List of defunct department stores of the United States explained

This is a list of defunct department stores of the United States, from small-town one-unit stores to mega-chains, which have disappeared over the past 100 years. Many closed, while others were sold or merged with other department stores.

Department stores merged with Federated and May

Many United States department store chains and local department stores, some with long and proud histories, went out of business or lost their identities between 1986 and 2006 as the result of a complex series of corporate mergers and acquisitions that involved Federated Department Stores and The May Department Stores Company with many stores becoming units of Macy's, Inc. The following is a list of the affected stores, including some local and regional stores that earlier had been absorbed into chains that became part of Federated, May, or Macy's.

• Abraham & Straus (Macy's in 1995)
  • D. M. Read (Macy's in 1990)
• Bamberger's (Macy's in 1986)
• The Bon Marché (Macy's in 2005)
  • C.C. Anderson's Golden Rule (The Bon Marché in 1923)
• Bullock's (Macy's in 1996)
  • Bullocks Wilshire
• Burdines (Macy's in 2005)
  • Maas Brothers
• Carter Hawley Hale Stores (merged into Macy's West 1996)
  • The Broadway (Southern California). Headquartered in Los Angeles.
  • Emporium-Capwell (Northern California)
    • Capwell's (East Bay)
    • The Emporium (San Francisco and South Bay, North Bay)
  • Hale Bros. (San Francisco and Sacramento)
  • Weinstock's (Sacramento and Reno)
• Davison's (Macy's in 1986)
• The F & R Lazarus and Co. (Macy's in 2005)
  • Shillito's
  • Rike Kumler Co. (Rike's)
  • William H. Block Co. (Blocks)
  • Joseph Horne Co. (Horne's)
  • Herpolsheimer's
• Famous-Barr (Macy's in 2006)
  • The Famous Clothing Store
• Filene's (Macy's in 2006)
  • Filene's Basement (separated from Filene's in 1988, closed in 2011)
  • G. Fox & Co.
  • B. Peck & Co. (sold to Gamble-Skogmo, Inc.)^[1]
  • Steiger's
• Foley's (Macy's in 2006)
  • May-Daniels & Fisher
    • The Denver Dry Goods Company
  • Sanger-Harris

• • • Sanger Brothers
    • Gold Circle (discount store chain) Founded in 1967 by Federated; merged into Richway in 1988 and later dismantled during 1990 bankruptcy
• Gold Triangle (discount store chain for electronics, appliances, home building supply, sporting goods, photography, housewares) Founded in 1970 - closed in 1981, 6 Florida locations - 3 Miami, Plantation, Tampa and Orlando.
• Goldwater's
• Goldsmith's Merged into Rich's in mid-1980s. (Macy's in 2005)
• Hecht's (Macy's in 2006)
  • Castner Knott (Hecht's in 1998)
  • Miller & Rhoads (Hecht's in 1990)
  • Strawbridge's (Macy's in 2006)
  • Thalhimers (Hecht's in 1990)
  • Woodward & Lothrop
• I. Magnin, owned by Federated 1965-1988 and R.H. Macy Co. 1988–1994; most stores closed 1988–1993, remainder of stores converted to Macy's West and Bullock's or sold to Saks Fifth Avenue. Union Square, San Francisco location eventually incorporated into adjacent Macy's.
• John Wanamaker or Wanamaker's (Philadelphia and New York City flagship stores), sold to Carter Hawley Hale in 1979, then Washington, DC-based Woodward & Lothrop owned by Alfred Taubman; sold to May Company in 1995; merged with Federated Department Stores in 2005 (now known as Macy's, Inc.)
• The Jones Store (Macy's in 2006)
• Jordan Marsh (Macy's in 1996)
• Kaufmann's (Offices merged with Filene's in 2002, Macy's in 2006)
  • May Company Ohio
    • O'Neil's (department store)
  • Sibley's
  • Strouss-Hirshberg
• L.S. Ayres (Macy's in 2006)
  • Stewart's
  • H. & S. Pogue Company
• Liberty House (Macy's in 2001)
• Marshall Field's (Macy's in 2006)
  • Dayton's (Marshall Field's in 2001)
  • Frederick & Nelson (defunct in 1992)
    • The Crescent (department store) (defunct in 1992)
    • Lipman's
  • Halle Brothers Co.
  • Hudson's (Marshall Field's in 2001)
  • J.B. Ivey & Co.
• Meier & Frank (Macy's in 2006)
  • Zions Cooperative Mercantile Institution (Meier & Frank in 2001)
• Rich's (Macy's in 2005)
• Robinsons-May (Macy's in 2006)
  • May Company California (Robinsons-May in 1993)
    • Hamburger's
  • J. W. Robinson's (Robinsons-May in 1993)
• Steiger's (May in 1994)
• Stern's (Macy's in 2001)
  • Gertz
  • Quackenbush

Other department stores

Discount Stores

Ames. Bradlees was part of the Stop 'n Shop Companies which was a grocery chain also based in Mass. While there were Bradlees discount stores in the mid Atlantic region, with a buying office on Broadway in the garment center district in NYC; the grocery stores were only in the New England area. Caldor, Service Merchandise, Venture, Woolco, and Zayre were national discount stores that closed due to changes in shopping places and patterns, and/or large debt from mergers and acquisitions.^[2]

National and regional

• Acorn Stores (Minneapolis, Minnesota)
• Ames Department Stores Inc. (based in Rocky Hill, Connecticut)
• Arlan's Department Store (Mid-Atlantic and Midwest)
• Ayr-Way (Midwest/Great Lakes States-Based out of Indianapolis) Was discount chain of L.S. Ayres & Co. that eventually became Target Stores.
• L.S. Ayres (Indianapolis-Midwest/ Great Lakes states) Was eventually sold to May Department Stores and finally became Macy's.
• The Bon-Ton and its subsidiaries: Bergner's, Boston Store (Wisconsin), Carson's, Elder-Beerman, Herberger's and Younkers.
• Bradlees (based in Boston, Massachusetts) (New England, Mid-Atlantic)
• Britt's Department Store (national)
• E. J. Korvette (East Coast and Midwest) last stores were closed in 1980 after filing for bankruptcy^[3]
• Fisher's Big Wheel (Northeast & Midwest) Discount Department Stores based out of metro Pittsburgh, PA.
• Fred's (Southeast)
• F.W. Woolworth Company
• Gamble-Skogmo
• G. E. M. Membership Department Stores (national/Ontario, Canada; also known as G.E.X. and G.E.S.)
• Gibson's Discount Center, based in Texas but had spread to many other states at its peak
• W. T. Grant
• Hills Department Stores (National) Was bought out by Ames Department Stores.
• Howard Brothers Discount Stores
• Jack's (operated by Penn-Daniels and based in Quincy, Illinois with locations in Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri)
• Jamesway (Mid-Atlantic)
• Kmart (Nationwide, except some)
• S.H. Kress & Co., Puerto Rico subsidiary Tiendas Kress lives on, having survived parent company
• Leggett (Mid-Atlantic), acquired by Belk in 1997^[4]
• Lord & Taylor, the oldest department store chain in the United States, founded in 1826 in New York City, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on August 2, 2020. On August 27, 2020, the company stated it would be liquidating all 38 locations by December 1, 2020.
• McCrory Stores (national)
• Mervyn's (primarily western U.S. but also in a few midwestern and southern U.S. states)
• Montgomery Ward (national - Chicago)
• Neisner's^[5]
• Odd Job Stores, Inc. (located in the northeast and midwestern U.S.), acquired by Amazing Savings in 2003 and went bankrupt in 2005^{[6] [7] [8]}
• P.N. Hirsch, acquired by International Shoe Company (later renamed Interco) in 1964;^[9] later sold to Dollar General in 1983 and rebranded^{[10] [11]}
• Schultz's Family Stores, began as Schultz Bros. Co., headquartered in Lake Zurich, Illinois, 77 total stores in 1974 in the Upper Midwest, bankrupt and bought by Prange Way in 1989
• Sears Roebuck
• Shoppers Fair
• Steve & Barry's
• Syms
• Topps stores were closed when parent company, Interstate Stores filed for bankruptcy in 1974^[12]
• Tuesday Morning (Nationwide)
• Two Guys (Mid-Atlantic)
• Value City (Nationwide)
• Venture Stores (National) Based out of St Louis, MO metro area.
• Woolco, founded by the F.W. Woolworth Company as a full-line discount department store
• Zayre (New England, Mid-Atlantic, Chicago, Florida, Georgia)

• Gayfer's (Mobile)
• Loveman's (Birmingham)
• Mazer's (Birmingham) Opened in 1932, closed in 2011.^[13]
• Parisian (Birmingham), sold to Belk 2006, renamed September 2007. Five stores sold to The Bon-Ton, converted to the Carson Pirie Scott name.
• Pizitz (Birmingham), 13-store Alabama chain, sold to McRae's 1987, renamed later that year
• Rogers (Florence) Became a division of Dunlap's that closed in 2007 after sale of store chain by Rogers family.

• Northern Commercial (Anchorage, Fairbanks, Kenai)

• Babbit's (Flagstaff)^[14]
• Broadway Southwest (Mesa)
• Diamond's (Phoenix, Tucson, Albuquerque, Denver and Las Vegas), was part of Dayton Hudson
• Goldwater's (Phoenix)
• Goldwyn's (Tucson)^[15]
• Levy's (Tucson)
• Myerson's White House (Tucson)^[16]
• Sacanni's (Tucson)^[17]
• Yellow Front Stores

• MM Cohn (Little Rock), 2007

• The Akron (Los Angeles), a Southern California-based "eclectic" department store chain that had specialized in carrying imported goods and unusual items such as parking meters and live Mexican monkeys, and which had stores as far north as San Francisco and far south as San Diego before it was forced to close its stores in 1985^{[18] [19] [20]}
• Blackstone's Department Store
• Blum's (San Jose), originally M. Blum & Co., established 1907;^[21] store appears to have closed shortly after death of owner and founder in 1940^[22]
• The Bon Marché (Los Angeles) (Le Sage Brothers Co.), 430–434 Broadway, Los Angeles, opened in 1907, closed within a year^[23]
• Boston Stores (California), HQ in Inglewood and later Carson; liquidated 1989
• The Broadway (Los Angeles), converted to Macy's
• Brock's (Bakersfield), started in 1924 and sold to Gottschalks in 1987^{[24] [25]}
• Breuner's
• Buffums
• Bullock's (Los Angeles), converted to Macy's
• Bullocks Wilshire (Los Angeles) today it is Southwestern University School of Law.
• Butler Brothers (California)
• Carithers's (Petaluma), closed in 1986^[26]
• H.C. Capwell Co. (Oakland), merged with Emporium in 1929 to form the Emporium Capwell Co. holding company, Emporium-Capwell was acquired by Broadway-Hale Stores in 1970, Broadway-Hale Stores later became Carter Hawley Hale Stores and then Broadway Stores, Inc.; during this time, Capwell kept its name until 1979^{[27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33]}
• City of Paris Dry Goods Co. (San Francisco), became City of Paris by Liberty House. Demolished except the rotunda, now part of Neiman Marcus.
• City of Paris (Los Angeles), no relation to the San Francisco store or to Ville de Paris (Los Angeles), 1850s–1897
• Coulter's
• Crowley's (Vallejo)
• Daly's (Eureka), closed in 1995, with four Northern California stores, after operating for exactly 100 years^[34]
• Desmond's, founded 1862, became a large Southland-wide chain, closed 1970s
• Disco Department Stores (San Rafael), chain of discount stores located in Northern California and Northern Nevada, first store was opened in San Rafael in 1956 as Marin Associated Consumers by co-founder William L. Simmons,^[35] stores were later renamed MAC Disco Mart and then MAC Disco Discount Department Stores,^[36] chain sold to Daylin in 1966 and renamed Disco Discount Department Stores, first store outside of Northern California opened in Reno in 1968,^[37] stores were closed by 1975 due to financial problems with parent company^[38]
• B. H. Dyas
• Eastern-Columbia Department Store, Eastern Outfitters, Columbia Outfitters, San Francisco/Los Angeles through the 1950s
• Fedco, a membership retailer, not subject to "Fair Trade pricing"
• FedMart, a membership retailer, not subject to "Fair Trade pricing"
• Fedway (Los Angeles) – first store in this division opened (in Texas) in 1952 by Federated Department Stores; Westwood store (first in California) opened in 1953; all stores closed and sold off in 1968^{[39] [40] [41] [42] [43]}
• Fifth Street Store: Walker's (Los Angeles, Long Beach, San Diego), main store in downtown Los Angeles was also known as the Fifth Street Store since it was located at the corner of Fifth and Broadway, main store was founded in 1905 as Steele, Faris, Walker Co., later became Muse, Faris, Walker Co., and then finally Walker Inc. in 1924; opened first branch store in Long Beach in the late 1920s; opened a branch store in San Diego in 1935; San Diego store separated in the early 1950s; opened second Long Beach store in 1954; closed Los Angeles store; sold Long Beach stores in 1960 and store renamed^{[44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58]}
• Frink's (Pasadena), founded by Jose and Lola Frink in the early twentieth century, but closed by mid-century^[59]
• Gemco
• Globe Department Store, South Broadway between 51st–52nd, South Los Angeles (1920s-1930s)^[60]
• Gottschalks, bankrupt March 31, 2009, which closed all of the stores.^[61] A few former Gottschalks stores were replaced as Macy's and Forever 21 in the Pacific region. There were plans to reopen stores in Auburn, Clovis and Oakhurst in spring 2011,^{[62] [63]} but the deal ultimately fell through.^[64]
• GET (Government Employees Together)^[65] at Lakeshore Plaza, on Sloat Boulevard,^[66] in San Francisco, a discount chain, a membership retailer, not subject to "Fair Trade pricing", and open only to employees of local, state, and federal government agencies.^[67] Lakeshore Plaza had a Lucky store and in the late 1960s, Government Employees Together became part of Lucky store's Gemco.^{[68] [69]}
• Grodin's (San Francisco Bay Area), a 36-unit chain of men's and women's specialty stores, closed in January 1987.^[70]
• Gump's (San Francisco) closed 2018
• Haggarty's, Los Angeles-based chain of junior department stores for apparel, 1906–1970
• Hale's (Hale Brothers) (Sacramento San Francisco), merged with Broadway in 1970 to form the Broadway-Hale holding company while keeping its name on its stores;^{[33] [71] [72] [73] [74]} merged into The Emporium under Carter, Hawley & Hale.
• A. Hamburger & Sons (Los Angeles), founded in 1881, purchased by May Co. 1923 and renamed May Company California^{[75] [76] [77] [78] [79] [80]}
• Harris Department Store, based in San Bernardino, absorbed by Gottschalks
• Harris & Frank
• Hart's Department Store (San Jose)^[81]
• Henshey's (Santa Monica), finally closed in 1992 after being in business since 1925^{[82] [83]}
• Hilson's (Martinez), three locations closed 2001^[84]
• Hink's (Berkeley), also known as J.F. Hink & Son, closed in 1985^[85] Arcadia Publishing
• Hinshaw's (Arcadia and Whittier), both stores were closed in 1992^[86]
• Kahn's (Oakland), founded by Israel Kahn in 1879, acquired by newly formed B. F. Schlesinger & Sons in 1925,^{[87] [88] [89] [90]} B.F. Schlesinger & Sons was renamed Western Department Stores in 1941, Kahn was rebranded Rhodes in 1960^{[91] [92]}
• S. Lazard & Co.
• Levee's (Vallejo), closed in the early 1980s^[93]
• Liberty House (became Macy's)
• H. Liebes (San Francisco), liquidated when its parent company, Beck Industries, filed for bankruptcy in 1970^{[94] [95]}
• I. Magnin (San Francisco), converted to Macy's
• Joseph Magnin Co., closed 1984
• Marston's San Diego, 3 branches, purchased by The Broadway in the 1960s
• Mattei Bros. (Petaluma) – closed in 1995^[96]
• May Company (Los Angeles), merged with Robinsons and became Robinsons-May, then Macy's
• Mervyn's of California, operated stores in western US. Went bankrupt December 2008
• Milliron's, see Fifth Street Store, above
• Nahas, 1953–early 1980s junior department stores with clothing and home goods, mostly in Los Angeles County. Purchased and absorbed independent department stores Rathbun's North Hollywood, Trenwiths Santa Barbara and Butler Bros. Van Nuys.
• F. C. Nash & Co. – Nash's (Pasadena), at one time had 5 stores in downtown locations in neighboring small cities during the 1950s and 1960s, founded in 1889 as a grocery store, became a department store in 1921, branch stores were unable to compete with larger chains opening in malls built in the late 1960s and early 1970s and had to be closed, main store destroyed in a daytime fire on May 11, 1976^{[97] [98] [99] [100] [101]}
• National Stores (Los Angeles)
• O'Connor, Moffat & Co., purchased by Macy's 1945,^[102] name changed to Macy's 1947^[103]
• Phelps-Terkel junior department store for apparel, founded 1923, survived in various forms until 1992
• Pic 'N' Save, became Big Lots
• Prager's (San Francisco), closed in 1921 after 25 years in business^{[104] [105] [106]}
• Rankin's, Downtown Santa Ana and Orangefair Center, Fullerton
• Ransohoff's, (San Francisco and Sacramento) Ransohoff's, Inc., founded in 1902, by Leopold Ransohoff.^{[107] [108] [109] [110] [111] [112] [113] [114] [115] [116] [117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122] [123] [69]} Ransohoff's was featured in Alfred Hitchcock's classic 1958 film, Vertigo, set largely in San Francisco.^[124]
• Rhodes (Sacramento and Central Valley), became Liberty House
• Robert's, based in Long Beach, which grew to nine stores before closing in the 1990s
• J.W. Robinson (Los Angeles), converted to Robinsons, then merged with May Company to become Robinsons-May, then eventually became Macy's
• Rosenberg's (Santa Rosa), located on Third Street; closed in 1998;^[125] now a Barnes & Noble
• Sage's Complete Shopping, one of the first full department stores that coined the name "super market," at Baseline and E Street in San Bernardino, later with stores in Riverside, Rialto, Colton and Redlands, confounded by Milton Ross Sage and C. C. Jenkins, 1937-1973^[126]
• Silverwoods
• Swelldom, junior department stores for apparel, Los Angeles, 1906–1970s
• Two Guys
• Unimart (Los Angeles, San Diego), locations variously became Two Guys, Gemco, FedMart; was owned by Food Giant Markets Inc until it merged in 1967 with Vornado, the owner of Two Guys, which quickly converted Unimart stores to Two Guys.^{[127] [128]}
• Ville de Paris, Los Angeles 1893–1919
• Walker's, see Fifth Street Store (original Los Angeles store, from which Walker's Long Beach spun off) and Walker Scott (San Diego spinoff).
• Walker's (Long Beach)
• Walker Scott (San Diego), Solana Beach branch is now a HomeGoods store; founded as a branch of the Walker's Department Store of Los Angeles in 1935;^[129] close Walker associate George Scott became president in 1951 following death of Eliza Walker, widow of the deceased founder, in 1951; name of store changed to Walker-Scott in 1955; downtown store closed in 1984; all stores closed by 1986^{[130] [131] [132]}
• Webb's
• Weinstein's (1041 Market Street San Francisco), founded by Isidor Weinstein, went bankrupt in 1968^{[133] [134] [135]}
• Weinstock's (Sacramento), founded in 1874 as the One-Price Store by David Lubin and his half brother Harris Weinstein, renamed Mechanics' Store the following year, later renamed The Weinstock Lubin Company, acquired by Hale Bros. 1949, eventually acquired by Federated in 1995 via various mergers of its parent company, stores eventually rebranded Macy's^{[136] [137]}
• White Front
• The White House (San Francisco), closed in 1965^[138]
• Whole Earth Access (Berkeley), last stores closed in 1998^[139]
• Wineman's (HQ in Ventura, Oxnard, then Huntington Park)
• Zody's (Los Angeles), bankrupt and locations were sold to Ralphs Grocery Stores in 1986

