Lists of earthquakes explained

Earthquakes are caused by movements within the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle. They range from weak events detectable only by seismometers, to sudden and violent events lasting many minutes which have caused some of the greatest disasters in human history. Below, earthquakes are listed by period, region or country, year, magnitude, cost, fatalities, and number of scientific studies.

Lists by time period

By century

By decade

By year

Lists by location

By country

By region

Deadliest earthquakes

The following is a summary list of earthquakes with over approximately 100,000 deaths.[1] The 893 Ardabil earthquake probably relate to the 893 Dvin earthquake, due to misreading of the Arabic word for Dvin, 'Dabil' as 'Ardabil'.[2] This is regarded as a 'fake earthquake'.[3]

RankEventDateLocationFatalitiesMagnitudeNotes
1data-sort-value="242769"242,769–700,000+ 7.6 Official casualty figure is 242,769 deaths. Estimated death toll as high as 655,000. 799,000 injured.[4] [5]
2 Ningxia–Gansu, China data-sort-value="273400"273,400 7.8 Previously cited death toll was 230,000 and this figure was revised in 2010.[6] [7]
3 Antioch, Byzantine Empire (modern-day Turkey)data-sort-value="250000"250,000[8] 7.0[9] Procopius (II.14.6), sources based on John of Ephesus.
4Ganja, Seljuk Empire (modern-day Azerbaijan) data-sort-value="230000"230,000–300,000[10] 7.0 Death toll may have been a historical conflation with earthquakes on November 1137 in the Jazira plain and the 1138 Aleppo earthquake.
5data-sort-value="227898" 227,898 9.1–9.3 Death toll includes those missing and presumed dead.
6Aleppo, Seljuk Empire (modern-day Syria) data-sort-value="130000"130,000–230,000 7.1[11] The figure of 230,000 dead is based on a historical conflation of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and the 1139 Ganja earthquakein the Azerbaijani city of Ganja. The first mention of a 230,000 death toll was by Ibn Taghribirdi in the fifteenth century.[12]
7 Haiti 100,000–316,0007.0 Estimates vary from 316,000 (Haitian government) to 222,570 (UN OCHA estimate)[13] to 158,000 (Medicine, Conflict and Survival) to between 85,000 and 46,000 (report commissioned by USAID).[14] [15]
81303 Hongdong earthquakeShanxi, Yuan dynasty (modern-day China)200,000[16] 8.0Taiyuan and Pingyang were leveled.
9Damghan, Abbasid Caliphate (modern-day Iran) data-sort-value="200000" 200,000
10533 Aleppo earthquakedata-sort-value="130000" Aleppo, Byzantine Empire (modern-day Syria) 130,000[17] Unknown
11 Ashgabat, Turkmen SSR (modern-day Turkmenistan) data-sort-value="110000" 110,000 7.3 Previously cited death toll was 10,000 until a news release on December 9, 1988 advised that the correct death toll was 110,000.
12 Kantō region, Japan data-sort-value="105000" 105,385[18] 7.9 This earthquake with an epicenter beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay, shook the Kantō plain on the Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58 am. Shaking duration reported between 4 and 10 minutes, devastating Tokyo, Yokohama, Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka.[19] Shaking slid the 93-ton Great Buddha statue at Kamakura almost forward. Casualty estimates range from 100,000 to 142,800, the latter figure including ≈40,000 missing later presumed dead.
13Shaanxi, China data-sort-value="100,000"100,000+ 8.0 Direct deaths thought to be just over 100,000 while about 730,000 people died from famines or migrated elsewhere.[20] [21] [22] [23]
14Ningcheng, Yuan dynasty (modern-day China) data-sort-value="100000" 100,000 6.8 Estimates also suggests lower values of at least 7,000.[24]

