List of coups and coup attempts since 2010 explained

Coups d'état, coup attempts and coup plots since 2010 include:

Coups and coup attempts since 2010

Africa

! Event !! Date !! Type !! Country !! Coup leaders !! Head of state/government !! Notes !! Refs
18 February 2010 Coup President kidnapped and opposition leader elected into power. [1]
1 April 2010 Attempt Admiral Bubo Na Tchuto
Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army Antonio Ndjai 		The head of the army was captured and the Prime Minister was briefly arrested by military officers. [2]
17 – 18 November 2010 Attempt Ex-Defence Minister N. Rakotonandrasanana and Col. C. Andrianasoaviana, Head of the Special Intervention Force [3]
27 February 2011 Attempt Unknown Six people were killed in an attack on a residence of the president of the Democratic Republic of Congo. [4]
26 July 2011 Attempt Unknown Five soldiers were arrested. [5]
26 December 2011 Attempt Navy Chief Natchuto Bubo [6]
22 March 2012 Coup [7]
5 April 2012 Attempt Peter Mutharika [8]
12 April 2012 Coup
30 April – 1 May 2012 Attempt Amadou Toumani Touré's loyalists [9] [10]
13 June 2012 Attempt Laurent Gbagbo loyalists [11]
22 November 2012 Attempt Unknown [12]
21 January 2013 Attempt Unknown [13]
2013 Benin coup d'état attempt 4 March 2013 Attempt Col. Pamphile Zomahoun [14]
23–24 March 2013 Coup [15]
April 2013 Libyan coup d'état attempt 17 April 2013 Attempt Muammar Gaddafi loyalists [16]
20 April 2013 Attempt Unknown [17]
1 May 2013 Attempt Unknown At least four soldiers killed. Arrest of two generals and an MP. [18] [19]
3 July 2013 Coup Military coup ousts President Mohamed Morsi and his elected government and kills more than 1,150 government supporters. [20] [21] [22] [23]
10 October 2013 Attempt Abdel-Moneim al-Hour [24]
30 December 2013 Attempt Paul-Joseph Mukungubila [25]
14 February 2014 Attempt [26]
18 May 2014 Attempt [27]
30 August 2014 Attempt Failed coup lead to early elections. [28]
30 December 2014 Attempt Lt. Col. Lamin Sanneh[29] [30]
13 May 2015 Attempt Three coup leaders arrested whilst Niyombare remains on the run. [31]
17 September 2015 Attempt Coup fails and the Regiment of Presidential Security is dissolved. [32] [33] [34]
2015 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt 26 September – 3 October 2015 Attempt Coup fails [35]
8 October 2016 Attempt Gaston Coulibaly Failed coup attempt [36] [37] [38]
14 October 2016 – 14 November 2018 Attempt Prime Minister Khalifa al-Ghawil
Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj
[39]
– Attempt Government of Gambia The dispute President Yahya Jammeh surrendered presidential duties in favour of Barrow and left the country to exile in Equatorial Guinea after two days after his Presidency deadline. [40]
14 – 21 November 2017 Coup After military movements are seen and explosions heard in government districts in northern Harare, the ZDF takes over state television and says that President Mugabe is in its custody, but denies mounting a coup. On 21 November, the coup ended with the resignation of Robert Mugabe. [41] [42]
27 – 28 December 2017 Attempt Unknown [43] [44]
7 January 2019 Attempt Lt. Kelly Ondo Obiang Gabonese soldiers seize the national radio and television station declaring the establishment of a "restoration council". The plotters were soon arrested by the Gabonese government. [45]
10 April 2019 Coup Sudanese soldiers, led by the former First Vice President, attacked the presidential palace and overthrew the President and his government, resulting in the new government being formed. [46]
22 June 2019 Attempt On 22 June Gen. Seare Mekonnen was shot by his bodyguard Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed says that he and another officer tried to prevent the coup. A couple of hours before in Bahir Dar, Amhara Region the local governor Ambachew Mekonnen and an adviser were killed. [47]
18 – 19 August 2020 Coup Keïta and Cissé were seized by soldiers in Bamako on 18 August. [48] [49]
– Attempt In December 2020 major rebel groups in Central African Republic led by former president François Bozizé formed Coalition of Patriots for Change. On 13 January they attacked Bangui but were repelled by security forces. Clashes continue.[50] [51]
31 March 2021 Attempt NigerSani Saley GourouzaCaptain Sani Saley Gourouza Mahamadou Issoufou[52] The coup attempt took place while Niger was mired in the War in the Sahel, with marked terrorism and inter-ethnic violence.
24 May 2021 Coup After the successful coup in 2020, led by Assimi Goïta, Bah N'Daw was installed as president of the temporary government, called the National Committee for the Salvation of the People (CNSP). In May 2021, two members of the cabinet, appointed after the 2020 coup, were replaced by N'Daw, sparking simmering tensions. [53] [54]
2021 Tunisian self-coup25 July 2021 Self-Coup
5 September 2021 Coup
21 September 2021 Attempt Unknown [55]
25 October 2021 Coup Following the unsuccessful coup a month earlier, military forces led by Abdel Fattah al-Burhan arrested the prime minister and other government officials, dissolved the government and established a state of emergency. [56]
24 January 2022 Coup [57] [58]
1 February 2022 Attempt Unknown [59]
2022 Malian coup d'état attempt 16–17 May 2022 Attempt Western Backed military officers[60]
30 September 2022 Coup
24–25 November 2022 Attempt Former president of the National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe Delfim Neves was arrested after initiating an attack against the headquarters of the Armed Forces of São Tomé and Príncipe. 12 soldiers were involved in the attack, while 4 people were killed in a gunfight.[61] [62]
2022 Gambian coup d'état attempt20 December 2022AttemptLCpl Sanna FaderaPresident Adama BarrowFour soldiers arrested on suspicion of involvement.[63] [64]
15 April 2023 – ongoingAttempt Clashes broke out between the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, and the Sudanese Armed Forces. The fighting began with attacks from the Rapid Support Forces on key government sites, including several different military bases located around the country.[65] [66] [67] [68]
2023 Nigerien coup d'état26–28 July 2023CoupCol Amadou Abdramane and
Gen. Abdourahamane Tchiani		President Mohamed BazoumPresident Mohamed Bazoum was ousted in a coup led by Colonel Amadou Abdramane. The reasoning for the coup announced by Abdramane via national television was dissatisfaction "due to the deteriorating security situation and bad governance."[69] [70]
2023 Sierra Leone coup plot31 July 2023AttemptUnknownPresident Julius Maada BioThe police arrested 19 people, including fourteen serving personnel of the Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces, two officers of the Sierra Leone Police and one retired chief superintendent of police who were allegedly planning a coup between August 7 and 10. In addition, five military officers and three police officers have a search and capture warrant.[71] [72] [73] [74]
2023 Gabonese coup d'état30 August 2023CoupGen. Brice OliguiPresident Ali Bongo OndimbaFollowing the 2023 Gabonese general election, and president of Gabon's Ali Bongo Ondimba's declaration of victory, soldiers from the presidential guard announced the cancellation of the election, and the "dissolution of the regime." [75]
2023 Burkina Faso coup d’état attempt26 September 2023AttemptDissidents of the Burkina Faso Armed ForcesPresident Ibrahim TraoréBurkina Faso’s junta announced on 27 September that a coup d’état attempt was foiled the previous day. Four of the six plotters of the coup were arrested.[76]
2023 Sierra Leone coup attempt26 November 2023AttemptUnknownPresident Julius Maada BioMilitants attacked several locations in Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone. The attacks were repelled by security forces. Sierra Leone’s information minister stated that the attacks were performed to "subvert and overthrow" the country’s government.[77]
2023 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état attempt30 November -1 December 2023AttemptVictor TchongoPresident Umaro Sissoco Embaló[78] [79]
2024 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup attempt19 May 2024AttemptChristian MalangaPresident Félix Tshisekedi[80]

