List of cruisers of Germany explained

Starting in the 1880s, the German German: [[Kaiserliche Marine]] (Imperial Navy) began building a series of cruisers. The first designs—protected and unprotected—were ordered to replace aging sail and steam-powered frigates and corvettes that were of minimal combat value. After several iterations of each type, these cruisers were developed into armored and light cruisers, respectively, over the following decade. They were built to fill a variety of roles, including scouts for the main battle fleet and colonial cruisers for Germany's overseas empire. The armored cruisers in turn led to the first German battlecruiser, .

The protected and unprotected cruisers had been withdrawn from active service by the 1910s, though some continued in secondary roles. Most of the armored and light cruisers saw action in World War I, in all of the major theaters of the conflict. Their service ranged from commerce raiding patrols on the open ocean to the fleet engagements in the North Sea such as the Battle of Jutland. Many were sunk in the course of the war, and the majority of the remainder were either seized as war prizes by the victorious Allies, scuttled by their crews in Scapa Flow in 1919, or broken up for scrap. The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to surrender most of its remaining vessels. Only six old pre-dreadnought battleships and six old light cruisers could be kept on active duty. These ships could be replaced when they reached twenty years of age, and the cruisers were limited to a displacement of .^[1]

In the 1920s, Germany began a modest program to rebuild its fleet, now renamed the German: [[Reichsmarine]]. It began with the new light cruiser,, in 1921, followed by five more light cruisers and three new heavy cruisers, the . A further five heavy cruisers—the —were ordered in the mid-1930s, though only the first three were completed. At the same time, the German navy was renamed the German: [[Kriegsmarine]]. Plan Z, a more ambitious reconstruction program that called for twelve P-class cruisers, was approved in early 1939 but was cancelled before the end of the year following the outbreak of World War II. Of the six heavy cruisers and six light cruisers that were finished, only two survived the war. One,, was sunk following nuclear weapons tests during Operation Crossroads in 1946; the other,, saw service in the Soviet Navy until she was scrapped around 1960.

Key

Armament	The number and type of the primary armament
Armor	The thickness of the deck or belt armor
Displacement	Ship displacement at full combat load
Propulsion	Number of shafts, type of propulsion system, and top speed generated
Cost	Cost of the ship's construction
Service	The dates work began and finished on the ship and its ultimate fate
Laid down	The date the keel began to be assembled
Commissioned	The date the ship was commissioned

Protected cruisers

See main article: List of protected cruisers of Germany.

Starting in the mid-1880s, the German Navy began to modernize its cruising force, which at that time relied on a mixed collection of sail and steam frigates and corvettes. General Leo von Caprivi, then the Chief of the German: [[Kaiserliche Marine]] (Imperial Navy), ordered several new warships, including two s laid down in 1886, the first protected cruisers to be built in Germany. Design work on their successor,, began the following year, though she was not laid down until 1890. Five more ships of the followed in the mid-1890s. These ships, the last protected cruisers built in Germany, provided the basis for the armored cruisers that were built starting at the end of the decade. All of these ships were intended to serve both as fleet scouts and overseas cruisers, since Germany's limited naval budget prevented development of ships optimized for each task.

Most of the German protected cruisers served on overseas stations throughout their careers, primarily in the East Asia Squadron in the 1890s and 1900s. participated in the seizure of the Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory in November 1897, which was used as the primary base for the East Asia Squadron. German: Kaiserin Augusta,, and assisted in the suppression of the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900, and saw action during the Venezuelan crisis of 1902–03, where she bombarded several Venezuelan fortresses., German: Prinzess Wilhelm, and German: Kaiserin Augusta were relegated to secondary duties in the 1910s, while the German: Victoria Louise class was used to train naval cadets in the 1900s. All eight ships were broken up for scrap in the early 1920s.

