List of dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation explained

The Morrison Formation is a distinctive sequence of Upper Jurassic sedimentary rock that is found in the western United States, which has been the most fertile source of dinosaur fossils in North America. It is composed of mudstone, sandstone, siltstone and limestone and is light grey, greenish gray, or red. Most of the fossils occur in the green siltstone beds and lower sandstones, relics of the rivers and floodplains of the Jurassic period.

Fauna comparisons

The fauna of Morrison Formation is similar to one in the coeval rocks of Tendaguru Beds (in Tanzania) and Lourinhã Formation in Portugal,^[1] mostly with the second. Some genera are shared in Morrison and Lourinhã, such as Torvosaurus,^[2] Ceratosaurus,^[3] Stegosaurus, Dryosaurus,^[4] and Allosaurus.^[5] In sum, Morrison Fm has 37 valid genera of dinosaurs.

Ornithischians

The herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs were diverse but not as common as sauropods in the Morrison. Fruitadens, previously known as the "Fruita Echinodon", was found to be a heterodontosaurid. Plate-backed stegosaurids included Hesperosaurus mjosi, Stegosaurus armatus, S. ungulatus, S. stenops, and Alcovasaurus longispinus. Armored dinosaurs that weren't stegosaurs were unknown in the formation until the 1990s. Two have been named: Gargoyleosaurus parkpinorum and Mymoorapelta maysi. Ornithopods, bipedal herbivores, came in several types. Small "hypsilophodonts" included Drinker nisti, Laosaurus celer, "L." gracilis, Nanosaurus agilis, Othnielia rex, and Othnielosaurus consors (all of which are now synonymous with Nanosaurus). Larger but similar-looking dryosaurids were represented by two species of Dryosaurus (D. altus and D. elderae) and the camptosaurid Uteodon aphanoecetes, which is currently known only from Dinosaur National Monument. Still larger was the more common Camptosaurus dispar. Dryosaurids and camptosaurids were early iguanodonts, a group that would later spawn the duck-billed dinosaurs.