Deadliest earthquakes by year

DateMagnitudeLocationDepth (km)MMIdata-sort-type=number Deaths
May 1, 19297.2, Ahal Region10.0IX3,257–3,800
July 23, 19306.6, Irpinia15.0X1,404
August 10, 19318.0, Xinjiang Province20.0XI10,000
May 20, 19325.4, Mazandaran province12.0VIII1,070
August 25, 19337.3 China, Sichuan Province15.0X6,865-9,300
January 15, 19348.0 Nepal, Koshi15.0X10,700–12,000
May 30, 19357.7, Khanate of Kalat15.0X30,000–60,000
April 1, 19366.8 China, Guangxi Province0.0IX1,001
July 31, 19376.9, Shandong Province25.0IX3,252
April 19, 19386.6, Kırşehir Province10.0IX224
December 27, 19397.8, Erzincan Province20.0XII32,700–32,968
November 10, 19407.7, Vrancea County133.0X1,000
January 11, 19415.8–6.5, Razih District35.0VIII1,200
December 20, 19427.0, Erbaa10.0IX3,000
November 27, 19437.5–7.7, Çankırı20.0XI2,824–5,000
January 15, 19447.0, San Juan15.0IX10,000
November 28, 19458.1, Makran Coast15.0X300–4,000
August 4, 19467.8, Samaná15.0IX2,550
August 4, 19477.7, Junín Province20.0IX233–2,233
October 6, 19487.3, Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic15.0X10,000–110,000
July 10, 19497.5, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic18.0IX7,200
August 15, 19508.6, Assam15.0XI4,800
May 6, 19515.9–6.2, Usulután85.0VIII400–1,100
November 5, 19529.0, Russian Soviet Socialist Republic21.6XI2,336
March 18, 19537.5, Balıkesir Province10.0IX1,070
September 9, 19546.7, Chlef Province, Algeria15.0XI1,243–1,409
March 31, 19557.4, Western Mindanao35.0VIII465
October 31, 19566.4, Hormozgan15.0VII347
December 13, 19576.5, Hamadan15.0VII1,130
August 16, 19586.7, Lorestan15.0VII132
August 18, 19597.3, Montana5.0X28
February 29, 19605.8, Souss-Massa15.0X12,000–15,000
June 11, 19616.4, Fars province15.0VIII60
September 1, 19627.1, Qazvin province10.0IX12,225
July 26, 19636.1, Macedonia15.0X1,070
March 27, 19649.2, Alaska25.0XI131
March 28, 19657.4–7.6, Valparaíso Region70.0IX400–500
March 22, 19666.8, Hebei20.0IX8,064
July 29, 19676.6, Vargas25.0VIII225–300
August 31, 19687.1, South Khorasan Province10.0X15,900
July 25, 19696.4, Guangdong20.0VIII3,000
May 31, 19707.9, Ancash45.0VIII66,794–70,000
May 22, 19716.6, Bingöl10.0VIII875[25]
April 10, 19726.7, Fars10.0IX5,374
February 6, 19737.6, Sichuan11.0X2,175–2,204
May 10, 19747.1, Yunnan14.0IX1,641–20,000
September 6, 19756.7, Diyarbakır26.0IX2,311
July 28, 19767.6, Hebei12.2XI242,719–655,000
March 4, 19777.5, Vrancea85.3IX1,700
September 16, 19787.4, Yazd33.0IX15,000–25,000
December 12, 19798.2, Nariño33.0IX300–600
October 10, 19807.1, Chlef10.0X2,633–5,000
June 11 and July 28, 19816.6 & 7.1, Kerman33.0VIII & IX3,000
December 13, 19826.2, Dhamar10.0VIII2,800
October 30, 19836.6, Erzurum15.0IX1,340
September 13, 19846.3, Nagano2.0VIII14
September 19, 19858.0, Michoacán20.0IX5,000–45,000
October 10, 19865.7, San Salvador10.0IX1,000–1,500
March 6, 19877.1, Sucumbíos10.0IX1,000
December 7, 19886.8, Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic5.0X25,000–50,000
January 23, 19895.3, Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic33.0VII274
June 21, 19907.4, Gilan18.5X35,000–40,000
October 20, 19916.8, Uttar Pradesh11.6IX768–2,000[26]
December 12, 19927.8, Flores Sea offshore27.7VIII2,500[27]
September 29, 19936.2, Maharashtra10.0VIII9,748
June 6, 19946.8, Cauca12.1IX1,100
January 17, 19956.9, Kobe21.9XI5,502–6,434
February 3, 19966.6, Yunnan10.0X309–322
May 10, 19977.3, Khorasan10.0X1,567
May 30, 19986.5, Takhar33.0VII4,000–4,500
August 17, 19997.6, İzmit17.0X17,127–18,373
June 4, 20007.9, Enggano Island offshore44.0VI103
January 26, 20017.6, Bhuj16.0X13,805–20,023
March 25, 20026.1, Baghlan Province8.0VII1,200
December 26, 20036.6, Bam15.0IX34,000
December 26, 20049.2–9.3, Sumatra offshore30.0IX227,898
October 8, 20057.6, Balakot15.0XI86,000–87,351
May 27, 20066.4, Yogyakarta10.0IX5,749
August 15, 20078.0, Ica offshore39.0IX595
May 12, 20087.9, Sichuan19.0XI87,587
September 30, 20097.6, Padang offshore90.0VII[28] 1,115
January 12, 20107.0, Léogâne13.0X100,000–316,000
March 11, 20119.1, Sendai offshore29.0IX19,759
August 11, 20126.4, East Azerbaijan9.0VIII306
September 24, 20137.7, Balochistan15.0IX825
August 3, 20146.1, Yunnan10.0IX617
April 25, 20157.8, Gorkha District8.2X8,962
April 16, 20167.8, Esmeraldas20.6VIII[29] 676
November 12, 20177.3 Iran–Iraq border Region19.0IX630
September 28, 20187.5, Palu20.0X4,340
November 26, 20196.4, Durrës10.0VIII51
October 30, 20207.0

Aegean Sea		21.0VIII119
August 14, 20217.2, Nippes10.0IX2,248
June 21, 20226.0, Khost10.0VIII1,052–1,163
February 6, 20237.8 & 7.7, Southeastern Anatolia
, Aleppo and Idlib		10.0 & 7.4XII59,488–62,013
January 1, 20247.5, Ishikawa10.0X339

Largest earthquakes by magnitude

For those which occurred before the development and deployment of seismographs – starting around 1900 – magnitudes are estimated from historical reports of the extent and severity of damage.[30]