Ship	Armament	Armor	Displacement	Propulsion	Service
					Laid down	Commissioned	Fate
	4 × 15 cm K L/30 guns 10 × 15 cm K L/22	20mm	5027abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 reciprocating engines, 18kn	1886	25 May 1888	Scrapped, 1922
						13 November 1889	Scrapped, 1922
	12 × 15 cm SK L/35 guns	50mm	6318abbr=onNaNabbr=on	3 shafts, 3 triple-expansion engines, 21kn	1890	17 November 1892	Scrapped, 1920
	2 × 21 cm SK L/40 guns 8 × 15 cm SK L/40 guns	40mm	6491abbr=onNaNabbr=on	3 shafts, triple-expansion engines, 19.5kn	1895	20 February 1899	Scrapped, 1923
						23 July 1898	Scrapped, 1920
						20 October 1898	Scrapped, 1921
			6705abbr=onNaNabbr=on	3 shafts, triple-expansion engines, 18.5kn	1896	13 September 1899	Scrapped, 1920
						20 April 1899	Scrapped, 1920

Unprotected cruisers

See main article: List of unprotected cruisers of Germany.

At the same time that Caprivi began ordering new protected cruisers, he also authorized the construction of smaller unprotected cruisers for use in Germany's overseas colonies. The first of these, the, were laid down in 1886 and 1887. A further six vessels of the, which were improved versions that were larger and faster than their predecessors, followed over the next five years. A final, much larger vessel,, was laid down in 1892; her design was based on contemporary protected cruisers like German: Kaiserin Augusta. She represented another attempt to merge the colonial cruiser and fleet scout, which was unsuccessful. As a result, the German naval designers began work on the, which provided the basis for all future German light cruisers.

All nine cruisers served extensively in Germany's colonies, particularly in Africa and Asia. They participated in the suppression of numerous rebellions, including the Abushiri Revolt in German East Africa in 1889–1890, the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900–1901, and the Sokehs Rebellion in the Caroline Islands in 1911. Most of the ships had been recalled to Germany and decommissioned by the early 1910s, having been replaced by the newer light cruisers. and were scrapped in 1912, but the rest continued on in secondary roles. Of the remaining seven ships, only and remained abroad at the start of World War I in August 1914. German: Cormoran was stationed in Qingdao, but her engines were worn out, so she was scuttled to prevent her capture. German: Geier briefly operated against British shipping in the Pacific before running low on coal. She put into Hawaii, where she was interned by the US Navy. After the United States declared war on Germany in April 1917, she was seized and commissioned into American service as USS Schurz, though she was accidentally sunk in a collision in June 1918.^[2], employed as a mine storage hulk in Wilhelmshaven during the war, was destroyed by an accidental explosion in 1917.,, and were all broken up for scrap in the early 1920s, while German: Gefion was briefly used as a freighter, before she too was scrapped, in 1923.

Ship	Armament	Armor	Displacement	Propulsion	Service
					Laid down	Commissioned	Fate
	8 × 10.5 cm K L/35 guns	—	1359t	2 × 2-cylinder double-expansion steam engines,	April 1886	8 May 1888	Scrapped, 1922
					September 1887	2 April 1889	Scrapped, 1922
	8 × 10.5 cm K L/35 guns	—	1868t	2 × 2-cylinder double-expansion steam engines,	1888	7 October 1890	Scrapped, 1913
	8 × 10.5 cm SK L/35 guns				1890	14 September 1891	Scrapped, 1913
					1890	17 August 1892	Destroyed, 1917
					1891	9 December 1892	Scrapped, 1921
					1890	25 July 1893	Scuttled, 28 September 1914
					1893	24 October 1895	Captured, 6 April 1917, sunk 21 June 1918
	10 × 10.5 cm SK L/35 guns	25 mm	4275abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 × 3-cylinder triple expansion engines,	1892	5 June 1895	Converted to freighter, 1920, scrapped 1923

Armored cruisers

See main article: List of armored cruisers of Germany.

The first armored cruiser,, was ordered shortly after the German: Victoria Louise class of protected cruisers. German: Fürst Bismarck was an improved version of the earlier type, with heavier armament, more extensive armor protection, and a significantly greater size. A further seven units, divided between four different designs, followed over the next ten years; each design provided incremental improvements over earlier vessels. A ninth armored cruiser,, was a much larger vessel representing an intermediate step between armored cruisers and battlecruisers. Indeed, her design had been influenced by the misinformation Britain had released about its s, which were then under construction. Once the characteristics of the new ships were revealed, Germany began building battlecruisers in response.

