List of defunct and relocated Major League Baseball teams explained

Throughout the history of Major League Baseball, numerous franchises have moved or become defunct. Many of these franchises played in the National League (NL) and the American League (AL), the two existing major leagues, but other franchises played in one of the eleven major leagues that ultimately went defunct. The classification of the major leagues is based on Major League Baseball's recognition of historical leagues.

Major league baseball emerged in the 1870s, and four major leagues, including the NL, played at least one season of baseball in the nineteenth century. During this period, dozens of franchises were founded, but most went defunct, leaving just twelve NL franchises by the 1892 season. After four of the twelve NL franchises went defunct following the 1899 season, the American League emerged in 1901 with several newly founded franchises. The Federal League (FL) challenged the primacy of the American League and the National League for two seasons, but the FL and all of its franchises went defunct after the 1915 season. Numerous Negro leagues operated during the first half of the twentieth century; seven leagues that operated from 1920 to 1948 were later recognized as major leagues by Major League Baseball.

The Baltimore Orioles went defunct after the 1902 season, representing the most recent time that an NL or AL team ceased operations. No NL or AL team would go defunct or relocate until the relocation of the Boston Braves to Milwaukee following the 1952 season. Several teams moved over the next twenty years, often to the Southern or Western United States, with the last such move taking place in 1971 when the Washington Senators became the Texas Rangers. The Montreal Expos became the Washington Nationals in 2005, the first move in three decades. In 2025, the Oakland Athletics plan to temporarily move to West Sacramento, California, and brand themselves as simply the "A's" and "Athletics" with no city name attached, until they permanently move to Las Vegas in 2028 or later when their new ballpark is completed.^[1]

List of defunct and relocated major league franchises since 1892

National, American, and Federal League franchises

These franchises played in the National League, the American League, or the Federal League after the 1891 season and either went defunct or moved. Some franchises appear more than once in the table; for example, the Braves franchise appears twice because they moved to Milwaukee in 1952 and to Atlanta in 1965.