Neornithischians

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Anomoepus		Colorado^[6]		Morrison Anomoepus lack the handprint impressions found associated with earlier instances of the ichnogenus in New England.
Camptosaurus^[7]	C. amplus^[8]	Wyoming		Now known to be based on a theropod foot.^[9]
	C. aphanoecetes^[10]	Utah, Brushy Basin member		Reclassified as Uteodon.
	C. browni^[11]			Junior synonym of C. dispar.^[12]
	C. dispar^[13] ^[14]	Colorado, Oklahoma, Utah and Wyoming	"[Twenty-five to thirty] disarticulated skull elements, some with associated postcrania, approximately [ten] partial, articulated skeletons, juvenile to adult."^[15]	A member of Camptosauridae. Junior synonyms include Camptosaurus browni, C. medius, and C. nanus.
	C. medius			Junior synonym of C. dispar.
	C. nanus			Junior synonym of C. dispar.
Dinehichnus		Utah, Saltwash member	Multiple Dinehichnus trackways have been discovered. The tracks run parallel to one another, indicating that the trackmaker was at least somewhat of a social animal.	Dinehichnus are attributed to dryosaurids. The tracks preserve feet characterized by widely splayed toes and that are rotated somewhat toward the midline of the trackmaker's body. Each track is accompanied by "distinct ... heel impressions".
Drinker^[16]	D. nisti	Wyoming^[17]	"Partial skull and postcranial skeleton."^[18]	A basal neornithischian about 2 m long, slightly smaller than Othnielosaurus. Junior synonym of Nanosaurus agilis^[19]
Dryosaurus	D. altus	Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[20] ^[21]	The remains of many individuals have been uncovered, with some sites containing hundreds of bones from Dryosaurus of multiple age groups.^[22]	A large dryosaurid iguanodont up to 2.4 m (7.9 feet) long and 114 kg (251 lbs) in weight. It was physically similar to Othnielosaurus, although larger and with more derived teeth.
	D. elderae	Utah, Brushy Basin member	A 2 partial skeletons, one a juvenile, and 2 additional fragmentary specimens.	A large dryosaurid iguanodont up to 2.4 m (7.9 feet) long and 114 kg (251 lbs) in weight. It was physically similar to Othnielosaurus, although larger and with more derived teeth.
"Laosaurus"	L. altus			Now known as Dryosaurus altus
L. celer	Wyoming		Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.
L. consors			Now known as Othnielosaurus consors
"L. gracilis"			Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.
Nanosaurus	N. agilis	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[23]		A small basal Neornithischian known from dozens of individuals. The holotype, YPM VP 1913, is a fragmentary skeleton from a juvenile.
Othnielia	O. rex	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	Based on an isolated femur.	A small neornithischian 2 m in length. Dubious; many remains historically assigned to this taxon are now place within Nanosaurus.
Othnielosaurus	O. consors	Utah and Wyoming		A basal neornithischian about 2 m long. Junior synonym of Nanosaurus agilis
Preprismatoolithus^[24]	P. coloradensis	Colorado, Salt Wash member	Eggshell present in great abundance at the so-called "Young Egg Locality" which seems to have been a dinosaur nesting ground. Congeneric eggshell fossils are found at additional Colorado sites including the Fruita Paleontological Area, the Uravan Locality and Garden Park.	P. coloradensis is described by John Foster as being "of the prismatic basic type," with subspherical eggs about 10 cm (4 inches) in diameter.^[25] This oospecies has been attributed to "hypsilophodontid" dinosaurs, although a lack of associated embryo material currently makes confirming the egg-layer's identity impossible.
Tichosteus	T. aequifacies	Colorado	2 partial dorsal centra of a juvenile.
T. lucasanus	Colorado	2 partial dorsal centra.
Uteodon	U. aphanoecetes	Utah, Brushy Basin member	An articulated postcranial skeleton.	Sometimes synonymized with Camptosaurus.

Thyreophorans

Ankylosaurs

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Gargoyleosaurus	G. parkpinorum^[26]	Wyoming	"Skull [and] partial postcranium."^[27]	A polacanthine nodosaur known from reasonably complete fossil remains. Its skull measures 29 centimeters (11 in) in length, and its total body length is an estimated 3 to 4 meters (9.8 to 13.1 ft.). It may have weighed as much as 1 tonne (2,200 lb.).
Mymoorapelta	M. maysi	Colorado and Utah, Brushy Basin member ^[28]	"Skull fragments, portions of [three] skeletons, [and] other postcrania."^[29]	Both the first ankylosaur discovered in the formation and the first known North American Jurassic ankylosaur. It probably weighed 500 kg (1,102 lbs) in life.^[30]

