworth and Sauble Beach in the county of Bruce in the province of Ontario, was one of the largest "wild" elms in North America. The tree succumbed to Dutch elm disease and was felled in 1968. A ring count established that it had begun life in the year 1701.^[61]
• The "Great Elm Tree" at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts is believed to have been standing for at least 200 years. It is being well cared for and receives regular treatments for Dutch elm disease.^[62]

• The Johnstown Elm, in Johnstown, New York, as of September 2013 did not show any signs of Dutch elm disease. In October 2018 all that remained was a weathered stump, cut perhaps two years earlier. It had a circumference of 196inches, a height of, and a crown of . It grew in the front yard of a house in a small upstate city, and was probably over 200 years old. See photo at right.
• The Philipsburg Elm, Philipsburg, Quebec, was a 280-year-old 30sp=usNaNsp=us Ulmus americana, dubbed "the king of elms". It was cut down in March 2009 after death from Dutch elm disease.^{[63] [64]}
• "Elmo", Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, a large elm that "once defined the Thayer Street entrance to Brown's new Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs," contracted Dutch elm disease and was torn down in December 2003, according to a campus news release. The tree "was thought to have been between 80 and 100 years old. Wood from the tree, one of the largest on campus, was used in various student art projects."^[65]
• The Association Island Elm, New York state. The General Electric think tank organization, the Elfun Society, founded in 1928 at Association Island in the Thousand Islands area of northern New York state, is named after a famous elm tree on the 65acres isle. The tree died in the 1970s, but it survives in the elm tree logo still used by Elfun.^[66]

• The Tabletop Elm in Provo, Utah. Immediately south of the Utah County Administration Building and just east of the Historic Utah County Courthouse in downtown Provo resides possibly a one-of-a-kind elm tree. Officially it is a specimen of Ulmus americana, but is unusual because it grows sideways, making it a "tabletop" elm tree. The tree was planted in 1927, and currently its several branches are supported by specialized braces to allow movement and growth. Every fall seven dump truck loads are required to remove all the leaves. Both reproduction and cloning efforts have been unsuccessful; the tree's seeds do not mature into the tabletop shape.^{[67] [68]}
• New Haven, Connecticut, had the first public tree planting program in America, producing a canopy of mature trees (including some large elms) that gave New Haven the nickname "The Elm City".^[69] This later gave rise to the Yale song, Neath the Elms.
• The current Tree Register of the British Isles (T.R.O.B.I.) champion American elm tree lives in Avondale Forest near Rathdrum, County Wicklow, Ireland. The tree had a height of 22.5m (73.8feet) and a diameter at breast height of 98cm (39inches) (circumference of 308cm (121inches)) when measured in 2000.^[70] The tree replaced on the Register a larger champion located in Woodvale Cemetery in Sussex, England, which in 1988 had a height of 27m (89feet) and a diameter of 115cm (45inches) (circumference of 361cm (142inches)).^[71]

Wych Elm Ulmus glabra

• "Joe Pullen's Tree", a wych elm (Ulmus glabra) in Oxford, was planted in about 1700 by the Rev. Josiah Pullen, vice president of Magdalen Hall. Josiah Pullen "used to Walk to that place every day, sometimes twice a day", according to diarist Thomas Hearne. The famous essayist Richard Steele (1672–1729) said his regular walks as an undergraduate to the elm with Pullen helped him to reach a "florid old age". The elm became famous at Oxford and its fame grew with its age. In November 1795, Gentleman's Magazine reported that "Joe Pullen, the famous elm, upon Headington hills, had one of its large branches torn off and carried to a great distance." When new parliamentary district boundaries were drawn after the Reform Act 1832, the tree was named as a landmark helping to mark the boundary of the Parliamentary Borough of Oxford. In early 1847, the owner of the property arranged to have the tree torn down, and work started on it before protests put an end to the plan. By 1892, however, rot had set in, and the tree was torn down to its (large and tall) "stump". Early in the morning of 13 October 1909, vandals set fire to the stump. A plaque was soon after installed on the side wall of Davenport House in Cuckoo Lane, marking the spot. It reads: Near this spot stood the famous elm planted by the Rev. Josiah Pullen about 1680 and known as Jo Pullen's Tree. Destroyed by fire on 13 October 1909.^[72]