• Broadway Southwest (Denver)
• The Denver Dry Goods Company, locations throughout the Front Range & Denver Metro
• Joslins (Denver), converted to Dillard's in 1998
• May D&F, with some of its stores purchased by Broadway Southwest
• Fashion Bar

• Ames Department Stores Inc. (Rocky Hill)
• Arlan's Department Store (Waterbury)
• Caldor (Norwalk)
• The Edw. Malley Co., formerly the largest hometown department store in Downtown New Haven Store relocated during urban renewal in 1962 from Chapel Street to Church Street. Bankruptcy and closure, 1981.
• E.J. Korvettes (Downtown Hartford)
• Feinson's (Danbury), closed 2000^[140]
• G. Fox & Co. (Hartford), (Downtown Hartford) flagship closed and all branches merged into Filene's 1993, and most converted to Macy's 2006
• Grant's (central Connecticut, Stamford)
• Read's Department Stores (D.M. Read) (Bridgeport), merged into Jordan Marsh
• Shartenberg's Department Store (1915–1962), Downtown New Haven. Razed in 1964 as part of Mayor Richard C. Lee's redevelopment plans.
• Two Guys (Newington)
• Shoppers Fair

• Almart
• Ames
• Bradlee's
• Caldor
• Hess's (Blue Hen Mall Dover, DE, and Seaford, DE)
• John Wanamaker or Wanamaker's (Wilmington and suburbs), sold to Carter Hawley Hale in 1979, then Washington, DC-based Woodward & Lothrop owned by Alfred Taubman; sold to May Company in 1995; merged with Federated Department Stores in 2005 (now known as Macy's, Inc.)
• Montgomery Ward
• Mullin's, sold to Bamberger's, known as Bamberger's and Mullin's
• Newark Department Store
• Service Merchandise
• Strawbridge and Clothier
• Value City
• Wilmington Dry Goods

• Garfinckel's
• Hecht's, converted to Macy's 2006
• Jelleff's
• S. Kann Sons Co.
• Lansburgh's
• Palais Royal, acquired by Woodward & Lothrop 1946
• Raleigh Haberdasher, operated originally as a haberdasher; expanded in later years to family fashions. Acquired by Hartmarx Corp. before closing.
• Woodward & Lothrop, bankrupt and closed 1995 after briefly acquiring and operating John Wanamaker & Company (Philadelphia)

• Brown's Department Stores (Dania Beach, Hollywood, Pompano Beach)
• Burdines (Miami), merged with Macy's in 2005
• Cohen Brothers (Jacksonville), purchased by May in 1959; renamed May-Cohen
• Furchgott's (Jacksonville)^[141]
• Gold Triangle (Miami, Plantation, Tampa, Orlando)
• Ivey's (Winter Park), purchased by Dillard's in 1990
• Jackson Byron's (later J. Byrons) (Miami)
• Jordan Marsh (Miami)
• J.M. Fields (Pompano Beach)
• Maas Brothers (Tampa), merged into Burdines in 1991
• Maison Blanche
• McRae's, sold to Belk in 2006
• Richard's, (Miami, Hollywood)
• Robinson's of Florida (St. Petersburg)
• Gayfers (Clearwater, Florida)
• Parisian, sold to Belk in 2007
• W. T. Grant (discount, Jacksonville)
• Woolco (Jacksonville, South Daytona and other locations)
• Zayre (discount, Jacksonville and other locations)

• González Padín (High-end, oldest Puerto Rican department store, founded in 1884, dissolved in 1995.)
• Es de Velasco (High-end, department store, founded in 1939, acquired by González Padín, closed in 1995.)
• New York Department Stores (Founded in 1931, acquired by the Melville Corporation in 1994, most stores turned into Marshalls.)
• Pitusa (Discount, department store, founded in 1976, bankrupt in 2014.)

• Chamberlin-Johnson-DuBose (Atlanta)
• Davison's (Atlanta), owned by Macy's since 1925 and converted to Macy's in 1986
• J.B. White (Augusta), became Dillard's in 1998 after J.B. White name was retired
• J. M. High Company (Atlanta)
• Kessler's (Atlanta), also locations in Rome, Newnan and Canton; low-end chain that closed in 1995
• Parisian acquired by Belk in 2007
• Rich's (Atlanta), acquired by Macy's
• Uptons (Atlanta), liquidated in 1999; regional chain similar to Kohl's

• Liberty House (Honolulu)
• Shirokiya (Honolulu)

• Block's Department Store (Idaho Falls and region) It was a Pocatello-based department store chain that had stores in Idaho and Utah and was liquidated in 1986.^[142] Not to be confused with the Indianapolis-based William H. Block Co. which was also known as "Block's".
• Idaho Department Store (southern Idaho) Caldwell-based department store chain that was purchased by the P.N. Hirsch division of Interco in 1966 when it had 25 stores and had survived at least to the mid-1980s.^[143] The chain was still a part of Interco when P.N. Hirsch was sold in 1983,^[144] but there is no mention of the chain in print after that point.
• King's Variety Store

• A. M. Rothschild & Co
• Ames
• Famous Department Store (Ottawa) closed in 1983
• The Fair (Chicago and suburbs), acquired by Montgomery Ward in 1958
• Gately's People's Store
• Goldblatt's (Chicago), some stores acquired by Ames Department Stores Inc.
• K's Merchandise Mart (Decatur)
• Lewis's (Champaign)
• Robeson's (Champaign)
• Henry C. Lytton & Co. (Chicago, with branch in Gary, Indiana)
• Madigans
• MainStreet Chicago, acquired by Kohl's in 1988
• Marshall Field's (Chicago), acquired by Macy's September 2006 despite local protest
• McCabe's (Rock Island)
• McDade's^[145]
• Montgomery Ward, mail order store. Founded in 1872, Montgomery Ward pioneered mail-order catalog retailing and opened its first retail store in 1926. A bankruptcy reorganization in 1999 failed to turn the chain around. Closed 2001. Still exists as a catalog/internet/mail order retailer.
• Siegel-Cooper Company
• Chas A. Stevens (Chicago) Purchased by Hartmarx Corp. before being closed.
• Turn Style (Melrose Park), created by The Jewel Companies, Inc., sold to Venture Stores in 1978
• Venture Stores
• Wieboldt's (Chicago)
• Zayre (Chicago)

• Aldens^[146] (Terre Haute)
• Ayr-Way (Indianapolis, statewide also surrounding states), originally a division of L. S. Ayres, subsequently acquired by Target
• L.S. Ayres (Indianapolis, 6 stores, and statewide)
• Ball Stores (Muncie)
• William H. Block Co. (Indianapolis, statewide), also was known as Block's
• Danner's Discount Department Stores (Indianapolis, statewide), several locations also known as 3D Discount
• DeJong's (Evansville) Purchased by Hartmarx Corp. and resold before being closed^[147]
• Fetla's (Valparaiso)^{[148] [149]}
• The Giant Store (Anderson)^[150]
• Goldblatt's (South Bend)
• Gordon's (Gary)^[151]
• Heck's (Fort Wayne)
• Hills Department Store (Indianapolis)
• K&S Department Store (Kokomo)^[152]
• George H. Knollenberg Co. (Richmond), founded in 1866 by George Knollenberg, closed in 1995^[153]
• Meis (Terre Haute), founded in 1923 and was acquired by Elder-Beerman in 1987.^[154] At one time, it had 10 stores in three states with locations Terre Haute, Marion, Elkhart, and Kokomo in Indiana, Danville, Mattoon, and Carbondale in Illinois, and Paducah, Kentucky.^{[155] [156] [157] [158]}
• Edward C. Minas Co. (Hammond), also had a branch store in Calumet City, Illinois at River Oaks Center^[159]
• Root Dry Goods Co. (Terre Haute) First opened in 1856 and operated until 1998 when it was sold to May Department Stores and converted to L.S. Ayres stores. Was owned by Mercantile Stores from 1914 to 1998.^{[160] [161] [162]}
• L. Strauss & Co. (Indianapolis)
• Schultz's Family Stores (statewide and Illinois)
• H. P. Wasson and Company (Indianapolis)
• Weiler's Banner-Fair Incorporated (Anderson, Portland and Hartford City)^[163]
• The Wicks Co. (Bloomington), operated between 1891 and 1976.^{[164] [165]}
• Wolf & Dessauer (Fort Wayne, downtown and Southtown, and Huntington), purchased from City Store Company by L. S. Ayres (Indianapolis) in 1969 and rebranded as Ayres^[166]
• Zayre (Indianapolis)
• Ziesel's (Elkhart), founded in 1904 and closed in 1986^[167]

• Newman's (Cedar Rapids)
• Younkers

• ALCO Stores
• Henry's (Wichita)
• Newman's (Arkansas City)
• Woolf Brothers (Wichita)

• S.W. Anderson's (Owensboro)^{[168] [169] [170]}
• J. Bacon's & Sons "Bacon's" (Louisville), division of Mercantile Stores Company. All locations merged into sister division McAlpin's (Cincinnati) 1980s, select locations converted to Dillard's 1998 with Dillard purchase of Mercantile and the rest closed.^[171]
• Ben Snyder's (Louisville), was founded in 1913 and later sold to Hess's in 1987.^{[172] [173] [174] [175] [176] [177] [178] [179] [180] [181]}
• Hess's (Louisville)
• Hub (Danville), opened 1906, renamed Hub-Frankel by 1948. Closed in 1996.^[182]
• Kaufman-Straus (Louisville), changed to Kaufman's (1960), purchased from City Stores Company by L. S. Ayres (Indianapolis) in 1969 and rebranded as Ayres
• Mr. Wiggs
• Parson's (Ashland), furniture department continues to operate as standalone business circa 2009
• H. P. Selman & Co. or Selman's (Louisville), founded in 1915, purchased by Weiss Brothers (1961), name changed to Gus Mayer (1970)^[183]
• Stewart Dry Goods (Louisville and Lexington), division of Associated Dry Goods. Merged into L. S. Ayres (Indianapolis) along with H & S Pogue Company (Cincinnati) in the early 1980s,^[184] then Macy's 2006.^[185]
• Wolfe-Wile Co.^[186] (Lexington)
• Shopper's Fair (Paducah) ?

• Beall-Ladymon (Shreveport), purchased from Horace Ladymon by Stage Stores, Inc. in 1994. Stores converted to Stage soon thereafter.
• D. H. Holmes (New Orleans), purchased by Dillard's in 1989
• Krauss, 1903–1997
• Maison Blanche (New Orleans), last operated under that name by Mercantile Stores Co. Remaining Maison Blanche stores converted to Dillard's in 1998.
• The Palace (Monroe)
• Palais Royal (Shreveport), purchased by Wellan's of Alexandria 1985. Rebranded and later closed. Stage later revived the name after their purchase of Wellan's.
• Selber Bros. (Shreveport), begun in 1907, purchased by and converted to Dillard's in 1988^[187]

• Ames Department Store
• Arlan's Department Store (Portland)
• Ben Franklin's (Bucksport)
• Bradlee's
• Britt's (Ellsworth)
• Grants Department Store (Bangor, Belfast, Biddeford, Calais, Old Town, Rockland, Portland, Brunswick)
• LS Hall Company Caribou, Maine
• Mammoth Mart (Bangor, Biddeford, Brunswick, Scarborough, Waterville), Ellsworth
• McLellan's (Waterville, Westbrook)
• J.J. Newberry (Lincoln, Millinocket, Calais, Eastport, Ellsworth, Brunswick, Norway)
• Porteous, Mitchell & Braun (Congress Street, Portland), branch locations in Auburn, Bangor, Brunswick, Presque Isle, South Portland, Newington, New Hampshire and Burlington, Vermont
• Freese's, Main St Bangor, Maine

• Bradlees (Dundalk, Baltimore)
• Garfinckel's (Washington, D.C., and Maryland suburbs)
• Hamburgers^[188] (Baltimore) Originally Isaac Hamburger & Son's clothiers
• Hechinger (Landover, Baltimore and Maryland suburbs)
• Hecht's (Washington, DC, Baltimore, and Maryland suburbs), converted to Macy's 2006
• Hochschild Kohn's (Baltimore and Maryland suburbs)
• Hutzler's (Baltimore and Maryland suburbs)
• S. Klein (Beltway Plaza, Greenbelt) Lansburgh's (Rockville)
• Lazarus (Cumberland)
• Rosenbaum Brothers (Cumberland)
• Stewart's (Baltimore and Maryland suburbs)
• Sunny's Surplus (Baltimore, Dundalk, Elkridge, Towson)
• Woodward & Lothrop aka Woodies (Washington, D. C. and Maryland suburbs)

• AJ Wright (Framingham) Sold by TJX Companies, in 2010
• Almy's, closed 1985^[189]
• Ames, Southbridge, closed 2002
• Ann & Hope (Seekonk, North Dartmouth, Danvers and Watertown) closed in 2001
• Arlan's Department Store (New Bedford, Fall River, Massachusetts
• The Bon Marché (Lowell), later merged into Jordan Marsh
• Bradlees (Boston, Somerset, Massachusetts)
• Building #19, Swansea, Massachusetts, New Bedford, Massachusetts
• Denholm & McKay (Worcester), two branches at one time
• Filene's (Boston), converted to Macy's 2006
• Filene's Basement (Boston), separated from parent Filene's in 1988, closed 2011
• Forbes & Wallace (Springfield
• Gilchrist's (Boston)
• W. T. Grant, bankrupt in 1976, Fall River, Massachusetts, Somerset, Massachusetts
• J.M. Fields, Fall River, Massachusetts Chelmsford, Massachusetts
• Jordan Marsh (Boston), converted to Macy's in 1991 due to bankruptcy
• Kennedy's of New England, Boston-based chain specializing in men & boy's clothing; closed 1980^[190]
• King's Department Stores Inc. (Brockton)
• Lechmere, originally Lechmere Sales (Cambridge), closed 1997, Seekonk, Massachusetts
• Mammoth Mart (flagship store in Framingham)
• Raymond's Department Stores (Boston, also Dedham and other locations)
• Rich's (Salem, Greenfield and other locations), closed 1997
• Spag's (Shrewsbury), 1936–2004, sold to Building #19
• R. H. Stearns and Company (Boston)
• Service Merchandise
• Stuart's Department Store (Lowell)
• Zayre (Framingham), Fall River, Massachusetts
• Wilson's (Greenfield, Massachusetts)

