List of duels in the United States explained

This is a list of duels in the United States:

• May 16, 1777: Button Gwinnett, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, dueled his political opponent Lachlan McIntosh; both were wounded, and Gwinnett died three days later.^[1]
• December 24, 1778: John Laurens dueled fellow Continental Army officer General Charles Lee. Lee was wounded and Laurens was unharmed. Lee had previously participated in a duel while working as a mercenary in Poland in 1765, in which he was wounded and his opponent killed.^[2]
• November 24, 1801: Philip Hamilton, son of former U.S. Secretary of Treasury, dueled George I. Eacker; Hamilton was killed.^[3]
• July 11, 1804: U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr, while in office, dueled former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton; Hamilton was killed.^[4]

See main article: Burr–Hamilton duel.

• May 30, 1806: Andrew Jackson and Charles Dickinson. Dickinson was killed and Jackson wounded. Upon his election to the presidency in 1829, Jackson became the only U.S. president to have killed a man in a duel.^[5]
• August 12, 1817: Thomas Hart Benton and Charles Lucas, attorneys on opposite sides of a court battle, dueled on the famous Bloody Island after Lucas challenged Benton's right to vote and Benton accused Lucas of being a "puppy"; Lucas was shot in the throat and Benton shot in the leg, upon which Benton released Lucas from his obligation.^[6]
• September 27, 1817: Benton and Lucas rematch, again on Bloody Island; Benton challenged Lucas after Lucas said the first fight at 30feet was unfair because Benton was a better shot. Benton killed Lucas at nine feet and was unhurt.
• March 22, 1820: Stephen Decatur and James Barron. Decatur was killed.
• June 30, 1823: Joshua Barton and Thomas C. Rector on Bloody Island. Barton's brother, Senator David Barton, sought to block the reappointment of Rector's brother, William Rector, to the position of Surveyor General for Missouri, Illinois, and Arkansas. Barton was killed and Rector unhurt.
• April 26, 1826: Henry Clay and John Randolph of Roanoke at Pimmit Run, Virginia. Both men were unhurt.^[7]
• September 22, 1826: U.S. Representative Sam Houston of Tennessee severely wounded General William A. White in a pistol duel near Franklin, Kentucky, over the patronage political appointment of the Nashville Postmaster.^[8]
• September 19, 1827: A duel between Samuel Levi Wells III and Dr. Thomas Harris Maddox turned into a brawl involving notable figures such as Jim Bowie.

See main article: Sandbar Fight.

• January 25, 1828: George W. Crawford, then attorney general for the state of Georgia, killed Georgia state legislator member Thomas E. Burnside (Ambrose Burnside's uncle) in a duel, answering Crawford's challenge over published defamation of Crawford's father which Burnside had written.

• August 26, 1831: Thomas Biddle and Missouri Congressman Spencer Darwin Pettis on Bloody Island. Biddle challenged Pettis for comments about Biddle's brother, who was president of the United States bank. Both men were mortally wounded after firing from five feet.
• August 10, 1832: Savannah physician Philip Minis shot and killed Georgia state legislator James Stark, after which Minis claimed that a valid duel had occurred. Minis also claimed his right to self-defense, saying he had not agreed to the duel and that he shot Stark to save his own life. Minis was found not guilty by a jury. While it is not clearly eligible to be on this list, the deceased had claimed his shooting and threatening fell under the law of duels, which is legally giving permission for his opponent to take shelter in the law of duels.

See main article: Stark–Minis duel.

• September 25, 1832: James Westcott and Thomas Baltzell; Baltzell unhurt, Westcott injured but survived to become a U.S. Senator.^[9]
• February 5, 1837: Texan brigadier general Albert Sidney Johnston was shot in a duel over military position with Felix Huston.
• February 24, 1838: U.S. Representative from Kentucky William Jordan Graves killed U.S. Representative from Maine Jonathan Cilley in a pistol duel. Afterwards, Congress passed a law making it illegal to issue or accept a duel challenge in Washington, D.C.^[10]
• December 12, 1839: Florida Militia Brigadier General Leigh Read and Colonel Augustus A. Alston, a Whig Party leader, with rifles at 15 paces. Read had been challenged twice by Alston, an overconfident duelist, and unexpectedly killed Alston.^[11] Tallahassee Mayor Francis Eppes, also Thomas Jefferson's grandson, was elected in large part to put down dueling and other lawlessness in the territory.
• September 22, 1842: Abraham Lincoln, at the time an Illinois state legislator, accepted a challenge to a duel by Illinois state auditor James Shields. Lincoln apparently had published an inflammatory letter in a Springfield newspaper, the Sangamo Journal, that poked fun at Shields. Taking offense, Shields demanded "satisfaction" and the incident escalated with the two parties meeting on a Missouri island called Bloody Island, near Alton, Illinois, for the duel. Just prior to engaging in combat, the two participants' seconds intervened and were able to convince the two men to cease hostilities, on the grounds that Lincoln had not written the letters.^[12]
• July 26, 1847: Albert Pike and John Selden Roane. The duel was declared a draw, with no injuries.
• June 1, 1853: U.S. Senator William McKendree Gwin and U.S. Congressman J. W. McCorkle. No injuries.
• August 26, 1856: Benjamin Gratz Brown and Thomas C. Reynolds on Bloody Island, in what would be called the "Duel of the Governors". Brown was then the abolitionist editor of the St. Louis Democrat and Reynolds a pro-slavery St. Louis district attorney. Brown was shot in the leg, which caused him to limp for the rest of his life, while Reynolds was unhurt. Brown would later become the Union-sanctioned governor of Missouri and Reynolds a Confederate governor of Missouri.
• September 13, 1859: U.S. Senator David C. Broderick and former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of California David S. Terry. Broderick was killed.

