List of diplomatic missions of Austria-Hungary explained

This is a list of diplomatic missions of Austria-Hungary from the formation of the Dual Monarchy in 1867 until it was dissolved in 1918.

For a background to the diplomatic service of Austria-Hungary, including the types of diplomatic representation, see Austro-Hungarian Foreign Service.

History

Austria-Hungary had 110 non-honorary consulates and 364 honorary consulates, for a total of 474, in pre-war 1914. This number declined as a result of World War I; consulates in Italy and the U.S. respectively closed in 1915 and 1917, making up the majority of consulates closed in those years. The number of consulates declined to 307 upon the declaration of war in 1914. This declined to 273 in 1915, 227 in 1916, and 193 in 1917. In 1918, upon the end of the empire, Austria-Hungary had 13 consulates-general, 18 other consulates, a consular agency, and a vice-consulate.[1]

Embassies

France

A diplomatic mission was established in 1679; raised to an embassy in 1856.

Germany

A diplomatic mission to Prussia was established in 1665; raised to an embassy of the German Empire in 1871; included also Brunswick (from 1892), Hanseatic cities (Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck) (from 1893), Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Oldenburg.

The consulates-general in Berlin, Bremen, Cologne, Hamburg, and Munich closed upon the collapse of Austria-Hungary. In addition Austria-Hungary maintained one or more other consulates in Germany at the time.[1]

Holy See

A diplomatic mission was established in 1691; raised to an embassy in 1856.

Italy

A legation was established in 1866 (although diplomatic missions had been accredited to various city states since much before, e.g. Venice in 1553); raised to an embassy in 1877.

The Italian consulates closed in 1915.[1]

Japan

A legation was established in 1883; raised to an embassy in 1908. The envoy was also accredited to China until 1896.

Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

See main article: List of Austrian ambassadors to Turkey. A diplomatic mission was established in 1547; raised to an embassy in 1867.

The consulates-general in Beirut, Smyrna (now İzmir), and Trebizond (now Trabzon), closed when Austria-Hungary collapsed. In addition it maintained one or more other consulates and a consular agency in the Ottoman Empire at that time.[1]

Russia

A diplomatic mission was established in 1700; raised to an embassy in 1874.

Spain

A diplomatic mission was established in 1564; raised to an embassy in 1888.

The consulate-general in Barcelona closed upon the collapse of the empire. In addition it maintained one or more other consulates in this country at the time.[1]

United Kingdom

See main article: List of ambassadors of Austria-Hungary to the United Kingdom. A diplomatic mission was established in 1677; raised to an embassy in 1860.

United States

See main article: List of ambassadors of Austria to the United States. A legation was established in 1838; raised to an embassy in 1903.

The U.S. consulates closed in 1917.[1]

For Austrian ambassadors after 1918, see Austrian Ambassador to the United States.

Legations

Albania

The legation was established in 1914 and closed in the following year.

Prior to the 1912 independence of Albania, Austria-Hungary maintained missions in the Ottoman Empire which served Albania. There was a consulate in Scutari (Shkodër) which closed upon the collapse of the empire in 1918.[1]

Argentina

The legation in Buenos Aires was established in 1872. The envoy was also accredited to Asunción, Paraguay, and Montevideo, Uruguay.

The consulate-general in Buenos Aires closed upon the collapse of the empire.[1]

Bavaria

A diplomatic mission was established in 1745.

Belgium

The legation was established in 1833.

Brazil

The legation was established in 1816.

The consulate-general in Rio de Janeiro closed upon the collapse of the empire. In addition Austria-Hungary maintained one or more consulates in this country at the time.[1]

Bulgaria

A consulate general was established in 1879 at the Principality of Bulgaria, which became a legation in 1909 when the independence of the Tsardom of Bulgaria was recognised.

At the time of the collapse of Austria-Hungary, it maintained one or more consulates and one vice-consulate in Bulgaria.[1]

Chile

The legation in Santiago was established in 1902. The envoy was also accredited to La Paz, Bolivia, and Lima, Peru.

China

The legation was established in 1896. From 1883 to 1896, the envoy to Tokyo, Japan, was also accredited to Peking.

Denmark

The legation was established in 1691; the envoy to Copenhagen was also accredited to Oslo, Norway, from 1906 to 1917.

Greece

The legation was established in 1834.

1849–1853: Vacant

Mexico

The legation was established in 1864, but closed following the execution of Emperor Maximilian in 1867; re-opened in 1901.

Montenegro

The legation was established in 1879.

Netherlands

A diplomatic mission was established in 1658; the envoy to The Hague was also accredited to Luxembourg.

