List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs explained

This is a list of reigning non-sovereign monarchs in Asia, including traditional rulers and governing constitutional monarchs, but not the kings of Bahrain, Bhutan, Cambodia, Jordan, Saudi Arabia or Thailand, the emperor of Japan, the sultans of Brunei or Oman, or the emirs of Kuwait or Qatar. Each monarch listed below reigns over a legally recognised dominion, but in most cases possess little or no sovereign governing power. Their titles, however, are recognised by the state. Entries are listed beside their respective dominions, and are grouped by country.

Indonesia

Present information regarding governmental recognition of traditional monarchs in Indonesia is inadequate. In some instances below, pre-colonial polities have been restored, and the royal titles of their leaders have been nominally confirmed. In other cases, the government has refused to revive monarchies that had been abolished during the earliest years of the republic. Despite the historical suppression of these dynasties, a large number have retained their culture, identity, and their status within their own communities. Royal titles are still widely used, bestowed in formal enthronement ceremonies conducted without formal recognition from Jakarta.

In recent years, the number of dynasties receiving recognition as nominal cultural authorities has steadily increased.[1] However, because it remains unclear as to which monarchies have not yet been recognised, the list below will contain all extant Indonesian dynasties on which there is information available. Monarchs that have explicitly been denied recognition are listed under pretenders. The Sultan of Yogyakarta and the Duke of Pakualaman are listed separately due to the constitutional nature of their position.