Stegosaurs

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Alcovasaurus	A. longispinus	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	"Fragmentary postcranial skeleton, adult."^[31]	A dacentrurinae stegosaurid physically similar to Stegosaurus stenops but with much larger tail spines.^[32] It is also similar to Kentrosaurus in having long dermal spikes on the caudal region.^[33] The thighbone length was determined at 1082 millimeters. The longest spike was 86 centimeters long. Its point was broken and it is estimated the original length of the bone core at 985 millimeters. In 2019, the genus Alcovasaurus was considered a junior synonym of Miragaia^[34]
Hesperosaurus	H. mjosi^[35]	Wyoming	"Complete skeleton with skull, subadult."^[36] Known only from a single specimen.	A stegosaurine stegosaurid that was slightly smaller and more primitive than Stegosaurus itself. H. mjosi had a broader skull and longer, lower plates. Considered by some to be a species of Stegosaurus^[37]
Stegopodus		Utah	Stegopodus represent only a portion of the Morrison's stegosaur tracks, which are already rare and generally only preserve the animal's hind feet.	Stegosaur tracks which record front feet with five digits and hind feet with three weight-bearing digits. The general morphology of the tracks fit scientific predictions made eight years in advance of the erection of Stegopodus.
Stegosaurus	S. armatus	Colorado, Brushy Basin	Several caudal vertebrae and assorted fragmentary postcranial elements.	S. armatus is both the first Stegosaurus to be discovered and the type species.^[38] Its type specimen is poorly preserved, incomplete, and lacks diagnostic features. It has been considered dubious, with S. stenops as the neotype species for the genus.
	S. stenops	Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[39]	"[Two] complete skeletons with skulls, [four] braincases, at least [fifty] partial postcrania, juvenile to adult."	The best known Stegosaurus species, it has shorter limbs and larger plates than S. ungulatus.^[40]
	S. sulcatus	Wyoming^[41]	Several postcranial elements, including a possible shoulder spike.	Often considered synonymous with S. stenops,^[42] it may be distinct. Potentially has a shoulder spike, otherwise unknown in Stegosaurus, despite presence in relatives.^[43]
	S. ungulatus	Wyoming and Utah	Several partial skeletons, including a partial braincase.	S. ungulatus had longer limbs and comparatively smaller plates than the better known S. stenops.^[44] Although formerly portrayed with eight tail spikes, it is now known to have had the typical four.^[45] Possibly synonymous with S. stenops.
	Indeterminate.	New Mexico & Oklahoma

Other Ornithischians

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Anomoepus
Fruitadens^[46]	F. haagarorum	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[47]	A partial skull and mandible with several postcranial elements.^[48]	A heterodontosaur.

Sauropods

Sauropods, the giant long-necked long-tailed four-legged herbivorous dinosaurs, are among the most common and famous Morrison fossils. A few have uncertain relationships, like "Apatosaurus" minimus (possibly a basal titanosauriform) and Haplocanthosaurus. Sauropods including Haplocanthosaurus priscus, H. delfsi, and the diplodocid Eobrontosaurus appeared in the early stages of the Morrison. The middle stages were dominated by familiar forms such as the Giraffe-like Brachiosaurus altithorax, which were uncommon, but related camarasaurids, like Camarasaurus supremus, C. grandis, C. lentus, and Cathetosaurus, were very common. Also common were long, low diplodocids, like Apatosaurus ajax, A. louisae, Brontosaurus excelsus, B. parvus, Barosaurus lentus, Diplodocus longus, D. carnegii, Galeamopus and Dyslocosaurus polyonychius.

By the late Morrison, gigantic diplodocids (or likely diplodocids) had appeared, including Diplodocus hallorum (formerly Seismosaurus), Supersaurus vivianae, Amphicoelias altus, and M. fragilimus. Smaller sauropods, such as Suuwassea emiliae from Montana, tend to be found in the northern reaches of the Morrison, near the shores of the ancient Sundance Sea, suggesting ecological niches favoring smaller body size there compared with the giants found further south.^[49]

Haplocanthosaurids

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Haplocanthosaurus	H. delfsi	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	Partial skeleton lacking a skull.^[50]	Small haplocanthosaurs of indeterminate classification, ranging about 14 m (46 ft) long.
	H. priscus	Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	Two skulless partial skeletons.

Dicraeosaurids

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Dyslocosaurus	D. polyonychius	Wyoming	A fragmentary forelimb and partial hindlimbs.	Phylogenetic placement is uncertain.
Smitanosaurus^[52]	S. agilis	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	"Partial skull and cervicals."	A dicraeosaurid sauropod. Originally described as "Morosaurus" agilis.
Suuwassea	S. emilieae	Montana, Brushy Basin member^[53]	A partial skull and some postcrania.	A dicraeosaurid about 15m in length.