Dutch Elm Ulmus × hollandica

• The Magdalen Elm, a great elm in the Grove of Magdalen College, Oxford,^[73] photographed by Henry Taunt in 1900^[74] and said by Elwes to be the largest elm in Great Britain, was long believed to be wych but was found on examination by Elwes and Henry to be a Huntingdon-type hybrid that at c.300 years old pre-dated the cultivation of Huntingdon Elm.^[75] When it blew down in 1911, by Elwes' measurements it had been 142 feet high and 27 feet in girth at five feet, and contained 2787 cubic feet of timber.^[76]
• The Great Saling Elm. With a girth of 6.86 m and a height of 40 m, the elm on Great Saling Green, Great Saling, near Braintree, Essex, identified by R. H. Richens (1983) as an Ulmus × hollandica hybrid, was reputed to be the largest elm in England, before succumbing to Dutch Elm Disease in the 1980s.^[77] A photograph of the tree^[78] can be found (plate 402) in Elwes & Henry's Trees of Great Britain & Ireland, published in 1913, wherein it is identified as U. nitens (U. minor subsp. minor).^[75]
• The Oudemanhuispoort Elm. 34.6 m tall and 4.4 m in girth, this Ulmus × hollandica 'Belgica' in Oudemanhuispoort, Amsterdam, planted in 1895, is the largest elm in the Netherlands.^[79]
• "The MooCoo Tree,", in Athens, Georgia, stands in front of Theta Chi Fraternity at the University of Georgia; it is one of the few Dutch Elm (Ulmus × hollandica) trees in North America east of the Mississippi. Students are known to engage in the "MooCoo Challenge," which consists climbing into the Elm and consuming twelve beers in less than 2 hours before coming down.^[80]

Field Elm Ulmus minor

• The Metaxades Elm. An ancient Field Elm (Ulmus minor) stood until recently in the village square of Metaxades, Thrace, Greece. Having abandoned their original village in 1286 after cholera outbreaks, the villagers re-founded it in the hills where a young elm grew beside a spring. The elm (reputedly the original) and fountain were until recently the focal-point of the village.^[81]
• The Biscarrosse Elm. Reputedly planted in 1350, this Field Elm (Ulmus minor) survived in the centre of Biscarrosse in the Landes region of south-west France until 2010, when it finally succumbed to Dutch elm disease.^{[82] [83] [84]} Its habit of producing a circle of white epicormic leaves on the bole every spring gave rise to a local legend. The 'white wreath' was said to be related to the public humiliation in 1450 and death beneath the tree of a local girl wrongly accused of adultery.^{[85] [86]}
• The Elm of Bettange. Reputedly planted in 1593, this Field Elm (Ulmus minor) in the village of Bettange in the Moselle region of France is now a wreck ^[87] In so far as measurements can be taken of its ruined bole, its girth has been estimated at over 6 m.^[88]
• "L’Olmo di Lando", known in Italy as "L’Olmo Bello" (:The Beautiful Elm). This shapely, open-grown Field Elm (Ulmus minor) stood at Ostra near Senigallia in the Italian Marches, where its "montagna di verde" (:mountain of greenery) attracted many admirers, who bought its portrait in postcards.^[89] It had a 110 m crown-circumference, a 35 m crown-diameter, and a 6,30 m bole-girth at ground level. It was felled in 1935 when it lost its looks and threatened to damage those of the people standing beneath it. A ring-count established that it was over 400 years old.^[90]
• The Mergozzo Elm. A four-hundred-year-old Ulmus minor, 5.55 metres in girth, survives in the town of Mergozzo in Piedmont. 'L'olmo di Mergozzo', like its French counterparts 'l'orme de Biscarosse' and 'l’orme de Bettange', is hollowed out by age, its life prolonged by pollarding.
• The "bleeding" elms of Saint Nicholas the Martyr, Thessaly. In the grounds of the Greek Orthodox monastery of Saint Nicholas near Vounaina (Βούναινα), Thessaly, built on the site of the slaughter, c. 720, by marauding Avars, of the Byzantine ascetic St Nicholas the Martyr (Άγιος Νικόλαος ο εν Βουνένοις) and his followers, stands a group of revered elms that in May on the anniversary of the martyrdom "bleed" a purplish fluid, believed by many of the Orthodox faith to have miraculous healing properties. The phenomenon, possibly related to wetwood, attracts large crowds to the monastery every year.^[91]