Germany's armored cruisers served in a variety of roles, including overseas as flagships of the East Asia Squadron, and in the fleet reconnaissance forces. All of them, save German: Fürst Bismarck, saw action during World War I in a variety of theaters. German: Blücher served with the battlecruisers in the I Scouting Group and was sunk at the Battle of Dogger Bank in 1915, and the two s formed the core of Maximilian von Spee's squadron that defeated the British at the Battle of Coronel in November 1914 before being annihilated at the Battle of the Falkland Islands. was accidentally sunk by a German mine in November 1914 outside Wilhelmshaven, and the two s were sunk in the Baltic Sea. Only and survived the war; both were scrapped in the early 1920s.

Ship	Armament	Armor	Displacement	Propulsion	Service
					Laid down	Commissioned	Fate
	4 × 24cm (09inches) SK L/40 10 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns	200mm	11461MT	3 screws, triple expansion engines,	1896	1 April 1900	Broken up for scrap in 1919–1920
	2 × 24cm (09inches) SK L/40 10 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns	100mm	9806MT	3 screws, triple expansion engines,	1898	11 March 1902	Broken up for scrap in 1920
	4 × 21cm (08inches) SK L/40 10 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns	100mm	9875MT	3 screws, triple expansion engines,	1900	12 January 1904	Sunk on 23 October 1915 by
				3 screws, triple expansion engines,	1901	12 December 1903	Sunk on 17 November 1914 by Russian mines
	4 × 21 cm SK L/40 10 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns	100mm	10266MT	3 screws, triple expansion engines,	1902	5 April 1906	Broken up for scrap in 1921
				3 screws, triple expansion engines,	1903	21 November 1905	Sunk on 4 November 1914 by German mines
	8 × 21 cm SK L/40 6 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/40 guns	150mm	12985MT	3 screws, triple expansion engines,	1905	24 October 1907	Sunk on 8 December 1914 at the Battle of the Falkland Islands
				3 screws, triple expansion engines,	1904	6 March 1908	Sunk on 8 December 1914 at the Battle of the Falkland Islands
	12 × 21 cm SK L/45 8 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/45 guns	180mm	17500MT	3 screws, triple expansion engines,	21 February 1907	1 October 1909	Sunk on 24 January 1915 at the Battle of Dogger Bank

Light cruisers

See main article: List of light cruisers of Germany.

Starting in the late 1890s, the German: Kaiserliche Marine began developing modern light cruisers, based on experience with the unprotected cruisers and a series of avisos it had built over the preceding decade. The ten-ship German: Gazelle class set the basic pattern, which was gradually improved over successive classes. The introduced more powerful, 15cm (06inches) main guns, and the added a waterline main belt to improve armor protection. Between 1897 and the end of World War I, the German Navy completed forty-seven light cruisers; all of these ships saw service during the war in a variety of theaters and roles. Some, such as and, served as commerce raiders, while others, such as the two s, served with the High Seas Fleet and saw action at the Battle of Jutland in 1916. Several fleet cruiser design studies were prepared in 1916, but no work was begun before the war ended in November 1918.

Following the war, the Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to cede all of its most modern light cruisers; only eight German: Gazelle and s were permitted under the terms of the treaty.^[3] These ships could be replaced after twenty years from the time they were launched, and the first new vessel,, was laid down in 1921. Five more ships of the and es were built between 1926 and 1935. These six cruisers all saw combat during World War II; two, and, were sunk during the invasion of Norway in April 1940. German: Emden and were destroyed by Allied bombers in the closing months of the war, and was discarded after being badly damaged in a collision with the heavy cruiser . This left as the only vessel of the type to survive the war. She was seized by the Soviet Union as a war prize and continued in Soviet service until she was scrapped in 1960.