• A. B. Taylor Saugatuck^{[191] [192]}
• Ames Department Store, Menominee^[193]
• Arbaugh's of Lansing, also known as Cameron & Arbaugh.^{[194] [195]} See The Arbaugh.^[196]
• Arlan's Department Store (Detroit) though not opened in Detroit until 1960s expansion, founded in 1945, bankrupt in 1973^{[197] [198]}
• B. Altman and Company Meridian Mall, Lansing.
• Barie Dry Goods
• Barthwell Drugs, Detroit. Sidney Barthwell founded the company in 1933. "Barthwell Drugs grew to become the largest chain of black-owned drugstores in the United States, with nine stores and three ice-cream parlors. The Sidney Barthwell Endowed Scholarship at Wayne State University College of Pharmacy.
• Beauregard's Department Store, Milan
• Billings Five and Dime Store, Bay City, Michigan^[199]
• B. Siegel (Detroit), eight stores at chain's peak, closed in 1981.^{[200] [201] [202] [203] [204]}
• Boston Store Company. Originaiting with Isaac and Rachel Kratzenstein, it became the Kratze Bros. Department Store in 1912. Bought by the Boston Store Company, which was established by Charles Netcher and local businessmen in 1921. In the deal, the building and stock came to $125,000-$150,000, which was “one of the biggest mercantile deals in the history of Escanaba. Large company which “owned one of the most modern and complete mercantile buildings in the Upper Peninsula.”
• Burns & Cowell Saulte Ste. Marie, Newberry, Munising (1922 - 1933) Partnered with Lauerman Brothers in 1934.
• Burns Department Store (1922 - 1964), Sault Ste. Marie Newberry, Munising, St. Ignace, Gladstone, Norway, Michigan, Marquette and Ishpeming. Absorbed and then closed some of Lauerman.^[205]
• Cameron & Arbaugh Department Store, Lansing^[206]
• Carson Pirie Scott & Co. (Carson's), locations in Benton Harbor, Howell, Livonia, Rochester Hills and Clinton Township.^[207]
• C. B. Williams Alpena^[208]
• Ciechanowski's Dry Goods, Hamtramck
• The Clothes Post (1962 - 2022), Petoskey^[209]
• Colonial Merchandise Mart, downtown Detroit), housed in its headquarters building, an Art Deco architecture building, that is replicated in Lego bricks.^{[210] [211]}
• Crapo Department Store, Bay City
• Crowley's, a/k/a Crowley Milner (Detroit), sold to Value City in 1999. Upscale clients. Originally Partridge and Blackwell^[212] Had expanded as far as Ann Arbor and Flint.
• Davidson's Department Store, Hillman, Palmer
• Davis & Fehr Department Store, Ironwood
• Davv's Department Store, Clare
• Demerey's Detroit, purchased by Crowley's in 1974.^{[213] [214] [215] [216]}
• Department Store & Warehouse, E.A. Alray, Prop. Middleville
• Ed Erickson Company (1878 - 1928) Escanaba one of the oldest in the Upper Peninsula Sole to Lauerman in 1928.
• Eggleson's Department Store, see Mitzelfeld's Department Store, Rochester.^{[217] [218]}
• Elder-Beerman, locations in Adrian, Benton Harbor, Howell, Midland, Monroe, and Norton Shores. Ohio based company. Michigan stores opened in 1987.^[219]
• E.J. Korvette Korvette's Founded 1948, Bankrupt 1980.
• E.L. Leland & Co. Saugatuck^{[191] [192]}
• The Fair The Fair Savings Bank Department Store, later abbreviated to the Fair Store (1888 - 1965) Escanaba, Lansing, Flint opened its doors in 1888 and operated on Ludington Avenue. Allowed their clerks to unionize, even as their competitors resisted.
• Federal's Detroit, discount department store, closed in 1980. Numerous locations elsewhere across the state as well. Steven West acquired the company, and stores had an unfortunate tendency to burn down.
• Felder's Department Store Trenton
• L.H. Field's Department Store, Jackson, Muskegon 122 years, clsing in 1987.^{[220] [193]}
• Gambles (1949 - 1966), Sault Ste. Marie^[221]
• Gilmore Brother's 1881-1999 Kalamazoo.^[222] Locations in downtown Kalamazoo, Southland, Maple Hill Mall and in Battle Creek's Lakeview Square Mall.
• Gantos. Grand Rapids 1932 - 2000. Lebanese immigrant Theodore Gantos is the founder. Women's wear boutique.
• Glik's, Manistee^[223]
• Goodridge Brothers Saginaw
• Goodyear's Department Store, Ann Arbor.^{[224] [225]}
• Gordman's. Petoskey and Cheboygan^[226]
• Goshorn's Store Saugatuck^{[191] [192]}
• Grand Leader Battle Creek.
• Grant's Department Store, Grant
• Grisdale's Department Store, Bay City, Michigan^[227]
• Hale's Department Store, South Haven, 154 years.^[228]
• Heavenrich's Saginaw.
• Herpolsheimer's, (Grand Rapids, Muskegon), sold to Lazarus in 1988. Also a location in Battle Creek..
• Heyn's Department Store Detroit.^[229]
• Himelhoch's (Detroit), filed for Chap. 11 in 1979. Founded in Caro, MI in 1876, Himelhoch's moved to Detroit in 1907. Himelhoch's Department Store returned online in 2018 under the ownership of fourth-generation family members. Closed in 1977.^[230] "Fifty years later, the chain had stretched across the country, and even to Paris." Its original location on Washington Boulevard is a historic landmark.^[231]
• Houseman's Grand Rapids.
• Howell's Department Store, Howell
• Hudson's (Detroit), founded 1881 by Joseph L. Hudson rebranded to Marshall Field & Company in 2001, then Macy's in 2006. Locations throughout the Lower Peninsula as well as Toledo, Ohio, and Fort Wayne and Mishawaka, Indiana. "The 29-story flagship store, located at 1206 Woodward in downtown Detroit, was the worlds tallest department store throughout most of the 20th century, with 706 fitting rooms, 68 elevators, 51 display windows, five restaurants, a fine-art gallery, and a wine department."*^[232]
• Hughes & Hatcher, later Hughes, Hatcher & Sufferin. Clothing store located in downtown Detroit, men's fashion, and "known for having the largest display windows."
• Jacobson's founded in Jackson or Reed City. Independent regional luxury department store chain located primarily in Michigan and Florida, but also operated stores in Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Kansas. The last store closed its doors in early 2002. Then, one store in Winter Park, Florida was re-established as Jacobson's in 2004.^[206]
• Jackson & Tinole Department Store Pellston Independent regional luxury department store chain.
• John Preih Mercantile Co. Mount Clemens, closed June 1982.
• Jos. S Zolnierek General Store Alpena^{[233] [234] [235] [236] [237] [238]}
• Julian Scott Department Store Detroit^[239]
• Kahn's Department Store, Mikado^{[232] [240]}
• Kennedy's Department Store, Manistee^{[223] [241]}
• Kern's Detroit, closed in 1959.
• Kline & Grossman Hardware Store Muskegon
• KMart, originally headquartered in Troy, still operating a few locations.^[242]
• Kline's Department Store, Ann Arbor, 1930 - 1994.^{[243] [244]} Ann Arbor had as many as fifteen stores in its downtown that sold dry goods.^[245] Detroit Nationally, there were 22 stores.^[246]
• Knapp's (J.W. Knapp Company) closed in 1980. Locations in downtown Lansing, Meridian Mall in Okemos and Westwood Mall in Jackson. Also included Smith Bridgman's of Flint. All three buildings were sold to J. C. Penney in the 1980s.
• Knapp's Department Store, Lansing^{[232] [206]}
• Knepp's Department Store, Bay City^{[247] [248] [249]}
• Kresge's and S. S. Kresge (Michigan) (incorporated in 1899), later K-Mart Corporation (headquartered in Troy), then Sears Holdings Corporation is frequently credited with invention of the modern discount department store with the opening of Kmart in 1962. The last Kresge's store in Livonia, Michigan closed in 1987. The chain operated over 2,000 stores worldwide. Stores included lunch counters and fountain service as well as full department stores. It also operated Jupiter stores which were a smaller-scale version of Kresge's and located in downmarket or declining commercial districts (the equivalent of a "dollar store" division of Kresge's). Jupiter stores, unlike Kresge and Kmart stores, sold 'factory seconds' merchandise.
• Lapeer Mercantile Company, Lapeer^[250]
• Larsen's Department Store, Manistee^[241]
• Lauerman Brothers Department Store Marinette, Wisconsin, Menominee, Sault Ste. Marie (1904 - 1985)^[251] Its flagship store in Marinette, Wisconsin is a registered historic place. The chain consisted of 13 stores in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Iowa.^{[252] [253] [254] [255]} In 2013 the Wisconsin Historical Society Press published a history of the chain titled "Something for Everyone: Memories of Lauerman Brothers Department Store" by Michael Leannah. ^[253]
• The Leader (1888 - 1918 at least), D.K. Moses opened in 1888 and in 1904 when it reopened after a fire it was two stories in height with a basement store and covered 22,000 square feet. Whereupon, it was described as “one of the most complete department stores to be found in the north country.” In 1918 the store employed 23 female clerks.^[251]
• Leland's Department Store Co. Saugatuck
• Lendzon's, Hamtramck^{[256] [257]}
• Lord & Taylor
• The L.H. Field CompanyJackson (1869 - 1991)^{[258] [259]}
• Lloyd's Department Store, a/k/a “The Wonder Store” (1926 - 1946) Menominee^[260]
• Mack & Co. (originally Mack & Schmid) located at Liberty and Main Street, Ann Arbor, in the building that eventually housed the later Pretzel Bell. It was in business from the end of the 19th Century to 1940.^{[261] [262] [263]}
  • Marsh's Department Store Au Gres May & Sons a/k/a May's of Michigan a/k/a Giant Clothing Store (“The Giant”), owned by Meyer May, who owned the Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Meyer May House. Grand Rapids^{[264] [265] [266] [267]}
• The M.W.Tanner Company Department Store, Saginaw
• John H. Maurer Bargain Store, Cadillac^[268]
• Mill End, Bay City and Clare^[269]
• Milliken's, Traverse City with branches in Manistee, Cadillac, and Mount Pleasant.^{[223] [270] [271] [272] [273]} See William Milliken.
• Miracle Mart Detroit 8 Mile Road.
• Mitchell Brothers Company Department Store, Jennings^[232]
• Mitzelfeld's Department Store, Rochester^{[217] [218] [274] [275]}
• Montgomery Ward. Aaron Montgomery Ward, its founder grew up in Niles. Various locations, including Dearborn,^[276] Jackson,^[277] Harper Woods, Lansing,^[278] Southfield, Southgate, Livonia^{[279] [280] [281]} Pontiac,^[282] Royal Oak Wyoming Ludington, Manistee, Port Huron, Roseville, Three Rivers.^[283]
• Morrison and Schneider Seney and Germfask (1893 - 1914)^[284]
• Mott's Department Store Dundee.
• Muirhead Department Store Dearborn.^{[275] [285] [286] [287]}
• Mulias and Ellias Trenton.^[275]
• Neisner's^{[5] [288] [289]}
• Niergarth Department Store, Reed City
• Norman's, Bay City, East Tawas, Gaylord, Standish, Traverse City^{[290] [291]}
• Newberry's, Manistee^{[292] [293]}
• O.A. Wolbrink & Sons Department Store, Ganges
• O.W. Ferris Dry Goods & Notions, Hillsdale^[232]
• Peebles, Alpena^[294]
• Penzlauer & Bros. Saulte Ste. Marie (1868 – 1906). In 1887 they established what became “a mammoth” department with some 17,790 square feet, four stories tall. “It was considered at opening “the largest general store in Michigan outside Detroit.” Penzlauer Bros. had large lumber-related business. In 1906 when they sold out and opened a store in Los Angeles. The successor was Cowan & Hunt, who renamed the store Penzlauer Bros. & Company. On January 1, 1918 the name was changed to Cowan & Hunt. Both companies hired women clerks and in 1918 there were 29 women working there. ^[251]
• Pier One
• People's Outfitting Company Detroit with roots going back to 1877 (preceded by Adolph and Ignatz Freund, German immigrants who came to Detroit in 1877 selling “Toys and Fancy Goods”), merged with State Sample Company in 1959. (1916 - 1969)^[295] According to Twentieth Century Retailing in Downtown Detroit by Michael Hauser and Marianne Weldon it was "the first large retail concern to extend credit at retail."^{[296] [297] [298] [299]}
• Pizer's Variety Store, Harrisville, originally The White Store, at the corner of Lake Street and Main Street.^{[300] [301]}
• Porter's Dry Goods (1838), Petoskey^[302]
• H. C. Prange Co. (Prange's), locations in Marquette, Port Huron and Traverse City. Sold to Younker's.
• Robert Hall Clothes, men's fashions Highland Park^[303]
• Roberts Department Store Sandusky^[232]
• Robinson's, Battle Creek.^[304] Sold to and operated as Herpolsheimer's (of Grand Rapids) for a period.
• Rogers Department Store Grand Rapids.^[305]
• Rudyard Department Store Rudyard^[232]
• Russell Taylor “Pay as you Go” Saugatuck^{[191] [192]}
• Sam's Cut Rate, Detroit^{[306] [307]}
• Sam & Son Cut Rate Plymouth^[232]
• Sears Roebuck & Co. Allen Park (Lincoln Park Shopping Center, one of the largest), Clinton Township, Madison Heights, Monroe, Port Huron.^[232]
• Sears^[308]
• Seegert's & Klump Hardware, Riga
• Seitner's Department Store, downtown and Fashion Square Mall, Saginaw^{[309] [310] [311] [312] [313] [314]}
• Shoppers Fair By December 1974, all of the Detroit stores were closed,^[315] and by 1975, the ten remaining stores in the chain had gone out of business as well.^[316]
• Shoppers’ World Highland Park^[317]
• B. Siegel & Company, originally Heyns Bazaar. Fine-clothing store "reputed to be the finest and most complete suit and cloak store in America," bankrupt in 1981.^[318]
• Smith Bridgman Flint.^{[319] [320]}
• J.B. Sperry (Sperry's) (1893 - 2000), Port Huron^{[321] [322] [323] [324]}
• Stage Department Store, Cadillac^[325]
• Steketee's (Grand Rapids), with branches at Eastbrook Mall and in Kalamazoo (Maple Hill Mall), Holland (Westshore Mall), Grand Haven, and downtown Muskegon (Muskegon Mall), Muskegon^{[326] [327]}
• Teerman's, Holland.^[328]
• Tempo Department Store, then a part of Gambles Store network. Menominee (1967 - 1975)^[329]
• The Fair Savings Bank Department Store, a/k/a The Fair Department Store, Escanaba See Escanaba Central Historic District.^{[330] [331] [332] [333] [334]}
• Toeller's (Battle Creek), sold to L. W. Robinson Co. in 1971. The Calhoun County Toeller Building was designed by Cain Associates and dedicated in September, 1977.^{[335] [336] [337] [338]}
• Tom Hinzelman's Department Store, Manistique
• Tom's Department Store, Newberry
• Topps (Redford Township), Telegraph & Schoolcraft; (Warren), 13 Mile & Van Dyke; all closed by 1974, Southgate.^[339]
• Tripp's Department Store, Allegan
• Tyroller's Department Store, St. Louis
• W.D. Ryan Department Store Lawrence
• West End Department Store, Battle Creek
• Westerland's Department Store, Oxford
• Woolco Meridian Mall, Lansing.
• F.B. Watkins, Hopkins^[340]
• The White Store, Lapeer^[341]
• Wiechmann's Department Store, downtown and Fashion Square Mall, Saginaw^{[313] [342] [343]}
• Winkelman's, (Detroit).^[318] purchased by Petrie Stores in 1983; closed during bankruptcy in 1998.^[344]
• Wonderland Discount Department Stores, Laporte and Michigan City, Indiana and Dowagiac, Niles and South Haven, Michigan^[345]
• Woolworth^[346]
• W.J. Loder Hardware Store, purchased in 1893 by J.B. Sperry, Port Huron^{[322] [323] [324]}
• W.T. Grant
• Wurzburg's, Grand Rapids.^{[194] [196] [232]} Branches in Wyoming, North Kent Mall, Lansing Mall (Lansing), and Westwood Mall (Jackson) at its peak.^[196]
• Yankee Stores, discount store with locations in Michigan and Ohio; closed in 1974.
• Younkers, Midland, Marquette, Traverse City, Okemos, Grandville, Holland, Port Huron, and Norton Shores. Sold to and operated by Bon-Ton Stores at the end of their existence.^{[347] [348]}
• Zayre. Kalamazoo^[349]
• Zolkower Department Stores, many locations in the Detroit area, 1919 -1962. Stores were located in Delray, Allen Park, Dearborn and Farmington.^{[350] [351]}

• Dayton's (Minneapolis), est. 1902, converted to Marshall Field & Company in 2001, then Macy's 2006
• Donaldson's (Minneapolis), est. 1883, converted to Carson Pirie Scott in 1987 and closed in 1995
• Herberger's (St. Cloud)
• Norby's Department Store Detroit Lakes^[352]
• Powers Dry Goods (Minneapolis), est. 1881, acquired by Associated Dry Goods in 1920, merged with Donaldson's in 1985
• Salkin & Linoff (Minneapolis)
• Glass-Block (Duluth), founded as Panton & White
• Wahl's (Duluth)

• McRae's (Jackson), acquired by Belk in 2006

• Famous-Barr (St. Louis), founded 1911, absorbed by May Department Stores early 1990s, acquired by Macy's 2006
• Goedeker's 1847 filed for bankruptcy, despite being founded in 1951.^{[353] [354]}
• Heer's (Springfield), established in 1869, closed in 1995
• The Jones Store (Kansas City), absorbed by May Department Stores 1998, sold to Macy's chain 2006
• The Paris (Kansas City)
• Kmart (St. Louis)
• Newman's (Joplin), acquired by parent company of Heer's of Springfield in the early 1980s, closed in 1995
• Scruggs Vandervoort & Barney (St. Louis), closed in 1967
• Stix, Baer, Fuller (St. Louis), acquired by Dillard's in 1983
• Townsend & Wall (St. Joseph)
• Venture Stores (St. Louis)
• Woolf Brothers (Kansas City), founded 1865, closed in 1992. (See Herbert M. Woolf.)

• Buttrey's (Havre) (Miles City) (Wolf Point, Montana)
• Cole's (Billings)
• Hennessy's, acquired by Dillard's in 1998
• J.M. McDonald (Montana, Wyoming, others)

• J.L. Brandeis and Sons Store (Omaha), acquired by Younkers in 1987^{[355] [356]}
• Gold and Company (Lincoln), acquired by J.L. Brandeis and Sons Store in 1964.^[357] Building now Gold's Galleria office/retail complex.
• Herpolsheimer's (Lincoln), closed 1931.^[358]
• J.M. McDonald (Hastings), eventually grew to a chain of 82 stores, sold in 1968, liquidated shortly after 1982
• Miller & Paine (Lincoln and Grand Island), acquired by Dillard's in 1988
• Rudge & Guenzel (Lincoln), acquired by Allied Stores in 1929, closed in 1941 when Allied sold the contents of the store to Gold & Co.^[359] ·The Avenues: opened in 1949 and filed for chap 11 in 2010, closed all stores, except 3. 1 in NJ, 1 in OH, and 1 in FL.