Constituent Monarch Since Type Succession Refs
Indonesia Yogyakarta 2 October 1988 Hereditary [2]
Indonesia Pakualaman 7 January 2016 Hereditary [3]
Bali
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Indonesia Bangli Anak Agung Made Rai Rama 1961 Hereditary [4]
Buleleng Anak Agung Ngurah Brawida 2 June 1978 Hereditary
Denpasar Tjokorda Ngurah Jambe 25 November 2005 Hereditary [5]
Gianyar Anak Agung Gde Agung II 22 April 1999 Hereditary
Karangasem Anak Agung Gde Agung Putra Agung 9 April 2009 Hereditary
Kasiman Tjokorda Ngurah Kusuma Wardhana 22 April 1989 Hereditary [6]
Klungkung Dewa Agung Ida Dalem Semaraputra 10 October 2010 Hereditary
Pamecutan Tjokorda Ngurah Manik Parisara 1986 Hereditary [7]
Tabanan Tjokorda Anglurah 21 March 2008 Hereditary
Ubud Vacant 20 July 1978 Hereditary [8]
Borneo
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Indonesia Banjarmasin Sultan Khairul Saleh 24 July 2010 Alwatzkubillah Hereditary
Bulungan Sultan Abdul Hamid 2 December 2008 Hereditary
Kutai Sultan Aji Muhammad Arifin Kutai Hereditary [9]
Kubu Tuan Besar Syarif Ibrahim bin Syarif Nyoh 4 March 2008 Al Idrus Hereditary [10]
Kotawaringin Pangeran Ratu Alidin Sukma Alamsyah 2010[11] Alwatzkubillah Hereditary
Landak Pangeran Ratu Suryansyah Amiruddin 24 January 2000 Ismahayana Hereditary [12]
Matan Pangeran Ratu Uti Iwan Kusnadi 11 August 2004 Hereditary
Mempawah Pangeran Ratu Mulawangsa Mardan Adijaya 12 August 2002 Amantubillah Hereditary [13] [14]
Pasir Pangeran Ratu Abdul Rasyid 16 October 2000 Belengkong Hereditary
Pontianak Sultan Syarif Mahmud Alkadrie 17 July 2017[15] Al Kadri Hereditary
Sambaliung Sultan Fachruddin 19 October 2009 Berau Hereditary
Sambas Pangeran Ratu Muhammad Tarhan 3 February 2008 Alwatzkubillah Hereditary
Sanggau Pangeran Ratu Arman Surya 26 July 2009 Suryanegara Hereditary
Sekadau Pangeran Agung Muhammad Efendi 28 February 2009 Hereditary [16]
Selimbau Panembahan Muhammad Asbi 2004 Assidiqi Hereditary
Simpang Sultan Muhammad Jamaluddin II 31 May 2008 Hereditary
Sintang Panembahan Kusuma Negara V 17 September 2003 Kusumanegara Hereditary
Java
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Indonesia Banten 11 December 2016 Surosowan Hereditary
Kacirebonan Sultan Abdul Gani Natadiningrat III 28 October 1997 Hereditary
Kanoman Sultan Muhammad Emiruddin 6 March 2003 Hereditary
Kasepuhan Sultan Sepuh XIV 30 April 2010 Hereditary
Mangkunegaran 12 March 2022Hereditary [17]
Sumedang Paduka Yang Mulia Sri Radya Lukman Soemadisoeria Hereditary
Surakarta 10 September 2004 Hereditary [18]
Maluku
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Indonesia Amahai Upu Latu Johan Dominggus Hallatu 1954Hallatu Ruma IraloHereditary and elective
Atiahu Jou Muhammadiyah Wailissa Wailissa Hereditary [19]
Bacan Sultan Al-Abd-Al-Rahim Gary bin Gahral 19 November 2010 Kamarullah Hereditary and elective
Faan Raja Patris April 2002 Renwarin Hereditary
Hitu Upu Latu Salhana Pellu 21 March 2007 Hitulama Hereditary
Jailolo Sultan Abdullah Syah January 2002 Hereditary
Kisar Raja Johannis Bakker Bakker Hereditary
Loloda Jogugu Lutfi Muhammad Syamsuddin 30 August 2009 Syamsuddin Hereditary
Soya Raja Johan Lodewijk Rehatta 9 December 2005 Rehatta Hereditary and elective [20]
Tulehu Upu Latu John Saleh Ohorella 13 February 2003 Ohorella Hereditary [21]
Ternate Sultan Hidayatullah Sjah 18 December 2021 Hereditary [22]
Tidore Sultan Djafar Syah 28 October 1999 Hereditary
Papua
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Indonesia Arguni Raja Hanafi Pauspaus PauspausHereditary
Atiati Raja Muhammad Syahrul Yusuf Bay 14 February 2018 Kerewaindżai Hereditary[23]
Fatagar Raja Taufiq Heru 31 December 2009 Uswanas Hereditary
Kaimana 1980 Aituarauw Hereditary
Namatota Ratu Randi Asnawi Ombaier 2017 Ombaier Hereditary [24]
Patipi Raja Atarai Iba 2022Sameni Hereditary
Rumbati Raja Hamrad Pitupuwah Bauw 2 May 2019 Bauw Hereditary [25]
Salawati Raja Muhammad Tahir Arfan Arfan Hereditary
Sekar Raja Arief Rumagesan RumagesanHereditary [26]
Wertuar Raja Musa Heremba 15 April 1988 Heremba Hereditary
Roti
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Indonesia Baa Manek Paulus Dae Pane 1998 Dae Pane Hereditary <-- Could not confirm incumbents for the following entries - Bilba Manek person date family Hereditary -->
Bokai Manek Herman Dupe 1 January 1961 Dupe Hereditary
Dehla Manek Nehemia Ndun 2 October 1972 Ndun Hereditary