Diplodocids

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Amphicoelias	A. altus	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	2 dorsal vertebrae, femur, and a pubis.^[54]	Large diplodocids about 25 m (82 ft) in length.^[55]
Apatosaurus	A. ajax	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	A partial postcranial skeleton and posterior skull.	Robust and abundantly widespread apatosaurine diplodocids reaching lengths of up to 25 m (82 ft).^[56] "A." minimus likely belongs to a separate genus.
	A. louisae	Colorado and Utah, Brushy Basin member	Four partial specimens, one of them including a skull. Three of the specimens are from DNM, one is a mid cervical from Como Bluff.
	"A." minimus	Wyoming	"Sacrum and pelvis."^[57]
Atlantosaurus	A. montanus	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[58]	A partial sacrum that cannot be distinguished from Camarasaurus or Apatosaurus.^[59]	Dubious neosauropod.
Brontosaurus	B. excelsus	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[60]	Two postcranial skeletons.	Previously considered a species of Apatosaurus as per Riggs (1903).
	B. parvus	Utah and Wyoming, Salt Wash and Brushy Basin members	Three headless skeletons.	Originally called Elosaurus.
	B. yahnahpin^[61]	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A partial postcranial skeleton.	An apatosaurine diplodocid slightly more primitive than Apatosaurus. Formerly placed in separate genus Eobrontosaurus.
Barosaurus	B. lentus	South Dakota and Utah	2 partial postcranial skeletons, with possibly more specimens assignable.	A diplodocid about 24 m (79 ft) in length, similar in appearance to Diplodocus.It was the rarest sauropod in the Morrison Formation.^[62]
	B. sp.	Wyoming, Utah and Oklahoma
Diplodocus	D. carnegii	Wyoming, Brushy Basin Member^[63]	Known from two skulls, five partial skeletons that lack skulls and manus, and hundreds of isolated postcranial remains.^[64]	Large diplodocids reaching lengths of up to 28 m (92 ft). It was one of the most abundant sauropods in the area.^[65]
	D. hallorum	New Mexico, Wyoming and Utah, Brushy Basin and Salt Wash members	At least 4 partial postcranial skeletons	Once classified as Seismosaurus.^[66] ^[67] ^[68] ^[69]
	D. lacustris	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	Known from teeth and skull remains, the latter now referred to Camarasaurus. Teeth cannot be referred beyond Flagellicaudata.
	D. longus	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	Several caudal vertebrae.^[70]
Galeamopus	G. hayi	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	Known from a partial skeleton and braincase.
	G. pabsti	Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A skull and partial postcranial skeleton, another individual known from partial skull.
Kaatedocus^[71]	K. siberi	Wyoming, Salt Wash member	Skull and cervical vertebrae.
Parabrontopodus
Supersaurus	S. vivianae	Colorado and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	Known from several partial postcranial skeletons.	A large diplodocid about 33–34 m 108–111 ft) in length

Macronarians

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Brachiosaurus	B. altithorax	Colorado, Brushy Basin and Salt Wash members	Several partial skeletons and a partial skull.	A large brachiosaurid about long.
Brontopodus
Camarasaurus	C. annae	Utah, Brushy Basin member	A dorsal vertebra.	Camarasaurs reached an adult size of about 18 m (60 ft) in length.^[72] C. annae junior synonym of C. lentus. C. lewisi was originally described as Cathetosarus lewisi and was later sunk into Camarasaurus, until being considered valid once again in 2013.
	C. grandis	Colorado, Montana and Wyoming^[73]	"At least 6 partial skeletons including 2 skulls, hundreds of postcranial elements."
	C. lentus	Utah and Wyoming	"5 skeletons with skulls, hundreds of postcranial elements"
	C. lewisi	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	A nearly complete postcranial skeleton.
	C. supremus	Colorado and Oklahoma(?), Brushy Basin member^[74]	At least 4 partial skeletons including partial skulls. Many possible postcranial remains from Oklahoma.
	Indeterminate.	Oklahoma, South Dakota and Texas^[75]
Dystrophaeus	D. viaemalae^[76]	Utah, Tidwell member	Multiple vertebrae, teeth and incomplete forelimb material.	Previously recovered as a diplodocid, now recovered as a macronarian Type material fragmentary, but recent rediscovery of type locality has discovered more material.^[77]

