List of echinoderms of Venezuela explained

The echinoderms of Venezuela are a strictly marine animal phylum comprising about 124 species of marine waters designated for Venezuelan Caribbean.[1] The first lists of species for Venezuelan coast date back to 1939 and 1967.

In Venezuela are five classes representatives living today: Crinoidea, Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea and Holothuroidea.[2] In this list are listed 105 species for the territory Venezuelan.[3] [4] [5] [6]

List of species identified for Venezuela

Crinoidea (Sea Lilies)

Crinoidea
SpeciesCommon nameGlobal distribution Distribution by state[7] Image
Antedon bifida (Pennant, 1777) Rosy Feather-star[8] Atlantic Ocean[9] Ar; Su; Va
Davidaster rubiginosus (Pourtàles, 1869) Sea lily[10] Caribbean Sea[11] Ar
Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816) Black and White Sea Lily[12] Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean[13] Ar; Ca; Fa; DF; Su; Va

Asteroidea (Starfishs)

Asteroidea
SpeciesCommon nameGlobal distribution Distribution by stateImage
Anthenoides piercei Perrier, 1881 Starfish[14] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[15] NE; Su
Asterinides folium (Lütken, 1859) Common Blunt Armed Sea Star[16] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[17] Su
Astropecten antillensis Lütken, 1859 StarfishNorthwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[18] Su; Zu
Astropecten brasiliensis Müller & Troschel (1842) StarfishWestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[19] An; Fa; Mi; NE; Su
Astropecten duplicatus Gray, 1840[20] Two-spined Star Fish[21] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[22] NE; Su; Va; Zu
Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840 StarfishNorthwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[23] DA; Fa; NE; Su; Zu
Echinaster brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842 StarfishAtlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[24] Su
Echinaster echinophorus (Lamarck, 1816) StarfishNorthwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[25] DF; NE; Su
Goniaster tesellatus (Lamarck, 1816) StarfishAtlantic Ocean[26] NE; Su
Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 Yellow StarfishCosmopolitan[27] NE
Luidia alternata (Say, 1825)StarfishCaribbean Sea[28] NE; Su; Zu
Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) StarfishAtlantic Ocean, Southern Ocean[29] An; NE; Su; Zu
Luidia senegalensis (Lamarck, 1816) Nine-armed Sea Star[30] Northwesthern Atlantic Ocean[31] Mi; NE; Su
Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1858)[32] Orange Starfish Cushion Sea Star[33] Caribbean Sea[34] Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su
Tethyaster vestitus (Say, 1825) StarfishCaribbean Sea[35] DA; DF; Su

Ophiuroidea (Sea spiders and sea snakes)

