List of earthquakes in Turkey explained

Turkey has had many earthquakes. This list includes any notable historical earthquakes that have epicenters within the current boundaries of Turkey, or which caused significant effects in this area. Overall, the population in major cities like Istanbul resides in structures that are a mix of vulnerable and earthquake resistant construction.

Tectonic setting

Turkey is a seismically active area within the complex zone of collision between the Eurasian Plate and both the African and Arabian Plates. Much of the country lies on the Anatolian Plate, a small plate bounded by two major strike-slip fault zones, the North Anatolian Fault and East Anatolian Fault. The western part of the country is also affected by the zone of extensional tectonics in the Aegean Sea caused by the southward migration of the Hellenic arc. The easternmost part of Turkey lies on the western end of the Zagros fold and thrust belt, which is dominated by thrust tectonics.

Seismic hazard

Seismic hazard in Turkey is highest along the plate boundaries, but there is a significant risk of damaging earthquakes almost anywhere in the country. Seismic maps that show risk have changed through time.^[1]

Buildings

List of notable earthquakes

Historical earthquakes in Turkey (before 1920)

Date	Time‡	Place	Lat	Long	data-sort-type=number	Deaths		-->	Comments	Sources
								-->
17 CE	n/a	Philadelphia (Alaşehir)	38.21	28.31	n/a	n/a	see AD 17 Lydia earthquake
13 December 115		Antioch	36.1	36.1	260,000	7.5 Ms	see 115 Antioch earthquake	^[2]
4 January 141 (or 142)		Lycia, Caria, Dodecanese	36.7	28.0	n/a	VIII	Triggered a severe tsunami that caused inundation at Rhodes; see 141 Lycia earthquake	^[3]
21 December 262		South and west coasts of Anatolia	36.5	27.8	n/a	IX	Damaged many buildings at Ephesus and triggered a tsunami that hit coastal cities; see 262 Southwest Anatolia earthquake	^[4]
26 January 447	Night	Bithynia, Thrace, Byzantine Empire	41.008	28.978	Unknown	IX	Date uncertain, severely damaged the Theodosian walls in Constantinople see 447 Constantinople earthquake	^[5]
19 May 526		Antioch			250,000	VIII	The city of Antioch was greatly damaged, and some decades later the city's population was just 300,000. see 526 Antioch earthquake	^[6]
15 August 554		Anatolia					The earthquake severely damaged the city of Tralles (modern Aydın) and the island of Kos; See 554 Anatolia earthquake	^[7]
14 December 557	just before midnight	Constantinople	40.9	28.7	n/a	X (Intense)	Constantinople was "almost completely razed to the ground" by the earthquake. see 557 Constantinople earthquake
14 May 1269		Cilicia, Anatolia	37.5	35.5	60,000	~7	see 1269 Cilicia earthquake	–
10 September 1509		Constantinople	40.9	28.7	10,000	7.2 Mw	see 1509 Constantinople earthquake	–
May 1598		Amasya and Çorum	40.6	35.4	60,000	6.7	see 1598 Amasya–Çorum earthquake	–
23 February 1653		Smyrna	38.2	28.2	2,500	7.5	see 1653 East Smyrna earthquake	^[8]
17 August 1668		Anatolia	40	36	8,000	8	see 1668 North Anatolia earthquake	^[9]
10 July 1688	11:45	Smyrna	38.4	26.9	16,000	7.0 Ms	see 1688 Smyrna earthquake	^[10]
22 May 1766	05:10	Istanbul	40.8	29.0	4,000	7.1	see 1766 Istanbul earthquake	^[11]
5 August 1766		Dardanelles	40.6	27.0	5,000	7.4	see 1766 Marmara earthquake	^[12]
23 July 1784		Erzincan	39.5	40.2	5,000–>10,000	7.6	see 1784 Erzincan earthquake	^[13]
2 July 1840		Ağrı	39.6	44.1	10,000	7.4	May have triggered the last eruption of Mount Ararat. Casualties associated with a large landslide on the volcano. see 1840 Ahora earthquake	^[14]
28 February 1855	01:00	Bursa	40.2	29.1	1,900	6.7	see 1855 Bursa earthquake	^[15]
2 June 1859	10:30	Erzurum	39.9	41.3	15,000	6.1 Ms	see 1859 Erzurum earthquake	^[16]
12 May 1866		Bingöl	39.2	41.0	680+	7.2 Ms	see 1866 Bingöl earthquake
3 April 1872	–	Hatay	36.4	36.4	1,800	7.2 Ms	see 1872 Amik earthquake
	–	Afyonkarahisar	38.3	29.9	1,300	6.77	see 1875 Dinar earthquake
3 April 1881	11:30	Chios, Çeşme, Alaçatı	38.25	26.25	7,866	7.3 Mw	see 1881 Chios earthquake	^[17]
10 October 1883	13:30	Çeşme, Izmir, Ayvalık	38.3	26.2	53–120	7.3 Ms	see 1883 Çeşme earthquake	^[18]
10 July 1894	12:24	Gulf of İzmit	40.73	29.25	1,300	7.0	see 1894 Istanbul earthquake	^[19]
20 September 1899	04:00	Büyük Menderes Graben	37.9	28.1	1,470	7.1	see 1899 Aydın–Denizli earthquake	^[20]