League

The league the franchise was in at the time of their move

First

First year in Major League Baseball

Last

Last year in Major League Baseball

Post-change status

The status of the franchise after moving or becoming defunct

Current status

The current status of the franchise

P

League championships won

WS

World Series victories

^

City would later receive a new franchise

Overview of defunct and relocated Major League Baseball teams

	Team	League	First	Last	Seasons	Post-change status	Current status	P	WS	Reason for move/disbandment
Louisville Colonels^[2]	NL	1882	1899	18	Defunct		1	0	Contraction of National League^[3]
Baltimore Orioles^^^[4]	NL	1882	1899	18	Defunct		3	0	Contraction of National League
Cleveland Spiders^^^[5]	NL	1887	1899	13	Defunct		0	0	Contraction of National League
Washington Senators^^^[6]	NL	1891	1899	9	Defunct		0	0	Contraction of National League
Milwaukee Brewers^^^[7]	AL	1901	1901	1	St. Louis Browns	Baltimore Orioles	0	0	Poor attendance^[8]
Baltimore Orioles^^^[9]	AL	1901	1902	2	Defunct		0	0	American League wanted a franchise in New York City^[10]
Indianapolis Hoosiers^[11]	FL	1914	1914	1	Newark Peppers	Defunct	1	0	Poor attendance^[12]
Kansas City Packers^^^[13]	FL	1914	1915	2	Defunct		0	0	Disbandment of Federal League
Chicago Whales^^^[14]	FL	1914	1915	2	Defunct		1	0	Disbandment of Federal League
Baltimore Terrapins^^^[15]	FL	1914	1915	2	Defunct		0	0	Disbandment of Federal League
St. Louis Terriers^^^[16]	FL	1914	1915	2	Defunct		0	0	Disbandment of Federal League
Brooklyn Tip-Tops^^^[17]	FL	1914	1915	2	Defunct		0	0	Disbandment of Federal League
Pittsburgh Rebels^^^[18]	FL	1914	1915	2	Defunct		0	0	Disbandment of Federal League
Buffalo Blues^^^[19]	FL	1914	1915	2	Defunct		0	0	Disbandment of Federal League
Newark Peppers	FL	1915	1915	1	Defunct		0	0	Disbandment of Federal League
Boston Braves^^^[20]	NL	1876	1952	77	Milwaukee Braves	Atlanta Braves	10	1	Poor attendance and competition with the Boston Red Sox^[21]
St. Louis Browns^^	AL	1902	1953	52	Baltimore Orioles	Baltimore Orioles	1	0	Poor attendance and competition with the St. Louis Cardinals^[22]
Philadelphia Athletics^^^[23]	AL	1901	1954	54	Kansas City Athletics	Oakland Athletics	9	5	Poor attendance and competition with the Philadelphia Phillies^[24]
New York Giants^^^[25]	NL	1883	1957	75	San Francisco Giants	San Francisco Giants	17	5	Declining attendance and desire for a new ballpark^[26]
Brooklyn Dodgers^[27]	NL	1884	1957	74	Los Angeles Dodgers	Los Angeles Dodgers	13	1	Declining attendance and desire for a new ballpark^[28]
Washington Senators^^^[29]	AL	1901	1960	60	Minnesota Twins	Minnesota Twins	3	1	Poor attendance^[30]
Milwaukee Braves^^	NL	1953	1965	13	Atlanta Braves	Atlanta Braves	2	1	Declining attendance and the owner's desire for a larger market^[31]
Kansas City Athletics^^	AL	1955	1967	13	Oakland Athletics	Oakland Athletics	0	0	Poor attendance and the owner's desire for a larger market^[32]
Seattle Pilots^^^[33]	AL	1969	1969	1	Milwaukee Brewers	Milwaukee Brewers	0	0	Poor attendance and desire for a larger ballpark^[34]
Washington Senators^^^[35]	AL	1961	1971	11	Texas Rangers	Texas Rangers	0	0	Poor attendance^[36]
Montreal Expos^[37]	NL	1969	2004	36	Washington Nationals	Washington Nationals	0	0	Poor attendance and desire for a new ballpark^[38]

Negro major league franchises

In 2020, Major League Baseball extended major league recognition to seven Negro leagues:^[39]

• Negro National League (NNL I), 1920–1931
• Eastern Colored League (ECL), 1923–1928
• American Negro League (ANL), 1929
• East–West League (EWL), 1932
• Negro Southern League (NSL), 1932
• Negro National League (NNL II), 1933–1948
• Negro American League (NAL), 1937–1948

The listed years in the table below indicate the first and last years that the franchise played in a major league as recognized by Major League Baseball; many franchises existed before or after playing in a major league. Franchises that played only as associate clubs of a major league are not included. From 1924 to 1927, and from 1942 to 1948, the top Negro leagues crowned a champion through the Negro World Series.