Ship	Armament	Armor	Displacement	Propulsion	Service
					Laid down	Commissioned	Fate
	10 × 10.5 cm SK L/40 guns	25mm	2963abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 reciprocating engines, 19.5kn	1897	15 June 1901	Scrapped, 1920
				2 shafts, 2 reciprocating engines, 21.5kn	1898	25 June 1900	Destroyed, 19 December 1943
			3017abbr=onNaNabbr=on			20 September 1900	Scrapped, 1932
					1899	14 September 1901	Scrapped, 1930
			3006abbr=onNaNabbr=on			18 May 1901	Sunk, Battle of Heligoland Bight, 28 August 1914
			3082abbr=onNaNabbr=on			18 May 1901	Scrapped, 1954
			2972abbr=onNaNabbr=on		1900	26 July 1901	Scrapped, 1948–1950
			3158abbr=onNaNabbr=on		1901	17 February 1903	Sunk, Battle of Jutland, 31 May 1916
			3180abbr=onNaNabbr=on			12 May 1903	Scrapped, 1948
			3112abbr=onNaNabbr=on			5 January 1904	Sunk, 7 November 1915
	10 × 10.5 cm SK L/40 guns	80mm	3797abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 reciprocating engines,	1902	19 May 1904	Sunk, 17 February 1915
			3651abbr=onNaNabbr=on			8 March 1904	Scrapped, 1956
			3792abbr=onNaNabbr=on			4 April 1905	Scuttled, 1947
			3661abbr=onNaNabbr=on	4 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	1903	26 April 1906	Scrapped, 1922–1923
			3780abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 reciprocating engines, 22 kn		10 January 1905	Scrapped, 1920
			3756abbr=onNaNabbr=on		1904	20 April 1906	Sunk, Battle of the Falkland Islands, 8 December 1914
			3783abbr=onNaNabbr=on			1 December 1907	Scrapped, 1922–1923
	10 × 10.5 cm SK L/40 guns	80 mm	3814abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 reciprocating engines,	1905	6 April 1907	Scuttled, Battle of Rufiji Delta, 11 July 1915
			3902abbr=onNaNabbr=on		1906	10 April 1908	Sunk, Battle of the Falkland Islands, 8 December 1914
			4002abbr=onNaNabbr=on		1905	1 February 1908	Scrapped, 1920
			3822abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	1906	29 October 1907	Scrapped, 1921–1923
	10 × 10.5 cm SK L/40 guns	80 mm	4268abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	1906	14 November 1908	Scuttled, Battle of Mas a Tierra, 14 March 1915
				2 shafts, 2 reciprocating engines,	1906	20 July 1909	Grounded, Battle of Cocos, 9 November 1914
	12 × 10.5 cm SK L/45 guns	40mm	5418abbr=onNaNabbr=on	4 shafts, 4 steam turbines,	1908	21 June 1910	Scrapped, 1929
			4889abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	1907	1 October 1909	Sunk, Battle of Heligoland Bight, 28 August 1914
			4864abbr=onNaNabbr=on	4 shafts, 4 steam turbines,	1908	16 June 1911	Sunk, Battle of Heligoland Bight, 28 August 1914
			4882abbr=onNaNabbr=on		1908	1 October 1910	Scrapped, 1922
	12 × 10.5 cm SK L/45 guns	60mm	4570abbr=onNaNabbr=on	4 shafts, 4 steam turbines,	1910	20 August 1912	Grounded, 26 August 1914
					1910	10 May 1912	Sunk, Battle of Imbros, 20 January 1918
					1910	9 October 1912	Sunk, 23 September 1944
					1910	10 December 1912	Scrapped, 1935
	12 × 10.5 cm SK L/45 guns	60 mm	6191abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	21 September 1911	15 January 1914	Sunk, 4 November 1914