• Ronzone's (Las Vegas et al.)

• Steinbach (Manchester, New Hampshire) Sold to The Bon-Ton

• Great Eastern (aka Great Eastern Mills) Paramus, NJ, Little Falls NJ, Elmont NY and others. Merged with Diana Stores, then Daylin inc.
• Alexander's (Paramus)
• Bamberger's (Newark and other NJ locations), division of R.H. Macy, converted to Macy's in 1986
• Chase-Newark (Newark and 2 branches)
• J.M. Fields
• W. T. Grant
• Hahne and Company (Newark and statewide), New Jersey's carriage trade store merged into sister division Lord & Taylor
• Jamesway
• E. J. Korvette (North Brunswick Trenton)
• Kresge-Newark (Newark and 2 branches)
• Muir's Department Store
• Ohrbach's
• Reynolds Brothers (Lakewood)
• Steinbach (New Jersey locations)
• Two Guys (also known as Two Guys from Harrison)
• Yards Department Store (Trenton)
• Tepper's (Plainfield)
• Quackenbush (Paterson) Merged with Stern's

• Abraham & Straus (Brooklyn)
• J. N. Adam & Co. (Buffalo)
• The Addis Company, merged with Dey Brothers (Syracuse)
• Alexander's (New York metropolitan area), declared bankruptcy in 1992
• B. Altman and Company (New York City)
• AM&A's (Adam, Meldrum & Anderson Company, Buffalo), purchased by The Bon-Ton of York, Pennsylvania in 1994
• Arnold Constable (Fifth Avenue, New York City)
• Barker's (multiple locations)
• Bamberger's
• Barneys New York
• Beirs (Niagara Falls)
• L.L. Berger (Buffalo), last store, in downtown Buffalo, closed in 1991
• Best & Co. (New York), closed in the 1960s
• Bonwit Teller (New York City, Boston, and upstate New York)
• Britt's (Vestal) multiple locations including Gloversville/Johnstown
• Caldor
• Century 21
• Chappell's (Syracuse), merged into The Bon-Ton of York, Pennsylvania in the 1990s
• De Pinna on Fifth Avenue, Manhattan
• Dey Brothers (Dey's, Syracuse)
• Family Bargain Centers (Binghamton, Norwich, South Corning)
• J.M. Fields
• B. Forman Co. (Rochester)
• Fowler, Dick & Walker - The Boston Store (Binghamton), now Boscov's
• Franklin Simon & Co.
• Georg Jensen Inc. (New York, NY) (Manhattan) 1935-1968
• Gertz Department Stores (Queens, Nassau and Suffolk counties), owned by Allied Stores; closed in 1982 and changed to Stern's then Macy's
• Gimbels (Manhattan). The rivalry of Macy's and Gimbels is immortalized in Miracle on 34th Street; Bernard Gimbel, the owner of Gimbels, along with Horace Saks founded Saks Fifth Avenue
• Gold Circle (multiple locations)
• Grand Way (Grand Union (supermarket))
• W. T. Grant (Binghamton, Troy, Long Island, Queens, and others)
• Hens and Kelly (Buffalo)
• Hess New Hartford, Rotterdam
• Hills Department Stores
• Jamesway (Oneonta), currently Price Chopper Plaza Rte 28. Also Johnstown
• Jenss (Buffalo), closed their last location on September 15, 2000
• Jupiter Stores, Division of the S.S. Kresge Company.
• Kobacker, two locations in Buffalo, New York; closure announced on December 27, 1972.^[360] No relation to Kobacker's Market, a grocery store in Brewster, New York
• E.J. Korvette (New York City), closed 1980
• Kresge's (multiple locations)
• Loehmann's, peaked at about 100 stores in 17 states, liquidated in 2014 after several bankruptcies.
• Lord & Taylor 1823-2020
• Luckey, Platt & Company Department Store (Poughkeepsie)
• Martin's (Brooklyn)
• J.W. Mays (Downstate New York), closed 1989, now leases old store locations
• McClean's (Binghamton)
• McCrory's (Johnson City, Amsterdam, Utica, others)
• G. C. Murphy
• John G. Myers (Albany)
• J.J. Newberry (multiple locations)
• Neisner's or Neisner Brothers was a chain of variety stores in North America, opened their first variety store in Rochester, New York, in 1911.^[5]
• Ohrbach's, liquidated in 1987 and acquired by Howland-Steinbach
• Ovington's New York, liquidated in bankruptcy 1950; assets acquired by American Limoges Co.
• Pharmhouse
• Philadelphia Sales (Binghamton, Johnson City, Endicott)
• S. Klein (New York City), closed 1978
• Sattler's (Buffalo)
• Sibley's (Sibley, Lindsey, & Curr) (Rochester, in 1911, unit of Associated Dry Goods later merged into L.S. Ayers (Indianapolis) and then select locations converted to Lord & Taylor
• Siegel-Cooper Company
• Sisson's (Binghamton)
• A.T. Stewart's (Manhattan), purchased by Wanamaker's of Pennsylvania
• Times Square Stores, discount department chain mostly focused on Long Island
• Twin Fair, Inc. dba Twin Fair (multiple locations)
• Two Guys (multiple locations)
• John Wanamaker or Wanamaker's (New York City), sold to Carter Hawley Hale in 1979, then Washington, DC-based Woodward & Lothrop owned by Alfred Taubman; sold to May Company in 1995; merged with Federated Department Stores in 2005 (now known as Macy's, Inc.)
• Woolworth's multiple locations
• Zayre's (currently Wal-Mart, Miller Hill, Q) became Ames. Multiple locations

• Brody's (Kinston), acquired by Proffitt's in 1998
• Ivey's (Charlotte), acquired by Dillard's in 1990
• Sky City closed 1990

• The Fair (Minot)

• Alms and Doepke (Cincinnati), Located furthest from central downtown Cincinnati relative to other department stores: N. side of Central Pkwy. between Walnut and Race Streets in an area bordering the "Over the Rhine" district; no branch stores. Closed and liquidated in 1955^[361]
• Best, closed in 1996^[362]
• Bargain City (Toledo), started by Hyman Swolsky in Toledo as Bargain Barn, later renamed Bargain City, sold to Gray Drug Co. of Cleveland in 1967, renamed Rink's Bargain City after merger, sold to Cook United Inc. and renamed Rink's in 1981, closed in 1987^{[363] [364]}
• Bailey Brothers (Cleveland, Ohio) Later Bailey's Department Store, closed 1968.^{[365] [366]}
• B.R. Baker, Toledo
• Buckeye Mart (Columbus, Ohio) owned by Gamble-Skogmo, Inc.; Columbus stores closed in the mid-1970s; Remaining Ohio stores along with Tempo stores in Michigan were sold to Fisher's Big Wheel Stores and renamed Fisher's Buckeye Tempo.
• Clark's (Portsmouth), owned by Clark's Gamble Corp., whose two shareholders were Landau Stores, Inc. and Gamble-Skogmo, Inc., Clark's Gamble Corp. was later sold to Cook United
• Cook's flagship of Cook United Corporation.^{[367] [368] [369] [370]}
• Donenfeld's (Dayton)^[371]
• Elder-Beerman^[372]
• Federal's, (Cleveland, Ohio), branches of Federal Department Stores in Michigan not part of Federated Stores, this company closed in 1974^{[373] [374]}
• Fisher's Big Wheel and Fisher's Buckeye-Tempo (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), Closed 1994
• Frank Brothers (Marion, Ohio), Closed 1979.
• Gaylords Department Store, Northeastern Ohio, Giant Tiger until 1968^[375]
• Gold Circle (Columbus, Ohio) part of the Federated Stores Company^[376]
• Goldman's (Dayton)^[377]
• Gregg's (Lima)
• Halle Brothers Co. (Cleveland), also known as "Halle's", division of Marshall Field & Company, sold 1981 to Associated Investors Corp, Downtown closed 1982, Final Westgate Location in Fairview Park, Ohio closed in 1983^[366]
• Harts Stores a division of Big Bear Stores, Columbus, Ohio
• Heck's Department Store
• Higbee's (Cleveland), converted to Dillard's in 1992, now the Jack Cleveland Casino^[366]
• Hills Department Stores
• Milner's, Toledo
• J.J. Newberry. This chain had many stores in Ohio including: Coshocton, Wooster, East Palestine, Cincinnati. The company came under control of McCrory Stores in 1974. John Josiah Newberry, founder of the company, died in 1954.
• John J. Carroll (Newark).^[378]
• Jupiter Stores, Division of the S.S. Kresge Company. Operated several stores in Ohio. Including one in Downtown Mount Vernon, Ohio which had been a S. S. Kresge store for many years. Also a location in Downtown Ashland, Ohio. Jupiter was a no frills store. When leases were soon to be up on several S. S. Kresge stores the Jupiter format was put in place. All remaining Kresge and Jupiter stores were sold to McCrory in 1987 with the Canadian Kresge and Jupiter stores closing in 1994.
• Kobackers (Canton, Mansfield, Portsmouth), purchase by Davidson Bros., the parent of Federal's in 1961^{[379] [380] [381]}
• Lamson Brothers (Toledo). Lamson's entered bankruptcy and closed in 1976. ^{[382] [383]}
• Lasalle & Koch Co. (Toledo), bought by R.H. Macy in 1923; operated under the Lasalle's name until 1981, when Macy consolidated Lasalle's with another division, Macy's Missouri-Kansas, to form Macy's Midwest. Macy sold the former Lasalle's stores to Elder-Beerman of Dayton in 1985.
• Lazarus (Columbus), a founding division of Federated Stores, name change briefly to Lazarus-Macy's and then Macy's in 2005.^[384]
• Leader Store (Lima), converted to Elder-Beerman, still operating as of 2009^[385]
• The Lion Dry Goods Co. (Toledo), known locally as the Lion Store. Some locations survive as of 2009 with the Dillard's name, following their 1998 purchase of Lion's previous owner, Mercantile Stores Co.^[383]
• Mabley & Carew (Cincinnati), unit of Allied Department Stores
• May Company (Cleveland), merged into Kaufmann's in 1993^{[386] [366]} and converted to Macy's 2006
• McAlpin's (Cincinnati), unit of Mercantile Stores Co., select locations operating as Dillard's as of 2009
• Morehouse Martens (Columbus, Ohio), merged with "The Fashion" to become "Morehouse-Fashion," later shortened to "The Fashion"; closed by Allied Stores in 1969^[387]
• Mr. Wiggs Sandusky based chain that had stores in Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana, started in Mentor as Bargain Fair in 1956, gradually rebranded stores Mr. Wiggs by 1967^{[388] [389] [390] [391] [392] [393] [394]}
• Murphy's Mart
• Neisner's (Lakewood, Ohio) & Warren Village Shopping Center Cleveland, Ohio. Warren Village store burned in 1972, Lakewood store closed in 1978.^[5]
• O'Neil's Department Store (Akron), merged into May Company Cleveland, in 1989 & then Kaufmann's in 1993, converted to Macy's in 2006
• Ontario's (Columbus) part of Cook United.
• H. & S. Pogue Company (Cincinnati), division of Associated Dry Goods. Merged into sister division L.S. Ayres (Indianapolis) in the early 1980s, which was converted to Macy's in 2006.
• Polsky's (Akron), purchased by Allied Stores in 1955 and closed in 1978^{[395] [396]}
• Rattenberg's, (Utica).^[397]
• Rike Kumler Co. (Dayton), division of Federated Department Stores. Briefly merged into sister division John Shillito Company (Cincinnati) in the early 1980s as Shillito-Rike's.
• Rink's Founded by Hyman Ullner in Hamilton in 1951; acquired by Gray Drug Co. of Cleveland in 1964; Bargain City acquired by Gray Drug in 1967; both chains sold to Cook United in 1981; closed in 1987.^{[364] [398] [399] [400]}
• Rollman's (Cincinnati) Downtown store location—N.W. corner of 5th and Vine Streets—was taken over by Mabley & Carew after primary and branch Rollman's stores were liquidated in the early 1960s^[401]
• Rudin's (Mount Vernon), sold to Uhlman's in 1979^[402]
• John Shillito Company (Cincinnati), division of Federated Department Stores. Briefly merged into sister division Rike-Kumler Company (Dayton) in the early 1980s as Shillito-Rike's, and then with sister division F&R Lazarus (Columbus). Select locations converted to Macy's 2006.
• Stein's, Toledo^[383]
• Sterling-Lindner-Davis (Cleveland), closed September, 1968; was a part of Allied Stores^{[366] [403] [404] [405] [406] [407]}
• Stern and Mann (Canton), opened in 1887, close by the early 1990s^{[408] [409]}
• Strouss (Youngstown), division of May Department Stores, merged into May's Kaufmann's (Pittsburgh) division, converted to Macy's 2006
• Swallen's (Cincinnati, Ohio), bankrupt in 1995^{[410] [411]}
• The Fashion (store) (Columbus, Ohio), purchased by Allied Stores in 1949;^[412] later merged with Morehouse Martens to form "Morehouse Fashion"; Later returned to The Fashion
• William Taylor & Son (Cleveland), also known at Taylor's, acquired by May Company in 1939, closed in December, 1961. Southgate branch changed to May Company^[413]
• Tiedtke's (Toledo)^[383]
• Uhler's (Marion, Ohio) Founded as the Uhler Phillips Company. James Phillips left the company following the scandal that linked his wife Carrie Phillips with President Warren G. Harding.
• Uhlman's (Bowling Green), also known as F.W. Uhlman in Ohio, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, purchased by Stage Stores Inc. in 1996^{[414] [415] [416]}
• Uncle Bill's, a northeast Ohio chain that was part of Cook United stores.
• Union Company (Columbus), purchased by Marshall Fields in 1980 and converted to Halle Brothers which was also owned by Marshall Fields^[417]
• Valley View (Brookfield), operated 1959–1995.^[418]
• Value City Sold by Schottenstein holdings of Columbus, re-branded as Halle's in 1980 and closed in 1983
• Van Leunen's (Cincinnati), closed in 1994 when parent company decided to focus on sporting goods^[419]
• Edward Wren Co. (Springfield), also was known as Wren's, sold to Allied Stores in 1952, merged with & rebranded as William H. Block Co. (Indianapolis) in 1984, closed 1987^{[420] [421] [422]}
• Zayre was a chain of discount stores that operated in the eastern half of the United States from 1956 to 1990, later sold to Ames (store)
• Ziegler's (Medina), opened in 1904, closed in 1992^[423]

• Froug's (Tulsa)
• John A. Brown (Oklahoma City), was part of Dayton Hudson; absorbed by Dillard's
• Oertle's (Tulsa)
• Renberg's (Tulsa)

• Lipman's (was part of Dayton Hudson)
• Olds, Wortman & King (Portland)
• Emporium (also known as Troutman's Emporium)
• Meier & Frank
• G.I. Joe's

• Ames
• Bamberger's (Newark and other NJ locations), division of R.H. Macy, most former locations switched to Macy's in 1986
• BEST
• Big N (1960s)
• Bloom Brothers Department Stores (Chambersburg, Waynesboro, Dry Run, and Burnt Cabins; also Baltimore, Maryland), 1897–1944
• Boston Store (Erie)
• Bradlees
• Britt's Department Store (Allentown)
• Caldor
• Cox's (McKeesport), 1955–1983
• E. J. Korvette (Philadelphia area)
• Fisher's Big Wheel, closed in 1994
• Fowler, Dick & Walker, The Boston Store (downtown Wilkes-Barre), converted to Boscov's
• Frank & Seder (Pittsburgh)
• GC Murphy Co. (Pittsburgh & suburbs)
• Gee Bee Department Stores
• Gimbels (Philadelphia, Downtown Pittsburgh and suburbs)
• The Globe Store (Scranton), closed in 1994^[424]
• Glosser Brothers
• Gold Circle
• (W.T.) Grant's Department Store (Sayre)
• Hess's (Allentown), closed in 1996
• Hills Department Stores
• Horne's (Pittsburgh), closed in 1994
• Jamesway
• J.M. Fields
• John Wanamaker or Wanamaker's (Philadelphia), sold to Carter Hawley Hale in 1979, then Washington, DC-based Woodward & Lothrop owned by Alfred Taubman; sold to May Company (Hecht's) in 1995; merged with Federated Department Stores in 2005 (now known as Macy's, Inc.)
• Kaufman's (Uniontown)
• Kaufmann's (Pittsburgh), converted to Macy's 2006
• S. Klein (Broomall)
• Kresge's (Pittsburgh and Suburbs) (S.S. Kresge was also the founder of K-Mart Stores)
• S. H. Kress & Co. (Nanticoke)
• Laneco (Easton)
• Lazarus (Downtown Pittsburgh and suburbs) - now Macy's
• Leh's (Allentown area), closed in 1994
• Lit Brothers (Philadelphia), closed in 1977
• LL Stearns Williamsport, Pennsylvania
• McCrory
• Metzlers
• Montgomery Ward
• Murphy's Mart (Pittsburgh and Suburbs)
• J.J. Newberry (multiple locations)
• Orr's (Bethlehem, Easton), closed in 1993
• Penn Traffic
• Service Merchandise
• Snellenburg's (Philadelphia area), 1869-1962
• Strawbridge & Clothier (Philadelphia), converted to Macy's 2006
• Towers (Pittsburgh and suburbs)
• Trader Horn (Butler)
• Two Guys Department Store
• The Bon-Ton Department Store (Based in York, Pa.)
• Watt & Shand (Lancaster), sold to The Bon-Ton
• Woolworth's (Pittsburgh and suburbs)
• Zayre (Pittsburgh & suburbs)

• Apex Stores (flagship in Pawtucket)
• The Outlet Company (Providence)
• The Shepard Co. (Providence)
• Benny's, a discount store based in Smithfield that had locations in Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. All locations closed in December 2017.^{[425] [426]}
• Ann & Hope (Cumberland) Downgraded in 2001 closed all outlet stores in 2020.