1900–1999

Date	Time‡	Place	Lat	Long	data-sort-type=number	Deaths		-->	Comments	Sources
								-->
29 April 1903	01:46 local time	Malazgirt	39.14	42.65	600	6.7 Ms	see 1903 Manzikert earthquake	^[21] ^[22]
9 August 1912	03:29 local time	Mürefte	40.75	27.2	216	7.3 MS	see 1912 Mürefte earthquake
4 October 1914	00:07 local time	Burdur	37.82	30.27	2,344	6.9 MS	see 1914 Burdur earthquake
18 November 1919	00:54 local time	Balıkesir	39.18	27.65	3,000	7.0	see 1919 Ayvalık earthquake
13 September 1924	16:34 local time	Horasan	40.0	42.1	60	6.8	see 1924 Pasinler earthquake
22 October 1926	21:59 local time	Kars	40.7	43.7	360	6.0 Ms	see 1926 Kars earthquake	^[23]
31 March 1928	02:29 local time	Smyrna	38.5	28.0	50	6.5 MS	Possible M=6.2 foreshock previous day
18 May 1929	08:37 local time	Suşehri	40.2	37.9	64	6.1	see 1929 Suşehri earthquake
7 May 1930	00:34 local time	Hakkâri	38.1	44.7	2,514	7.2–7.5 Ms	see 1930 Salmas earthquake	^[24]
4 January 1935	16:41 local time	Erdek	40.4	27.5	5	6.4 Ms
19 April 1938	12:59 local time	Kırşehir	39.1	34.0	160	6.6 MS	see 1938 Kırşehir earthquake
22 September 1939	02:36 local time	Dikili	39.1	26.8	60	6.6 MS
27 December 1939	01:57 local time	Erzincan	39.77	39.53	32,700	7.8 Mw	see 1939 Erzincan earthquake
15 November 1942	19:01 local time	Bigadiç	39.2	28.2	16	6.1 MS
20 December 1942	14:03	Erbaa	40.87	36.47	3,000	7.0 Ms	see 1942 Niksar–Erbaa earthquake	^[25]
20 June 1943	17:32 local time	Hendek	40.6	30.5	336	6.6 MS	see 1943 Adapazarı–Hendek earthquake
26 November 1943	22:20	Ladik	40.87	33.65	2,824–5,000	7.5 Mw	see 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake
1 February 1944	03:25	Gerede	40.8	32.2	3,959	7.5	see 1944 Bolu–Gerede earthquake
6 October 1944	04:34 local time	Ayvalık	39.37	26.53	30	6.8 MS	see 1944 Gulf of Edremit–Ayvacik earthquake
17 August 1949		Karlıova	39.54	40.57	450	6.8
13 August 1951	18:36	Kurşunlu	40.88	32.87	50	6.9	see 1951 Kurşunlu earthquake
3 January 1952	08:03 local time	Hasankale	39.9	41.7	41	5.8	see 1952 Hasankale earthquake
18 March 1953	21:06 local time	Yenice	40.02	27.53	265	7.2 MS	see 1953 Yenice–Gönen earthquake
16 July 1955	09:07 local time	Söke	37.55	27.05	23	6.8 MS
22 February 1956	22:31 local time	Eskişehir	39.89	30.49	1	6.4
25 April 1957	04:25 local time	Fethiye	36.5	28.6	67	7.1 MS	see 1957 Fethiye earthquakes
26 May 1957	6:36	Abant	40.67	31.00	52	7.1	see 1957 Abant earthquake
6 October 1964	16:31 local time	Manyas	40.1	27.93	23	7.0 MS	see 1964 Manyas earthquake
19 August 1966	12:23	Varto	39.17	41.56	2,394	6.8 Mw	see 1966 Varto earthquake
22 July 1967	16:56	Mudurnu	40.67	30.69	89	7.2	see North Anatolian Fault
3 September 1968	10:19 local time	Bartın	41.79	32.31	29	6.5 MS	see 1968 Bartın earthquake
28 March 1969	03:48 local time	Alaşehir	38.5	28.4	53	6.5 MS	see 1969 Alaşehir earthquake
28 March 1970	23:02 local time	Gediz	39.2	29.5	1,086	7.2 MS	see 1970 Gediz earthquake
12 May 1971	08:25 local time	Burdur	37.5	29.9	57	6.1 MS		^[26] ^[27]
22 May 1971	16:44	Bingöl	38.83	40.52	755	6.9 Mw	see 1971 Bingöl earthquake	^[28]
6 September 1975	12:20 local time	Lice	38.5	40.7	2,311	6.6 MS
24 November 1976	14:22 local time	Muradiye	39.12	44.03	4,000	7.5 MS	see 1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake
25 March 1977		Palu	38.728	40.088	30	5.2		^[29]
30 October 1983	07:12 local time	Erzurum	40.33	42.19	1,342	6.9 MS
13 March 1992	17.18	Erzincan	39.70	39.69	498	6.7 Mw		^[30]
1 October 1995	17:57 local time	Dinar	38.06	30.13	90	6.1 MS	see 1995 Dinar earthquake
27 June 1998	16:55 local time	Ceyhan	36.88	35.31	146	6.3 Mw	see 1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake
17 August 1999	03:02 local time	İzmit	40.77	30	17,127–18,373	7.6 Mw	see 1999 Gölcük earthquake
12 November 1999	18:57 local time	Düzce	40.75	31.16	894	7.2 Mw	(PDE Monthly Listing); see 1999 Düzce earthquake	USGS