Ophiuroidea
SpeciesCommon nameGlobal distribution Distribution by stateImage
Amphiodia trychna H. L. Clark, 1918 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[36] An; Su
Amphioplus coniortodes H. L. Clark, 1918 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[37] An; NE; Su
Amphipholis januarii Ljungman, 1867 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[38] Su
Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) Small Brittle Star[39] Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean[40] NE; Su
Amphiura palmeri T Lyman, 1882Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[41] Su
Amphiura rathbuni Koehler, 1914Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[42] NE
Amphiura stimpsonii Lútken, 1859 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[43] Su
Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, 1824 Pipe-cleaner Brittlestar[44] Northern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[45] Fa
Astrophyton muricatum (Lamarck, 1816) Grifo Giant Basket Star[46] Caribbean Sea[47] Ar; DF; NE; Su
Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1852) Sea spidersNorthwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[48] An; DA; Mo; Su
Microphiopholis gracillima (Stimpson, 1852) Sea spidersCaribbean Sea[49] Su
Ophiactis muelleri Lütken, 1856 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[50] Su
Ophiactis algicola H.L. Clark, 1933 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[51] Su
Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) Savigny's Brittle Star[52] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean[53] DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiocnida scabriuscula (Lútken, 1859) Lobate Brittle Star[54] Caribbean Sea[55] Su
Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816) Black Brittle Star[56] Caribbean Sea[57] Ar; DF; Fa; NE; Su
Ophiocoma pumila Lütken, 1859 Banded Ophiocoma[58] Caribbean Sea[59] DF; Fa; Su; Va
Ophiocoma wendtii Müller & Troschel, 1842Red Ophiocoma[60] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean[61] NE; Su
Ophiocomella ophiactoides (H. L. Clark, 1963)Coralline Brittle Star[62] Caribbean Sea[63] Ar; Su
Ophioderma appressa (Say, 1825)Harlequin Brittle Star[64] Caribbean Sea[65] DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophioderma brevicauda Lütken, 1856Short Spined Ophioderma[66] Caribbean Sea[67] Ca; DF; Fa; Mi
Ophioderma brevispina (Say, 1825)Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[68] DF; Mi
Ophioderma cinerea Müller & Troschel, 1842Chocolate Brittle Star[69] Caribbean Sea[70] Su
Ophioderma rubicunda Lütken, 1856 Ruby Brittle Star[71] Caribbean Sea[72] Su
Ophiolepis elegans Lütken, 1859 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[73] An; DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiolepis impressa Lütken, 1859 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[74] Mi; Su
Ophiolepis paucispina (Say, 1825) Scaly Brittle Star[75] Caribbean Sea[76] Su
Ophiomyxa flaccida (Say, 1825) Slimy Brittle Star[77] Caribbean Sea[78] DF; Su
Ophionereis olivacea H. L. Clark, 1901 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[79] Su
Ophionereis reticulata (Say, 1925) Reticulated Brittle Star[80] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[81] DF; NE; Su
Ophionereis squamulosa Köehler, 1913 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[82] Su
Ophiopsila hartmeyeri Koehler, 1913 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[83] Su
Ophiopsila riisei Lütken, 1859 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[84] Ar; DF; Su
Ophiophragmus wurdemani (Lyman, 1860)Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[85] Va
Ophiothrix angulata (Say, 1825)Angular Brittle Star[86] Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[87] DF; Mi; NE; Su
Ophiothrix brachyactis H. L. Clark, 1915Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[88] Su
Ophiothrix oerstedii Lütken, 1856 Oersted's Brittle Star[89] Caribbean Sea[90] DF; NE; Su
Ophiothrix suensonii Lütken, 1856 Suenson's Brittle Star[91] Caribbean Sea[92] NE; Su
Ophiura acervata Lyman 1869 Sea spiders Caribbean Sea[93] DA; Mo; Su

Echinoidea (Sea urchins and sand dollar)

Echinoidea
SpeciesCommon nameGlobal distribution Distribution by stateImage
Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck, 1816) Purple Sea Urchin.[94] [95] Caribbean Sea[96] An; NE; Su
Brissopsis elongata Mortensen, 1907 Caribbean Sea[97] An; Su
Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) Groove Burrowing Urchin[98] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Westhern Mediterranean Sea[99] An; DF; Su
Clypeaster cyclopylus H.L.Clark, 1941[100] Venezuelan Caribbean Sea[101] DF (Archp. Los Testigos)
Clypeaster euclastus H.L.Clark, 1941Caribbean Sea[102] An, Ca, DA, DF, Fa
Clypeaster lamprus H.L.Clark, 1914Caribbean Sea[103] Va
Clypeaster prostratus Ravenel, 1848Caribbean Sea[104] Fa, Zu
Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758)Sea Biscuit[105] Caribbean Sea[106] Fa; DF; NE
Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825) Sand Dollar[107] Caribbean Sea[108] An; Fa; NE; Su
Diadema antillarum (Philippi & Agassiz, 1863) Long-spined Sea Urchin[109] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[110] Ar; Ca; DF; Mi; Su; Va
Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758)[111] Rock-boring Urchin[112] Caribbean Sea[113] An; Ar; Ca; DA; DF; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Echinometra viridis Agassiz, 1863 Green UrchinCaribbean Sea[114] Ar; Ca; DF; Fa; Mi
Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778)Sand Dollar, CookieCaribbean Sea[115] Ar; NE; Su
Encope michelini Agassiz, 1841Notched Sand Dollar[116] Caribbean Sea[117] Ar; NE; Su
Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) Slate Pencil Urchin[118] Caribbean Sea[119] DF; Mi; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778) Six Holed Keyhole Urchin[120] Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[121] An; Ar; Ca; Mi; NE; Su; Va
Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816)[122] Variegated Sea Urchin[123] Caribbean Sea[124] An; Ar; Ca; DA; DF; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; su; Va; Zu
Mellita quinquiesperforata latiambulacra H. L. Clark, 1940Dollar see; Cookie[125] Caribbean Sea[126] An; Ar; Ca; DA; Fa; Mi; Mo; NE; Su; Va; Zu
Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816)Caribbean Sea[127] DF; NE
Moira atropos (Lamarck, 1816)Caribbean Sea[128] Su;
Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1788) Caribbean Sea[129] An; DA; Su
Schizaster orbignyanus Agassiz, 1980 Caribbean Sea[130] An; DA; Su
Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816) Sea Egg[131] Caribbean Sea[132] DF; Fa; Mi; NE; Su; Va