RankDateLocationEventMagnitude
1 Valdivia, Chile1960 Valdivia earthquake9.4–9.6
2 Prince William Sound, Alaska, United States1964 Alaska earthquake9.2–9.3
3 Sumatra, Indonesia2004 Indian Ocean earthquake9.2–9.3[31] [32]
4 Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan2011 Tōhoku earthquake9.0–9.1[33] [34]
5 Kamchatka, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake9.0
6 Ecuador – Colombia1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake8.8
7 Maule, Chile2010 Chile earthquake8.8
8 Rat Islands, Alaska, United States1965 Rat Islands earthquake8.7
9 Assam, India – Tibet, China1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake8.6–8.7
10 Aleutian Islands, Alaska, United States1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake8.6
11 Sumatra, Indonesia2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake8.6
12 Andreanof Islands, Alaska, United States1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake8.6
13 Sumatra, Indonesia2012 Indian Ocean earthquakes8.6
14 Atacama, Chile1922 Vallenar earthquake8.5–8.6
15 Banda Sea, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies)1938 Banda Sea earthquake8.5–8.6
16 Kuril Islands, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union1963 Kuril Islands earthquake8.5

Pre-instrumental earthquakes

DateLocationEventMagnitude
Valparaíso, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire)1730 Valparaíso earthquake9.1–9.3 (est.)[35]
Kamchatka Peninsula, Russian Empire1737 Kamchatka earthquake9.0–9.3 (est.)
Valdivia, Chile1837 Valdivia earthquake8.8–9.5 (est.)[36]
Pacific Ocean, Atacama region (now Atacama, Chile)1420 Caldera earthquake8.8–9.4 (est.)
Valdivia, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire)1575 Valdivia earthquake9.0 (est.)
Arica, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire)1604 Arica earthquake9.0 (est.)
Pacific Ocean, Shikoku region, Japan1707 Hōei earthquake8.7–9.3 (est.) [37]
Sumatra, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies)1833 Sumatra earthquake8.8–9.2 (est.)
Kamchatka, Russian Empire1841 Kamchatka earthquake9.0 (est.)
Pacific Ocean, US, and Canada (then claimed by the Spanish Empire and the British Empire)1700 Cascadia earthquake8.7–9.2 (est.)
Arica, Chile (then Peru)1868 Arica earthquake8.5–9.3 (est.)
Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Japan869 Jōgan earthquake8.6–9.0 (est.)
Banda Islands, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies)1852 Banda Sea earthquake8.8 (est.)[38]
Iquique, Chile (then Peru)1877 Iquique earthquake8.7–8.9 (est.)
Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal1755 Lisbon earthquake8.5–9.0 (est.)
Lima, Peru (then part of the Spanish Empire)1687 Peru earthquake8.7 (est.)
1746 Lima–Callao earthquake8.6–8.8 (est.)
Chittagong, Bangladesh (then Kingdom of Mrauk U)1762 Arakan earthquake8.5–8.8 (est.)
Pacific Ocean, Chūbu region, Japan1498 Meiō earthquake8.6 (est.)
Oaxaca, Mexico (then part of the Spanish Empire)1787 New Spain earthquake8.6 (est.)
Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal1816 North Atlantic earthquake8.6 (est.)
Mediterranean Sea, Crete, Greece365 Crete earthquake8.5+ (est.)
Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal8.5 (est.)
Himalayas, northern Nepal1505 Lo Mustang earthquake8.2–8.8 (est.)
Shandong, China1668 Shandong earthquake8.5 (est.)[39]
Concepción, Chile (then part of the Spanish Empire)1751 Concepción earthquake8.5 (est.)
Atlantic Ocean, Lisbon, Portugal1761 Lisbon earthquake8.5 (est.)[40]
Copiapó, Chile1819 Copiapó earthquake8.5 (est.)
Valparaíso, Chile1822 Valparaíso earthquake8.5 (est.)
Concepción, Chile1835 Concepción earthquake8.5 (est.)
region, Lesser Antilles1843 Guadeloupe earthquake8.5 (est.)[41]
Sumatra, Indonesia (then part of the Dutch East Indies)1861 Sumatra earthquake8.5 (est.)
Pacific Ocean, Tōhoku region, Empire of Japan1896 Sanriku earthquake8.5 (est.)