Theropods

Theropod dinosaurs, the carnivorous dinosaurs, came in several different types. The less derived types, the ceratosaurs and megalosaurids, included Ceratosaurus nasicornis, C. dentisulcatus, C. magnicornis, Elaphrosaurus sp., and the megalosaur Torvosaurus tanneri (including Edmarka rex). Allosaurids included the common Allosaurus fragilis (including Epanterias amplexus), Allosaurus new species, A. lucasi, and giant Saurophaganax maximus (potentially included in Allosaurus?).

Indeterminate theropod remains have been recovered in Utah. Indeterminate theropod tracks have been recovered from both Utah and Arizona.

Allosauroidea

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Allosaurus	A. fragilis	Colorado, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[78] ^[79] ^[80] ^[81]	"At least [three] complete skulls, many partial skulls and skull elements, many partial and complete skeletons representing at least 60 individuals."^[82] It was the most common large carnivore in the area.^[83] ^[84] ^[85]
	A. jimmadseni^[86]	Wyoming and Utah, Brushy Basin and Salt Wash members	At least 15 specimens, including several skulls.
Antrodemus	A. valens	Colorado^[87]	Half of a proximal caudal centrum	Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.^[88]
Creosaurus	C. atrox	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member^[89]	A fragmentary skull and assorted postcrania.	Considered a junior synonym of Allosaurus.
Epanterias	E. amplexus	Colorado, Brushy Basin member^[90]	Several fragmentary postcranial elements of 2 individuals,^[91] possible additional remains known from Wyoming.^[92]	Considered dubious due to fragmentary remains.
Labrosaurus	L. lucaris	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A fragmentary skull and several postcranial elements.	Junior synonym of A. fragilis.
L. ferox	Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A partial skull, dentaries, and fragmentary postcrania.^[93]	Known from one specimen with several pathologies. Today considered a junior synonym of A. fragilis.
Saurophaganax	S. maximus	Oklahoma, Brushy Basin member^[94]	Several partial postcranial skeletons and fragmentary skull material.	Generally considered to be its own genus. Sometimes considered to be a species of Allosaurus.^[95] ^[96]

Ceratosaurs

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratosaurus	C. dentisulcatus	Utah	"Partial skull, vertebrae, [and] limb elements."	Large ceratosaurs grew to lengths of about 6–7 meters (20–23 ft.) in length with large nasal horns on their snouts as well as two smaller horns above the eyes.
	C. magnicornis	Colorado^[97]	"Skull [and] assorted postcrania."
	C. nasicornis	Colorado and Utah, Brushy Basin member	Remains of "5 individuals, including [a] nearly complete adult skeleton and subadult skeleton."^[98]
	Indeterminate.	Wyoming^[99]
Ceratosauria	Indeterminate.	Colorado		Previously referred to Elaphrosaurus,^[100] ^[101] ^[102] these remains are probably not referable to that genus and are best considered indeterminate beyond Ceratosauria.^[103]
Elaphrosaurus	Intermediate	Colorado		Now thought to be indeterminate beyond Ceratosauria.
Fosterovenator^[104]	F. churei	Wyoming	Tibia, astragalus, fibula.	A fragmentary theropod which may be a ceratosaurid.

Coelurosaurs

Coelurosaurs, the group of theropods most closely related to and including birds, included Coelurus fragilis, Ornitholestes hermanni, Tanycolagreus topwilsoni, the possible troodontid Koparion douglassi, the definite troodontid Hesperornithoides, and the early tyrannosauroid Stokesosaurus clevelandi.