• J. B. White

• Fantle's

• Bry's (Memphis), sold to the parent company of Lowenstein's in 1956 before going out of business^[427]
• Cain-Sloan (Nashville), absorbed by Dillard's
• Castner Knott (Nashville), division of Mercantile Stores Company
  • Fazio's Gerber's (Memphis), closed in 1975^[427]
• Goldsmith's (Memphis), Merged into Rich's, later converted to Macy's
• Harvey's (Nashville)
• Julius Lewis (Memphis)
• Loveman's (Chattanooga), acquired by Proffitt's in 1986
• McClure's (Nashville)
• Miller's of Tennessee (Knoxville), sold to Hess's in 1987
• Parisian acquired by Belk in 2007
• Proffitt's (Alcoa), converted to Belk stores in 2006

• Barker's (San Antonio)
• Cox's (Waco), closed in 1995
• Dunlaps (Lubbock and many other West Texas/New Mexico locations), closed in 2007
• The Fair (Galveston)
• Fedway (Wichita Falls, Longview, Amarillo, Midland, Corpus Christi), a division of Federated Department Stores that had existed in Texas from 1952 to 1968 in which stores were opened in expanding post-World War II markets of Texas and later the rest of the Southwest that were traditionally under served by existing chains; the first store opening in Wichita Falls in 1952; after expanding throughout Texas, chain expanded into New Mexico, Oklahoma, and California^{[428] [429]}
• Foley's (Foley Brothers) (Houston), division of May Company, converted to Macy's in 2006
• Frost Bros. (San Antonio)
• Gemco (Houston)
• Joske's (San Antonio, also Houston and Dallas), acquired by Dillard's in 1987
• Mitchell's (Fort Worth)
• My Shoes (San Antonio, 1988, Tagline "Put Yourself in My Shoes")
• The Popular (El Paso)
• Sakowitz (Houston)
• Sanger-Harris (Dallas), division of Federated Department Stores, merged into sister division Foley's (Houston) in 1987, converted to Macy's in 2006
  • Sanger Brothers (Dallas)
• E.M. Scarbrough & Sons (Austin)
• Stripling & Cox (Fort Worth)
  • Cox's (Fort Worth) merged with W.C. Stripling & Sons
  • W.C. Stripling & Sons (Fort Worth), merged with Cox's
• Titche-Goettinger (Dallas area), merged with Joske's in 1979

• Mervyns (the chain may come back, by the Morris decisions)
• Fred Meyer
  • Grand Central Stores, acquired by Fred Meyer 1985, acquired 1999 by Kroger in a merger and operations assumed by Smith's Food and Drug Stores (now a separate division of Kroger and converted into Smith's Marketplace)
• ZCMI (Zions Cooperative Mercantile Institution), founded and operated by the LDS Church until purchased by May Company (1999), became Meier and Frank in 2003, some stores sold to Dillard's, others became Macy's in 2005

• Abernathy's (Church Street, Burlington)
• Britts Department Store (Springfield)^[430]
• Grand Way (South Burlington)
• Magram's (Church Street, Burlington (1914–1990), and Rutland (1976–1989))^[431]

• Bradlees
• BEST
• GC Murphy Co.
• Hechts (bought by The May Department Stores Company in 1959, took over Thalhimer's and Miller & Rhoads in 1990, bought by Federated Department Stores in 2005 and spun off into Macy's East and Macy's South in 2006)
• S.H. Heironimus (Roanoke)
• J.M. Fields
• Miller & Rhoads (Richmond)
• Rices Nachmans, formerly the Rices and Nachmans chains (Norfolk/Hampton Roads metro area)
• Robert Hall Village
• Thalhimers (Richmond)

• The Crescent (Spokane), a division of B.A.T.U.S
• Frederick & Nelson (Seattle), division of Marshall Field & Company (Chicago)
• Lamonts
• Peoples (Tacoma), 7-store chain in the Puget Sound region, owned by Mercantile Stores Co.; closed in 1983
• Rhodes Brothers (Tacoma), renamed Liberty House in 1974
• Valu-Mart (Seattle), renamed Leslie's in 1974, acquired by Fred Meyer in 1976
• Wigwam Stores Inc. (based in Seattle)
• White Front (Burien, Tacoma, Shoreline, Bellevue, Everett), 1969 to 1972

• Ames various locations
• The Diamond (Charleston and Vienna)
• Gee Bee Part of Glosser Brothers of Ohio.
• Heck's Department Store, shuttered in the early 1990s
• Hills
• L.A. Joe Department Store
• G. C. Murphy
• Stone & Thomas, West Virginia's biggest department store chain; bought by Elder-Beerman in 1998
• Watson's

• T.A. Chapman Co. (Milwaukee)
• Copps Department Store (Stevens Point), their department stores closed 1984, when Copps decided to shift their focus over to their supermarkets.
• Gimbels (Milwaukee), converted to Marshall Field's then one former Gimbels location (Madison) to Macy's 2006.
• Hoff Department Store (Mount Horeb) closed 1984
• H.C. Prange Co. (Sheboygan), sold to Younkers in 1992
• Lauerman's (Marinette) Thirteen stores in Northeastern Wisconsin, Upper Michigan, and Iowa.
• Prange Way (De Pere), spun off in 1990 by H.C. Prange Co.; closed 1996
• Schuster's (Milwaukee), bought by Gimbels in 1962
• Shopko (Green Bay), June 2019
• Roth Brothers (Superior), founded pre-1900 as the "Bee Hive Bazaar."

External links

• Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Muse's Department Store (Atlanta, Ga.) records