List by year

YearMagnitudeLocationDepth (km)MMIdata-sort-type=number Deathsdata-sort-type=number Injuries
January 7, 19377.8, Qinghai15.0VIII00
February 1, 19388.5–8.6, Maluku offshore60.0VII00
December 21, 19398.1, Central Sulawesi offshore150.0VII00
May 24, 19408.2, Lima45.0VIII179–3003,500
November 18, 19418.0, Miyazaki offshore35.0VII20
August 24, 19428.2, Ica35.0IX3025
April 6, 19437.9–8.2, Coquimbo35.0VIII110
December 7, 19448.1, Wakayama offshore30.0VIII1,2232,135
November 27, 19458.1, Balochistan offshore15.0X4,0000
April 1, 19468.6, Alaska offshore15.0VI1730
May 27, 1947 & November 1, 19477.6, Papua offshore15.0VI00
, Junin20.0IX2330
January 24, 19487.8, Panay15.0X500
August 22, 19498.0, Haida Gwaii10.0VIII00
August 15, 19508.6 India–China, Assam–Tibet border region15.0XI4,8000
November 24, 19517.8, East Rift Valley30.0VII851,200
November 4, 19529.0, Kamchatka21.6XI2,3360
November 25, 19537.9, Yokohama25.0V10
March 29, 19547.8, Andalusia626.2IV00
February 27, 19557.5, Kermadec Islands15.0I00
July 9, 19567.7, Dodecanese Islands20.0IX560
March 9, 19578.6–9.1, Aleutian Islands, Alaska25.0VIII20
November 6, 19588.3, Kuril Islands35.0X051
May 4, 19597.9, Kamchatka55.0VIII113
May 22, 19609.5, Valdivia25.0XII6,00011,000
August 19, 19617.6, Madre de Dios Region612.2IV00
May 21, 19627.5 offshore390.0I00
October 13, 19638.5, Kuril Islands35.0IX00
March 27, 19649.1–9.2 Alaska, Prince William Sound25.0XI1310
February 3, 19658.7 Alaska, Aleutian Islands30.3VI00
October 17, 19668.1, Arequipa38.0IX1253,000
July 22, 19677.4, Sakarya Province30.0X860
May 16, 19688.3, Hokkaidō26.0VIII52330
August 11, 19698.2, Kuril Islands30.0VIII00
July 31, 19708.0, Amazonas Department644.8IV14
July 26, 19718.1, Kokopo37.0IX35
19728.0, Mindanao60.0VII00
June 17, 19737.8, Hokkaidō43.3VIII027
October 3, 19748.1, Lima13.0IX782,400
May 26, 19757.9north Atlantic Ocean33.0VI00
August 17, 19768.0, Moro Gulf33.0VIII8,00010,000
August 19, 19778.3, Bima25.0VI1891,100
June 12, 19787.7, Miyagi44.0VIII281,325
December 12, 19798.2, Nariño offshore
, Esmeraldas offshore		24.0IX6000
July 17, 19807.7, Santa Cruz Islands33.0VI00
September 1, 19817.6, offshore25.0IV00
June 19, 19827.3, offshore73.0VII430
March 18 & May 26, 19837.7, New Ireland70.0VII00
, off the coast of Honshu15.1VIII104324
February 7, 19847.6, Honiara18.1VIII00
September 19, 19858.0, Mexico City27.9IX10,00030,000
May 7, 19868.0, Aleutian Islands, Alaska19.0VII00
November 30, 19877.9, Gulf of Alaska10.0VI00
March 6, 19887.7, Gulf of Alaska15.0V00
May 23, 19898.0, Macquarie Island10.0V00
July 16, 19907.7, Luzon24.4IX1,6213,000
April 22, 19917.6, Limón10.0IX127759
December 12, 19927.8, Sunda Islands23.5VIII2,5000
August 8, 19937.8, Offshore59.3IX071
October 5, 19948.3, Kuril Islands3.0IX121,742
July 30, 19958.0, Antofagasta30.5VII359
February 17, 19968.2, Biak11.5VIII166423
December 5, 19977.8, Kamchatka Peninsula23.5VIII00
March 25, 19988.1, Balleny Islands10.0–00
September 21, 19997.7, Nantou County15.5IX2,44411,305
November 16, 20008.0, New Ireland13.0VII20
June 23, 20018.4, Arequipa33.0VIII1452,713
November 3, 20027.9, Alaska4.2IX01
September 26, 20038.3, Hokkaidō23.5IX0849
December 26, 20049.2–9.3, Sumatra10.0IX227,898125,000
March 28, 20058.6, Simeulue21.0IX1313300
November 15, 20068.3, Kuril Islands10.0VI01
September 12, 20078.4, Sumatra34.0VIII230
May 12, 20087.9, Sichuan19.0XI87,587374,177
September 29, 20098.1, Offshore18.0VII1897
February 27, 20108.8, Concepción22.9IX55012,000
March 11, 20119.0–9.1, Honshu29.0IX19,7476,000
April 11, 20128.6, Indian Ocean20.0VII1012
May 24, 20138.3, Sea of Okhotsk598.1VI00
April 1, 20148.2, Iquique25.0VIII69
September 16, 20158.3, Coquimbo22.4IX2134
December 17, 20167.9, New Ireland94.5VII00
September 7, 20178.2, Chiapas47.4IX98250
August 19, 20188.2, offshore600.0V00
May 26, 20198.0, Loreto122.6VIII20
July 22, 20207.8, Alaska Peninsula offshore28.0VII00
July 28, 20218.2, Alaska Peninsula offshore32.2VII00
September 11 & September 19, 20227.6, Morobe61.4VIII2142
, Michoacán25.5VIII235
February 6, 20237.8, Southeastern Anatolia17.9XII59,488–62,013121,704
January 1, 20247.5, Ishikawa10.0X3391,327