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Coelurus	C. fragilis	Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	A partial skeleton in several syntypes and several fragmentary referred specimens.^[105]	A basal coelurosaurian about 2.3 m (7.5 ft) long.
	Indeterminate.	Colorado
Hesperornithoides^[106]	H. miessleri	Wyoming		An early troodontid.
Koparion	K. douglassi	Utah		A small theropod thought to be one of the oldest known troodontids.
Palaeopteryx	P. thomsoni	Colorado, Brushy Basin member	A distal radius
Ornitholestes	O. hermanni	Wyoming	"Skull and associated postcranial skeleton."	A small basal coelurosaurian about 2 m (6.5 ft) long.
Stokesosaurus	S. clevelandi	Utah	"Illium, associated elements and pelvic cranial material. [sic]"^[107]	A possible early tyrannosauroid about 4 m (13 ft) in length.
Tanycolagreus	T. topwilsoni	Wyoming and Utah		A basal coelurosaurian about 3.4 m (11.3 ft) long, similar in appearance to Coelurus.

Megalosauroids

Genus	Species	Locality	Material	Notes	Images
Edmarka	E. rex	WY		Possibly a junior synonym of Torvosaurus tanneri.
Marshosaurus	M. bicentesimus	Colorado and Utah	Partial skeleton, including part of a skull.^[108]	A medium-sized piatnitzkysaurid megalosauroid about 6 m (20 ft) in length.
Torvosaurus	T. tanneri	Colorado, Utah and Wyoming, Brushy Basin member	"Partial skeletons of at least [three] individuals."^[109]	A large, robust megalosaurid reaching lengths of up to .^[110] One of the largest carnivores of the formation.

Eggs

Dinosaur eggs have been found in Utah.

Tracks

Ornithopods

Morrison ornithopod trace fossils are represented by three toed tracks which are generally small. The toes of Morrison ornithopod tracks are usually more widely splayed than the theropod tracks preserved in the formation.

Stegosaurs

Stegosaur tracks were first recognized in 1996 from a hindprint-only trackway discovered at the Cleveland-Lloyd quarry, which is located near Price, Utah.^[111] Two years later, a new ichnogenus called Stegopodus was erected for another set of stegosaur tracks which were found near Arches National Park, also in Utah. Unlike the first, this trackway preserved traces of the forefeet. Fossil remains indicate that stegosaurs have five digits on the forefeet and three weight-bearing digits on the hind feet. From this, scientists were able to successfully predict the appearance of stegosaur tracks in 1990, six years in advance of the first actual discovery of Morrison stegosaur tracks. Since the erection of Stegopodus, more trackways have been found, however none have preserved traces of the front feet, and stegosaur traces remain rare.

Theropods

Indeterminate theropod tracks have been recovered from both Utah and Arizona.^[112]

References

• Butler, R.J., P.M. Galton, L.B. Porro, L.M. Chiappe, D.M. Henderson, and G.M. Erickson. 2009. Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 10.1098/rspb.2009.1494 PDF
• "Camarasaurus." In: Dodson, Peter & Britt, Brooks & Carpenter, Kenneth & Forster, Catherine A. & Gillette, David D. & Norell, Mark A. & Olshevsky, George & Parrish, J. Michael & Weishampel, David B. The Age of Dinosaurs. Publications International, LTD. p. 56. .
• Book: The Armored Dinosaurs. 2001. Othniel Charles Marsh and the Eight-Spiked Stegosaurus. Carpenter, Kenneth. Carpenter K, Galton PM. 76 - 102. Indiana University Press. 978-0-253-33964-5.
• Carpenter, K. and Wilson, Y. 2008. A new species of Camptosaurus (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah, and a biomechanical analysis of its forelimb. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 76:227-263.
• Book: Chure, Daniel J. . 2001 . On the type and referred material of Laelaps trihedrodon Cope 1877 (Dinosauria: Theropoda) . Tanke, Darren . Carpenter, Kenneth . Mesozoic Vertebrate Life . Indiana University Press . Bloomington and Indianapolis . 10–18 . 978-0-253-33907-2 . https://archive.org/details/mesozoicvertebra0000unse/page/10 .
• Foster, J. (2007). Jurassic West: The Dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation and Their World. Indiana University Press. 389pp. .
• Galton, P.M. (1981). Dryosaurus, a hypsilophodontid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of North America and Africa. Postcranial skeleton. Palaeontol. Z. 55(3/4), 271-312
• Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. .