Notes and References

1. Book: Filene's: Boston's Great Specialty Store . 2012 . 55 . . 978-0-7385-9158-2 . Michael J. . Lisicky . Lincoln Filene . Ladd . amp.
2. News: 7 discount stores from back in the day you probably forgot existed . Shopping isn't the same without Zayre, Ames and Woolco. . August 8, 2016 . MeTV Staff . MeTV.
3. News: Korvettes Closes Its Last 17 Stores . . December 30, 1980 . D3 . . Korvettes Inc. has closed its 17 remaining department stores, a company spokesman said. The chain, which operated 50 stores a year ago and which pared its staff to less than 3,000 from 11,000, shut down its remaining outlet on Christmas Eve. . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
4. News: Leggett has run up its last sale Shopping: After 32 years, the Leggett stores, including the one at Cranberry Mall, have become Belk stores . . February 16, 1997 . Nora . Koch.
5. Web site: Neisner Brothers, Inc.. Baker Library Lehman Brothers Collection. 2014-02-06.
6. News: Amazing Savings Makes Cash Bid For Odd Job Stores . . June 5, 2003 . .
7. Odd Job Stores, Inc. Announces Completion of Business Combination with Amazing Savings Holding LLC . . November 14, 2003 . .
8. News: Amazing Savings files bankruptcy . . January 12, 2005 . Lauren . Weber.
9. News: Big Shoe Producer Buys P.N. Hirsch; The International Shoe Company of St. Louis, acquired the P.N. Hirsch & Co. yesterday through exchange of stock valued at about $9.5 million. . . April 14, 1964 . . Alternate Link
10. News: Dollar General Buys P.N. Hirsch Stores . Cape Girardeau Bulletin Journal . October 20, 1983 . D1 . .
11. News: Dollar General To Buy Local P.N. Hirsch Store . . October 19, 1983 . 6C . .
12. News: Interstate's Chapter XI is tops in shops: Interstate Chapter XI is retailing's biggest . . May 23, 1974 . 1, 14 . 128 . 102 . . So far 41 Topps discount stores have been closed, 11 are expected to be closed by July 1974 and the remaining nine will also be closed. Of its operating units, 25 are department stores, 43 are discount stores and 48 are toy supermarkets.. Link via ProQuest.
13. Web site: Mazer Discount Superstore is closing, owner says . January 3, 2012 . Martin . Swant . June 13, 2011 . The Birmingham News.
14. Web site: About Us. August 13, 2020. August 11, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200811063526/http://babbittsbackcountry.com/about-us/.
15. Web site: December 4, 1957, Page 5 - Tucson Daily Citizen at Newspapers.com. Newspapers.com. August 13, 2020.
16. Web site: September 17, 1959, Page 18 - Arizona Daily Star at Newspapers.com. Newspapers.com. August 13, 2020.
17. Web site: November 5, 1956, 33 - Tucson Citizen at Newspapers.com. Newspapers.com. August 13, 2020.
18. News: Thrifty Drugs Buys 40% Interest in Akron Stores . . April 10, 1976 . C11 . . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
19. News: Akron to Sell Leases to 17 of Its 20 Stores . . November 10, 1984 . D1 . Rivera . Nancy . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 4, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304230501/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/154004566.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
20. News: AFL-CIO Feels the Heat From Key Democrats: Problems at Akron . . February 6, 1985 . Harry . Bernstein.
21. News: Blum's 20th Anniversary Sale, M. Blum & Co, The Style Center of San Jose (Ad) . . November 17, 1927 . .
22. News: M. Blum & Co. Not To Be Liquidated . . September 13, 1940 . 40 . 61 . 53 . . Link via ProQuest.
23. News: Bon Marché (Le Sage Bros. Inc.) department store 4th & Broadway 1907. The Los Angeles Times. April 14, 1907. 83. August 13, 2020. newspapers.com.
24. News: Kern County Shapers . Bakersfield Magazine . April 2011 . 28 . Gordon F. . Lull . https://web.archive.org/web/20150904010453/http://bakersfieldmagazine.net/2011/04/kern-county-shapers/ . 2015-09-04 . live.
25. News: Gottschalks: Over and out starts now . . March 31, 2009 . Gretchen . Wenner . John . Cox . Courtenay . Edelhart . amp . https://archive.today/20130630204212/http://www.bakersfieldcalifornian.com/business/x1442644318/Gottschalks-will-close-liquidator-winning-bidder . June 30, 2013.
26. Web site: Streamline-Style Building One of Petaluma's Sleekest . Sonoma County Local History & Genealogy . January 3, 2013 . Katherine J. . Rinehart.
27. Web site: H. C. Capwell Co., Oakland, California. August 13, 2020.
28. News: New Department Store: Capwell, Sullivan & Furth Formed; E.C. Capwell Expected to Head . . May 13, 1929 . 7 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . August 11, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170811223728/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/130619841.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
29. News: Emporium Capwell Co. . . May 4, 1929 . 4 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . August 11, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170811222121/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/130622571.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
30. News: Higher Profits in Store For Emporium Capwell . . March 16, 1970 . 26, 29 . 50 . 11 . . Link via ProQuest.
31. News: Emporium Capwell Co. Meeting Is Adjourned Due to Merger Talks . . April 24, 1970 . 6 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . August 11, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170811223444/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/133526561.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
32. News: Emporium Capwell Co., Broadway-Hale Stores Agree to a Merger . . May 12, 1970 . 16 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . August 11, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170811223001/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/133493490.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
33. News: Retailing Mega-Merger: Broadway Stores' Convoluted History . . August 15, 1995 . Kelly . David.
34. News: Daly's 'family' celebrates 20 years of gathering . https://archive.today/20130615062341/http://www.times-standard.com/localnews/ci_8969503 . dead . June 15, 2013 . . April 18, 2008 . Jessie . Faulkner.
35. News: They Said It Couldn't Be Done, Northpoint Pier, Warren L Simmons, California '47 . . . Fall 1977 . 11 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140505015727/http://phikappapsi.archeios.com/files/2012/03/1977-78_vol98_no1-4.pdf . 2014-05-05 . live.
36. News: June 15 Start Slated On $2 Million Store . Eureka Humboldt Standard . May 23, 1964 . 1, 13 . . subscription. (Page 13) Alternate Link(Page 13) via NewspaperArchive.com.
37. News: New Disco Store Open To Crowds . . November 14, 1968 . 12 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
38. News: Carson Disco to close . . February 10, 1975 . 1 . Lee . Adler . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
39. News: Fedway Store Leases Space in Westwood . . April 29, 1952 . 27 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060425/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/166279098.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
40. News: Federated Sells Division . . May 14, 1968 . B14 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 7, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307073735/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/155947980.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
41. News: Fedway to Open Store in Westwood Monday . . August 6, 1953 . 31 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060447/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/166521924.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
42. News: Fedway to Open Southwest Chain With 7 Stores Costing $20,000,000: Fedway Will Open Southwest . . May 21, 1952 . 39 . . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
43. News: Federated Stores Plans To Close Its Operation In Bakersfield, Calif. . . November 28, 1967 . 6 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 6, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203027/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/133151907.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
44. News: Walker's Store To Slice Cake Today . . October 7, 1926 . A10 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060220/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/161967461.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
45. News: Silver Jubilee On At Walker's: Fifth-Street Store Observes Twenty-Fifth Anniversary . . October 5, 1930 . A3 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060227/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/162338876.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
46. News: R. M. Walker Funeral Set: Company's Stores To Close Tuesday When Rites Will Be Conducted . . August 30, 1935 . 12 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060321/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/163396045.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
47. News: Walker's Store Sold: Owners of Building Pay $1,400,000 for Mercantile House . . September 1, 1937 . A1 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060357/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/164802467.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
48. News: Fifth St. Store Shares Offered . . October 18, 1944 . 10 . . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
49. News: Walker's Start Building East Long Beach Store . . July 25, 1954 . A6 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060455/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/166665307.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
50. News: $4,000,000 Store Opens, In Long Beach Center . . October 23, 1955 . E26 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060506/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/166831989.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
51. News: H. F. Conrad Buys Long Beach Store . . June 2, 1953 . 28 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060437/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/166475806.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
52. News: Succumbs: R. M. Walker Dies In East; Merchant Identified With Growth of Los Angeles for Thirty-five Years; R. M. Walker Dies In East; Store Owner, Clubman and Philanthropist Stricken on Buying Trip . . August 29, 1935 . 1 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 6, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306204011/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/163367888.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
53. News: Handsome Department Store.: New Steele-Faris-Walker Emporium Of Dry Goods Opened--Inspected by a Large Crowd . . October 3, 1905 . II6 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 4, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304235558/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/164389091.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
54. News: New Head And Expansion.: Former Chicago Business Man Becomes President Of Fifth-Street Store . . February 7, 1909 . II8 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 7, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307074043/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/159301447.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
55. News: Fifth Street Store To Start Building.: Big Broadway Project Will Represent Investment of Over Million and a Half Dollars. Fine Structure to Rise at Fifth and Broadway . . August 14, 1921 . V1 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060145/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/161058957.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
56. News: Walker's Store in Change of Management . . April 13, 1957 . 13 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060522/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/167064890.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
57. News: Butler Bros. Unit Acquires L.B. Store . . May 8, 1960 . G6 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060550/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/167619222.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
58. News: City Products Buys Big Store In California . . May 7, 1960 . A5 . . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
59. "Former Frink Property Acquired by Data Express, Inc.". Pasadena Business, April 1960, Page 29.
60. News: Globe Department Store New Building 1936. The Los Angeles Times. July 26, 1936. 71. August 13, 2020. newspapers.com.
61. News: Gottschalks is going out of business: The 105-year-old regional department store chain plans to liquidate after failing to successfully reorganize its operations under Chapter 11 bankruptcy. . . April 1, 2009 . Andrea . Chang.
62. News: Gottschalks still lingers in bankruptcy . . January 15, 2011 . Tim . Sheehan.
63. News: Gottschalks building for sale or lease . . May 3, 2010 . Jondi . Gumz . https://web.archive.org/web/20150607035829/http://www.denverpost.com/ci_15009987 . June 7, 2015.
64. News: Former Gottschalks CEO Joe Levy dies at 82 . . February 11, 2014 . .
65. Web site: Streetwise: Neighborhood Shopping. Western Neighborhods. Project. www.outsidelands.org. August 13, 2020.
66. Web site: RFK: After 50 Years . Attitude of Gratitude . . March 25, 2023 . June 3, 2018.
67. Book: Dunnigan . Frank . Growing Up in San Francisco: More Boomer Memories from Playland to Candlestick Park . 2016 . . 978-1-4671-3570-2 . 173 . March 25, 2023 . en . "Government Employees Together" was a membership store open to city, state and federal employees that began in the 1950s in the Lakeshore Plaza Shopping ....
68. Web site: Dunnigan . Frank . GET . Western Neighborhoods Project - San Francisco History . outsidelands.org . March 25, 2023 . July 19, 2014.
69. Book: Polk's San Francisco County city directory . 1963 . R.L. Polk & Co. . Los Angeles, CA . March 25, 2023 . GET (Government Employees Together) 11 Lakeshore Plaza ... RANSOHOFFS san francisco SINCE 1902 sacromento San Francisco's Independently Owned Specialty Shop Traditionally Known For Quality And Fashion 259 Post ... . archive.org.
70. News: Say Grodins chain will be closed by Jan. 31. https://web.archive.org/web/20161008194901/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-4512005.html. October 8, 2016. November 6, 1986. Daily News Record.
71. News: Broadway, Hale Merger Voted . . June 16, 1950 . 25 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 4, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233858/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/166078310.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
72. News: Hawley Named Chief of Broadway Stores Parent . . January 6, 1977 . D10 . Getze . John . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060008/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/158210989.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
73. News: Merger Completed, Broadway Reports Earnings Decline: Broadway . . August 28, 1970 . C15 . Watson . Peter . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
74. News: Carter Hawley to Change Name to Broadway: Retail: Company will ask shareholders to approve the move to help establish a more positive identity for the firm . . April 28, 1994 . George . White.
75. News: Hamburger Store Sold: Millions Paid In Store Deal Hamburger's . . April 1, 1923 . I1 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . August 2, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170802042322/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/161538375.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
76. News: Sale Marks Birthday Of Store Here: May Company Celebrates Founding Forty-six . . July 21, 1927 . A20 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . August 14, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814061102/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/162043224.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
77. News: Store Will Celebrate Tomorrow: May Company's Ninth Anniversary Here to Be Marked . . March 25, 1932 . A5 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . August 14, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814061858/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/162539647.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
78. News: David Hamburger, Civic Leader, Passes at 86: Long Illness Fatal to ... . . September 5, 1944 . A1 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . August 14, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814061849/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/165535760.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
79. News: Daughter of Hamburger Dies in Beverly Hills: Mrs. Jennie Marx, 87 . . May 22, 1953 . A1 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . August 14, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814062110/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/166466980.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
80. News: Wilbur May, Son of Store Founder, Dies . . January 22, 1982 . B20 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . August 14, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170814060728/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/152994389.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
81. News: Herhold: Remembering old downtown San Jose's signature department store . . December 21, 2011 . Scott . Herhold.
82. News: Other News . . June 4, 1992 . .
83. News: Henshey's, the Westside's First Department Store, Falls Victim to the Economy After 67 Years.: All Sales Final . . July 12, 1992 . Kathleen . Kelleher.
84. Web site: Hilson's . Martinez Historical Society: Walking Tour of Martinez . . . https://web.archive.org/web/20101229153934/http://www.martinezhistory.org/html/hilsons.html . 2010-12-29.
85. Book: Markel, Wendy P. . Berkeley . 2009 . 41 . . 978-0-7385-6942-0 . 299713761 .
86. News: Hinshaw's final sale brought out the crowds . . . : . . . that weren't there a week ago. : Departed Stores: Hinshaw's in Arcadia Is Latest Retailer to Be Squeezed Out . . June 27, 1992 . George . White.
87. News: New Department Stores Chain . . March 14, 1925 . 11 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . January 21, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160121122804/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/130291047.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
88. https://www.theclio.com/entry/36895 The Rotunda, Oakland
89. News: Chain Acquires Tacoma Store; B.F. Schlesinger & Sons Buy Department Firm; Rhodes Bros. Inc., Operated for Thirty Years Local Bankers Will Effect New Financing . . July 21, 1925 . 11 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060210/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/161749375.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
90. News: Store Chain Reorganized: Schlesinger Units In West to Operate Separately . . August 19, 1933 . 16 . . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
91. News: Kahn's Department Stores Changing Name to Rhodes . . August 17, 1960 . Elinor . Hayes . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
92. Book: Oakland . 2005 . 42 . . 978-0-7385-3014-7 . 62146939 . Annalee . Allen . Edmund . Clausen . amp.
93. Book: Kern, James E. . Vallejo . 2004 . 121 . . 978-0-7385-2909-7 . 56829052 .
94. News: H. Liebes, Subsidiary Of Beck Industries, To Cease Its Business: Firm, Protected From Creditors By Bankruptcy Act, Couldn't Arrange Additional Financing . . November 18, 1970 . 4 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . January 21, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160121122804/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/133527755.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
95. News: Liebes In A Move To Pay Its Debts: San Francisco Store Chain Files Under Chapter XI of Bankruptcy Act . . August 29, 1970 . 45 . Isadore . Bormash . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
96. News: A Struggle for Downtown Petaluma / Stores closing as shoppers turn to malls . . January 31, 1995 . Glen . Martin.
97. News: $1.5 Million Fire Destroys Landmark Pasadena Store . . March 11, 1976 . 3 . Burke . Kathy . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220055957/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/157943223.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
98. News: 100 Flee Flames in Pasadena Department Store . . March 10, 1976 . A1 . Burke . Kathy . subscription . July 6, 2017 . February 20, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160220060000/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/158009502.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
99. News: Nash's Store to Mark 75th Birthday Monday . . October 4, 1964 . J16 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 7, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307073840/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/155023404.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
100. News: Services Slated For Pasadena Merchant . . January 16, 1967 . B8 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . April 22, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160422030311/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/155679742.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
101. Web site: Mystery History - Solved . 2010-03-04 . 2010-11-25 . Ann . Erdman . Pasadena PIO . City of Pasadena.
102. News: https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E00E7DA133BEE3BBC4E53DFB166838E659EDE --> Macy Gets Store In San Francisco: Arranges to Acquire O'Connor, Moffatt & Co. Through an Exchange of Stock; Expansion Also Planned; Land Adjoining the West Coast Establishment Is Bought or Leased as Part of Deal More Land Acquired Deal Based on Long Study . . July 6, 1945 . 17 . .
103. News: Becomes Macy's, San Francisco . . October 17, 1947 . 36 . . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
104. Web site: Historical Context Statement, Mid-Market Historical Survey, Conducted for The San Francisco Redevelopment Agency . Tim Kelley Consulting . June 30, 2011 . Tim . Kelley.
105. News: The Sensation of San Francisco! Prager's Retirement Sale", (advertisement) . . January 23, 1921 . .
106. Book: Fur Trade Review Weekly . 1918 . 151 . July 18, 2023 . en . L. Prager, of the Prager Department Store ....
107. Book: Meyer . Martin Abraham . Voorsanger . A. W. . [<!-- https://archive.org/details/westernjewryacco00meye -->https://books.google.com/books?id=G60L2WAMm14C&pg=PA220&lpg=PA220&dq=%22Leopold+Ransohoff%22 Western Jewry: An Account of the Achievements of the Jews and Judaism in California, Including Eulogies and Biographies ]. 1916 . Henry Hollander, Bookseller . 220 . July 18, 2023 . en.
108. News: James Ransohoff, Local Merchant. Succumbs . July 18, 2023 . J. The Jewish News of Northern California . cdnc.ucr.edu — California Digital Newspaper Collection . June 1, 1951 . Volume 102, Number 72.
109. News: Ransohoff . Leopold . Legal Notice . July 18, 2023 . The Recorder . newspapers.com . American Lawyer Media . December 29, 1916 . San Francisco, California . 6.
110. Web site: History of Jews in Utah . www.mormonsandjews.org . July 18, 2023.
111. News: Hix . Lisa . From Retail Palace to Zombie Mall: How Efficiency Killed the Department Store . July 18, 2023 . Collectors Weekly . en.
112. Web site: HISTORY . The M.A.Y. Building . July 18, 2023.
113. News: Stein . Ruthe . 'Vertigo' Reality - A guide to the real and imaginary San Francisco landmarks of Hitchcock's film . July 18, 2023 . SFGate . October 19, 1996.
114. Web site: Home movie: 010150: California merchant family and staff at GGIE . Prelinger Archives Home Movies . July 18, 2023 . 1939.
115. Web site: Home movie: 010135: (Ransohoff) California merchant family stores and trip to Lindbergh parade . Prelinger Archives Home Movies . July 18, 2023 . 1920s.
116. Web site: Home movie: 010136_001: 1920s amateur film satire of department store . Prelinger Archives Home Movies . July 18, 2023 . 1920s . Just Any Day at Scandalhoff's.
117. Web site: Home Movies: Ransohoff Collection: Beresford, 1926 . Prelinger Archives Home Movies . July 18, 2023 . 1927 . The Beresford Club was probably located in San Mateo, California,and is now named Peninsula Golf & Country Club..
118. Web site: Home Movies: Ransohoff Collection: Lake Norconian Club and Golden Gate International Exposition . July 18, 2023 . 1939 . Lake Norconian Club and Golden Gate International Exposition.
119. Book: Third Street Light Rail Project, Transportation Improvements, San Francisco: Environmental Impact Statement . 1998 . Federal Transit Administration . en.
120. Book: Churchill . Winston . Winston Churchill . Broadcast addresses to the people of Great Britain, Italy, Poland, Russia and the United States . 1941 . Ransohoffs . San Francisco . en . Printed by the Grabhorn Press.
121. News: Winston Churchill Speeches And Radio Broadcasts . Old Time Radio Downloads . en.
122. Web site: Churchill's first broadcast as Prime Minister . bbc.com . July 18, 2023 . en.
123. News: Nolte . Carl . Native Son — on San Francisco . https://web.archive.org/web/20200515145521/https://www.sfgate.com/columns/nativeson/ . May 15, 2020 . July 18, 2023 . SFGate . May 15, 2020.
124. News: ENTERTAINMENT 'Vertigo's' San Francisco locations . Ruthe . Stein . July 6, 2008 . sfgate.com. May 20, 2024.
125. News: Lamenting the loss of the independent department store . . March 13, 2005 . Gaye . LeBaron. Gaye LeBaron.
126. Web site: BACK IN THE DAY: Sage's fondly remembered in Riverside. The Press Enterprise. . .
127. News: Vornado Inc., Food Giant Inc. OK Merger . . September 30, 1967 . 19 . .
128. Web site: Vornado Realty Trust History . Funding Universe . . .
129. News: Walker's To Open In San Diego: Los Angeles Concern Leases Large Building for New Department Store . . June 21, 1935 . A5 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 7, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307073417/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/163290516.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
130. News: Walker-Scott Purchase Part of Ratner Expansion . . September 2, 1985 . 5 . 6 . 6 . O'Reiley . Tim. Link via ProQuest.
131. News: Walker Scott Closing Stores in Downtown, La Jolla in February . . July 28, 1984 . SD_A1 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 7, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160307073533/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/doc/153920966.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
132. News: Walker-Scott to Close All 6 of Its San Diego Stores . . November 8, 1986 . Bill . Ritter.
133. Book: Weinstein Company reports, 1938-1968 . 174263692 . . .
134. News: Weinstein's Closes Its Big Store . . May 25, 1966 . .
135. Weinstein's Department 1041 Market San Francisco -Gallery -Geary
136. Book: https://books.google.com/books?id=fgDd6gpGJrcC&q=harris+weinstock+david+lubin+founded&pg=PA375 . The One-Price Store of David Lubin and Harris Weinstock . Jewish Voices of the California Gold Rush: A Documentary History, 1849-1880 . 2002 . . 978-0-8143-2859-0 . 44926858 . Ava Fran . Kahn . 375–378 .
137. Book: Kassis, Annette . Weinstock's: Sacramento's Finest Department Store . 2012 . . 978-1-60949-444-5 . 798058249 .
138. Web site: The White House, San Francisco, California. August 13, 2020.
139. News: Whole Earth Closing Last 3 Stores . . November 11, 1998 . Carol . Emert.
140. News: Singh . Vinti . Former Danbury mom and pop stores remembered . The News-Times . May 17, 2010 . December 9, 2017.
141. News: Remembering Furchgott's Department Store . Metro Jacksonville . January 6, 2011 . Ennis Davis . February 13, 2024.