					1911	5 February 1914	Sunk, Battle of Jutland, 1 June 1916
	12 × 10.5 cm SK L/45 guns	60 mm	6382abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	1912	10 August 1914	Scrapped, 1937
					1912	3 January 1915	Scuttled, 1944
	8 × 15cm (06inches) SK L/45 guns	80 mm	5252abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines, 27.5 kn	1913	14 December 1914	Ceded to Italy, 20 July 1920
						4 September 1915	Scuttled, 1 June 1916
	8 × 15 cm SK L/45 guns	60 mm	6601abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines, 27.5 kn	1913	23 August 1915	Sunk, 1 June 1916
						20 August 1915	Sunk as a target, 18 July 1921
	8 × 15 cm SK L/45 guns	60 mm	7125abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	1914	12 August 1916	Scrapped, 1936
					1915	15 November 1916	Scuttled, 21 June 1919
					1914	16 December 1916	Scrapped, 1926
					1915	15 February 1917	Sunk as a target ship, 1922
	4 × 15 cm SK L/45 guns	15mm	5856abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	1915	2 April 1916	Scuttled, 21 June 1919
						1 July 1916	Scuttled, 21 June 1919
	8 × 15 cm SK L/45 guns	40mm	7486abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	1915	17 January 1918	Scuttled, 21 June 1919
					1916	28 March 1918	Scuttled, 21 June 1919
German: Wiesbaden					1915	—	Scrapped, 1920
German: Magdeburg					1916	—	Scrapped, 1922
German: Leipzig					1915	—	Scrapped, 1921
German: Rostock					1915	—	Scrapped, 1921
German: Frauenlob					1915	—	Scrapped, 1921
German: Ersatz Cöln					1916	—	Scrapped, 1921
German: Ersatz Emden					1916	—	Scrapped, 1921
German: Ersatz Karlsruhe					1916	—	Scrapped, 1920
FK 1	5 × 15 cm SK L/45 guns	—	3800abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	—	—	Design study only
FK 1a			4850abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	—	—
FK 2			5350abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines, 32 kn	—	—
FK 3	7 × 15 cm SK L/45 guns		6900abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines, 32 kn	—	—
FK 4	8 × 15 cm SK L/45 guns		8650abbr=onNaNabbr=on		—	—
German: [[German cruiser Emden|Emden]]	8 × 15 cm SK L/45 guns	40 mm	6990abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 2 steam turbines,	8 December 1921	15 October 1925	Destroyed, 3 May 1945
German: [[German cruiser Königsberg|Königsberg]]	9 × 15 cm SK C/25 guns	40 mm	7700abbr=onNaNabbr=on	3 shafts, 4 steam turbines, 2 diesel engines, 32 kn	12 April 1926	17 April 1929	Sunk, 10 April 1940
German: [[German cruiser Karlsruhe|Karlsruhe]]					27 July 1926	6 November 1929	Sunk, 9 April 1940
German: [[German cruiser Köln|Köln]]					7 August 1926	15 January 1930	Sunk, 3 March 1945
German: [[German cruiser Leipzig|Leipzig]]	9 × 15 cm SK C/25 guns	30mm	8100abbr=onNaNabbr=on	3 shafts, 2 steam turbines, 4 diesel engines, 32 kn	28 April 1928	8 October 1931	Scuttled, July 1946
German: [[German cruiser Nürnberg|Nürnberg]]			9040abbr=onNaNabbr=on		1934	2 November 1935	Scrapped, c. 1960
M	8 × 15 cm SK C/28 guns	25 mm	8500abbr=onNaNabbr=on	3 shafts, 2 steam turbines, 4 diesel engines,	1938	—	Scrapped, 1939
N
O					—		—
P
Q			9300abbr=onNaNabbr=on
R