List by country/territory

Country/TerritoryMagnitudeDateMore information
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria1980 El Asnam earthquake
American Samoa
Andorra1428 Catalonia earthquake
Angola
Anguilla
Antarctica1998 Balleny Islands earthquake
Antigua and Barbuda Ms[42]
Argentina1977 San Juan earthquake
Armenia Ms1988 Armenian earthquake
Australia
Austria–6.51590 Neulengbach earthquake
Azerbaijan–7.31139 Ganja earthquake
Bangladesh–8.81762 Arakan earthquake
Barbados &
Belgium–6.5 Ms1692 Northwestern Europe earthquake
Belize
Benin
Bhutan–8.61714 Bhutan earthquake
1994 Bolivia earthquake
Bosnia and Herzegovina1969 Banja Luka earthquake
Botswana ML[43]
Brazil
British Indian Ocean Territory1983 Chagos Archipelago earthquake
Bulgaria & 1901 Black Sea earthquake & 1904 Kresna earthquakes
Burundi
Cameroon
Canada–9.21700 Cascadia earthquake
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands2020 Caribbean earthquake
Central African Republic
Chile–9.61960 Valdivia earthquake
China1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Colombia1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
Comoros
Congo
Costa Rica1991 Limon earthquake
Croatia1898 Trilj earthquake
Cuba
Cyprus–7.51222 Cyprus earthquake
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic1946 Dominican Republic earthquake
Ecuador1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake
Egypt1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
El Salvador[44]
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia–4.7 Osmussaar earthquake
Ethiopia
Fiji2018 Fiji earthquakes
Finland[45]
France–6.5 1799 Vendée earthquake
French Guiana[46]
French Polynesia
Gabon
1991 Racha earthquake
Germany1756 Düren earthquake
Ghana
Greece+365 Crete earthquake
Greenland1933 Baffin Bay earthquake
Grenada Ms[47]
Guadeloupe1843 Guadeloupe earthquake
Guam1993 Guam earthquake
Guatemala1942 Guatemala earthquake
Guinea1983 Guinea earthquake
Guyana
Haiti1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake
Honduras2018 Swan Islands earthquake
Hong Kong
Hungary–6.51763 Komárom earthquake
Iceland
India1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake
Indonesia–9.32004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
856 Damghan earthquake
Iraq[48]
Ireland
Israel1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
Italy1693 Sicily earthquake
Jamaica2020 Caribbean earthquake
Japan–9.12011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
Jordan1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
Kazakhstan & 1889 Chilik earthquake & 1911 Kebin earthquake
Kenya
Kiribati
& [49]
Kuwait &
Kyrgyzstan & 1889 Chilik earthquake & 1911 Kebin earthquake
Lebanon551 Beirut earthquake
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg ML
Madagascar
Malawi1989 Malawi earthquake
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Martinique–8.01839 Martinique earthquake
Mauritania &
Mauritius
Mayotte
Mexico1787 New Spain earthquake
Mongolia1905 Bolnai earthquake
Montenegro1979 Montenegro earthquake
Morocco & 1755 Meknes earthquake & 2023 Al Haouz earthquake
Mozambique2006 Mozambique earthquake
Myanmar–8.81762 Arakan earthquake
Namibia
Nepal–8.81505 Lo Mustang earthquake
Netherlands1992 Roermond earthquake
New Caledonia[50]
New Zealand & 1855 Wairarapa earthquake
Nicaragua1992 Nicaragua earthquake
Niger
Nigeria
Northern Mariana Islands &
Norway
Oman
Pakistan1945 Balochistan earthquake
Palau
1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake
Panama–8.3 Ms1882 Panama earthquake
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru (now part of present-day Chile)–9.31868 Arica earthquake
Philippines1918 Celebes Sea earthquake
Poland[51]
Portugal–9.01755 Lisbon earthquake
Puerto Rico1787 Boricua earthquake
Romania1802 Vrancea earthquake
–9.31737 Kamchatka earthquake
Rwanda2008 Lake Kivu earthquake
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Pierre and Miquelon1929 Grand Banks earthquake
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Samoa–8.51917 Samoa earthquake
Saudi Arabia1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Slovakia–6.51763 Komárom earthquake
Slovenia ML1895 Ljubljana earthquake
Solomon Islands2007 Solomon Islands earthquake
Somalia
South Africa
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands–8.32021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes
1990 South Sudan earthquakes
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Switzerland–7.11356 Basel earthquake
Ms1202 Syria earthquake
1920 Hualien earthquake
Tajikistan1949 Khait earthquake
Thailand2014 Mae Lao earthquake
Tonga–8.51917 Samoa earthquake
Trinidad and Tobago[52]
Tunisia or less[53]
Turkey–8.0 Ms1668 North Anatolia earthquake
Turkmenistan Ms[54]
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine1927 Crimean earthquakes
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom ML1931 Dogger Bank earthquake
United States1964 Alaska earthquake
1867 Virgin Islands earthquake and tsunami
Uruguay Ms1888 Río de la Plata earthquake
Uzbekistan Ms1907 Qaratog earthquake
Vanuatu
& 1894 Venezuelan earthquake[55] & 1900 San Narciso earthquake
Wallis and Futuna
Yemen
Zambia
Zimbabwe

Costliest earthquakes

See main article: List of costliest earthquakes. This is the top ten major earthquakes by the dollar value of property (public and private) losses directly attributable to the earthquake.

RankEventLocationMagnitudeProperty damage
12011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami Japandata-sort-value="9.0" 9.1$360 billion[56] [57]
21995 Great Hanshin earthquake Japandata-sort-value="6.9" 6.9$200 billion[58]
32023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes Turkey
Syria		data-sort-value="7.8" 7.8$163.6 billion[59] [60]
42008 Sichuan earthquake Chinadata-sort-value="8." 7.9$150 billion[61]
52011 Christchurch earthquake New Zealand6.3$40 billion[62]
62004 Chūetsu earthquake Japandata-sort-value="6.8" 6.6$28 billion[63] [64]
72011 Sikkim earthquake Indiadata-sort-value="6.9" 6.9$22.3 billion[65]
81999 İzmit earthquake Turkeydata-sort-value="7.6" 7.6$20 billion
92009 L'Aquila earthquake Italydata-sort-value="6.3" 6.3$16 billion[66]
102012 Northern Italy earthquakes Italydata-sort-value="6.1" 6.1$15.8 billion[67]

Most studied earthquakes

The 50 most studied earthquakes according to the International Seismological Centre (ISC), based on a count of scientific papers (mostly in English) that discuss that earthquake. The "Event #" is linked to the ISC Event Bibliography for that event.