Notes and References

1. Mateus, O. 2006. Late Jurassic dinosaurs from the Morrison Formation, the Lourinhã and Alcobaça Formations (Portugal), and the Tendaguru Beds (Tanzania): a comparison. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 36:223-231.
2. Hendrickx, C, Mateus O. 2014. Torvosaurus gurneyi n. sp., the largest terrestrial predator from Europe, and a proposed terminology of the maxilla anatomy in nonavian theropods, 03. PLOS ONE. 9:e88905., Number 3
3. Mateus, O., & Antunes M. T. (2000). Ceratosaurus sp. (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Late Jurassic of Portugal. Abstract volume of the 31st International Geological Congress, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
4. Mateus, O. (2007). Notes and review of the ornithischian dinosaurs of Portugal. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27, 114A-114A., Jan: Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
5. Mateus, O, Walen A, Antunes MT. 2006. The large theropod fauna of the Lourinhã Formation (Portugal) and its similarity to the Morrison Formation, with a description of a new species of Allosaurus. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin. 36:123-129.
6. "Walk and Don't Look Back: The Footprints; Ornithopods" Foster (2007) pg. 238
7. "Table 2.1: Fossil Vertebrates of the Morrison Formation" in Foster (2007) pp. 58-59.
8. "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Camptosaurus dispar," Foster (2007) pg. 220
9. Web site: Camptosaurus. 14 January 2011.
10. "Systematic Paleontology: Camptosaurus aphanoecetes" in "A New Species of Camptosaurus..." Carpenter and Wilson (2008), page 232.
11. Gilmore, C.W. . 1909 . Osteology of the Jurassic reptile Camptosaurus, with a revision of the species of the genus, and descriptions of two new species . Proceedings of the United States National Museum . 36 . 1666 . 197–332 . 10.5479/si.00963801.36-1666.197.
12. Galton, P.M. . Powell, H.P. . amp. 1980 . The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England . Palaeontology . 23 . 411–443 .
13. "Dinosaur distribution (Late Jurassic; North America; Utah)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pp. 543-544.
14. "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Camptosaurus dispar," Foster (2007) pp. 219-220
15. "Table 19.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 415.
16. "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Drinker nisti," Foster (2007) pg. 219
17. Jurassic West Foster (2007) pg. 219 attributes most Drinker nisti specimens to Como Bluff, which is in Wyoming. See figure 1.2 on Jurassic West page 6.
18. "Table 18.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 394.
19. Kenneth Carpenter; Peter M. Galton (2018). "A photo documentation of bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA". Geology of the Intermountain West. 5: 167–207.
20. "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Dryosaurus altus," Foster (2007) pp. 218-219
21. "Previous work on Dryosaurus" in "Dryosaurus, a hypsolophodontid dinosaur..." Galton (1981), page 272.
22. "Fleet-Footed Plant Eaters: The Ornithopod Dinosaurs; Dryosaurus altus," Foster (2007) pg. 218
23. Carpenter . Kenneth . Galton . Peter . 2018-08-17 . A photo documentation of bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, USA . Geology of the Intermountain West . en . 5 . 167–207 . 10.31711/giw.v5.pp167-207 . 73691452 . 2380-7601. free .
24. "Another Generation: The Eggs," Foster (2007) page 239.
25. "Eggs," Foster (2007) page 125.
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