2000–present

Date	Time‡	Place	Lat	Long	data-sort-type=number	Deaths		-->	Comments	Sources
								-->
3 February 2002	07:11	Afyon	38.573	31.271	44	6.5 Mw	(HRV); see 2002 Afyon earthquake	^[31]
27 January 2003	05:26	Pülümür	39.46	39.79	1	6.1 Mw	(HRV, USGS)	USGS
1 May 2003	00:27	Bingöl	39.01	40.46	177	6.4 Mw	(HRV, USGS); see 2003 Bingöl earthquake	^[32]
2 July 2004	01:30	Ağrı	39.71	44.02	18	5.1 Mw	(HRV); see 2004 Doğubayazıt earthquake	^[33]
8 March 2010	02:32	Elazığ	38.79	40.03	41	6.1 Mw	(HRV); see 2010 Elazığ earthquake	^[34]
19 May 2011	23:15	Kütahya	39.14	29.07	2	5.8 Mw	(HRV); see 2011 Kütahya earthquake	^[35]
23 October 2011	13:41	Van	38.63	43.49	604	7.2 Mw	(HRV); see 2011 Van earthquakes	^[36]
9 November 2011	19:23		38.42	43.22	40	5.6 Mw		^[37]
02014-05-2424 May 2014	12:25 local time	Imbros	40.31	25.45	0	6.9 Mw	(HRV); see 2014 Aegean Sea earthquake	^[38]
21 July 2017	01:31 local time	Bodrum	36.92	27.41	2 (in the Greek island of Kos)	6.6 Mw	(HRV); see 2017 Aegean Sea earthquake	^[39]
02019-09-2626 September 2019	13:59 local time	Marmara Region	40.89	28.17	1	5.7 Mw	(HRV); see 2019 Istanbul earthquake	^[40]
02019-09-2624 January 2020	20:55 local time	Elazığ, Malatya	38.390	39.081	41	6.7 Mw	(HRV); see 2020 Elazığ earthquake	^[41]
02019-09-2623 February 2020	08:53 local time	Iran–Turkey border	38.3943	44.3405	10	5.8 Mw	(HRV); see 2020 Iran–Turkey earthquakes	^[42]
	19:00 local time		38.3943	44.3405		6.0 Mw		^[43]
14 June 2020	16:24 local time	Bingöl	39.42	40.67	1	5.9 Mw	see 2020 Bingöl earthquake	^[44]
30 October 2020	14:51 local time	Aegean Sea	37.918	26.790	117	7.0	see 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake	^[45]
23 November 2022	04:08 local time	Düzce	40.847	30.967	2	6.1	see 2022 Düzce earthquake	^[46]
6 February 2023	04:17 local time	Kahramanmaraş	37.112	37.119	62,013 (53,537 in Turkey, 8,476 in Syria)	7.8	see 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes	^[47] ^[48]
	13:24 local time		38.036	37.229		7.5-7.7		^[49] ^[50]
20 February 2023	20:04 local time	Defne	36.1133	36.082	11 (6 in Turkey, 5 in Syria)	6.3		^[51]
27 February 2023	12:04 local time	Yeşilyurt	38.2535	38.2932	2	5.2		^[52]