	+Overview of Negro League franchises with MLB-recognized records	Team	League	First	Last	NWS championships	NWS appearances
Atlanta Black Crackers	NSL, NAL	1932	1939	0	0
Bacharach Giants	ECL, ANL	1923	1929	0	2
Baltimore Elite Giants	NNL I, NSL, NNL II	1930	1948	0	0
Baltimore Black Sox	ECL, ANL, EWL, NNL II	1923	1933	0	0
Birmingham Black Barons	NNL I	1924	1948	0	3
Brooklyn Eagles	NNL II	1935	1935	0	0
Brooklyn Royal Giants	ECL	1923	1928	0	0
Chicago American Giants	NNL I, NSL, NNL II, NAL	1920	1948	2	2
Chicago Giants	NNL I	1920	1921	0	0
Cincinnati Tigers	NAL	1937	1937	0	0
Cleveland Browns	NNL I	1924	1924	0	0
Cleveland Buckeyes	NAL	1942	1948	1	2
Cleveland Elites	NNL I	1926	1926	0	0
Cleveland Hornets	NNL I	1927	1927	0	0
Cleveland Red Sox	NNL II	1934	1934	0	0
Cleveland Stars	EWL	1932	1932	0	0
Cleveland Tate Stars	NNL I	1922	1923	0	0
Cleveland Tigers	NNL I	1928	1928	0	0
Columbus Buckeyes	NNL I	1921	1921	0	0
Columbus Blue Birds	NNL II	1933	1933	0	0
Cuban House of David	EWL	1932	1932	0	0
Cuban Stars (East)	ECL, ANL	1923	1929	0	0
Cuban Stars (West)	NNL I	1920	1930	0	0
Dayton Marcos	NNL I	1920	1926	0	0
Detroit Stars	NNL I	1920	1931	0	0
Detroit Stars	NAL	1937	1937	0	0
Detroit Wolves	EWL	1932	1932	0	0
Harrisburg Giants	ECL	1924	1927	0	0
Hilldale Club	ECL, ANL, EWL	1923	1932	1	2
Homestead Grays	ANL, EWL, NNL II	1929	1948	3	5
Jacksonville Red Caps	NAL	1938	1942	0	0
Indianapolis ABCs	NNL I	1920	1926	0	0
Indianapolis ABCs	NNL I, NSL, NNL II	1931	1933	0	0
Indianapolis Athletics	NAL	1937	1937	0	0
Indianapolis Clowns	NAL	1943	1948	0	0
Kansas City Monarchs	NNL I, NAL	1920	1948	2	4
Lincoln Giants	ECL, ANL	1923	1929	0	0
Little Rock Grays	NSL	1932	1932	0	0
Louisville Black Caps	NNL I, NSL	1930	1932	0	0
Memphis Red Sox	NNL I, NSL, NAL	1924	1948	0	0
Milwaukee Bears	NNL I	1923	1923	0	0
Monroe Monarchs	NSL	1932	1932	0	0
Montgomery Grey Sox	NSL	1932	1932	0	0
Newark Browns	EWL	1932	1932	0	0
Newark Eagles	NNL II	1934	1948	1	1
Newark Stars	ECL	1926	1926	0	0
New York Black Yankees	NNL II	1936	1948	0	0
New York Cubans	NNL II	1935	1948	1	1
Philadelphia Stars	NNL II	1934	1948	0	0
Pittsburgh Crawfords	NNL II, NAL	1933	1940	0	0
Pittsburgh Keystones	NNL I	1922	1922	0	0
St. Louis Stars	NNL I	1920	1931	0	0
St. Louis Stars	NAL	1937	1937	0	0
St. Louis–New Orleans Stars	NAL, NNL II	1938	1943	0	0
Toledo Tigers	NNL I	1923	1923	0	0
Washington Black Senators	NNL II	1938	1938	0	0
Washington Pilots	EWL	1932	1932	0	0
Washington Potomacs	ECL	1924	1925	0	0

List of major league franchises that went defunct prior to 1892

The franchises in the following list went defunct before the 1892 season, and played in the National League, the American Association (AA), the Players' League (PL), the Union Association (UA), or some combination of the four leagues. The NL has played continuously since 1876, the AA existed from 1882 to 1891, the UA existed for one season in 1884, and the PL operated for one season in 1890. Note that there have been many cases of multiple distinct franchises sharing the same name.

In 1968–1969, the Special Records Committee, which was established by Major League Baseball, defined the major leagues as consisting of the NA, NL, AA, PL, UA, American League, and Federal League.^[40] The Special Records Committee excluded the National Association (NA), which operated from 1871 to 1875, as a major league. Some baseball writers have nonetheless argued that the NA should be considered the first major league,^[41] but NA franchises are not included below unless they later played in the National League.