Heavy cruisers

See main article: List of heavy cruisers of Germany.

In addition to restricting the number of light cruisers Germany could possess, the Treaty of Versailles also limited the capital ship strength of the new German: [[Reichsmarine]] to six old pre-dreadnought battleships and placed restrictions on the size of replacement ships, with the intent of prohibiting ships more powerful than coastal defense ships from being built. The German: Reichsmarine responded by designing the ; these heavy cruisers armed with 28cm (11inches) guns were intended to break the naval clauses of Versailles by significantly outgunning the new treaty cruisers being built by Britain and France under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, which were limited to 20.3cm (08inches) guns. If Britain and France agreed to abrogate the naval clauses of the Versailles treaty, Germany would abandon the new cruisers. France rejected the proposal, and so the three German: Deutschlands were built, and a further two of the D-class were planned, though these were cancelled in favor of a larger derivative, the of fast battleships. When Germany signed the Anglo-German Naval Agreement in 1935, the German: Reichsmarine was permitted to build five new heavy cruisers—the . Plan Z, approved in early 1939, projected a dozen P-class cruisers based on the German: Deutschland design.

Owing to the outbreak of World War II, only three of the German: Admiral Hippers were completed and the P-class ships were cancelled. was scuttled following the Battle of the River Plate in December 1939, and was sunk during the invasion of Norway. and were destroyed by Allied bombers in the last month of the war. In 1942 the German: Kriegsmarine decided to convert the German: Admiral Hipper-class cruiser into an aircraft carrier, though the project was not completed., renamed German: Lützow, and German: Prinz Eugen both survived the war; the former was sunk in Soviet weapons tests in 1947 and the latter sank after enduring two nuclear detonations in Operation Crossroads in 1946. The two unfinished German: Admiral Hippers, German: Seydlitz and, were scrapped in the Soviet Union in the late 1950s; the former was a war prize but the latter had been sold to the Soviets before the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941.

Ship	Armament	Armor	Displacement	Propulsion	Service
					Laid down	Commissioned	Fate
/	6 × 28 cm SK C/28 guns	80mm	14290abbr=onNaNabbr=on	2 shafts, 8 diesel engines, 28kn	5 February 1929	19 May 1931	Sunk in Soviet weapons test, July 1947
			15180abbr=onNaNabbr=on		25 June 1931	1 April 1933	Sunk on 9 April 1945, broken up for scrap
			16020abbr=onNaNabbr=on		1 October 1932	30 June 1934	Scuttled on 17 December 1939
D	6 × 28 cm guns	220mm	20000abbr=onNaNabbr=on	Turbine propulsion, 29kn	14 February 1934	—	Work halted on 5 July 1934, broken up
E					—		Work not begun
P1–P12	6 × 28 cm guns	120mm	25689abbr=onNaNabbr=on	12 diesel engines, 33kn	—	—	Canceled on 27 July 1939
	8 × 20.3 cm SK C/34 guns	80mm	18200abbr=onNaNabbr=on	3 shafts, 3 turbine engines, 32kn	6 July 1935	29 April 1939	Scuttled 3 May 1945, broken up in 1948
			18200abbr=onNaNabbr=on		15 August 1936	20 September 1939	Sunk on 9 April 1940
			18750abbr=onNaNabbr=on		23 April 1936	1 August 1940	Sunk after US atomic tests, 22 December 1946
			19800abbr=onNaNabbr=on		29 December 1936	—	Ceded to the Soviet Union, broken up after 1958
			19800abbr=onNaNabbr=on		2 August 1937	—	Sold to the Soviet Union, broken up in 1958–1959 or 1960

See also

• List of battleships of Germany
• List of battlecruisers of Germany
• List of ironclad warships of Germany