See also

• Geology of Turkey
• List of earthquakes in the Levant

Further reading

• Bikçe . Murat . A database for fatalities and damages due to the earthquakes in Turkey (1900–2014) . Natural Hazards . 83 . 3 . 2016 . 0921-030X . 10.1007/s11069-016-2397-7 . 1359–1418. 2016NatHa..83.1359B . 133563941 .

External links

• 1:25,000 scale fault maps (click the square to see a map if there are faults)
• Seismic Risk Map (requires logon with Turkish ID)

Notes and References

1. Akkar. Sinan. Eroğlu Azak. Tuba. Can. Tolga. Çeken. U.. Demircioglu. Mine. Duman. Tamer. Erdik. M.. Ergintav. Semih. Kadirioğlu. Filiz. Kalafat. Doğan. Kale. Özkan. 2018-07-13. Evolution of seismic hazard maps in Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering. 16. 8. 3197–3228. 10.1007/s10518-018-0349-1. 2018BuEE...16.3197A . 116119039.
2. Web site: Comments for the Significant Earthquake. National Geophysical Data Center. 19 October 2011. 19 June 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170619133029/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=64&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
3. Web site: Comments for the tsunami event . . Significant Earthquake Database . 8 February 2015 . 6 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120153/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=5883&t=101650&s=18&d=99,91,95,93&nd=display . live .
4. Web site: Turkey: S Coasts; Libya: Comments for the Earthquake Event . . Significant Earthquake Database . 4 October 2016 . . 10 October 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171010104624/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?EQ_0=31&t=101650&s=8&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display . live .
5. Web site: Guidoboni . E. . Ferrari . G. . Mariotti . D. . Comastri . A. . Tarabusi . G. . Sgatoni . G. . Valensise . G. . Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 BC – 1997) and Mediterranean Area (760 B.C. – 1500) . INGV-SGA . 3 November 2021 . 3 November 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211103120547/http://storing.ingv.it/cfti/cfti5/quake.php?M1180IT . live .
6. [Procopius]
7. Antonopoulos, J. . Data from investigation on seismic Sea waves events in the Eastern Mediterranean from 500 to 1000 A.D. Part 2 . Annals of Geophysics . 33 . 1 . 1980 . 164–178 . 10.4401/ag-4702 . free . 5 November 2020 . 29 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201129202336/https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/view/4702 . live .
8. Web site: Comments for the 1653 Earthquake. NGDC. 1 February 2011. 6 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120216/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=986&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
9. Web site: Historic Worldwide Earthquakes . https://web.archive.org/web/20090825081330/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/historical.php/ . dead . 25 August 2009. United States Geological Survey. 27 September 2021.
10. Web site: Comments for the 1688 Earthquake. NGDC. 1 February 2011. 6 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106173026/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=1115&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
11. Seismicity of the Sea of Marmara (Turkey) since 1500. N. N. Ambraseys. J. A. Jackson. en. Geophysical Journal International. 141. 3. June 2000. F1–F6. 10.1046/j.1365-246x.2000.00137.x. 2000GeoJI.141F...1A . free.
12. Parsons . T. . Recalculated probability of M ≥ 7 earthquakes beneath the Sea of Marmara, Turkey . Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth . 2004 . 109 . B5 . 10.1029/2003JB002667. 2004JGRB..109.5304P . free .
13. Ambraseys . N.N. . Jackson . J.A. . 1998 . Faulting associated with historical and recent earthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean region . Geophysical Journal International . 133 . 2 . 390–406 . 10.1046/j.1365-246X.1998.00508.x. free . 1998GeoJI.133..390A .
14. Haroutiunian . R. A. . Катастрофическое извержение вулкана Арарат 2 июля 1840 года . Catastrophic eruption of volcano Ararat on 2 july, 1840] . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia: Earth Sciences . 2005 . 58 . 1 . 27–35 . ru . 0515-961X . 2015-11-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151207231822/http://earth.asj-oa.am/3202/ . 2015-12-07 . live .
15. Web site: Comments for the 1855 Earthquake. NGDC. 2 February 2011. 6 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120235/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=1977&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
16. Web site: Comments for the 1859 Earthquake. NGDC. 1 February 2011. 6 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120246/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2036&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