Dengka Vacant 1970 Tungga Hereditary <-- Could not confirm incumbents for the following entries - Diu Manek person date family Hereditary
Keka Manek person date family Hereditary -->
Korbafo Vacant 6 March 2000 Manubulu Hereditary
Landu Vacant 18 March 2008 Johannes Hereditary
Lelain Manek Yunus Besi Besi Hereditary
Lelenuk Manek Christoffel Daik 28 September 1994 Daik Hereditary
Loleh Manek Soleman Zacharias 15 July 2003 Zacharias Hereditary
Ndao Manek Soleman Kotten 1968 Kotten Hereditary
Oenale Manek Christoffel Hanok Lenggu Lenggu Hereditary
Oepao Manek Jefry Sjioen 2005 Sjioen Hereditary
Ringgou Vacant 22 March 2002 Daoed Hereditary <-- Could not confirm incumbents for the following entries - Talae Hereditary -->
Termanu Manek Soleman Jeremias Amalo 14 October 2007 Amalo Hereditary
Thie Vacant 25 January 2010 Mburalae Hereditary
Sulawesi
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Indonesia Balangnipa Maradia Fadly Patayangi 19 November 2005 Hereditary
Banawa Vacant 16 November 2006 Hereditary [27]
Banggai Tomundo Mohamad Fikran Ramadhan 29 January 2010 Awaluddin Hereditary
Barru Vacant Hereditary
Bone Arumpone Baso Hamid 7 April 2006 Hereditary
Buton Sultan La Ode Mohammad Izat Manarfa 27 November 2006 Kumbewahatak Hereditary
Gowa Sultan Kumala Idjo Batara Gowa III 2014 Hereditary
Luwu Tuanku Datu Haji Andi Maradang Mackulau S.H. December 2012 House of Royal Buginese Luwu Hereditary [28]
Mamuju Maradia Maksum Dai Mak Lonjok Hereditary [29]
Mori Vacant Hereditary
Sanrabone Karaeng Ali Mallombasi 25 July 2008 Sanrabone Hereditary
Soppeng Datu Unru Mappanjantji 2001 Hereditary
Sumatra
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Indonesia Asahan Sultan Kamal Abrahim 17 May 1980 Pinangawan Hereditary
Bangkara Raja Sisingamangaraja XV 24 December 1972 Hereditary
Deli Sultan Aria Lamanjiji 22 July 2005 Maimun Hereditary [30]
Dolok Silau Raja Tanjar Gaim Purba Tambak 23 November 2008 Purba Hereditary
Indragiri Sultan Tengku Arief 1 February 1986 Hereditary
Jambi Sultan Abdurrahman Taha Syaifuddin Syah 18 March 2012 Hereditary and elective [31]
Langkat Sultan Azwar Abdul Jalil 21 May 2003 Hereditary and elective
Pagaruyung Raja Alam Muhammad Taufik Thaib 10 June 2007 Hereditary
Palembang Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin III 4 March 2003 Hereditary [32]
Pelalawan Tengku Besar Kamaruddin bin Harun 7 August 2008 Al Shahab Hereditary
Serdang Sultan Basyarsyah II 28 January 2001 Alamsyah Hereditary
Siak Sultan Nasir Abdul Jalil Saifuddin VI 11 February 1984 Al Syihab Hereditary [33]
Siguntur Sultan Hendri Tuanku Bagindo Ratu 1968 Siguntur Hereditary [34]
Timor
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Indonesia Amanatun Usif Pah Gustaf Immanuel 26 September 1996 Banunaek Hereditary [35]
Amanuban Usif Pah Nesi Nope 1980 Nope Hereditary [36]
Amarasi Usif Pah Robert Maurits Koroh 1990 Koroh Hereditary [37]
Amfoan Usif Pah Robert Gordon Manoh 27 September 2001 Manoch Hereditary [38]
Biboki Usif Pah Johanis Tnesi Us Boko Hereditary [39]
Boti Usif Pah Nama Benu March 2005 Benu Hereditary
Fialarang Loro Jadokus Manek 1990 Hereditary
Insana Usif Pah Theodorus Taolin 1991 Taolin Hereditary [40]
Kupang Usif Pah Leopold Nicolaas Nisnoni July 2004 Elective and hereditary [41]
Lamaknen Loro Josef Kalimau 16 October 2003 Elective and hereditary [42]
Miomaffo Usif Pah Alfons Kono 1986 Kono Hereditary [43]
Mollo Usif Pah Edison Oematan 12 August 2001 Oematan Hereditary [44]
Noimuti Usif Pah Antonius da Costa Hereditary [45]
Wehali Disputed 11 May 2003 Waihale Hereditary
East Timor Oecusse Liurai Antonio I 4 May 2001 Hereditary
Others
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Indonesia Anakalang Raja Sappi Pateduk II 1992 Hereditary
Barnusa Raja Akbar Salim Baso Hereditary
Batulolong Raja Constantijn Karimalei 1996 Karimalei Hereditary [46]
Bima Jena Teke Zulkarnain 17 June 2001 Dewa Dalam Bawa Hereditary [47]
Dompu Vacant 1964 Sirajuddin Hereditary
Kolana Raja Yusuf Makunimau 1996 Makunimau Hereditary
Kui Raja Kaharuddin Kinanggi Kinanggi Hereditary [48]
Lamakera Raja Abdul Gafur Ibrahim 1987 Dasi Hereditary
Lewa Raja Pingi Ai 23 January 1978 Hereditary
Lohayong Sengaji Muhamad Idrus February 2008 Kalake Hereditary
Riau-Lingga Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazzam Shah ibni Almarhum Yamtuan Muda Riau X Raja Muhammad Yusuf 8 April 1964 Hereditary [49]
Sumbawa Sultan Muhammad Kaharuddin IV 5 April 2011 Kaharuddin Hereditary [50]