English Elm Ulmus procera

• The Preston Twins in Preston Park, Brighton, England, are the two oldest English elms in the world. Both trees are aged over 400 years and exceed 20feet in girth. They have been regularly pollarded for many years and both trunks are hollow. In 2019, Brighton and Hove City Council announced that one of the trees was to be felled due to an infestation of Dutch Elm Disease.^[92]

Other, unidentified elms

• The Langton Elm in Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, was a large elm tree that "was for a long time so remarkable as to have a special keeper", according to a book published in 1881.^[93]

See also

• List of individual trees

Notes and References

1. Book: Werthner, William B. . Some American Trees: An intimate study of native Ohio trees . 1935 . The Macmillan Company . New York . xviii + 398.
2. Web site: Measuring Guidelines Handbook. 6. Washington, D.C.. American Forests. November 28, 2019.
3. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20190713155959/http://www.forestry.alabama.gov/Pages/Management/Forms/Champion_Trees.doc. July 13, 2019. Champion Trees of Alabama. Champion Tree Program. Montgomery, Alabama. 2017. Alabama Forestry Commission. November 28, 2019.
4. Web site: American Elm (Ulmus americana). Arkansas Champion Trees. 2019. Arkansas Department of Agriculture. December 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191201214413/https://www.aad.arkansas.gov/elm-american-ulmus-americana. December 1, 2019. dead.
5. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20160527192040/http://californiabigtrees.calpoly.edu/tree-detail/ulmus-americana/408. May 27, 2016. Tree Detail: American Elm (Ulmus americana). California Big Trees. San Luis Obispo, California. Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute, NRES Department, California Polytechnic State University. November 26, 2019.
6. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20190207104832/http://coloradotrees.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2018-Champ-Trees.pdf. February 7, 2019. 2018 Champion Tree List. Broomfield, Colorado. Colorado Tree Coalition. December 2, 2019.
7. Web site: Ulmus americana. Connecticut's Notable Trees. 2019. New London, Connecticut. Connecticut College Arboretum. November 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20180128095318/http://oak.conncoll.edu:8080/notabletrees/ViewTreeData.jsp?selected=57105. January 28, 2018. dead.
8. Book: https://web.archive.org/web/20191202062826/https://delawaretrees.com/bigtrees_delaware_5th_edition.pdf. December 2, 2019. Big Trees of Delaware. 5th. 2019. Delaware Department of Agriculture: Delaware Forest Service. December 2, 2019. delawaretrees.com.
9. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191130234822/http://championtrees.freshfromflorida.com/home.mvc/Detail/32. November 30, 2019. Details for PK 32 (ELM, American). Champion Trees. 2019. Tallahassee, Florida. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. November 30, 2019.
10. Web site: Ulmus americana, ID-1501. Georgia's Champion Tree Program. Dry Branch, Georgia. Georgia Forestry Commission. November 30, 2019.
11. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191130195634/http://www.gfc.state.ga.us/forest-management/champion-tree-program/list/View.cfm?ID=1667. November 30, 2019. Ulus americana, ID-1667. Georgia's Champion Tree Program. Dry Branch, Georgia. Georgia Forestry Commission. November 30, 2019.
12. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191202070806/https://www.uidaho.edu/-/media/UIdaho-Responsive/Files/Extension/topic/forestry/Big-Tree-Program/june-2019-id-registry-big-trees.pdf. December 2, 2019. Idaho's Registry of Champion Big Trees. June 13, 2019. University of Idaho Extension. December 2, 2019.
13. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20190513062758/https://web.extension.illinois.edu/forestry/pdf/tfb-nres-1101-13.pdf. May 13, 2019. The Illinois Big Tree Register. Technical Forestry Bulletin: NRES-1101. October 31, 2013. University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. 9. University of Illinois Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Extension Forestry. November 25, 2019.
14. Web site: 2015 Big Tree Register. 2019. Indianapolis, Indiana. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. November 29, 2019.
15. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20180425164100/https://www.iowadnr.gov/Portals/idnr/uploads/forestry/urban/biggesttrees.pdf. April 25, 2018. Big Trees of Iowa — Official Spreadsheet. April 17, 2018. Des Moines, Iowa. Iowa Department of Natural Resources. December 1, 2019.
16. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20190711194129/https://eec.ky.gov/Natural-Resources/Forestry/ky-champion-trees/Pages/default.aspx. July 11, 2019. Kentucky's Champion Trees. Natural Resources. Kentucky Energy and Environment Cabinet, Commonwealth of Kentucky. 2019. November 25, 2019. live.
17. (1) Web site: American Forests. 2012. The 2012 National Register of Big Trees. December 24, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20130315145207/http://www.americanforests.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Fall-2012-NRBT_website.pdf. March 15, 2013.
    (2) Web site: Champion Louisiana Trees. Alexandria, Louisiana. Louisiana Forestry Association. November 25, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191125220514/https://www.laforestry.com/champion-trees-in-louisiana. November 25, 2019. dead.
18. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191126021809/http://digitalmaine.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1093&context=for_docs. November 26, 2019. 2009-2010 Maine Register of Big Trees. Forest Service Documents, No. 93. February 26, 2009. Augusta, Maine. Forest Policy and Management Division, Maine Forest Service. November 26, 2019.
19. Web site: Sharp . David . January 31, 2010 . Do Rings of Herbie the Elm Have Age, Climate Data? . Boston.com . . December 24, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141225022415/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/01/31/do_rings_of_herbie_the_elm_have_age_climate_data/ . December 25, 2014 . live .
20. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20171114184835/https://www.mass.gov/files/documents/2016/08/ne/ma-championtree-071816.pdf. November 14, 2017. Massachusetts Champion Tree List. August 2016. Government of Massachusetts. November 24, 2016.
21. Web site: Big Tree ID 1339 (American Elm). Big Tree Database. Michigan Botanical Club. November 20, 2019. Google Sheets. https://web.archive.org/web/20191130230717/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1uH6l1s3Sn6lEUeZMJGkrN0I4PtzTVoqf0xt3vX2pJXM/edit. November 30, 2019. dead.
22. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191201031439/https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/trees_shrubs/bigtree/big-tree-champions.html. December 1, 2019. American elm (Ulmus americana). Big Tree Champions. 2019. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. December 1, 2019.
23. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191201204132/https://mdc.mo.gov/trees-plants/missouri-state-champion-trees/missouris-current-champion-trees. December 1, 2019. Missouri's Current Champion Trees. November 30, 2019. Missouri Department of Conservation. December 1, 2019.
24. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191202054240/http://dnrc.mt.gov/divisions/forestry/docs/assistance/big-tree/bigtreeregister2019_web.pdf. December 2, 2019. 2019 Montana Register of Big Trees. Missoula, Montana. Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation. December 2, 2019.
25. Web site: Nebraska Champion Tree Register. Lincoln, Nebraska. University of Nebraska–Lincoln. December 1, 2019.
26. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191204070454/http://forestry.nv.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2015-Nevada-Big-Tree-Register.pdf. December 4, 2019. Nevada Big Tree Registry 2015. Nevada’s Big Tree Program. 2016. 6. Nevada Division of Forestry. December 4, 2019. WordPress.
27. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191130162218/https://extension.unh.edu/fwt/bigtrees/admin/reports/report_docs/bigtree_rep_champ.cfm. November 30, 2019. NH Champion Trees. 9. November 30, 2019. Durham, New Hampshire. University of New Hampshire Cooperative Extension. November 30, 2019.
28. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191204082137/https://www.state.nj.us/dep/parksandforests/forest/community/bigtree_registry.html. December 4, 2019. 2019 Champion Big Tree Register. November 26, 2019. Trenton, New Jersey. New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection

    New Jersey Forest Service

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29. Web site: https://web.archive.org/web/20191202073951/http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/SFD/bigtreeprogram/documents/NMBigTreeDatabase_2018.pdf. December 2, 2019. New Mexico's Champion Tree list. Big Tree Program. Santa Fe, New Mexico. New Mexico Department of Energy, Minerals, and Natural Resources. May 16, 2018. December 2, 2019.
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