17. Web site: Comments for the 1881 Earthquake. NGDC. 2 February 2011. 17 November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171117065131/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2298&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
18. Web site: Comments for the 1883 earthquake. NCEI. 3 March 2018. 3 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180303225349/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=2331&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
19. Ambraseys. N.. January 2001 . Journal of Seismology . 10.1023/A:1009871605267. The earthquake of 10 July 1894 in the Gulf of Izmit (Turkey) and its relation to the earthquake of 17 August 1999. 5. 1. 117–128 . 1573-157X . 2001JSeis...5..117A. 128657125.
20. Kumsar . Halil . Aydan . Ömer . Şimşek . Celal . D’Andria . Francesco . Historical earthquakes that damaged Hierapolis and Laodikeia antique cities and their implications for earthquake potential of Denizli basin in western Turkey . Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment . 2016 . 75 . 2 . 519–536 . 10.1007/s10064-015-0791-0 . 2016BuEGE..75..519K . 128049511 . 22 July 2022 . 22 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722161329/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/250317353.pdf . live .
21. Web site: List of big earthquakes 1900–2004. Bogazici University Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute National Earthquake Monitoring Center (NEMC). tr. 2 February 2020. 13 May 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150513032109/http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/2/deprem-bilgileri/buyuk-depremler/. live.
22. Web site: IISEENET (Information Network of Earthquake disaster Prevention Technologies) – Search Page . 14 June 2009 . 21 July 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100721030928/http://iisee.kenken.go.jp/utsu/utsuweq_bak_eng.html . live .
23. Web site: Comments for the 1926 Earthquake. NGDC. 3 February 2011. 11 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181211105641/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=3296&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
24. Web site: Comments for the 1930 Earthquake. NGDC. 3 February 2011. 3 June 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210603032008/https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=3412&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display. live.
25. Toksoz, M.N., Shakal, A.F. & Michael, A.J. 1979. Space-Time Migration of Earthquakes Along the North Anatolian Fault Zone and Seismic Gaps. Pageophys, 117, 1258–1270. . 10.1007/BF00876218 . 186224522 . 12 February 2020 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172132/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00876218 . live .
26. Web site: USGS event page . 2023-06-24 . earthquake.usgs.gov.
27. Taymaz . Tuncay . Price . Simon . 1992-02-01 . The 1971 May 12 Burdur earthquake sequence, SW Turkey: a synthesis of seismological and geological observations . Geophysical Journal International . 108 . 2 . 589–603 . 10.1111/j.1365-246x.1992.tb04638.x . 1992GeoJI.108..589T . 131244868 . 0956-540X.
28. https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/world_deaths.php USGS list of earthquakes with 1,000 or More Deaths since 1900
29. Web site: International Seismological Centre Online Event Bibliography . ISC: On-Line Bulletin . International Seismological Centre . 1 September 2023.
30. Web site: Bernard, P., Gariel, J-C. & Dorbath L. 1997. Fault location and rupture kinematics of the magnitude 6.8, 1992 Erzincan earthquake, Turkey, from strong ground motion and regional records. Bulletin Seismological Society of America, 87, 1230–1243. . 14 June 2009 . 24 July 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724152447/http://bssa.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/5/1230 . live .
31. Web site: Significant Earthquakes of the World 2002 . USGS . United States Geological Survey . 3 September 2017 . 28 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091028051545/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/significant/sig_2002.php . live .
32. Web site: Significant Earthquakes of the World 2003 . USGS . United States Geological Survey . 3 September 2017 . 4 October 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081004192018/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqarchives/significant/sig_2003.php . live .
33. Web site: M 5.1 – eastern Turkey . USGS.com . United States Geological Survey . 8 October 2019 . 2004-07-01 . 9 October 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191009032115/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000czcr/executive . live .