Rank Event origin time ISC Event # Papers ISC code Event
12011-03-11 05:46:23 2069 TOHOKU2011 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami
22008-05-12 06:28:00 1706 WENCHUAN2008 2008 Sichuan earthquake
32004-12-26 00:58:52 967 SUMATRA2004 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
41999-09-20 17:47:16 771 CHI-CHI1999 1999 Jiji earthquake
51995-01-16 20:46:51 558 SHYOGO1995 Great Hanshin earthquake
62010-02-27 06:34:13 551 MAULE2010 2010 Chile earthquake
71994-01-17 12:30:54 548 NORTHRIDGE1994 1994 Northridge earthquake
82009-04-06 01:32:42 525 LAQUILA2009 2009 L'Aquila earthquake
91989-10-18 00:04:14 520 LOMAPRIETA1989 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
102015-04-25 06:11:26 516 GORKHA2015 April 2015 Nepal earthquake
111992-06-28 11:57:35 440 LANDERS1992 1992 Landers earthquake
121999-08-17 00:01:38 428 IZMIT1999 1999 İzmit earthquake
132016-04-15 16:25:06 366 KUMAMOTO2016 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes
142013-04-20 00:02:47 342 ALASKA1964 2013 Lushan earthquake
151964-03-28 03:36:13 333 LUSHAN2013 1964 Alaska earthquake
161960-05-22 19:11:20 290 VALDIVIA1960 1960 Valdivia earthquake
172023-02-06 01:17:34 277 TURKYIE-SYRIA2023 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
182016-08-24 01:36:33 259 AMATRICE2016 August 2016 Central Italy earthquake
192010-09-03 16:35:46 257 DARFIELD2010 2010 Canterbury earthquake
202001-01-26 03:16:40 256 BHUJ2001
211985-09-19 13:17:50 253 MEXICOCITY1985 1985 Mexico City earthquake
222022-01-15 04:14:45 252 HUNGATONGAHUNGAAPAI2022 2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai eruption and tsunami
232016-11-13 11:02:59 251 KAIKOURA2016 2016 Kaikōura earthquake
241971-02-09 14:00:40 244 SANFERNANDO1971 1971 San Fernando earthquake
251976-07-27 19:42:53 235 TANGSHAN1976 1976 Tangshan earthquake
262003-09-25 19:50:07 221 TOKACHI-OKI2003 2003 Tokachi earthquake
272019-07-06 03:19:55 221 RIDGECREST2019B 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes
281980-11-23 18:34:52 212 IRPINIA1980 1980 Irpinia earthquake
292004-10-23 08:55:58 205 MID-NIIGATA2004 2004 Chūetsu earthquake
302012-05-20 02:03:53 205 EMILIA2012A 2012 Northern Italy earthquakes
312011-02-21 23:51:42 204 CHRISTCHURCH2011 2011 Christchurch earthquake
321976-05-06 20:00:12 199 FRIULI1976 1976 Friuli earthquake
332005-03-28 16:09:35 197 NIAS2005 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake
342004-09-28 17:15:24 197 PARKFIELD2004 Parkfield earthquake
352023-02-06 10:24:50 195 TURKYIE-SYRIA2023A 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquakes
362016-10-30 06:40:19 194 NORCIA2016 October 2016 Central Italy earthquakes
371923-09-01 02:58:35 193 KANTO1923 1923 Great Kantō earthquake
341999-10-16 09:46:45 184 HECTOR-MINE1999 1999 Hector Mine earthquake
352005-10-08 03:50:37 181 KASHMIR2005 2005 Kashmir earthquake
382017-08-08 13:19:49 178 JUIZHAIGOU2017 2017 Jinghe earthquake
392001-11-14 09:26:12 176 KUNLUN2001 2001 Kunlun earthquake
402015-09-16 22:54:30 175 ILLAPEL2015 2015 Illapel earthquake
412014-04-01 23:46:47 167 IQUIQUE2014 2014 Iquique earthquake
422021-05-21 18:04:13 166 MADUO2021 2021 Maduo earthquake
431979-10-15 23:16:57 165 IMPERIAL1979 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake
442002-11-03 22:12:41 164 DENALI2002 2002 Denali earthquake
451999-11-12 16:57:19 162 DUZCE1999 1999 Düzce earthquake
462010-04-04 22:40:43 158 EL-MAYOR-CUCAPAH2010 2010 Baja California earthquake
472019-07-04 17:33:50 158 RIDGECREST2019A 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes
482010-01-12 21:53:10 157 HAITI2010 2010 Haiti earthquake

Modified from figure 2, "The most studied events", at the ISC's Overview of the ISC Event Bibliography.