Holothuroidea (Sea Cucumbers)

Holothuroidea
SpeciesCommon nameGlobal distribution Distribution by stateImage
Aslia pygmaea (Théel 1886) Venezuelan Caribbean sea[133] NE
Aslia surinamensis (Semper 1868)Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[134] NE
Astichopus multifidus (Sluter, 1910)[135] Fissured Sea Cucumber[136] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[137] DF
Chiridota rotifera (Pourtalès, 1851) Worm Cucumber[138] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[139] Su
Euthyonacta solida (Deichmann, 1930) Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[140] Su
Holothuria arenicola Semper, 1868 Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean[141] Su
Holothuria cubana Ludwig, 1875 Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[142] Su
Holothuria glaberrima Selenka, 1867 Brown Rock Sea Cucumber[143] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[144] Su
Holothuria grisea (Selenka; 1867) Gray Sea Cucumber[145] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[146] Su
Holothuria impatiens (Forskaal, 1775) Impatient Sea Cucumber[147] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean[148] Su
Holothuria mexicana Ludwig, 1875 Donkey Dung Sea Cucumber[149] Caribbean Sea, Atlantic Ocean[150] DF; Fa
Holothuria occidentalis Ludwig, 1875 Caribbean Sea[151] Su
Holothuria parvula (Selenka, 1867) Golden Sea Cucumber[152] Caribbean Sea, Indian Ocean[153] Su
Holothuria princeps (Selenka, 1867) Caribbean Sea[154] Su
Holothuria surinamensis Ludwig, 1875 Surinam Sea Cucumber[155] Caribbean Sea[156] Zu
Holothuria thomasi Pawson & Caycedo, 1980 Tiger Tail Sea Cocumber[157] Caribbean Sea[158] su
Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) Three-rowed Sea Cucumber[159] Caribbean Sea[160] DF; Su
Lissothuria antillensis Pawson, 1967 Venezuelan Caribbean Sea[161] Su
Lissothuria braziliensis (Théel, 1886) Venezuelan Caribbean Sea[162] Su
Ocnus suspectus (Ludwig, 1874) Caribbean Sea[163] Su
Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres, 1852 Nortrwestern Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean Sea[164] Su
Pseudothyone belli (Luswig, 1887) Caribbean Sea[165] Su
Sclerodactyla briareus (Lesueur, 1824) Caribbean Sea[166] Su
Thyone pseudofusus Deichmann, 1930 Caribbean Sea[167] Su
Thyonidium seguroensis (Deichmann, 1930) Caribbean Sea[168] Su