	+Major league teams that went defunct prior to 1892	Team	League	First	Last	Pennants
Philadelphia Athletics†	NL	1876	1876	0
New York Mutuals†	NL	1876	1876	0
Hartford Dark Blues†	NL	1876	1876	0
St. Louis Brown Stockings†	NL	1876	1877	0
Louisville Grays	NL	1876	1877	0
Cincinnati Reds	NL	1876	1879	0
Brooklyn Hartfords	NL	1877	1877	0
Milwaukee Grays	NL	1878	1878	0
Indianapolis Blues	NL	1878	1878	0
Providence Grays	NL	1878	1885	2
Syracuse Stars	NL	1879	1879	0
Troy Trojans	NL	1879	1882	0
Cleveland Blues	NL	1879	1884	0
Buffalo Bisons	NL	1879	1885	0
Worcester Worcesters	NL	1880	1882	0
Detroit Wolverines	NL	1881	1888	1
Philadelphia Athletics	AA	1882	1890	1
Columbus Buckeyes	AA	1883	1884	0
New York Metropolitans	AA	1883	1887	1
Altoona Mountain Citys	UA	1884	1884	0
Baltimore Monumentals	UA	1884	1884	0
Boston Reds	UA	1884	1884	0
Pittsburgh Stogies	UA	1884	1884	0
Cincinnati Outlaw Reds	UA	1884	1884	0
Indianapolis Hoosiers	AA	1884	1884	0
Kansas City Cowboys	UA	1884	1884	0
Milwaukee Brewers	UA	1884	1884	0
Philadelphia Keystones	UA	1884	1884	0
Richmond Virginians	AA	1884	1884	0
St. Paul Saints	UA	1884	1884	0
Toledo Blue Stockings	AA	1884	1884	0
Washington Statesmen	AA	1884	1884	0
Washington Nationals	UA	1884	1884	0
Wilmington Quicksteps	UA	1884	1884	0
St. Louis Maroons	UA/NL	1884	1886	1
Kansas City Cowboys	NL	1886	1886	0
Washington Nationals	NL	1886	1889	0
Indianapolis Hoosiers	NL	1887	1889	1
Kansas City Cowboys	AA	1888	1889	0
Columbus Solons	AA	1889	1891	0
Brooklyn Gladiators	AA	1890	1890	0
Brooklyn Ward's Wonders	PL	1890	1890	0
Buffalo Bisons	PL	1890	1890	0
Chicago Pirates	PL	1890	1890	0
Cleveland Infants	PL	1890	1890	0
New York Giants	PL	1890	1890	0
Pittsburgh Burghers	PL	1890	1890	0
Rochester Broncos	AA	1890	1890	0
Syracuse Stars	AA	1890	1890	0
Toledo Maumees	AA	1890	1890	0
Boston Reds	PL/AA	1890	1891	2
Philadelphia Athletics	PL/AA	1890	1891	0
Cincinnati Kelly's Killers	AA	1891	1891	0
Milwaukee Brewers	AA	1891	1891	0

†Indicates a franchise that played in the National Association prior to joining the National League

Timelines

Franchise and league timeline

This timeline includes all franchises (including non-defunct franchises) that played in the AL or NL after 1891; it also shows the eleven historical leagues during the period in which each is considered a major league by Major League Baseball. Only major and recent name changes are marked in blue. Franchise moves are marked in black.

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id:nc value:blue # Name Change

id:NL value:rgb(0.742,0.727,0.852) # National League franchises id:AL value:rgb(0.551,0.824,0.777) # American League franchises id:OL value:rgb(0.988,0.703,0.383) # Other leagues

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bar:5 color:OL from:1882 till:1887 text:Pittsburgh Pirates bar:5 color:NL from:1887 till:2023 text:

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bar:15 color:OL from:1891 till:1892 text:Washington Senators bar:15 color:NL from:1892 till:1900 text: bar:16 color:AL from:1901 till:1903 text: Baltimore Orioles

bar:17 color:AL from:1900 till:1901 text:* bar:17 color:line from:1901 till:1902 text: bar:17 color:AL from:1902 till:1953 text:St. Louis Browns bar:17 color:line from:1953 till:1954 text: bar:17 color:AL from:1954 till:2023 text:Baltimore Orioles

bar:18 color:AL from:1901 till:1954 text: Philadelphia Athletics bar:18 color:line from:1952 till:1953 text: bar:18 color:AL from:1953 till:1967 text: K.C. Athletics bar:18 color:line from:1967 till:1968 text: bar:18 color:AL from:1968 till:2023 text: Oakland Athletics

bar:19 color:AL from:1901 till:1960 text: Washington Senators bar:19 color:line from:1960 till:1961 text: bar:19 color:AL from:1961 till:2023 text: Minnesota Twins