Malaysia

Constituent Monarch Since Type Succession Refs
Malaysia Johor 22 January 2010 House of Temenggong JohorHereditary [51]
Kedah 12 September 2017 House of MahawangsaHereditary
Kelantan 13 September 2010 House of Long YunusHereditary
Negeri Sembilan 29 December 2008 House of Royal Pagaruyung-Negeri SembilanHereditary and elective
Pahang 15 January 2019 Hereditary
Perak 29 May 2014 House of Siak-PerakHereditary
Perlis 17 April 2000 Hereditary
Selangor 21 November 2001 Hereditary
Terengganu 16 May 1998 Hereditary
Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Negeri Sembilan Jelebu Dato' Mendika Menteri AkhirulzamanDato' Haji Maarof bin Haji Mat Rashad2018 House of KemimElective and hereditary [52]
Johol Dato' Johan Pahlawan Lela Perkasa Setiawan Dato' Muhammad bin Haji Abdullah 27 March 2016 House of Gemencheh Elective and hereditary [53] [54]
Naning Dato' Mohd Nazrol Bin Mahamad Sapar 2020 Elective and hereditary [55]
Rembau House of Jakun Elective and hereditary [56] [57]
Sungai Ujong Dato' Klana PetraDato' Mubarak Dohak29 December 1993 House of Hulu Elective and hereditary [58] [59]
Tampin Tunku Syed Razman bin Tunku Syed Idrus Al-Qadri 26 December 2005 House of Al Qadri Hereditary [60] [61]

Philippines

Polity Monarch Since Succession Refs
Philippines Buayan Sultan Mohammad Amil Kusain 28 June 2008 Camsa Hereditary
Lanao Sultan Mastura Manabilang 25 May 1996 Ranao