See also

Notas

  1. Marine Biodiversity in the Caribbean: Regional Estimates and Distribution Patterns.. 10.1371/journal.pone.0011916 . 5. PLOS ONE. e11916. 20689856. 2914069. 2010. Miloslavich P, Díaz JM, Klein E, etal. 8 . 2010PLoSO...511916M . free .
  2. Zoppy, E. & Cedeño, A. 1980. Phylum Echinodermata. En: Bodini, R. & Rada, D. Biología Animal. Editorial Ateneo de Caracas. Caracas - Venezuela. pp:233-242
  3. Engel H . 1939 . Echinoderms from Aruba, Curaçao, Bonaire and Northern Venezuela . Capita Zoologica . VIII . 4. 1–12 .
  4. Zoppy E . 1967 . Contribución al conocimiento de los Equinodermos de Venezuela . Acta Biologica Venezuelica . 5 . 17. 267–333 .
  5. Flores C., Martínez de R. A. . 1970 . Status de la familia Goniasteridae (Asteroidea: Phanerozonia) en la región Oriental de Venezuela . Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de la Universidad de Oriente . 9 . 1–2. 3–8 .
  6. Martínez, Mago H . 1975 . Contribución al conocimiento de los holoturoideos (Holoturoidea: Echinodermata) de la región oriental de Venezuela . Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de la Universidad de Oriente . 14 . 2. 187–197 .
  7. The following codes are used:
    • An: Anzoátegui
    • Ar: Aragua
    • Ca: Carabobo
    • DA: Delta Amacuro
    • DF: Dependencias Federales
    • Fa: Falcón
    • Mi: Miranda
    • Mo: Monagas
    • NE: Nueva Esparta
    • Su: Sucre
    • Va: Vargas
    • Zu: Zulia
  8. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Antedon bifida . EOL . 2010-03-30 . 2013-10-18.
  9. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Antedon bifida (Pennant, 1777) AphiaID: 124201 . Marinespecies.org . 2004-12-21 . 2013-10-18.
  10. Matínez E. Rafael y Martínez M. Enrique. 1998: Técnicas generales para invertebrados, colecta, anestesia, fijación, preservación, coloración, montaje, cultivo y calidad de agua. Caracas. 246p.
  11. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Davidaster rubiginosus (Pourtalès, 1869) AphiaID: 246784 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-10-12 . 2013-10-18.
  12. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Tropiometra carinata . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  13. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Tropiometra carinata (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 213331 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  14. Cervigon, F. y Velázquez, E. 1981. Nombres venáculos de organismos marinos del Estado Nueva Esparta. Caracas. 53p.
  15. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Anthenoides piercei Perrier, 1881 AphiaID: 178061 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  16. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Asterinides folium Common Blunt Armed Sea Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  17. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Asterinides folium (Lutken, 1860) AphiaID: 459535 . Marinespecies.org . 2010-02-27 . 2013-10-18.
  18. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Astropecten antillensis Lütken, 1859 AphiaID: 178646 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  19. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Astropecten brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 178647 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  20. Web site: Capelo Juan., Gutiérrez, Javier., Rada, m., Buitrgo, J y Narváez, J. 2007: Biodiversidad de las comunidades de bentos del sur del golfo de Paria, Venezuela. [[Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales]], 67(168):59-82. . 2013-07-21 . https://archive.today/20130707081622/http://www2.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0037-85182007000200005&nrm=iso . 2013-07-07 . dead .
  21. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Astropecten duplicatus Two-spined Star Fish . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  22. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Astropecten duplicatus Gray, 1840 AphiaID: 178650 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  23. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Astropecten marginatus Gray, 1840 AphiaID: 178667 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  24. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Echinaster (Othilia) brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 178747 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  25. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Echinaster (Othilia) echinophorus (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 178748 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  26. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Goniaster tessellatus (de Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 124033 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  27. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840 AphiaID: 178188 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  28. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Luidia alternata (Say, 1825)AphiaID: 178615 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  29. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Luidia clathrata (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 158497 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  30. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Luidia senegalensis Nine-armed Sea Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  31. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Luidia senegalensis (Lamark, 1816) AphiaID: 178641 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  32. Web site: Gómez M, María C. y Hernández A, Iván. 2011: Equinodermos de la bahía Tunantal, Estado Sucre, Venezuela. Boletín del Instituto Oceanográfico de Venezuela, 50 (2): 209-231 . Ojs.udo.edu.ve . 2013-01-13 . 2013-10-18.
  33. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Oreaster reticulatus Cushion Sea Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  34. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) AphiaID: 178210 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  35. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Tethyaster vestitus (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 178718 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  36. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphiodia trychna H.L. Clark, 1918 AphiaID: 242681 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  37. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphioplus coniortodes H.L. Clark, 1918 AphiaID: 242765 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  38. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphipholis januarii Ljungman, 1866 AphiaID: 149906 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  39. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Amphipholis squamata Small Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  40. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828) AphiaID: 125064 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  41. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphiura palmeri Koehler, 1906 AphiaID: 125093 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  42. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphiura rathbuni Koehler, 1914 AphiaID: 242980 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  43. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Amphiura stimpsoni Lütken, 1859 AphiaID: 242991 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  44. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Asteronyx loveni Pipe-cleaner Brittlestar . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  45. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Asteronyx loveni Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 124951 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  46. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Astrophyton muricatum Giant Basket Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  47. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Astrophyton muricatum (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 243214 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  48. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Microphiopholis atra (Stimpson, 1852) AphiaID: 158072 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  49. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Microphiopholis gracillima (Stimpson, 1854) AphiaID: 405791 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  50. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiactis muelleri Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 243460 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  51. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiactis algicola H.L. Clark, 1933 AphiaID: 243434 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  52. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiactis savignyi Savigny's Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  53. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiactis savignyi (Müller & Troschel, 1842) AphiaID: 125122 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  54. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocnida scabriuscula Lobate Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  55. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocnida scabriuscula (Lütken, 1859) AphiaID: 422458 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  56. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocoma echinata Black Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  57. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocoma echinata (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 243573 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  58. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocoma pumila Banded Ophiocoma . EOL . 2011-08-30 . 2013-10-18.
  59. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocoma pumila Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 243578 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  60. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocoma wendtii Red Ophiocoma . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  61. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocoma wendtii Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 243582 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  62. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiocomella ophiactoides Coralline Brittle Star . EOL . 2011-08-30 . 2013-10-18.
  63. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiocomella ophiactoides (H.L. Clark, 1900) AphiaID: 243584 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  64. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophioderma appressa Harlequin Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  65. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophioderma appressa (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 243630 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  66. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophioderma brevicauda Short Spined Ophioderma . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  67. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophioderma brevicauda Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 243631 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  68. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophioderma brevispina (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 158073 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  69. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophioderma cinerea Chocolate Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  70. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophioderma cinerea Müller & Troschel, 1842 AphiaID: 243632 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  71. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophioderma rubicunda Ruby Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  72. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophioderma rubicunda Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 243645 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  73. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiolepis elegans Lütken, 1859 AphiaID: 243691 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  74. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiolepis impressa Lütken, 1859 AphiaID: 243695 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  75. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiolepis impressa Scaly Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  76. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiolepis paucispina (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 124887 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  77. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiomyxa flaccida Slimy Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  78. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiomyxa flaccida (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 243863 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  79. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophionereis olivacea H.L. Clark, 1900 AphiaID: 243886 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  80. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophionereis reticulata Reticulated Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  81. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophionereis reticulata (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 124833 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  82. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophionereis squamulosa Koehler, 1914 AphiaID: 243892 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  83. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiopsila hartmeyeri Koehler, 1913 AphiaID: 244010 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  84. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiopsila riisei Lütken, 1859 AphiaID: 244020 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  85. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiophragmus wurdemani (Lyman, 1860) AphiaID: 243937 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  86. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiothrix angulata Angular Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  87. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) angulata (Say, 1825) AphiaID: 244162 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  88. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiothrix brachyactis H.L. Clark, 1915 AphiaID: 244106 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  89. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiothrix oerstedii Oersted's Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  90. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiothrix (Ophiothrix) oerstedii Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 244182 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  91. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Ophiothrix suensoni Suenson's Brittle Star . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  92. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiothrix (Acanthophiothrix) suensonii Lütken, 1856 AphiaID: 244148 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  93. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Ophiura acervata (Lyman, 1869) AphiaID: 244255 . Marinespecies.org . 2007-07-18 . 2013-10-18.
  94. Serafy, Keith. & Fell, Julian. 1985: Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Echidodermata: Echinoidea. NOAA technical Report NMFS 33. 28p.
  95. Web site: Encyclopedia Of Life (EOL) Arbacia punctulata . EOL . 2011-10-14 . 2013-10-18.
  96. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Arbacia punctulata (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 158058 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  97. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Brissopsis elongata Mortensen, 1907 AphiaID: 422510 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  98. Web site: Encyclopedia Of Life (EOL) Brissus unicolor . EOL . 2011-10-14 . 2013-10-18.
  99. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Brissus unicolor (Leske, 1778) AphiaID: 124380 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  100. Francisco, V. y Pauls, S. 2008: Especies del orden Clypeasteroida (Echinodermata: Echinoidea)de las costas de Venezuela. Revista de Biología Tropical 56(Suppl. 3):215-228. . Revista de Biología Tropical . 0034-7744 . 2013-10-18.
  101. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster cyclopilus H.L. Clark, 1941 AphiaID: 513181 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  102. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster euclastus H.L. Clark, 1941 AphiaID: 422495 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  103. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster lamprus H.L. Clark, 1914 AphiaID: 513185 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  104. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster prostratus (Ravenel, 1845) AphiaID: 422497 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  105. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Clypeaster rosaceus . EOL . 2012-06-14 . 2013-10-18.
  106. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster rosaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) AphiaID: 367962 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  107. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Clypeaster subdepressus . EOL . 2011-10-14 . 2013-10-18.
  108. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Clypeaster subdepressus (Gray, 1825) AphiaID: 422499 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  109. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Diadema antillarum . EOL . 2009-07-24 . 2013-10-18.
  110. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Diadema antillarum Philippi, 1845 AphiaID: 124332 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  111. Pompa L. . Prieto A. S. . Manrique R. . 1989 . Abundancia y distribución espacial en una población del erizo Echinometra lucunter (L) en el Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela . Acta Científica Venezolana . 40 . 289–294 .
  112. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Echinometra lucunter . EOL . 2011-10-14 . 2013-10-18.
  113. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) AphiaID: 213380 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  114. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Echinometra viridis A. Agassiz, 1863 AphiaID: 422493 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  115. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Encope emarginata (Leske, 1778) AphiaID: 513255 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  116. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Encope michelini . EOL . 2011-10-14 . 2013-10-18.
  117. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Encope michelini L. Agassiz, 1841 AphiaID: 422501 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  118. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Eucidaris tribuloides . EOL . 2011-10-14 . 2013-10-18.
  119. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 396741 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  120. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Leodia sexiesperforata . EOL . 2011-10-14 . 2013-10-18.
  121. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Leodia sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778) AphiaID: 422502 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  122. Gómez G . 2002 . Abundancia de erizo Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck) en la costa norte, este y oeste de la isla de Margarita (Venezuela) . Acta Científica Venezolana . 53 . 1. 43–53 .
  123. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Lytechinus variegatus . EOL . 2011-10-14 . 2013-10-18.
  124. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 367850 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  125. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Mellita quinquiesperforata . EOL . 2012-06-14 . 2013-10-18.