bar:20 color:AL from:1901 till:2023 text: Boston Red Sox

bar:21 color:AL from:1901 till:2023 text: Chicago White Sox

bar:22 color:AL from:1901 till:2021 text: Cleveland Indians bar:22 color:nc from:2021 till:2022 text: bar:22 color:AL from:2022 till:2023 text: Cle. Guardians bar:23 color:AL from:1901 till:2023 text: Detroit Tigers

bar:24 color:AL from:1903 till:2023 text: New York Yankees

bar:25 color:OL from:1914 till:1916 text: Federal League

bar:26 color:OL from:1920 till:1932 text: Negro National League I bar:27 color:OL from:1923 till:1929 text: Eastern Colored League bar:28 color:OL from:1929 till:1930 text: American Negro League bar:29 color:OL from:1932 till:1933 text: East–West League bar:30 color:OL from:1932 till:1933 text: Negro Southern League bar:31 color:OL from:1933 till:1949 text: Negro National League II bar:32 color:OL from:1937 till:1949 text: Negro American League

bar:33 color:AL from:1961 till:1971 text:W. Senators bar:33 color:line from:1971 till:1972 text: bar:33 color:AL from:1972 till:2023 text: Texas Rangers

bar:34 color:AL from:1961 till:1964 text:L.A. bar:34 color:nc from:1964 till:1965 text: bar:34 color:AL from:1965 till:1996 text: California Angels bar:34 color:nc from:1996 till:1997 text: bar:34 color:AL from:1997 till:2004 text:Anaheim bar:34 color:nc from:2004 till:2005 text: bar:34 color:AL from:2005 till:2014 text: L.A.A.A* bar:34 color:nc from:2014 till:2015 text: bar:34 color:AL from:2015 till:2023 text: Los Angeles Angels

bar:35 color:NL from:1962 till:2023 text: New York Mets

bar:36 color:NL from:1962 till:1964 text:* bar:36 color:nc from:1964 till:1965 text: bar:36 color:NL from:1965 till:2013 text: Houston Astros bar:36 color:AL from:2013 till:2023 text:

bar:37 color:NL from:1969 till:2004 text: Montreal Expos bar:37 color:line from:2004 till:2005 text: bar:37 color:NL from:2005 till:2023 text: Washington Nationals

bar:38 color:NL from:1969 till:2023 text: San Diego Padres

bar:39 color:AL from:1968 till:1969 text: * bar:39 color:line from:1969 till:1970 text: bar:39 color:AL from:1970 till:1998 text: Milwaukee Brewers bar:39 color:NL from:1998 till:2023 text:

bar:40 color:AL from:1969 till:2023 text: Kansas City Royals

bar:41 color:AL from:1977 till:2023 text: Toronto Blue Jays

bar:42 color:AL from:1977 till:2023 text: Seattle Mariners

bar:43 color:NL from:1993 till:2010 text: Florida Marlins bar:43 color:nc from:2010 till:2011 text: bar:43 color:NL from:2011 till:2023 text: Miami Marlins

bar:44 color:NL from:1993 till:2023 text: Colorado Rockies

bar:45 color:NL from:1998 till:2023 text: Arizona Diamondbacks

bar:46 color:AL from:1998 till:2023 text: Tampa Bay Rays*

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• From 1954 through 1959, during the Cold War, the Cincinnati Reds changed their name to the Redlegs for 5 seasons due to the connection between communism and the color red.
• The Baltimore Orioles were inaugurated in 1901 as the Milwaukee Brewers and finished in dead last. They quickly moved to Saint Louis as the Browns and eventually moved to Baltimore.
• The Houston Astros were named the Colt .45s for their inaugural three seasons.
• L.A.A.A stands for Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The name caused controversy between the two cities and led to the 2015 name change.
• The Milwaukee Brewers played their 1969 inaugural season in Seattle as the Pilots but moved to Milwaukee six days before the 1970 season opener.
• Tampa Bay started as the Devil Rays in 1998 and changed their name in 2009 to the Rays, dropping the “Devil” from the original name.

Pre-1900 city timeline

This timeline shows the history of major league franchises (including non-defunct franchises) before 1900. Multiple bars for a city indicates that the city hosted multiple major league franchises at the same time; for example, Philadelphia at times hosted two or three franchises concurrently. Gaps in the bars indicate a change in franchises; for example, there were three franchises known as the Kansas City Cowboys. Franchise moves are not tracked by this timeline.