Notes and References

  1. Van Klinken . Gerry . Return of the Sultans: The Communitarian Turn in Local Politics . The Revival of Tradition in Indonesian Politics: The Deployment of Adat from Colonialism to Indigenism . 149–169 . Routledge . London . 2007 . 1309406 .
  2. Web site: YALE TO HOST SRI SULTAN HAMENGKU BUWONO X, SULTAN OF YOGYAKARTA, CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA . Council on Southeast Asia Studies at Yale University . 30 October 2022.
  3. News: Muryanto . Bambang . Susanto . Slamet . Pakualaman has new monarch . 30 October 2022 . The Jakarta Post . 7 January 2016.
  4. Web site: Cahoon, Ben . Indonesian Traditional States I . World Statesmen.org . 28 April 2010.
  5. News: Wheels within wheels . Hello Bali . Denpasar . November 2006 . 28 April 2010.
  6. News: Bali figures angry over court ruling . The Jakarta Post . Jakarta . 31 July 2004 . 28 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110607063910/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2004/07/31/bali-figures-angry-over-court-ruling.html . 2011-06-07 . dead.
  7. News: People's Prince rides again . Hello Bali . Denpasar . December 2006 . 28 April 2010.
  8. News: Waretini . Rikihana . Royalty in Bali Then and Now . Tropical Living . 2008 . 1 May 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110724113312/http://www.tropical-living.net/tropical-living-tropical-homes.php?idcontent=168&idedition=12 . 24 July 2011 . dead .
  9. Web site: Cahoon, Ben . Indonesian Traditional States II . World Statesmen.org . 28 April 2010.
  10. Web site: Alaydrus, Ardiansyah . Kubu Community Forum . 28 April 2010. ms.
  11. Web site: Kisah Pangeran Ama, Penjaga Istana Kuning Kerajaan Kutaringin yang Tak Jumawa .
  12. Web site: Marsanto, Khidir . Royaume de Landak . Melayu Online . May 2009 . 28 April 2010 . fr . https://web.archive.org/web/20100102172155/http://melayuonline.com/fr/history/dig/426/royaume-de-landak-kalimantan-ouest/ . 2 January 2010 . dead .
  13. Web site: Raditya, Iswara N. . Washing Heirlooms of Mempawah Kingdom . Melayu Online . February 2010 . 28 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100501065659/http://melayuonline.com/eng/news/read/10674/washing-heirlooms-of-mempawah-kingdom . 1 May 2010 . dead .
  14. News: Yahya . Rosli Abidin . Culturally rich Mempawah Kingdom . Brunei fm . Mempawah . 6 March 2010 . 28 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100311214853/http://news.brunei.fm/2010/03/06/culturally-rich-mempawah-kingdom . 2010-03-11 . dead.
  15. Web site: Syarif Machmud Melvin Alkadrie Resmi Dinobatkan Sebagai Sultan Ke IX . 17 July 2017 .
  16. News: Hartono . Hermanus . Gusti Efendi Dikukuh Sebagai Raja Budaya Negeri Sekadau . Borneo Tribune . 2 March 2009 . 28 April 2010 . ms . https://web.archive.org/web/20100304163925/http://www.borneotribune.com/sekadau/gusti-efendi-dikukuh-sebagai-raja-budaya-negeri-sekadau.html . 2010-03-04 . dead.
  17. Web site: Negoro, Suryo . Sri Mangkoenagoro IX . Joglosemar Online . 28 April 2010.
  18. News: Mydans . Seth . In a Sultanate Known as Solo, One Too Many Kings . The New York Times . Solo . 17 February 2008 . 28 April 2010.
  19. Proses Pengambilan Kebijakan Pengangkatan Raja Berdasarkan Sistem Adat Lokal Di Negeri Atiahu Kecamatan Siwalalat Kabupaten Seram Bagian Timur Provinsi Maluku. 2020. 17 July 2024. id. Universitas Islam Malang. Malang, Indonesia. Program Studi Magister Ilmu Administrasi. 2337-697X. 1. 11. Azrul Azwar. Wailissa. Sunaryanto. Afiffudin.
  20. Web site: Gigengack, Erik . Pesulima Family History and Genealogy . 28 April 2010.
  21. News: Tunny . Muhammad Azis . Idul Adha marked by body piercing in Maluku village . The Jakarta Post . Tulehu . 14 January 2006 . 1 May 2010.
  22. News: Yusuf . Muhammad . Hidayatullah Sjah resmi dikukuhkan sebagai Sultan Ternate ke-49 . 30 October 2022 . Antara . 18 December 2021.
  23. Web site: Maga . Anwar . Kerajaan Atiati Fakfak memiliki raja baru . ANTARA News Papua . 2018-02-14 . id . 2022-07-28.
  24. Web site: Desa Wisata Namatota . JADESTA . id . 2022-11-03.
  25. Web site: Danramil Hadiri Pengukuhan Raja Rumbati Hambrat Pitupuah Bauw – Website Resmi Kodam XVIII/Kasuari Papua Barat . Website Resmi Kodam XVIII/Kasuari Papua Barat – Patriot Pembela Rakyat . 2015-07-14 . id . 2022-07-28.
  26. Web site: Janur . Katharina . Keberanian Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan, Kobarkan Semangat Persatuan Bangsa . liputan6.com . 2020-11-10 . id . 2022-04-16.
  27. Web site: Sangadji, Ruslan . Paying Homage to the King of Banawa: Sulawesi . Planet Mole: Indonesia in Focus . 5 November 2007 . 28 June 2010.