  126. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske, 1778) AphiaID: 158065 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  127. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Meoma ventricosa (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 367846 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  128. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Moira atropos (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 158067 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  129. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1788) AphiaID: 422511 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  130. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Schizaster orbignyanus A. Agassiz, 1880 AphiaID: 422521 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  131. Web site: encyclopedia od Life (EOL) Tripneustes ventricosus . EOL . 2011-10-14 . 2013-10-18.
  132. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Tripneustes ventricosus (Lamarck, 1816) AphiaID: 422490 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  133. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Aslia pygmaea (Théel, 1886) AphiaID: 529439 . Marinespecies.org . 2010-10-06 . 2013-10-18.
  134. A taxonomic guide to the Echinodermata of the South Atlantic Bight, USA: 1. Sea cucumbers (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea).. Pawson, David L., Pawson, Doris J. & King, Rachael A. . 2010. Zootaxa. 2449 . 2449. 1–48. 10.11646/zootaxa.2449.1.1 . 1175-5326 . 2013-10-18. free.
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  136. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Astichopus multifidus Fissured Sea Cucumber . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  137. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Astichopus multifidus (Sluiter, 1910) AphiaID: 241780 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  138. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Chiridota rotifera Worm Cucumber . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  139. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Chiridota rotifera (Pourtalès, 1851) AphiaID: 422538 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  140. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Euthyonacta solida (Deichmann, 1930) AphiaID: 422524 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  141. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) arenicola Semper, 1868 AphiaID: 210814 . Ojs.udo.edu.ve . 2013-01-13 . 2013-10-18.
  142. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Cystipus) cubana Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241823 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  143. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria glaberrima Brown Rock Sea Cucumber . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  144. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Selenkothuria) glaberrima Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 241851 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  145. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria grisea Gray Sea Cucumber . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  146. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Halodeima) grisea Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 241833 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  147. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria impatiens Impatient Sea Cucumber . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  148. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) impatiens (Forskål, 1775) AphiaID: 125185 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  149. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria mexicana Donkey Dung Sea Cucumber . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  150. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Halodeima) mexicana Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 125180 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  151. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Cystipus) occidentalis Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241826 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  152. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria parvula Golden Sea Cucumber . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  153. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Platyperona) parvula (Selenka, 1867) AphiaID: 125183 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  154. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Theelothuria) princeps Selenka, 1867 AphiaID: 210890 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  155. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria surinamensis Surinam Sea Cucumber . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  156. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Semperothuria) surinamensis Ludwig, 1875 AphiaID: 241858 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  157. Web site: Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Holothuria thomasi Tiger Tail Sea Cocumber . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  158. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Holothuria (Thymiosycia) thomasi Pawson & Caycedo, 1980 AphiaID: 241876 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  159. Web site: Isostichopus badionotus . Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) Isostichopus badionotus Three-rowed Sea Cucumber . EOL . 2013-10-18.
  160. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Isostichopus badionotus (Selenka, 1867) AphiaID: 367868 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  161. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Lissothuria antillensis Pawson, 1967 AphiaID: 529094 . Marinespecies.org . 2010-10-06 . 2013-10-18.
  162. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Lissothuria braziliensis (Théel, 1886) AphiaID: 529525 . Marinespecies.org . 2010-10-06 . 2013-10-18.
  163. García, Rosa del Valle., Solís-Marín, Francisco A., Abreu Pérez, Mercedes., Laguarda Figueras, Alfredo & Durán-González, Alicia. 2005 Catálogo de los equinodermos Echinodermata: Crinoidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) nerítico-bentónicos del Archipiélago Cubano. Rev. Biol. Trop. 53(Suppl. 3):9-28, D
  164. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Pentamera pulcherrima Ayres, 1852 AphiaID: 149908 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  165. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Pseudothyone belli (Ludwig, 1887) AphiaID: 422535 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  166. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Sclerodactyla briareus (Lesueur, 1824) AphiaID: 158532 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  167. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Thyone pseudofusus Deichmann, 1930 AphiaID: 225684 . Marinespecies.org . 2013-10-18.
  168. Web site: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) Thyonidium seguroensis (Deichmann, 1930) AphiaID: 529705 . Marinespecies.org . 2010-10-06 . 2013-10-18.

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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of echinoderms of Venezuela".

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