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bar:25 color:NL from:1879 till:1880 text:Syracuse Stars bar:25 color:AA from:1890 till:1891 text:Syracuse Stars

bar:26 color:NL from:1879 till:1883 text:Troy Trojans

bar:27 color:NL from:1880 till:1883 text:Worcester Worcesters

bar:28 color:NL from:1881 till:1889 text:Detroit Wolverines

bar:29 color:AA from:1882 till:1887 text:Pittsburgh Pirates bar:29 color:NL from:1887 till:1900 text: bar:30 color:UA from:1884 till:1885 text:Pittsburgh Stogies bar:30 color:PL from:1890 till:1891 text:Pittsburgh Burghers

bar:31 color:AA from:1882 till:1892 text:Baltimore Orioles bar:31 color:NL from:1892 till:1900 text: bar:32 color:UA from:1884 till:1885 text:Baltimore Monumentals

bar:33 color:AA from:1883 till:1885 text:Columbus Buckeyes bar:33 color:AA from:1889 till:1892 text:Columbus Solons

bar:34 color:UA from:1884 till:1885 text:Washington Nationals bar:34 color:NL from:1886 till:1890 text: bar:34 color:AA from:1891 till:1892 text:Washington Senators bar:34 color:NL from:1892 till:1900 text: bar:35 color:AA from:1884 till:1885 text:Washington Statesmen

bar:36 color:UA from:1884 till:1885 text:Kansas City Cowboys bar:36 color:NL from:1886 till:1887 text: bar:36 color:AA from:1888 till:1890 text:Kansas City Cowboys bar:37 color:UA from:1884 till:1885 text:Toledo Blue Stockings bar:37 color:AA from:1890 till:1891 text:Toledo Maumees

bar:38 color:UA from:1884 till:1885 text:Altoona Mountain Citys

bar:39 color:AA from:1884 till:1885 text:Richmond Virginians

bar:40 color:UA from:1884 till:1885 text:St. Paul Saints bar:41 color:AA from:1884 till:1885 text:Wilmington Quicksteps

bar:42 color:AA from:1890 till:1891 text:Rochester Broncos

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:5 start:1876TextData =

fontsize:L

textcolor:black

pos:(0,30) tabs:(400-center)

text:^"Pre-1900 Major League Baseball franchises"

Cities that have hosted National or American League Baseball teams

• Anaheim, CA (1966-present)
• Atlanta (1966-present)
• Baltimore (1882-1899, 1901-1902, 1954-present)
• Boston (1871-present, two teams 1901-52)
• Brooklyn (1877, 1890-1957)
• Buffalo, NY (1879-1885)
• Chicago (1874-present, two teams 1901-present)
• Cincinnati (1876-1879, 1890-present)
• Cleveland (1879-1884, 1887-1899, 1901-present)
• Dallas/Fort Worth (1972-present)
• Denver (1993-present)
• Detroit (1881-1888, 1901-present)
• Hartford (1876)
• Houston (1962-present)
• Indianapolis (1878, 1887-1889)
• Kansas City (1886, 1955-67, 1969-present)
• Los Angeles (1958-present, two teams 1961-1965)
• Louisville (1876-1877, 1882-1899)
• Miami (1993-present)
• Milwaukee (1878, 1901, 1953-65, 1970-present)
• Minneapolis–Saint Paul (1961-present)
• Montreal (1969-2004)
• New York City (1876, 1883-present, two teams 1903-57 and 1962-present)
• Oakland, CA (1968-present)
• Philadelphia (1876, 1883-present, two teams 1901-54)
• Phoenix (1998-present)
• Pittsburgh (1887-present)
• Providence (1878-1885)
• San Diego (1969-present)
• San Francisco (1958-present)
• Seattle (1969, 1977-present)
• St. Louis (1876-77, 1885-86, 1892-present, two teams 1902-1953)
• Syracuse (1879)
• Tampa/St. Petersburg (1998-present)
• Toronto (1977-present)
• Troy, NY (1879-1882)
• Washington, DC (1886-1889, 1891-1899, 1901-60, 1961-71, 2005-present)
• Worcester (1880-1882)