142. News: Liquidation sale held by Block's . . June 10, 1986 . 8 . 151 . 112 . . Block's, a chain of stores based here [Pocatello] for over 70 years, will close by June 21. The company, owned by Sy Block, president, is undergoing a liquidation sale and five of the 11 units are already closed. The chain's stores are in Idaho and Utah. At its peak, the chain had 14 stores.. Link via ProQuest.
143. News: Interco Strides Toward Third Successive Peak . . April 17, 1967 . 29 . . Interco made its first diversification move in 1964, when it bought for 337,679 shares P.N. Hirsch & Co., a chain of junior department stores. At the time, Hirsch had 105 stores. At the 1966 year-end, the division ran 210 stores, located in 16 states in the Midwest, Northwest and South. Last year eight stores were opened in the Midwest. The Hirsch division is also busily expanding in other ways. In January 1966, it purchased four department stores in northern California from W.R. Carithers & Sons, Inc., and in February, the unit acquired all the capital stock of Idaho Department Store Co., Caldwell, Idaho, a chain of 25 stores. In September, Interco acquired Central Hardware Co. and its subsidiary, Witte Hardware Co. Central operates a six-store chain of supermarket-type hardware stores located in Greater St. Louis. Link via ProQuest.
144. News: Owners close Twin Falls store . Times-News (Idaho) . April 18, 1984 . B6 . . Idaho Department Store Co. is taking over the operations of an allied chain, P.N. Hirsch Co., after the sale of 275 Hirsch's 351 stores..
145. News: McDade & Co. Going Out Of Business . . October 12, 1987 . George . Papajohn.
146. Web site: Businesses | Vigo County Public Library. www.vigo.lib.in.us. July 22, 2013. August 13, 2020.
147. News: Hartmarx sells deJong's . https://web.archive.org/web/20150329055523/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-9163708.html . March 29, 2015 . . December 4, 1990 . .
148. News: Fetla's Valpo store to close; Inventory not sold will go to store in Knox . . November 16, 2007 . Susan . Erler.
149. News: Fetla's falls to larger competitors; Store closing doors after more than 90 years . . November 17, 2007 . Bob . Kasarda.
150. News: Jim Bailey: Giant Store, Kmart were earliest discount stores . . September 5, 2009 . Jim . Bailey.
151. Book: Lane, James B. . City of the Century: A History of Gary, Indiana . registration . gordon's department store in gary indiana. . 1978 . Indiana University Press . 978-0-253-11187-6 . 3516434 . 202.
152. News: K & S Department Store . Kokomo Herald . September 30, 2009 . Tom . Hamilton.
153. Book: King, Susan E. . Richmond . 2005 . . 978-0-7385-3994-2 . 62470806 . 51.
154. News: Historical Treasure: Many memories of the downtown Meis Store . . December 18, 2011 . Marylee . Hagan.
155. News: Meis plans opening in October . . August 9, 1987 . 4 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
156. News: Meis chain to be mall tenant . . November 21, 1986 . 1 . Mary ellen . Podmolik . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
157. News: Signs mark switch to Elder-Beerman . . November 24, 1989 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
158. News: No big changes planned at Meis . . May 2, 1989 . 2 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
159. News: Former Minas employees, customers invited to be a part of history; Grandson of founder of defunct region landmark invites region residents to reminisce for his book . . January 22, 2010 . Andrea . Holecek.
160. Web site: The Root Store . Wabash Valley Profile . August 16, 2001 . . April 6, 2013 . September 23, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174230/http://visions.indstate.edu:8888/cdm/singleitem/collection/vchs/id/577/rec/18. PDF
161. News: Dillard's agrees to sell 26 stores acquired in Mercantile purchase . . August 3, 1998 . .
162. News: Dillard's sells Mercantile stores to May, Proffitt's . . August 4, 1998 . Lisa Biank . Fasig.
163. News: History: Downtown Anderson was the place to shop . . November 27, 2011 . Beth . Oljace.
164. Book: Hall, Forest M. . https://books.google.com/books?id=dhQqAQAAMAAJ&q=wicks+store+bloomington&pg=PA141 . Historic treasures: true tales of deeds with interesting data in the life of Bloomington, Indiana University and Monroe County--written in simple language and about real people, with other important things and illustrations . 1922 . Indiana University Press . W.W. Wicks Enlisted When Sent On An Errand - Never Returned to Job - Came To Bloomington After War . 141 . 4699467.
165. Web site: Courthouse Square . . . . 2013-05-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130609105148/http://bloomington.in.gov/documents/viewDocument.php?document_id=2436 . 2013-06-09.
166. Book: Wolf and Dessauer: Where Fort Wayne Shopped . 2011 . The History Press . 978-1-60949-334-9 . 767725218 . Jim . Barron . Kathie . Barron . amp.
167. News: Ziesels reunion . . September 16, 2009 . . https://archive.today/20130630202343/http://www.elkharttruth.com/article/20090916/NEWS01/309169994 . June 30, 2013.
168. News: Calling All Former S.W. Andersons Employees . . May 16, 2012 . Joe . Lowe.
169. Book: https://books.google.com/books?id=7DMVAAAAYAAJ&q=sw+anderson+company+owensboro&pg=PA298 . History of Kentucky . 3 . 1922 . American Historical Society . William Elsey . Connelley . Ellis Merton . Coulter . amp . Charles . Kerr . 298 . Samuel Walter Anderson . 978-0-598-57298-1 . 680482713.
170. http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=194237743FSupp334_1284.xml&amp;docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985 . S. W. Anderson Co. v. Glenn . 43 F.Supp. 334 . W.D. Ky. . February 24, 1942.
171. News: Dillard's says Bacons name will go . . June 8, 1998 . Terry . Boyd.
172. Encyclopedia: Ben Snyder's Department Store . The Encyclopedia of Louisville . 2001 . 86 . 978-0-8131-2100-0 . 42726130 . John E. . Kleber . .
173. News: Ben Synder Buys Mall Space . . November 30, 1978 . 1A . .
174. News: New mall opens its doors for business . . Richard . Ribar . September 12, 1979 . 1A, 16A.
175. News: Snyder's To Buy 5 Ayres Stores In Kentucky . . June 11, 1987 . B4 . Shelia M. . Poole . subscription. Alternate Link via NewsBank.
176. News: Snyder's Takes A Leap Forward Acquisition Of Ayres Stores A Key To Company's Plans . . July 13, 1987 . D1 . Shelia M. . Poole . subscription. Alternate Link via NewsBank.
177. News: Pennsylvania-based Hess's buys Snyder's store chain . . September 25, 1987 . 5–A . .
178. News: Sale Was Just One Tough Option Snyder's Faced . . 4 . 9 . October 5, 1987 . 1 . Cooper . Ron. Link via ProQuest.
179. News: Snyder's To Be Renamed Hess's Department Stores . . December 25, 1987 . E8 . Jim . Jordan . subscription. Alternate Link via NewsBank.
180. News: Hess's Will Steer Middle-of-the-Road Course . . 4 . 28 . February 15, 1988 . 1 . Simmons . Amy. Link via ProQuest.
181. News: Hess's to Close Dixie Manor Store . . 5 . 21 . December 26, 1988 . 1 . Koier . Eve. Link via ProQuest.
182. Web site: ISJL - Kentucky Danville Encyclopedia. Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life. August 13, 2020.
183. Encyclopedia: H.P. Selman and Company . The Encyclopedia of Louisville . 2001 . 408 . 978-0-8131-2890-0 . John E. . Kleber . Kenneth L. . Miller.
184. News: Stewart's, Ayres' announce Merger . . November 3, 1985 . 4C . .
185. Encyclopedia: Stewart's Dry Goods Company . The Encyclopedia of Louisville . 2001 . 851–852 . 978-0-8131-2100-0 . 42726130 . John E. . Kleber . Kenneth L. . Miller.
186. News: Landmark Lexington department store closes . . April 6, 1992 . 1B . .
187. Web site: Aaron Selber . . August 14, 2013 . . August 14, 2013.
188. News: Moves put Hamburgers' future in doubt Chain discusses selling its leases . . June 19, 1992 . Michael . Dresser.
189. Web site: Almy's - SalWiki.
190. Web site: Kennedy's Clothing Store...A Classic Retro Boston Fixture Remembered . . April 4, 2012 . Shopping Days In Retro Boston (blog). Charles of Boston. Kennedy's: Boston's Largest, Livest, Leading Men's Store…an early slogan… The store had its humble beginnings in 1892 in a small shop in Hyde Park… blossoming in 1912 with the leasing of the large, handsome building on the corner of Summer and Hawley Streets built in 1873… By the late 1970's, Kennedy's was owned by the Van Heusen Corporation… The company was not making the profits [Van Heusen] deemed necessary and in early 1980 decided to close many of the Kennedy's locations including the Boston flagship..
191. Web site: 1880 History of Saugatuck and Douglas . David . Schwartz . James . Faasen . Chris . Clark . Saugatuck Douglas History Center . March 20, 2024.
192. Book: David . Schwartz . 324 to 334 . History of Allegan and Barry Counties, Michigan, 1880 With Illustrations. reprinted Book: 1880 History of Saugatuck and Douglas With Illustrations . November 30, 2014 . David . Schwartz . Crisfield . Johnson . Unabridged . Repressed Publishing LLC . 2014 . 1880 . 9781504297554.
193. News: The Remains of Hills Department Store . November 29, 2012 . . February 5, 2024 . Brandon . Bartoszek.
194. http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/11/f-w-wurzburg-co-grand-rapids-michigan.html Wurzburg's
195. News: From the Archives: Department stores of the past . Vickki . Dozier . . September 30, 2016 . September 13, 2021.
196. Web site: Wurzburg/Arbaugh Department Store's Records . Grand Rapids History Center . February 7, 2024.
197. Arlan's
198. https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/michigan/detroit/stores-remember-detroit/ 9 Department Stores in Detroit
199. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/179581103866262010/ Billing's Five and Dime Store, East Midland Street, Bay City Michigan
200. News: B. Siegel . Dan . Austin . Historic Detroit.org . March 10, 2024.
201. Web site: Where Fashion Reigned . . Mike . Smith . January 7, 2021 . June 18, 2023 . eight locations. Its store at Livernois and Seven Mile helped give that area its nickname: “the Avenue of Fashion.” . March 10, 2024.
202. Web site: B. Siegel - Old photos . Historic Detroit.org. March 10, 2024.
203. Web site: Architecture Detroit: A Peek into Detroit's Benjamin Siegel House . Sarah . Sharp . March 16, 2012 . Untapped New York. March 10, 2024.
204. Web site: An Icon Reborn on Detroit's Legendary Avenue of Fashion . bsiegeldetroit.com. March 10, 2024.
205. Web site: Burns Department Store to Close its Soo Branch . 3 . August 21, 1964 . . newspapers.com . February 22, 2024.
206. News: LIFE: From the Archives: Department stores of the past . Vickki . Dozier . . October 1, 2016 . March 12, 2024.
207. News: Former Carson's in Rochester Hills to become Von Maur . JC . Reindl . . October 30, 2019 . February 7, 2024.
208. Robinson, John (February 15, 202) A Look Inside Old General Stores, 1900 -1940s WFMK which contains photographs of general stores from all over the state, identified by location but only rarely by name.
209. News: BUSINESS: The Clothes Post prepares to close after 60 years of business . January 24, 2022 . Tess . Ware . . February 22, 2024.
210. https://www.atdetroit.net/forum/messages/125438/140779.html?1212381571 Old Department Store Detroit
211. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/724798133793265704/ Colonial Department Store, Detroit - LEGO Model
212. Book: Crowley's: Detroit's Friendly Store (Landmarks) . Paperback . November 30, 2015 . Bruce Allen . Kopytek . Charleston, South Carolina . The History Press. English. 978-1-4671-1974-0.
213. Web site: Demery's Department Store . August 1967 . UNT Digital Library . March 12, 2024.
214. Web site: Parking lot behind Demery's department store Harold Raymond . . March 12, 2024.
215. Web site: Mitchell Demery House (1525 Wellesley) . Historic Detroit.org . March 12, 2024.
216. Web site: Mary Ann Hoffman Obituary . October 3, 2023 . March 12, 2024.
217. Web site: Bygone Business: Mitzelfeld's. January 7, 2012 . Remembering Rochester . March 10, 2024.
218. Book: Rochester and Rochester Hills . Meredith . Long . Madelyn . Rzadkowolski . 56 . May 16, 2011. 9780738583488. Arcadia Publishing.
219. News: The rise and fall of Elder-Beerman: A timeline of Dayton's dying store . . Will . Garbe . Kara . Driscoll . April 17, 2018 . March 12, 2024.
220. News: JACKSON: Peek Through Time: Field's Department Store filled Jackson shoppers' needs, children's Christmas wishes for 122 years . November 29, 2012 . . February 5, 2024 . Leanne . Smith.
221. Web site: I Love Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan . Chippewa County Historical Society . February 22, 2024.
222. http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/11/gilmore-brothers-kalamazoo-michigan.html Gilmore Brothers, Kalamazoo, Michigan
223. Web site: Kennedy'sMiliken's, 400 River Street, Manistee, Michigan . Manistee Commercial Historic District – Listed on the National and State Register of Historic Places . February 18, 2024.
224. News: Goodyear's Department Store . . February 4, 2024.
225. Web site: Goodyear's Department Store, 1939. Ann Arbor District Library . February 4, 2024.
226. News: LOCAL: Area's Gordmans, Pier 1 locations host store-wide sales as chains . June 16, 2020 . Ryan . Bentley . . February 5, 2023.
227. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/447334175467681703/ Bay City in Michigan – What the Grisdales found
228. News: Hale's store in South Haven to close after 154 years . . . February 5, 2024 . August 2, 2009 . Gabrielle . Russon.
229. Web site: Heyn's Department Store Building . City of Detroit Historic Designation Advisory Board . Historic Detroit.org . March 12, 2024.
230. Web site: We Invite You To Our StoryHimelhoch's Fashion. 2020-09-19. himelhochs.us.
231. https://detroithistorical.org/learn/encyclopedia-of-detroit/himelhochs / Encyclopedia of Detroit Himelhoch's
232. News: Michigan's Old Department Stores: 1900-1964 . . Vintage Michigan . John . Robinson . December 11, 2023 . February 6, 2024.
233. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/286471226272545496/ Jos. S Zolnierek General Store
234. News: Obituary: Joseph A. Zolnierek . . February 9, 2019 . March 9, 2024.
235. News: Joseph A. Zolnierek . Andy . Grambau . February 8, 2019 . True North Radio . March 9, 2024.
236. Book: The Town that Went to War: A Photographic History of Alpena, Michigan During the Time Surrounding World War II . 82 . Robert E. . Haltiner . 2001 . R.E. Haltiner.
237. Book: The Town that Wouldn't Die: A Photographic History of Alpena, Michigan from Its Beginnings Through 1940 . Robert E. . Haltiner . Ann . Taber . 1986 . 9780961777906 . English. Jesse Besser Museum.
238. News: Big changes ahead for former Jos. S Zolnierek General Store Phil Heimerl May 19, 2022 . March 9, 2024 . True North Radio.
239. https://web.archive.org/web/20070121004643/http://www.julianscottstore.com/ Julian Scott Store
240. Book: Report . 413 . Michigan Department of Labor . 1919.
241. News: Kennedy's . . Manistee, Michigan . MNA Staff . February 14, 2013 . February 18, 2024.
242. Web site: RETAIL: Was Our Prediction On Sears From A Year Ago Dead On? . Warren . Shoulberg . . December 21, 2021 . June 5, 2022.
243. News: Stanton . Ryan . mlive.com. History of Ann Arbor's Old Kline's Departmennt Store and the Kline Lot . February 4, 2024 . MLive.
244. https://aadl.org/aastreets/site2/aastreets_klines_40s_300 Klines Department Store, Opened 1930
245. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=181813 Dry Goods
246. http://www.watertownhistory.org/articles/klines.htm Klines
247. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/451485931372224253/ Knepps Department Store, Washington Avenue, Bay City, Michigan
248. https://www.ebay.com/itm/402685344551 1940 View of Washington Avenue, Knepp's Dept. Store, Kresge's, Bay City, MI
249. Web site: Celebrating 5 Years in Historic Downtown Bay City Krege Building . Kristen . Squires. March 4, 2020.
250. News: Remembering Stores from Long Ago . Joyce . Bonesteel . . November 22, 2017.
251. Web site: Culture, Rural Voices: Gender and Factory Work in the Upper Peninsula – Part One . Russell . Magnaghi . June 12, 2021 . Rural Voices . Lauermans, which opened in 1904, - 1985 was the leading department store in the southern Upper Peninsula and a majority of its employees were women and . Upper Peninsula and to the south of Menominee across the river in Marinette, Wisconsin. The difference between the clothing or women's shop was that department stores were usually several stories in size and carried a variety of goods–groceries, clothing for women, men and children, undergarments, notions, yarn, cloth, linen, ready-made clothing, furniture, carpets, draperies, office supplies–to name a few housed in separate departments. . March 17, 2024.
252. http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/WI/marinette/state.html National Register of Historical Places - WISCONSIN (WI), Marinette County
253. Book: Something for Everyone: Memories of Lauerman Brothers Department Store . Michael . Leannah . English . . August 26, 2013. 9780870205880.
254. The Church and the Land: The National Catholic Rural Life Conference and American Society, 1923–2007. P.J. . Nelson . The Annals of Iowa . 2014 . 73 . 3 . 288–290 . pubs.lib.uiowa.edu. 10.17077/0003-4827.12130 .
255. Book: For Love and Money: Portraits of Wisconsin Family Businesses . 93 . Carl . Corey . . 1st . March 15, 2014 . en . 978-0870206467 . 087020646X . Hardcover.
256. News: PapalVisit Raises the Spirits of a Blue-Collar Town . Joseph J. . Serwach . . February 26, 1987 . June 7, 2022.
257. http://hamtramckhistory.com/newsdetail_T3_R62.php Let's Go Shopping...
258. News: JACKSON Peek Through Time: Field's Department Store filled Jackson shoppers' needs, children's Christmas wishes for 122 years . November 29, 2012 . Leanne . Smith . . February 7, 2024.
259. Web site: The L.H. Field Company . February 7, 2024 . Natalie Field Foundation.
260. Web site: Historic Lloyd's Department Store Apartment Conversion Earns Green Certification . October 6, 2015 . Lloyd's Department Store was built by Menominee millionaire inventor, industrialist, business and civic leader Marshall Burns Lloyd in 1926, after the city's only department store was destroyed by fire and not rebuilt. . February 5, 2024.
261. News: 3-story addition proposed for historic building on Ann Arbor's Main Street . May 19, 2022 . . Ryan . Stanton . MLive.
262. News: Mack & Company . Grace . Shackman . . May 1982 . The Nieman-Marcus of Ann Arbor .. Mack & Company was Ann Arbor's counterpart to downtown Detroit's big J.L. Hudson store. It sold everything from furniture and carpets to cosmetics and lingerie, from dry goods to insurance, from health food to postage stamps. It had its own pharmacy. And it even had its own bank. . May 19, 2022.
263. Web site: Mack and Company Ann Arbor . LocalWiki. February 4, 2024.
264. Web site: Michigan, Prairie Tours: Meyer May House (1908). July 7, 2013 . March 11, 2024.
265. Web site: Advertising ➔ May's Hanger . . March 11, 2024.
266. Web site: Kate . Nagengast. Meyer May House is a Standout in its Heritage Hill Neighborhood. MLive. Mlive. 18 January 2017. 6 September 2009.
267. Web site: Beers. Peter. Meyer May House: Grand Rapids, Michigan . Peter Beers.net. 18 January 2017.
268. https://www.wexfordcountyhistory.org/businesses-i-q/ Businesses
269. News: Mill End Memories: Bob Folkert from candy counter to regional retail tradition . Angela . Kellogg . . June 1, 2021 . June 7, 2022.
270. Web site: Milliken in the Middle. Michigan's longest-serving governor was a Republican renowned for reaching across the aisle to Democratic colleagues, and for making Michigan's environmental health a priority. His collection at the Bentley reveals a breed of politician that's nearly extinct.. Robert . Havey . Bentley Historical Collection, University of Michigan.
271. Web site: Then and Now. TC Arts Commission.
272. News: Downtown Die-Hards: Long-Time Shop Owners On What Sets TC Apart, What Changes They'd Like To See. In Downtown Traverse City, Issue 2007 December. Lynn . Geiger .
273. News: Local History: Milliken's of Manistee . July 2, 2015 . . Manistee, Michigan.
274. News: Bill Mitzelfeld Department Store Owner Dies at 92 . Minnah . Arshad. . December 16, 2021.
275. Web site: Family-Owned Store Follows Trend, Shuts Doors . Rochester, Michigan . The owner of Mitzelfeld's department store says he will attempt to lease the space in Downtown once his store closes at the end of the month. . Dan . Heaton . January 7, 2004 . March 10, 2024.
276. Web site: Peek Through Time: Montgomery Ward 'anchored' Jackson's new Westwood Mall in 1972 . December 17, 2014.
277. Peek Through Time: Montgomery Ward 'anchored' Jackson's new Westwood Mall in 1972 Jan. 20, 2019
278. [Lansing Mall]
279. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/416160821800638588/ Mall Hall of Fame Detroit
280. Web site: Montgomery Wards Greenfield & Grandriver Detroit, MI | Dearborn michigan, Detroit city, Detroit michigan.
281. Web site: Montgomery Wards Stores; Detroit & Royal Oak.
282. Web site: Montgomery Ward . February 22, 2015.
283. Web site: Famous Retailer Montgomery Ward Spent His Childhood in Niles, Michigan . John . Robinson . October 6, 2021 . WFMK.
284. News: From trash dump to treasured attraction . John. Peppin. The Alcona County Review . March 6, 2024. 6 . 154 . 10 . Harrisville, Michigan . Michigan Department of Natural Resources.
285. Book: Lost Dearborn. Craig E. . Hutchison . 188 . December 2017 . . 978-1-4396-6356-1. Ebook.
286. Web site: Dearborn Christmas Decorations, 1940 - 1969 . December 4, 2020 . March 10, 2024.
287. News: After running a successful business, Alberta Muirhead spent years giving back to Dearborn . . Alberta Muirhead in 1989 stands outside the department she founded in 1946 with her late husband, John Muirhead. January 17, 2011 . March 10, 2024.
288. News: Neisner Brothers to close four Detroit area stores. . January 19, 1978 . . 16 . newspapers.com.
289. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=155329 Five and Dime Historical Site, 280 W. Nine Mile
290. News: Norman Corp. closing all five stores in Michigan, including downtown Bay City location. Heather . Jordan . . November 13, 2013 . June 7, 2022.
291. News: GAYLORD: Norman's stores closing after 100 years . November 14, 2013 . Judy . Wagley . . February 22, 2024.
292. News: Local History: K-Mart and the nostalgic reminisces of local stores. . Manistee, Michigan . Mark . Fedder . October 20, 2016 . February 18, 2024.
293. News: We All Missed Him These Lst Few Years, But His Influence Lives On . . Manistee, Michigan. David . Yarnell. February 18, 2024.
294. News: Alpena Peebles to close . . Julie . Riddle . March 20, 2019.
295. Web site: People's Outfitting Co. Building . Dan . Austin . HistoricDetroit.org . March 12, 2024.
296. Web site: The "Window" of OpportunityDecember, 2006. nailhed . March 12, 2024.
297. Book: Twentieth Century Retailing in Downtown Detroit . Michael . Hauser . Marianne . Weldon.
298. Web site: Industrial & Commercial Buildings, by Albert Kahn, Inc. . March 12, 2024.
299. Book: The Renaissance of the Wayne County Building . Suzy . Farbman . James P. . Gallagher.
300. Book: Pioneer Harrisville . 24 . Gauthier . Doris A. . United States . D. A. Gauthier . 1989.
301. Book: Michigan State University Alumni Association Magazine . 6 . 1–10. Michigan State University. Alumni Association . 1960 . 22.
302. News: LOCAL: A history of Petoskey's 300 block of East Mitchell Street . June 11, 2015 . Jerry . Donnelly . . February 22, 2024.
303. https://growingupinhighlandpark.wordpress.com/tag/robert-hall-clothing-store/ Easter Memories of Growing Up in Highland Park
304. Book: Thornton, Kurt . Battle Creek . 2014 . 17 . . 978-1-4396-4284-9 .
305. News: A Look Back: Do You Remember Rogers Department Store?. . Scott . Winters . September 7, 2022 . March 16, 2024.
306. https://detroithistorical.pastperfectonline.com/bysearchterm?keyword=Sam%27s+Cut+Rate Sam's Cut Rate
307. Web site: Sign on Sam's Cut Rate Inc., the largest cut rate store in Detroit, Michigan . Photograph . . February 5, 2024.
308. News: Four Sears Hometown stores in Michigan to close . Sarah . Rahal . . May 30, 2022 . Four Sears Hometown stores have announced permanent shutdowns in Michigan this month with closeout sales, leaving the storied retail name all but absent from the state. Stores in Escanaba, Houghton, Ionia and Sault Ste. Marie posted on their Facebook sites about the closings, which come less than a year after Michigan's last Sears department store, in Westland, closed in June 2021. . June 5, 2022.
309. Web site: Seitner's Department Store . Verlinder . Baston . . Mid-Michigan Remembers Stories About Us. February 19, 2024.
310. News: SAGINAW: Two old buildings meet their demise on East Genesee in downtown Saginaw . . Jeff . Schrier . September 24, 2016 . February 19, 2024.
311. News: Longtime Saginaw businessman a humble, loving hero . . September 3, 2010 . Justin . Engel . February 19, 2024.
312. Web site: Walking Down Genesee Street in the 1900s . Photograph . Pure Saginaw . February 20, 2024. Mike . Sonnenberg. September 20, 2015 .
313. Book: Toft . Larry . Downtown Saginaw: Heart of a Historic City . Elizabeth J. . Nagel . Tom . Hammond . illustrated . Donning Company Publishers Historical Society of Saginaw County . 9781681841960 . December 25, 2018.
314. News: Old businesses highlighted in downtown Saginaw history book . January 3, 2019 . Isis . Simpson-Mersha . February 20, 2024.
315. News: Shoppers Fair units closing. December 28, 1974. The Detroit Free Press. 7B. March 14, 2018.
316. News: Shoppers Fair here to close its doors. June 27, 1975. The Herald Palladium. A1. March 14, 2018.
317. https://www.yelp.com/biz/shoppers-world-highland-park Shoppers World
318. https://www.waterwinterwonderland.com/oldstores.aspx Water Winter Wonderland Old Stores
319. Web site: Remember when crowds flocked to downtown Flint for holiday shopping . . November 29, 2008 . Gary . Flinn . February 13, 2024.
320. https://web.archive.org/web/20151025194321/http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/05/welcome-to-museum.html The Department Store Museum, Bibliography
321. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/51791464443444757/ J.B. Sperry
322. Web site: Moment in History Extra: Downtown Port Huron's Sperry's Moment in History Extra: Downtown Port Huron's Sperry's . October 2, 2012 . Saint Clair County RESA . Video . February 8, 2024 . YouTube.
323. News: Sperry's closes . . Port Huron, Michigan . July 23, 2000 . 7 . February 8, 2024.
324. Web site: Sperry's Moviehouse . . February 8, 2024.
325. Web site: 115 S. Mitchell, Cadillac, MI 49601 . February 18, 2024.
326. http://www.mibiz.com/absolutenm/templates/template.asp?articleid=2313&zoneid=32 Kimco Realty launches Maple Hill Mall rebirth
327. http://www.retailers.com/news/retailers/02dec/mr1202retrospective.html ’02: More churn for retail industry
328. News: Business: After eight decades, Teerman's will close entire store . Cassandra . Lybrink . July 29, 2021 . . June 6, 2022.
329. News: City's legal action brought Kmart to area . Marinette Menoninee Eagle Herald . October 6, 2019 . February 5, 2024 . Adams Publishing Group.
330. Web site: Scrapbook . Escanaba Historical Society.
331. Web site: RRPC Post Card, The Fair Savings Bank Store, Escanaba, Michigan.
332. News: The Fair Store . . August 19, 1972 . 24.
333. News: Fair Store Has Anniversary . Newspaper Archives . October 10, 1935 . 12.
334. Movements of Display Men . 46 . Merchants Record and Show Window. XLV . 5 . November 1919.
335. Book: Battle Creek . 17, 27 . Kurt . Thornton . English. . April 7, 2014 . 9781439642849.
336. Book: Myler v. Bentley, 226 MICH 384 (1924): Record . March 16, 2024 . Supreme Court of Michigan.
337. Web site: Toeller's . 94. Mademoiselle