34. Web site: Magnitude 6.1 – eastern Turkey . USGS . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311153614/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010tpac/ . 2010-03-11 . United States Geological Survey .
35. Web site: Magnitude 5.8 – WESTERN TURKEY. USGS. United States Geological Survey. 3 September 2017. 24 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110524231929/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0003j4a.php. live.
36. Web site: Magnitude 7.2 – EASTERN TURKEY . USGS . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111024062356/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usb0006bqc.php . 2011-10-24 . United States Geological Survey .
37. Web site: M 5.6 – eastern Turkey. Earthquake.usgs.gov. 2020-01-28. 28 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200128120227/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000jamz/executive. live.
38. http://udim.koeri.boun.edu.tr/Depremler/onemliler/24052014_1225TSIKuzeyEgeDeniziDepremi_.pdf 24 MAYIS 2014 GÖKÇEADA AÇIKLARI – EGE DENİZİ DEPREMİ
39. Web site: Magnitude 6.6 – WESTERN TURKEY. USGS. United States Geological Survey. 3 September 2017. 24 October 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111024062356/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usb0006bqc.php. live.
40. Web site: Istanbul earthquake: Magnitude 5.8 quake hits Turkey. independent.co.uk. 26 September 2019. 2019-09-26. 27 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190927142945/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/istanbul-earthquake-turkey-magnitude-today-latest-a9121261.html. live.
41. News: Rescue efforts under way after deadly quake rattles east Turkey . 26 January 2020 . Aljazeera . 26 January 2020 . 26 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200426200737/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/rescue-efforts-deadly-quake-rattles-east-turkey-200125085253773.html . live .
42. Web site: M 5.8 – 25km SE of Saray, Turkey. earthquake.usgs.gov. 2020-02-23. 23 February 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200223091841/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007v29/executive. live.
43. Web site: M 6.0 – 25km SE of Saray, Turkey . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200223171146/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70007v9g/executive . 23 February 2020 . 2020-02-23 . earthquake.usgs.gov.
44. Web site: M 5.9 – 14 km E of Yedisu, Turkey. 2020-06-16. US Geological Survey. 17 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201017143654/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000abnv/executive. live.
45. Web site: M 7.0 – 15 km NNE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece. US Geological Survey. 30 October 2020. 30 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201030161600/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000c7y0/executive. live.
46. Web site: . M 6.1 – 16 km W of Düzce, Turkey . United States Geological Survey . 23 November 2022 . 23 November 2022 . 23 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221123012547/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us7000irp8/executive . live .
47. Web site: . M 7.8 – Central Turkey . United States Geological Survey . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206021003/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000jllz/executive . live .
48. Web site: Son Depremler . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206102906/http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/scripts/lst9.asp . 6 February 2023 .
49. Web site: Latest Earthquakes . 2023-02-06 . earthquake.usgs.gov . 6 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230206172130/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?currentFeatureId=us6000jlqa&extent=25.16517,10.50293&extent=49.15297,63.94043 . live .
50. News: Pettersson . Lauren Said-Moorhouse,Christian Edwards,Krystina Shveda,Henrik . The earthquake in Turkey is one of the deadliest this century. Here's why . 8 February 2023 . CNN . CNN . 7 February 2023 . en.
51. News: Bilginsoy . Zeynep . Fraser . Suzan . New quake brings fresh losses to residents of Turkey, Syria . 21 February 2023 . AP News . 21 February 2023 . 21 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230221185518/https://apnews.com/article/2023-turkey-syria-earthquake-government-business-18c9a263e69c786e1f9eb77ff49d221b . live.
52. News: 2 dead, 140 injured after 5.6 earthquake rocks Türkiye's Malatya . 27 February 2023 . Daily Sabah . 2 March 2023 . 1 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230301073101/https://www.dailysabah.com/turkiye/2-dead-140-injured-after-56-earthquake-rocks-turkiyes-malatya/news . live.