2018.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths . Earthquake.usgs.gov . February 12, 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090901233953/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php . September 1, 2009.
  2. Book: Ambraseys . N.N. . Nicholas Ambraseys . Melville . C.P. . A History of Persian Earthquakes . Cambridge Earth Science . 2005 . Cambridge University Press . 978-0-521-02187-6 . 175 .
  3. Book: Gupta, H. . Harsh Gupta . Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics . 2 . Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences . 2011 . Springer . 978-90-481-8701-0 . 566 .
  4. Web site: Earthquakes with 50,000 or More Deaths . . March 17, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130605122458/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/world/most_destructive.php . June 5, 2013.
  5. Theodore S. Glickman. [1993] (1993). Acts of God and Acts of Man. DIANE Publishing.
  6. Web site: Death toll of 1920 China earthquake higher than previously estimated . Xinhua News Agency . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130820065946/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-12/16/c_13652388.htm . August 20, 2013.
  7. Web site: Search Page . Utsu . T. . Catalog of Damaging Earthquakes in the World (Through 2008) . June 3, 2010.
  8. The historical earthquakes of Syria: an analysis of large and moderate earthquakes from 1365 B.C. to 1900 A.D. . Sbeinati . Mohamed Reda . Darawchech . Ryad . Mouty . Mikhail . Annals of Geophysics . 48 . 3 . 347–435 . June 2005 . October 8, 2015.
  9. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information . National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . 10.7289/V5TD9V7K .
  10. Web site: Most Destructive Known Earthquakes on Record in the World . Earthquake.usgs.gov . April 22, 2022 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090901233953/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/most_destructive.php . September 1, 2009.
  11. Grǖnthal G. . Wahlström R. . 2009 . A harmonized seismicity data base for the EuroMediterranean region . Proceedings of the 27th ECGS Workshop 'Seismicity Patterns in the Euro-Med Region . 15–21 .
  12. Ambraseys, Nicholas N., "The 12th century seismic paroxysm in the Middle East: a historical perspective" (PDF), Annals of Geophysics, Vol. 47, N. 2/3, April/June 2004, p. 743.
  13. http://www.usgs.gov/newsroom/article.asp?ID=2679 Haiti Dominates Earthquake Fatalities in 2010
  14. Maura R. O'Connor, [Two Years Later, Haitian Earthquake Death Toll in Dispute], Columbia Journalism Review (January 12, 2012).
  15. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-13606720 Report challenges Haiti earthquake death toll
  16. Web site: Ruins of the Hongdong Earthquake (1303) . China Virtual Museums . November 28, 2015.
  17. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information . National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . 10.7289/V5TD9V7K .
  18. Web site: Today in Earthquake History . usgs.gov .
  19. Hammer, Joshua. (2006). Yokohama Burning: the Deadly 1923 Earthquake and Fire that Helped Forge the Path to World War II, p. 278, citing Francis Hawks, (1856). Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan Performed in the Years 1852, 1853 and 1854 under the Command of Commodore M.C. Perry, United States Navy, Washington: A.O.P. Nicholson by order of Congress, 1856; originally published in Senate Executive Documents, No. 34 of 33rd Congress, 2nd Session.
  20. 颤抖的地球—地震科学 (2005). Researched by China Earthquake Administration seismologists 冯万鹏,薑文亮,龚丽霞,公茂盛,胡进军; Revised by CEA seismologists 王文清,续春荣,张宝红; Edited by CEA chiefs 谢礼立,张景发. Tsinghua University Press. Pages XIII, 162. "1556年陕西华县8级大地震，死亡的83万人中, 据估计死于瘟疫者不下七八成" [Among the 830,000 died, it is estimated that no less than 70% or 80% died from plagues]
  21. Book: 邬福肇 . 曹康泰 . 陈章立 . 中华人民共和国防震减灾法释义 . 法律出版社 . 1998 . 第三章 地震灾害预防 . http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2170/200011/2be159a6f944411bab7d9d5448d90dc3.shtml . 4 August 2023 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230804065612/http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2170/200011/2be159a6f944411bab7d9d5448d90dc3.shtml . 4 August 2023 . １５５６年我国陕西的华县８级大地震，共死亡约８３万人，但实际上其中７０多万人死于其后的瘟疫和饥荒。.
  22. 大地震后传染病的防疫要点 . 高东旗 . 王常有 . 杜玉萍 . 王晓燕 . 华北国防医药 . 2008 . 3 . 1556年陕西发生大地震，当时死亡10万人，而第2年发生大瘟疫，却死亡70多万人 [100,000 died in 1556, while a plague struck the subsequent year and led to a further death of 700,000-odd.].
  23. Book: 地震知识百问百答 . 2008 . . 地震出版社 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090509075627/https://www.cea.gov.cn/manage/html/8a8587881632fa5c0116674a018300cf/_content/08_05/30/1212139484781.html . 2009-05-09 . 实则直接死于地震的只有十数万人，其余70余万人均死于瘟疫和饥荒 [Actually, direct deaths from earthquake amount to 100,000-odd, the remaining 700,000-odd died from plagues and famine].
  24. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information . National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . 1972 . NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information . 10.7289/V5TD9V7K .
  25. Web site: 22 Mayıs 1971 Bingöl Depremi Ms:6.8 . AFAD . tr . April 5, 2022.
  26. March 28, 2022.
  27. Web site: Today in Earthquake History . earthquake.usgs.gov . March 27, 2022.
  28. January 8, 2022.
  29. January 8, 2022.
  30. , pp. 140, 142 et seq.