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

References

• Book: Bidlingmaier , Gerhard . 1971 . KM Admiral Graf Spee . 73–96 . Warship Profile 4 . Profile Publications . Windsor . 20229321 . .
• Book: Campbell . N. J. M. . Sieche . Erwin . Germany . 134–189 . Gardiner . Robert . Gray . Randal . 1986 . Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921 . Conway Maritime Press . London . 978-0-85177-245-5 . amp . .
• Book: Forstmeier , Friedrich . Preston . Antony . 1972 . SMS Emden, Small Protected Cruiser 1906–1914 . 1–24 . Warship Profile 25 . Profile Publications . Windsor . 33083971 . .
• Book: Gardiner . Robert . 1979 . Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905 . Conway Maritime Press . Greenwich . 978-0-8317-0302-8 . . registration .
• Book: Gottschall , Terrell D. . 2003 . By Order of the Kaiser: Otto von Diedrichs and the Rise of the Imperial German Navy 1865–1902 . Naval Institute Press . Annapolis . 978-1-55750-309-1 . .
• Book: Gröner , Erich . Erich Gröner . 1990 . German Warships: 1815–1945 . I: Major Surface Vessels . Naval Institute Press . Annapolis . 978-0-87021-790-6 . .
• Book: Halpern , Paul G. . 1995 . A Naval History of World War I . Naval Institute Press . Annapolis . 978-1-55750-352-7 . .
• Book: Herwig , Holger . "Luxury" Fleet: The Imperial German Navy 1888–1918 . 1980 . Amherst . Humanity Books . 1-57392-286-2 . .
• Book: Hildebrand . Hans H. . Röhr . Albert . Steinmetz . Hans-Otto . Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart . The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present . 2 . 1993 . Ratingen . Mundus Verlag . 978-3-8364-9743-5 . amp . .
• Book: Hildebrand . Hans H. . Röhr . Albert . Steinmetz . Hans-Otto . Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart . The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present . 3 . 1993 . Ratingen . Mundus Verlag . 3-7822-0211-2 . amp . .
• Book: Hildebrand . Hans H. . Röhr . Albert . Steinmetz . Hans-Otto . Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart . The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present . 5 . 1993 . Ratingen . Mundus Verlag . B003VHSRKE . de . amp . .
• Book: Hildebrand . Hans H. . Röhr . Albert . Steinmetz . Hans-Otto . 1993 . Die Deutschen Kriegsschiffe: Biographien – ein Spiegel der Marinegeschichte von 1815 bis zur Gegenwart . The German Warships: Biographies − A Reflection of Naval History from 1815 to the Present . 7 . Mundus Verlag . Ratingen . B003VHSRKE . de . amp . .
• Book: Mitchell , Nancy . The Danger of Dreams: German and American Imperialism in Latin America . 1999 . University of North Carolina Press . Chapel Hill . 978-0-8078-4775-6 . . registration .
• Novik . Anton . 1969 . The Story of the Cruisers Brummer and Bremse . Warship International . 3 . 185–189 . International Naval Research Organization . Toledo . 1647131 . .
• Book: Perry , Michael . 2001 . Peking 1900: The Boxer Rebellion . Osprey Publishing . Oxford . 978-1-84176-181-7 . .
• Book: Prager , Hans Georg . 2002 . de . Panzerschiff Deutschland, Schwerer Kreuzer Lützow: ein Schiffs-Schicksal vor den Hintergründen seiner Zeit . Koehler . Hamburg . 978-3-7822-0798-0 . .
• Book: Sieche , Erwin . Germany . 218–254 . Gardiner . Robert . Chesneau . Roger . 1992 . Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 . Conway Maritime Press . London . 978-0-85177-146-5 . .
• Book: Sondhaus , Lawrence . Preparing for Weltpolitik: German Sea Power Before the Tirpitz Era . 1997 . Naval Institute Press . Annapolis . 978-1-55750-745-7 . .
• Book: Staff , Gary . 2006 . German Battlecruisers: 1914–1918 . Osprey Books . Oxford . 978-1-84603-009-3 . .
• Book: Tarrant , V. E. . 2001 . 1995 . Jutland: The German Perspective . Cassell Military Paperbacks . London . 978-0-304-35848-9 . .
• Book: Williamson , Gordon . Gordon Williamson (writer) . 2003 . German Heavy Cruisers 1939–1945 . Osprey Publishing . Oxford . 978-1-84176-502-0 . .
• Book: Williamson , Gordon . German Light Cruisers 1939–1945 . 2003 . Osprey Publishing . 1-84176-503-1 . Oxford . .

Notes and References

1. See: Treaty of Versailles Section II: Naval Clauses, Articles 181 and 190
2. Web site: Schurz. Naval History & Heritage Command. 5 May 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20040314190904/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/s7/schurz.htm. 14 March 2004.
3. See: Treaty of Versailles Section II: Naval Clauses, Article 181