At the time of the collapse of Austria-Hungary it maintained one or more consulates in this country.[1]

Norway

The legation was established in 1917.

Persia

The legation was established in 1872.

Portugal

A diplomatic mission was established in 1700.

Romania

A consulate general was established in 1861 at the United Romanian Principalities, which became a legation in 1878 when the independence of Romania was recognised.

Saxony

A diplomatic mission was established in 1665; included Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe-Altenburg, Anhalt, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen and the elder and younger branches of Reuss.

Serbia

A consulate general was established in 1868 at the Principality of Serbia, which became a legation in 1878 when the independence of Serbia was recognised.

Siam

The legation was established in 1912.

Sweden

A diplomatic mission was established in 1682.

Switzerland

A diplomatic mission was established in 1687.

The consulate-general in Zürich closed upon the collapse of the empire. In addition it maintained one or more consulates in this country at the time.[1]

Württemberg

A diplomatic mission was established in 1716; included Baden and Hesse from 1872.

Uruguay

At the time of the collapse of Austria-Hungary it maintained one or more consulates in this country.[1]

Diplomatic Agencies

Egypt

The diplomatic agency ('diplomatische Agentie') in Cairo, previously based in Alexandria, was dissolved in 1914. The diplomatic representative, although a member of the diplomatic corps, bore the title of diplomatic agent rather than minister.

Previously Egypt was a part of the Ottoman Empire, and Austro-Hungarian missions serving Egypt were within the Empire.[1] The British took control of Egypt in 1882, and in 1914 Egypt de jure left the Ottoman Empire.[22]

Morocco

The diplomatic agency ('diplomatische Agentie') was established in 1885 (although there was only a chargé d'affaires from 1885 to 1896) and accredited to the Sultan of Morocco in Tangier; it was dissolved in 1913. The diplomatic representative, although a member of the diplomatic corps, bore the title of diplomatic agent rather than minister.

Consulates in Morocco closed in August 1914.[1]

See also

Bibliography

Notes and References

  1. Agstner, Rudolf. Austria (-Hungary) and Its Consulates in the United States of America Since 1820. LIT Verlag Münster, 2012., 9783643901910. p. 28.
  2. France declared war on Austria-Hungary on 12 August 1914 but diplomatic relations were broken off already on 10 August.
  3. Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 23 May 1915 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  4. Due to Mérey's illness, Karl Freiherr von Macchio was in charge of a special mission (in außerordenlicher Mission) to support the diplomatic corps in Rome from 11 August 1914 to 23 May 1915. Although Mérey was formally in charge until diplomatic relations were broken off, Baron von Macchio was de facto ambassador with the title 'außerordentlicher und bevollmächtigter Botschafter mit Titel und Charakter'.
  5. Austria-Hungary declared war on Japan on 24 August 1914 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  6. Count von Ludolf served as envoy (in außerordenlicher Mission mit der Leitung der Botschaft betraut).
  7. Diplomatic relations were never broken off.
  8. Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on 6 August 1914 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  9. United Kingdom declared war on Austria-Hungary on 12 August 1914 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  10. "An Old Washington Mansion" by Maud Burr Morris, 1917
  11. Book: Katz, Irving. August Belmont; a political biography. registration. 1968. Columbia University Press. New York/London.
  12. Dr. Dumba was declared persona non grata by the U.S. government on 8 September 1915 and left the United States on 5 October; however, his appointment ended formally first a month later.
  13. Count Tarnowski von Tarnów was named ambassador following Dumba's expulsion and arrived in 1916 to Washington D.C., but never presented his credentials to President Wilson. His name therefore does not appear in the U.S. records where the legation was led by Erich Freiherr Zwiedinek von Südenhorst as chargé d'affaires until the embassy was closed and diplomatic relations were broken off on 8 April 1917. However, United States did not formally declare war on Austria-Hungary until 7 December 1917.
  14. Austria-Hungary declared war on Belgium on 28 August 1914 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  15. China declared war on Austria-Hungary on 14 August 1917 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  16. Greece declared war on Austria-Hungary on 27 June 1917 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  17. Montenegro declared war on Austria-Hungary on 5 August 1914 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  18. Austria-Hungary declared war on Portugal on 15 March 1916 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  19. Romania declared war on Austria-Hungary on 27 August 1916 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  20. Austria-Hungary formally declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914, but diplomatic relations were broken off already on 25 July.
  21. Siam declared war on Austria-Hungary on 22 July 1917 whereupon diplomatic relations were broken off.
  22. https://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne "The renunciation by Turkey of all rights and titles over Egypt and over the Soudan will take effect as from the 5th November, 1914."

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