List of early Hindu–Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent explained

The table below lists the early Hindu-Muslim military conflicts in the Indian subcontinent.^[1]

Muslim

Hindu

(Color legend for aggressor)

Year	Aggressor	Location	Commander	Details
637	Muslim	Tanah, near Mumbai	Caliph Umar	Naval raid failure^[2]
c. 643	Muslim	Debal	Caliph Umar	Naval raid failure
c. 643	Muslim	Broach	Caliph Umar	Naval raid failure
c. 650	Muslim	Seistan		The Arabs initially succeeded but ultimately lost everything.
650	Muslim	Zaranj	Caliph Uthman	City of Zabul occupied by Muslims
660s	Muslim	Bust	Ibn Samarah	Bust occupied; Kabul garrisoned
660s	Muslim	Kabul	Mu'awiya I	Abdar-Rahman seized Kabul and triumphed in Zabulistan.
670s	Hindu	Kabul	unknown	Hindus recapture Kabul
680	Hindu	Kabul	Ratbil, Yazid ibn Ziyad	Hindu raiding parties harass Muslims
683	Hindu	Junzah		Hindus defeated the Muslims at Junzah, killing the governor and nobles.
685	Hindu			The king of Zabul was killed and his army defeated in 635, but his son continued the struggle.
692	Muslim	Bust	Abu Dulhah, Ratbil	Bust retaken by Muslim expedition
694	Muslim	Kabul	Ibn Abi-Makrah, Ratbil	Major Muslim siege fails to retake Kabul
695	Muslim	Kabul	Al-Hajjaj Ubaidullah	The kings of Zabul and Kabul defeated the Muslims, causing many deaths, including Ubaiduliah from grief.
699	Muslim	Zabul	Al-Hajjaj Abd-ar-Rahman	Abd-ar-Rahman defeated the king of Zabul and ravaged the land.
711	Muslim	Debal	Ubaidullah, Dahir	Ubaidullah killed by Dahir expedition failed-
712	Muslim	Debal	Budail, Jaisiah (Hullishah)	Budail was killed and many Arabs taken prisoners raja Dahir was the king at that time
713	Muslim	Multan	Muhammad ibn Qasim	Islamic conquest of urban Sindh completed
715	Hindu	Alor	Hullishah, al-Muhallab	Hindu army retakes major city from Muslims.
715	Hindu	Mehran	Hullishah, al-Muhallab	Muslims stall the Hindu counter-offensive
718	Hindu	Brahmanabadh	Hullishah, al-Muhallab	Hindu attacks resume
721	Muslim	Brahmanabadh	al-Muhallab, Hullishah	Hullishah becomes a Muslim, likely due to military reversals.
725	Muslim	Avanti	Nagabhata I	Defeat of large expedition against Avanti.
724-740	Muslim	Uzain, Mirmad, Dahnaj, others	Junayd of Sindh	Raiding India as part of Umayyad Hindu policy.
740	Muslim	Chittor	Mauray of Chittor	Hindus repulse an Arab siege
743	Muslim	al-Bailaman, al-Jurz	Junayd	Annexed by Muslims.
750	Muslim	Vallabhi	Junayd of Sindh, Nagabhata I	Pratihara capital sacked in Muslim raid.^[3] ^[4]
754-775	Muslim	ar-Rukhraj, Kabul, Kandahar, Kashmir	Caliph Al-Mansur	Heavy raids and sieges but few annexations by Muslims
778	Muslims	Barabad	Caliph Al-Mahdi	Muslim amphibious assault annihilated.
Late 770s	Muslim	Sijistan	Caliph Al-Mahdi	Raja of Sijistan made vassal of Caliphate.
780-787	Muslim	Fort Tharra, Bagar, Bhaqmbur	Haji Abu Turab	Vigorous Muslim offensive captures several important Hindu outposts.
786-791	Muslim	Kabul	Caliph ar-Rashid	Major Muslim siege effort fails.
800-810	Hindu	Sindh border	Nagabhata II, Caliph Al-Amin	Several Muslim outposts fall to Pratihara incursions
810-820	Muslim	Kabul	Caliph Al-Ma'mun, Nagabhata II	Kabul falls to Muslims, is then retaken by Hindus.
820-830	Muslim	Fort Sindan	al-Fadl ibn Mahan	Sindan captured, but Hindu riots make pacification of Sindh impossible.
839	Hindu	Fort Sindan	Mihira Bhoja	Hindus expel Muslim garrison.
845	Hindu	Yavana	Dharmpala	Muslim principality becomes vassal of Pratiharas.
845-860	Hindu	Pratihara-Sindh	Mihira Bhoja	Uneasy truce between Sindh and Rajputana.
860	Hindu	Rajputana-Sindh	Kokkalla I	Kalachuri raids into Sindh to finance war with Pratihara kingdom
867	Muslim	Herat	Yakub ibn Layth	Saffarid conquest
870	Muslim	Kabul	Yakub ibn Layth, Lalliya Shahi	Saffarid conquest
880-900	Muslim	Sijistan	Amr ibn Layth, Kamaluka Shahi	Frequent raids by Muslims.
903-905	Hindu	Kabul region	Shahi dynasty	Disintegration of Saffarids allows major Hindu military achievements.
905-915	Hindu	Multan region	Mahipala Pratihara	Series of major but unsuccessful Hindu sieges of Multan.
940-950	Hindu	Multan region	Pratihara, Amir of Multan	Evidences of war and reprisals prior to the Qarmatian take-over.