See main article: Broderick–Terry duel.

• September 6, 1863: Brig. Gen. Lucius Marshall Walker, the nephew of President James K. Polk, and General John Sapington Marmaduke, the future governor of Missouri, dueled over differences on the Confederate battlefield at the battles of Helena and Reed's Bridge in Arkansas. The duel took place at 6 am near the north bank of the Arkansas River, just outside Little Rock (now within eyesight of the Clinton Presidential Library). Both men missed their first shots, but Marmaduke mortally wounded Walker with his second shot. Walker died the next day.

See main article: Marmaduke–Walker duel.

• July 21, 1865

"Wild Bill" Hickok and Davis Tutt, in Springfield, Missouri. Hickok had lost a pocket watch to Tutt in a card game, and when he demanded its return, Tutt refused. Tutt was shot and killed. The confrontation is often remembered as the first instance of two gunmen participating in a quick-draw duel.^[13]

See main article: Hickok–Tutt shootout.

• July 22, 1867: John Bull killed Langford Peel in a quick-draw duel in Salt Lake City, Utah. Peel challenged Bull after the two argued about their business, an argument which culminated in Peel slapping Bull. Bull reasoned that he did not have a gun, but Peel told him to get his own and come back. Peel waited in the saloon for an hour but left, not knowing that Bull had not refused his offer but was simply late. After meeting again in another saloon, the two drew their weapons and Bull gunned down Peel.
• March 9, 1877: Gamblers Jim Levy and Charlie Harrison, in a saloon in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Levy challenged Harrison to take it outside, Harrison agreed, and the two squared off in the street. Western novelist James Reasoner claimed in Esquire that this was "the most 'Hollywood' showdown". During the duel, Harrison shot wild, while Levy took more careful aim and shot Harrison.^[14] Levy had previously participated in another quick-draw duel with gunfighter Michael Casey, who challenged him in an alleyway in Pioche, Nevada.
• March 22, 1882: Wyatt Earp killed an outlaw named Florentino "Indian Charlie" Cruz in a duel in the Dragoon Mountains of southeastern Arizona. Although the actual events are still debated by historians, Earp left his own account claiming that after capturing Cruz, Earp told Cruz to face him and draw his weapon. Earp ended up gunning down Cruz.^[15]
• June 7, 1882: Louisiana State Treasurer Edward A. Burke was seriously wounded by C. Harrison Parker, editor of the New Orleans Daily Picayune, in a duel with pistols. After Parker published unflattering remarks about Burke, Burke challenged him to a duel.
• February 8, 1887: Jim Courtright was killed by Luke Short during a quick-draw duel in Fort Worth, Texas.^[16]

Notes and References

1. Web site: 2016-05-16 . Marker Monday: Button Gwinnett - Georgia Historical Society . 2023-09-29 . en-US.
2. Web site: Founders Online: Account of a Duel between Major General Charles Lee and Lieute … . 2023-09-29 . founders.archives.gov . en.
3. Web site: Founders Online: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Rush, 26 November 1801 . 2023-09-29 . founders.archives.gov . en.
4. Web site: Dueling Pistols . 2023-09-29 . postalmuseum.si.edu . en.
5. Web site: Bramel . Alli . Jackson-Dickinson Duel . 2023-09-29 . ExploreKYHistory . en.
6. Web site: Crack of the Pistol Political Duels . 2024-01-18 . www.sos.mo.gov.
7. Web site: VA-C1 Clay and Randolph Duel . 2006-09-05 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070501041649/http://photos.historical-markers.org/v/virginia/va-arlington/162_6279.jpg.html . 2007-05-01 .
8. Web site: A duel involving Representative Sam Houston of Tennessee: September 22, 1826. United States House of Representatives, History, Art & Archives: Historical Highlights. 2013-02-23.
9. http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/about/gallery/baltzell.html
10. http://imaginemaine.com/mainestories/Cilley.html Jonathan Cilley: Maine Martyr to the Code Duello
11. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1999-08-22/news/9908200386_1_alston-read-duels "Deadly Game Of Politics Stole Read's Immortality"
12. http://www.historynet.com/abraham-lincoln-prepares-to-fight-a-saber-duel.htm "Abraham Lincoln Prepares to Fight a Saber Duel"
13. http://www.biography.com/news/famous-wild-west-duel-wild-bill-hickok-vs-davis-tutt-20835321 Famous Wild West Duel: Wild Bill Hickok vs. Davis Tutt
14. Book: O'Neal, Bill. Encyclopedia of Western Gunfighters. 1991. University of Oklahoma Press. 978-0-8061-2335-6. en.
15. Book: Isenberg. Andrew C.. Wyatt Earp: A Vigilante Life. 2013. Hill and Wang; First Edition. 978-0809095001. Chapter 4: Jerk Your. 18 October 2014.
16. Web site: Five Greatest Gunfights of the Old West . Petzal . David . Field and Stream . 14 February 2009 . April 14, 2014 .