  28. News: Ritual Pamona Menyambut Sri Paduka Datu Luwu . Luwuraya News . 8 November 2009 . 28 April 2010 . ms . https://web.archive.org/web/20110713164034/http://sosbud.kompasiana.com/2009/11/08/ritual-pamona-menyambut-sri-paduka-datu-luwu/ . 13 July 2011 . dead .
  29. News: Raja Mamuju Prihatin Kondisi Rumah Adat . Forum Kebudayaan Indonesia . Mamuju . 29 December 2009 . 28 April 2010 . ms . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726062244/http://www.forumbudaya.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1648&Itemid=65 . 2011-07-26 . dead.
  30. Web site: Soszynski, Henry . Deli . Genealogical Gleanings . University of Queensland . 28 April 2010.
  31. Web site: Cahoon, Ben . Indonesian Traditional States I . World Statesmen.org . 16 January 2018.
  32. News: Saleh . Khairul . Sultan Iskandar Mahmud Badaruddin III . The Jakarta Post . Palembang . 14 April 2010 . 28 April 2010.
  33. Web site: Soszynski, Henry . Siak . Genealogical Gleanings . University of Queensland . 28 April 2010.
  34. News: Syofiardi Bachyul Jb . Teenagers take on 'Toga' tradition . The Jakarta Post . 5 April 2008 . 28 April 2010.
  35. Web site: Amanatun . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101220143150/http://www.royaltimor.com/Amanatun.html . 2010-12-20 . dead.
  36. Web site: Amanuban . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101220143155/http://www.royaltimor.com/Amanuban.html . 20 December 2010.
  37. Web site: Amarasi . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081120185022/http://www.royaltimor.com/Amarasi.html . 20 November 2008.
  38. Web site: Amfoan . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101221033921/http://www.royaltimor.com/Amfoan.html . 21 December 2010.
  39. Web site: Biboki . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101220143200/http://www.royaltimor.com/Biboki.html . 2010-12-20 . dead.
  40. Web site: Insana . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20081120190859/http://www.royaltimor.com/Insana.html . 20 November 2008.
  41. Web site: Raja of Kupang . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101129190544/http://www.royaltimor.com/Raja_of_Kupang.html . 29 November 2010.
  42. Web site: The Bunak Princedom of Lamaknen . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101220143221/http://www.royaltimor.com/lamaknen.html . 20 December 2010.
  43. Web site: Miomaffo . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101220143210/http://www.royaltimor.com/Miomaffo.html . 2010-12-20 . dead.
  44. Web site: Mollo . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20101220143216/http://www.royaltimor.com/Mollo.html . 2010-12-20 . dead.
  45. Web site: Noimuti . Royal Timor: Kings, Rajas and Dynasties of Timor . Tick, Donald P . 28 April 2010 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101221033931/http://www.royaltimor.com/Noimuti.html . 21 December 2010.
  46. Web site: Tick, Donald P. . Raja Constantijn Karimalei of Batulolong . Kingdoms of Indonesia (Kerajaan Indonesia) . September 2008 . 28 April 2010.
  47. Web site: Women in power from 2000 . Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership . Christensen, Martin . 28 April 2010.
  48. Web site: Tick, Donald P. . Kui . Indonesia Pusaka . August 2005 . 28 April 2010.
  49. Web site: Soszynski, Henry . Lingga . Genealogical Gleanings . University of Queensland . 28 April 2010.
  50. News: Pagi Ini DMA Kaharuddin Dinobatkan Sebagai Sultan Sumbawa ke-17 . 9 November 2021 . Tempo . 5 April 2011 . id.
  51. Web site: Soszynski, Henry . Malaysia . Genealogical Gleanings . University of Queensland . 28 April 2010.
  52. News: Istiadat pertabalan Undang Luak Jelebu Ke-16 diadakan secara rasmi . 30 October 2022 . Berita Harian . 21 August 2019.
  53. News: Istiadat menghadap Undang Luak Johol di Istana Seri Menanti . 30 October 2022 . Berita Harian . 14 December 2016.
  54. Web site: Institusi Undang . Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan . 30 October 2022.
  55. Web site: Dato Undang Naning . Lembaga Adat Perpatih Naning Melaka . 30 October 2022.
  56. Web site: Ibrahim . Norzali . undang luak rembau ke-21 adat dan istiadat perlantikan . malaycivilization.com . 30 October 2022.
  57. Web site: Institusi Undang . Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan . 30 October 2022.
  58. News: 'Don't challenge Mubarak's appointment' . 30 October 2022 . The Star . 7 January 2009.
  59. Web site: Institusi Undang . Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan . 30 October 2022.
  60. News: Tunku Besar Tampin Yang Baru Ditabal Menghadap YAM Tuan . 30 October 2022 . World News Network . Bernama . 24 August 2006.
  61. Web site: Institusi Undang . Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan . 30 October 2022.

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