c. 948-963	Muslim	Alptigin	Punjab	Alptigin of Ghazni plunders Punjab several times.^[5]
963	Muslim	Alptigin, Anuk Lawik	Fort Ghazni	Muslims take fort from Hindus.
965-973	Muslim	Lamghan	Sabuktigin	Heavy raiding
973	Hindu	Ghazna	Sabuktigin	Defeat of Hindu expedition.
973-991	Muslim	Lamghan	Sabuktigin, Jayapala	Long series of engagements, eventual Muslim annexation of Lamghan
1001	Muslim	Peshawar	Mahmud, Jayapala	Defeat of major Hindu confederation.
1004	Muslim	Bhera	Mahmud, Bijay Ray	Muslims annex city
1005–1006	Muslim	Multan	Mahmud, Fateh Daud	Siege successful, Daud agrees to pay tribute to Mahmud
1005–1008	Muslim	Punjab	Mahmud, Anandapala	Enormous devastation by Muslim raids.
1009	Muslim	Nagarkot	Mahmud	City razed
1009	Muslim	Ohind	Mahmud, Anandapala	Ghaznavid victory
1013	Muslim	Nandanah	Mahmud, Trilochanpala	City taken
1014	Hindu	Tosi river	Mahmud, Trilochanpala	Muslims halted
1015	Muslim	Lohkot (Lahore)	Mahmud	Unsuccessful Muslim siege
1018	Muslim	Kannauj and Baran	Mahmud	Two major Hindu capitals surrounded.
1021	Muslim	Lohkot (Lahore)	Mahmud	Second siege also fails
1022	Muslim	Fort Gwalior	Mahmud, Nanda	Fort taken
1022	Muslim	Fort Kalanjara	Mahmud, Nanda	Chandela fort stalls Muslim advance.
1025	Muslim	Somnath	Mahmud	City taken.
1027	Muslim	Indus Valley	Mahmud, Jats	Ghaznavid victory
1033	Muslim	Saraswa, near Saharanpur	Masud	Ghaznavid siege successful
1033	Muslim	Varanasi	Ahmed Nialtigin, Gangeyadeva	Major raid^[6]
1037	Muslim	Hansi (near Delhi)	Masud	Ghaznavid victory
1040	Muslim	Thanesar	Mahmud, Tomara dynasty	Major city taken.
1044	Hindu	Thanesar, Hansi, Kangra	Mahipal of Delhi	Grand counter offensive recaptures some ground.
1049	Muslim	Thanesar, Hansi, Kangra	Bu'Ali Hasan	Mahipal forced to give up some reconquests
1052	Muslim	Fort Kangra	Nushtigin Ghazni, Mahipala	Retaken by Muslims.
1060–1075	Muslim	Rupal, Ajudhan, Buria, Sirhind, Dhangan, Fort Darah	Sultan Ibrahim	Muslim conquests.
1079–1081	Muslim	Navsari	Ibrahim.	Muslims stall.
1084–1094	Muslim	Beyond Ganges.	Mahmud ibn Ibrahim	Powerful but valueless expeditionary probe
1099–1115	Muslim	Kannauj	Hajib Tughatigin, Madanachandra	Massive raids and sieges after Hindu reconquest bring many marginal victories but Kannauj remains in the hands of the Hindu garrison.
1120–1124	Muslim	Nagaur	Muhammed Bahlim	Massive penetration raid 300 miles south of Lahore.
1160–1175	Hindu	Dhillika, Asika, Aryavarta	Vigraharaja	Major successes in counter-offensive
1170	Hindu	Kannauj	Jayachandra	Hindus retake Kannauj
1170	Muslim	Multan	Ghuri, Muslim ruler of Multan	Ghurid victory
1178	Muslim	Nahrwalah	Ghuri	Siege fails
1178	Muslim	Kayadara	Ghuri, Mularaja II	Major defeat for Ghurids
1179	Muslim	Nadol	Ghuri	Major fort taken.
1182	Muslim	Ghuri	Unknown	Muslims halted.
1186	Muslim	Lahore	Ghuri	Ghurids take Lahore from the Ghaznavids.
1191	Muslim	Tabarhindah	Ghuri, Rai Kolah Pithora	Muslim victory ends Cahamen dynasty
1191	Muslim	Tarain	Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan	Chauhan victory
1192	Muslim	Tarain	Ghuri, Prithviraj Chauhan	Ghurid victory
1193	Muslim	Chandawar	Ghuri, Jaichand	Ghurid victory.
1202	Muslim	Fort Kalinjar	Qutb al-Din, Rai Parmar	Fall of the fort ends independent Hindu dynasties of Kannauj
1203	Muslim	Mahoba	Qutb al-Din	Capital of Kalpi province falls.
1205	Hindu	Fort Kalinjar	Chandelas	Fort recaptured.
1205	Hindu	Between Lahore and Multan	Ghurid, Khokhars	Khokar rebellion put down by Ghurids

Notes and References

1. Richards . J.F. . 1974. The Islamic frontier in the east: Expansion into South Asia. Journal of South Asian Studies. 4. 1. 91–109. 10.1080/00856407408730690.
2. Book: The History and Culture of the Indian People . R. C. Majumdar. 3 . 167.
3. Book: Majumdar, R. C. . R. C. Majumdar . Pusalkar . A. D. . History and Culture of Indian People, Classical age . 150.
4. Book: Blankinship, Khalid Yahya . Khalid Yahya Blankinship

   . Khalid Yahya Blankinship . The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads . 10 May 2015 . 1994 . SUNY Press . 978-0-7914-1827-7. 187–189.

5. Majumdar. 5. p. 2
6. Book: Lal, Kishori Saran . The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India . Chapter 3: Muslims Invade India.