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  32. Fujii . Yushiro . Satake . Kenji . Watada . Shingo . Ho . Tung-Cheng . Re-examination of Slip Distribution of the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman Earthquake (Mw 9.2) by the Inversion of Tsunami Data Using Green's Functions Corrected for Compressible Seawater Over the Elastic Earth . 2021-12-01 . Pure and Applied Geophysics . en . 178 . 12 . 4777–4796 . 1420-9136 . 10.1007/s00024-021-02909-6 . free .
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  34. Wang . Zhen . Kato . Teruyuki . Zhou . Xin . Fukuda . Jun’ichi . 2016-11-28 . Source process with heterogeneous rupture velocity for the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake based on 1-Hz GPS data . Earth, Planets and Space . 68 . 1 . 193 . 2016EP&S...68..193W . 1880-5981 . 10.1186/s40623-016-0572-4 . free.
  35. Carvajal . M. . Cisternas . M. . Catalán . P.A. . 2017 . Source of the 1730 Chilean earthquake from historical records: Implications for the future tsunami hazard on the coast of Metropolitan Chile . Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth . 122 . 5 . 3648–3660 . 2017JGRB..122.3648C . 10.1002/2017JB014063 . 133806784.
  36. Jin Junfang . Yin Shuyan . Yan Junping . Symmetry and tendency judgment of Ms ≥ 8.0 strong earthquakes in Chile . Geodesy and Geodynamics . 2014 . 5 . 1 . 34–40 . 2014G&G.....5...34J . 10.3724/SP.J.1246.2014.01034 . free.
  37. Web site: M 9.3Re-evaluation of Mw of the 1707 Hoei earthquake – near the east coast of Honshu, Japan . .
  38. H. Ringer . J. P. Whitehead . J. Krometis . R. A. Harris . N. Glatt-Holtz . S. Giddens . C. Ashcraft . G. Carver . A. Robertson . M. Harward . J. Fullwood . K. Lightheart . R. Hilton . A. Avery . C. Kesler . M. Morrise . M. H. Klein . Methodological Reconstruction of Historical Seismic Events From Anecdotal Accounts of Destructive Tsunamis: A Case Study for the Great 1852 Banda Arc Mega-Thrust Earthquake and Tsunami . Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth . 2021 . 126 . 4 . 2009.14272 . 2021JGRB..12621107R . 10.1029/2020JB021107 . 222066748 . June 19, 2021 . dead . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.geology.byu.edu/Home/sites/default/files/2021_jgr_banda_1852_reconstruciton.pdf . October 9, 2022.
  39. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information CHINA: SHANDONG PROVINCE . NGCD . December 9, 2020.
  40. Web site: NCEI Global Historical Hazard Database . Significant Earthquake Information PORTUGAL: LISBON . ngdc.noaa.gov . en . February 1, 2021.
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  43. Simon . RE . Kwadiba . MTO . King . JG . Moidaki . M . A History of Botswana's Seismic Network . Botswana Notes and Records . 2012 . 44 . 184–192 . 43855570 .
  44. Book: Natural Hazards in El Salvador . https://books.google.com/books?id=xZp0mS_QWHMC&pg=PA394 . Seismic history of the Middle America subduction zone along El Salvador, Guatemala, and Chiapas, Mexico: 1526–2000 . White . R. A. . Ligorria . J. P. . Cifuentes . I. L. . 2004 . . 978-0-8137-2375-4 . 394.
  45. Web site: Largest earthquake in Finland . Sodankylän Geofysiikan Observatorio, Oulun Toimintayksikkö (University of Oulu) . June 21, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060528002529/http://www.oulu.fi/sgo-oty/quakes/tornio04111898.html . May 28, 2006.
  46. Marcelo Assumpção, Alberto V. Veloso . 2020 . The 1885 M 6.9 Earthquake in the French Guiana–Brazil Border: The Largest Midplate Event in the Nineteenth Century in South America . Seismological Research Letters . 91 . 5 . 2497–2510 . 2020SeiRL..91.2497A . 10.1785/0220190325 . 219502957 .
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  49. Web site: Të gjitha tërmetet që kanë ndodhur në territorin e Kosovës . Albanian . All earthquakes that have occurred in the territory of Kosovo . September 24, 2019 .
  50. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information . National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. . 10.7289/V5TD9V7K . 9 June 2024.
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  52. Web site: Significant Earthquake Information . National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service: NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. . 10.7289/V5TD9V7K . 9 June 2024.
  53. Kázmér . Miklós . May 19, 2020 . Repeated historical earthquakes in Sousse, Monastir and El-Jem (Tunisia)—an archaeoseismological study . Arabian Journal of Geosciences . 14 . 3 . 214 . 10.1007/s12517-020-06372-w . 231738302 . July 22, 2022.
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  60. News: Political failure has killed people in Syria before and after the earthquakes . Counsil for Arab-British Understanding . 10 April 2023 . 14 April 2023.
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  65. The September 2011 Sikkim Himalaya earthquake Mw 6.9: is it a plane of detachment earthquake? . Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk . March 19, 2014 . Santanu Baruah . Sowrav Saikia . Saurabh Baruah . Pabon K. Bora . Ruben Tatevossian . J. R. Kayal . 7 . 248–263 . 10.1080/19475705.2014.895963 . free . 128915677.
  66. News: Italy Quake Reconstruction to Cost at Least $16 Billion . . April 15, 2009 . October 23, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090419231821/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0%2C2933%2C515989%2C00.html . April 19, 2009.
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