See also

• American League franchises
• List of defunct professional baseball leagues
• National League franchises
• National Association franchises

Notes and References

1. Web site: Oakland A's to play in Sacramento's Sutter Health Park beginning in 2025 ahead of move to Las Vegas. Evan. Drellich. Ken. Rosenthal. The Athletic. April 4, 2024. subscription.
2. Web site: Louisville Colonels Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
3. News: MLB TO ELIMINATE TWO TEAMS. 26 September 2017. AP. Wired. 7 November 2001.
4. Web site: Baltimore Orioles Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
5. Web site: Cleveland Spiders Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
6. Web site: Washington Senators Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
7. Web site: Baltimore Orioles Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
8. News: Russell. Doug. Milwaukee's first Major League team remembered. No, not them.. 27 September 2017. OnMilwaukee. 2 March 2012.
9. Web site: Baltimore Orioles Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
10. Web site: Thorn. John. The House That McGraw Built. Our Game. John Thorn. 26 September 2017.
11. Web site: Newark Peppers Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
12. Book: Spatz. Lyle. Historical Dictionary of Baseball. 2012. Scarecrow Press. 161.
13. Web site: Kansas City Packers Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
14. Web site: Chicago Whales Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
15. Web site: Baltimore Terrapins Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
16. Web site: St. Louis Terriers Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
17. Web site: Brooklyn Tip-Tops Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
18. Web site: Pittsburgh Rebels Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
19. Web site: Buffalo Bisons Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
20. Web site: Atlanta Braves Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
21. News: Emery. Tom. When the Braves called Boston home. 27 September 2017. Providence Journal. 31 March 2016.
22. News: Jones. Landon. How Bill Veeck Invented the Baltimore Orioles. 27 September 2017. The Huffington Post. 10 December 2014.
23. Web site: Philadelphia Athletics Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
24. Web site: Warrington. Robert D.. Departure Without Dignity: The Athletics Leave Philadelphia. Society for American Baseball Research. 27 September 2017.
25. Web site: San Francisco Giants Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
26. Web site: Goldman. Steven. What the hell are the Giants doing in San Francisco, anyway?. SBNation. 27 September 2017.
27. Web site: Los Angeles Dodgers Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
28. Web site: Hirsch. Paul. Walter O'Malley Was Right. 27 September 2017. Society for American Baseball Research.
29. Web site: Minnesota Twins Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
30. Web site: Hennessy. Kevin. Calvin Griffith: The Ups and Downs of the last Family-Owned Baseball Team. Society for American Baseball Research. 27 September 2017.
31. Web site: Hylon. J. Gordon. Why Milwaukee Lost the Braves: Perspectives on Law and Culture From a Half-Century Later. 27 September 2017. Marquette University Law School.
32. News: Rieper. Max. Losing a sports team: The relocation of the Kansas City Athletics. 27 September 2017. SBNation. 20 January 2016.
33. Web site: Milwaukee Brewers Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
34. News: Caple. Jim. Seattle Pilots barely remembered, except through Brewers, 'Ball Four'. 27 September 2017. ESPN. 24 August 2016.
35. Web site: Texas Rangers Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
36. Eisen. Jeffrey M.. Franchise Relocation in Major League Baseball. University of Miami Entertainment & Sports Law Review. 1987. 4. 19. 27 September 2017.
37. Web site: Washington Nationals Team History & Encyclopedia. Baseball Reference. 23 September 2017.
38. News: Panetta. Alexander. Twenty years after historic season cancelled, the ‘Montreal Expos’ back in first. 27 September 2017. The Globe and Mail. 13 September 2014.
39. News: Castrovince . Anthony . MLB adds Negro Leagues to official records . MLB . December 16, 2020.
40. News: Thorn. John. Why Is the National Association Not a Major League … and Other Records Issues. 28 September 2017. MLB.com. 4 May 2015.
41. News: Ryczek. William. Why the National Association Was a Major League. 26 September 2017. The National Pastime Museum.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of defunct and relocated Major League Baseball teams".

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