     The Magazine for the Smart Young Woman

     . 64 . 1966.
338. Web site: Women's Wear Department . 68 . Dry Goods Merchants Trade Journal . March 1926.
339. https://www.facebook.com/detroithistory/posts/topps-department-store-1970s/1145568339649071/ Topps Department Store
340. Book: Report . 414 . Michigan Department of Labor . 1919.
341. News: Built in 1870, the 'White Building' has graced downtown Lapeer for 142 years. May 8, 2016 . Joyce . Bonesteel . . January 4, 2022.
342. News: Old businesses highlighted in downtown Saginaw history book . January 3, 2019 . Isis . Simpson-Mersha . MLive.
343. Web site: Wiechmann's Department Store . December 12, 2019 . Mike . Sonnenberg . Pure Saginaw . February 20, 2024.
344. News: Stanley J. Winkelman, Department Store Executive, 76 . . August 25, 1999 . 2014-02-21 . .
345. News: Wonderland Day at the Cove' Aug. 7 . Remember Wonderland discount department stores in Dowagiac and Niles? . June 7, 2022.
346. https://digitalcollections.detroitpubliclibrary.org/islandora/object/islandora%3A145932 SS Kresge and F.W. Woolworth Stores on Woodward Avenue
347. News: Younkers stores in Midland, Bay County to close by end of summer. Jessica . Royce . . April 19, 2018.
348. https://www.yelp.com/biz/younkers-marquette Younker's Marquette
349. News: Remember the Zayre Department Store at West Main Mall in the '80s? . Video . Bobby Guy . K102.5 - Kalamazoo's Greatest Hits . April 27, 2017.
350. https://digital.bentley.umich.edu/djnews/djn.1988.06.03.001/118 Obituary, Mollie Zolkower
351. http://www.old-delray.com/BusinessList.htm Businesses of Delray
352. News: After 112 years, Norby's Department Store closing forever . Cathy . Wurzer . May 30, 2018 . . March 12, 2024.
353. Web site: Retail chain closing all stores after Chapter 7 bankruptcy filing . The company, which has a storied history, has abruptly shut down. . Daniel . Kline . March 1, 2024.
354. https://www.stltoday.com/news/local/business/polished-which-began-as-goedeker-s-plans-to-file-for-bankruptcy-suspends-business/article_9a9f7ef2-d746-11ee-b0fd-bbc561b67996.html Polished, which began as Goedeker's 1847 Plans to File for Bankruptcy.
355. News: Equitable of Iowa Unit To Buy J.L. Brandeis For Up to $35 Million . . December 26, 1986 . 1 . Eastern . . subscription . Younkers Inc., a unit of Equitable of Iowa Cos., said it agreed to buy J.L. Brandeis & Sons Inc. Brandeis, owned by Alan Baer of Omaha, Neb., operates 11 department stores in Nebraska and Iowa. . July 6, 2017 . March 4, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233152/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/398063397.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
356. News: Younkers To Buy 11 Brandeis Units . . December 30, 1986 . 2 . 152 . 125 . . Link via ProQuest.
357. News: Brandeis Buys Gold; Gird to Battle Chains: Brandeis Buys Gold; Gird to Battle Chains . . January 30, 1964 . 1, 44 . 108 . 21 . . J.L. Brandeis & Sons, Inc. has purchase Gold & Co. of Lincoln for an undisclosed amount of cash. The two largest family-owned independent department stores in Nebraska have joined, ostensibly to combat the inroads being made by chain competition. Brndeis, Nebraska's largest department store has six locations, all in Omaha. Gold's has a downtown store covering nearly a square block, plus a warehouse operation, It includes a supermarket and automotive service center. Brandeis owns the local Metropolitan Drug Co. Gold's was founded in 1902 by William Gold, grandfather of its president. Brandeis started business in 1880 by Jonas Brandeis, grandfather of it president.. Link via ProQuest.
358. News: McKee . Jim . The rise and demise of Lincoln-owned department stores . . November 17, 2013 . April 29, 2015.
359. News: Gold & Co. Buys Rudge & Guenzel: Deal For Lincoln, Neb., Unit Of Allied Stores Said To Have Involved About $500,000—Closed For Inventory. . . December 4, 1941 . 1 . 63 . 110 . . The Rudge & Guenzel has operated in Lincoln for 54 years. While official confirmation was not forthcoming at press time, it was reported that Gold & Co., Inc. have purchased only the stock and will not continue the operation of the store.. Link via ProQuest.
360. News: Store Closings Set By Federal's Chain . . December 27, 1972 . 68 . . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
361. Book: Rolfes, Steven J. . Cincinnati Landmarks . 2012 . 27 . . 978-0-7385-9395-1 . 794708039 .
362. News: Best Products to Shut 81 Stores and Let 4,500 Workers Go . . October 8, 1996 . Glenn . Collins.
363. News: Retailer opened Bargain City . . July 8, 2004 . .
364. Encyclopedia: Gray Drug Stores, Inc. . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . July 16, 1997 . Case Western Reserve University . . John J. . Grabowski.
365. Encyclopedia: Bailey Co. . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . July 21, 1997 . Case Western Reserve University . . John J. . Grabowski.
366. Book: Cleveland's Department Stores . Christopher . Faircloth. Images of America . . May 25, 2009 . 9780738560762 . Paperback.
367. Encyclopedia: Cook United, Inc. . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . June 25, 1997 . Case Western Reserve University . . John J. . Grabowski.
368. News: Cook United Files Under Chapter 11 . . October 2, 1984 . Daniel F. . Cuff.
369. News: Cook United Stores Declare Bankruptcy . . October 2, 1984 . 23 . Homer . Brickey.
370. News: Cook's Discount Store Is Open . . October 30, 1979 . 3 . Chuck . Albury.
371. News: Retailing Passes Donenfeld's By - Family Couldn't Find Buyer . . December 1, 1991 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewsBank.
372. News: The rise and fall of Elder-Beerman: A timeline of Dayton's dying store . . Will . Garbe . Kara . Driscoll . April 17, 2018 . March 12, 2024.
373. News: Wild, Wild West: Once convicted of fraud and in debt to the IRS for a cool million, Steven West is some kind of businessman . . August 29, 2002 . Rebekah . Gleaves . 2013-06-26 . 2013-05-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130508153121/http://www.browardpalmbeach.com/2002-08-29/news/wild-wild-west/.
374. News: Operation of New Stores To Aid Davidson Brothers . . January 10, 1955 . 31 . 35 . 2 . . Link via ProQuest.
375. Encyclopedia: BUSINESS, RETAIL . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . July 23, 1997 . Case Western Reserve University . . John J. . Grabowski.
376. News: Kimco Buys Campeau's Gold Circle . . September 8, 1988 . Isadore . Barmash.
377. News: Goldman's store founder eulogized . . August 25, 2010 . .
378. News: Carroll's was the place to shop . . November 25, 2012 . Emily A. . Larson . https://web.archive.org/web/20150527061404/http://www.newarkadvocate.com/article/20121125/NEWS01/311250014/Carroll-s-place-shop . May 27, 2015.
379. News: Davidson Bros., Detroit, Buy Kobacker Stores . . January 28, 1961 . 15 . .
380. News: 4 Stores Bought By Davidson Bros.: Michigan Suburban Units of Sams, Inc., Acquired . . September 20, 1961 . 41 . . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
381. News: Davidson Bros. Buys Two Companies, Adding 14 Retail Units to Chain . . January 30, 1961 . 13 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . January 21, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160121122804/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/132721692.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
382. Book: Speck, William D. . Toledo: A History in Architecture: 1914 to Century's End . 2003 . 57 . . 978-0-7385-3204-2 . 53886976.
383. Book: Toledo's Three Ls: Lamson's, The Lion Store, and Lasalle's Tiedtke's . https://web.archive.org/web/20151025194321/http://www.thedepartmentstoremuseum.org/2010/05/welcome-to-museum.html . dead . October 25, 2015 . Paperback . Illustrated . June 25, 2013 . Bruce Allen . Kopytek.
384. News: Beyond holiday reminiscing, Lazarus department store left its mark on how Americans shop . Linda . Deitch . . January 2, 2022.
385. News: Lima Store Is Sold To Dayton Chain: Leader Was Last Of Home-Owned Outlet In City . . February 14, 1974 . 1 . .
386. The May Department Stores Company Announces Robinsons And May Company To Become Robinsons-May; Kaufmann's And May Company To Become Kaufmann's . . October 16, 1992 . . The Free Library.
387. News: Earnings Decline At Allied Stores: Sales Off With Closing Of 4 Units In April 30 Quarter . . May 26, 1969 . 67 . . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
388. News: Born In A Barn . . June 28, 1967 . 12 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
389. News: Mr Wiggs' Payroll Has Grown To 470 At All Locations . . June 29, 1967 . 14 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
390. News: Mr. Wiggs Plans Department Store Here . . August 30, 1970 . 1 . .
391. News: Mr. Wiggs has new Manager . . April 17, 1975 . 9 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
392. News: Revco Sets Purchase of Stores . Athens Messenger . February 2, 1971 . 2 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
393. News: Mr. Wiggs Expands Present Site To 100,000 Sq. Feet . . September 14, 1977 . 11 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
394. News: Bargain Fair Takes Over Building . . March 1, 1963 . 16 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
395. News: 2 Stores In Ohio Bought By Allied: Halle Sells Units In Canton For $1,250,000; Size Of One Will Be Doubled Companies Plan Sales, Mergers . . September 14, 1955 . 49 . . subscription. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
396. News: Allied Stores to Shed Polsky's Unit in Ohio, Sell Akron Properties . . November 2, 1978 . 16 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . January 21, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160121122804/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/134228384.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
397. News: Mr. Rattenberg is Progressive . . January 22, 1910 . 3 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
398. News: Rink Store Chain Bought By Gray Drug . . June 22, 1964 . 2 . subscription . . Alternate Link via NewspaperArchive.com.
399. News: Fun-loving Hyman Ullner founded Rink's, did TV ads . . January 5, 2007 . Rebecca . Goodman.
400. News: Lining up for a bargain at Rink's . . August 23, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150507214700/http://www.limaohio.com/lifestyle/reminisce/article_319b628a-3e7e-11e2-a9ac-0019bb30f31a.html . May 7, 2015.
401. Book: Perry, D. . 1969 . Vas you ever in Zinzinnati? . 118 . Garden City, N.Y . Doubleday . 412693.
402. Web site: Main Street Merchant: Dedicated to the Customers and Employees of Dowd's-Rudin's and Rudin's . Patti R. . Albaugh . .
403. Encyclopedia: Sterling-Lindner Co. . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . March 27, 1998 . Case Western Reserve University . . John J. . Grabowski.
404. Book: Orth, Samuel Peter . A History of Cleveland, Ohio: Biographical . Sterling Welch Cleveland. . 1910 . 939–940 . S.J. Clarke Publishing Company . 732890.
405. Book: Faircloth, Christopher . Cleveland's Department Stores . 2009 . 17 . Arcadia Publishing . 978-0-7385-6076-2 . 299713633.
406. News: Allied Stores Unit in Ohio Sold to Real Estate Firm . . July 9, 1968 . 17 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . January 21, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160121122804/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/133294871.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
407. News: Another Store in Cleveland Purchased by Allied Stores . . March 12, 1949 . 2 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . January 21, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160121122804/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/131872973.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
408. Book: Kenney, Kimberly A. . Canton: A Journey Through Time . 2003 . Arcadia Pub. . 978-0-7385-2451-1 . 49–50, 140–141, 154 . 53947073.
409. News: Stern & Mann Not Too Old to Grow . . January 13, 1992 . 13 . 13 . 2 . Mooney . Barbara. Link via ProQuest.
410. News: Swallen's Files For Chapter 11 . . November 27, 1995 . 4 . . subscription. Alternate Link via NewsBank.
411. News: Swallen's shuts doors . . December 7, 1995 . 1A . Cliff . Peale. Link via NewsBank.
412. News: Columbus, Ohio, Store Plans To Merge Into Allied Stores . . August 14, 1948 . 3 . . subscription . July 6, 2017 . March 6, 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306203413/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/131742248.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
413. Encyclopedia: William Taylor Son & Co. . The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History . July 23, 1997 . Case Western Reserve University . . John J. . Grabowski.
414. News: Store-chain owner had over 1,000 employees . . June 24, 2010 . Carl . Ryan.
415. News: Uhlmans Opens New Bowling Green Store . . January 22, 1965 . 8 . .
416. News: Romney firm scored big in Texas with Stage Stores but exited years before its bankruptcy . . July 21, 2012 . Dave . Michaels.
417. News: Fields agrees to buy six 'The Union' stores in Ohio . . March 8, 1980 . N_B7 . Joseph . Winski . Alternate Link via ProQuest.
418. News: Valley View store closing for good. Davidson. Tom. The Herald. 2017-05-04. en.
419. News: Cincinnati retail: A whole lotta shakin' going on . . December 23, 1996 . 9B . 13 . 33 . Brandt . Steve. Link via ProQuest.
420. Book: Dunham, Tom . Springfield, Ohio: A Summary of Two Centuries . 2012 . Author House . 978-1-4772-6193-4 . 857903032.
421. Web site: Wren's Department Store, Springfield, Ohio . The genealogy site of Mark Humphrys . Mark . Humphrys . .
422. Book: Rockel, William Mahlon . 20th century history of Springfield, and Clark County, Ohio, and representative citizens . 1908 . Biographical Publishing Co. . Chicago . 798059681.
423. News: Charles E. Ziegler: Owned Ziegler's Department Store in Medina . . November 25, 2008 . .
424. News: Can John Wanamaker be turned into big money maker? (column) . https://web.archive.org/web/20121023052249/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-4349893.html . October 23, 2012 . Rutberg . Sidney . August 4, 1986 . Daily News Record.
425. News: Bye bye, Benny's: Bittersweet end of a retail era. Naylor. Donita. providencejournal.com. 2017-12-26. en.
426. News: Benny's to close all 31 stores by end of year. Hill. John. providencejournal.com. 2017-12-26. en.
427. Book: Sigafoos, R.A. . Cotton Row to Beale Street: A business history of Memphis8 . Memphis State University Press . 1979 . 978-0-87870-068-4 . 5336899 .
428. News: Fedway Stores' Largest Unit Will Be in Corpus Christi . . December 11, 1951 . 9 . . July 6, 2017 . November 17, 2017 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171117001327/https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/djreprints/doc/131895362.html. Alternate Link via ProQuest.
429. News: Fedway Tribute Hailed In Texas: Lazarus Cites Population Movement to Smaller Cities, Warm Climates . . October 5, 1952 . F12 . . Alternate Link via ProQuest.
430. Web site: Springfield Plaza in the '70s. August 13, 2020.
431. News: Magrams' History . Burlington Free Press . 25 . June 28, 1990.