Asia

Event Date Type Country Coup leaders Head of state/government Notes Refs
December 2011 Attempt Maj. Syed Ziaul Haque [81]
22 May 2014 Coup Acting Prime Minister 2013–2014 Thai political crisis and subsequent military coup oust Thai elected government, replaced by the National Council for Peace and Order. [82]
– Coup Houthis [83]
15 – 16 July 2016 Attempt Failed attempt by factions of different branches of the armed forces at gaining control of the government. [84] [85] [86]
Coup [87]
1 February 2021 – 2 February 2021Coup Gen. Min Aung HlaingThe coup resulted in the Myanmar protests (2021–present) and the Myanmar civil war (2021–present)[88]

Europe

Event Date Type Country Notes Refs
Attempt Pro-Russian loyalists [89]
Attempt Pro-Russian loyalists [90]
Attempt Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) [91] [92]
Attempt [93]
Attempt Pro-Russian loyalists [94]
Attempt Pro-Russian loyalists [95]

South America

Event Date Type Country Coup leaders Head of state/government Notes Refs
7 December 2022 Attempt Government of PeruPresident Pedro Castillo attempted to dissolve the Peruvian Congress in the face of imminent impeachment by the legislative body. His decision of dissolving congress was rejected by both the Armed Forces and the Constitutional Court which resulted to Castillo being impeached and detained by Congress. He was replaced later that day by Vice President Dina Boluarte as the President of Peru.[104] [105]
8 January 2023 Attempt Ongoing investigation
26 June 2024 Attempt President Luis ArceThe Bolivian Army blocked Plaza Murillo and stormed the presidential palace Casa Grande del Pueblo in an attempt to overthrow President Luis Arce but later withdrew.[106] [107]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Military coup ousts Niger president Mamadou Tandja. BBC News. 19 February 2010. 19 May 2018.
  2. News: Guinea-Bissau leaders held in apparent coup. 1 April 2010. BBC News. 1 April 2010.
  3. News: Madagascar coup attempt fails. The Guardian. 21 November 2010. 27 July 2018.
  4. News: DR Congo: Six killed in 'coup bid' against Kabila. BBC News. 27 February 2011. 27 July 2018.
  5. News: Niger 'foils plot against President Mahamadou Issoufou'. BBC News. 26 July 2011. 27 July 2018.
  6. News: 2011 Guinea-Bissau coup d'état attempt.
  7. News: Malian Soldiers Attack Capital in Suspected Coup Attempt. The New York Times. 21 March 2012. 27 July 2018.
  8. News: Malawi arrests ex-ministers over 'coup plot'. Global Post. 20 February 2014.
  9. News: Mali junta says "strangers" behind counter coup. Reuters. 1 May 2012. 27 July 2018. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163736/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/01/us-mali-bamako-junta-idUSBRE83T16C20120501. live.
  10. News: Gunfire erupts in Mali's Bamako, junta claims control. https://web.archive.org/web/20120501144914/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE84000K20120501. dead. 1 May 2012. Reuters. 1 May 2012. 17 September 2015.
  11. News: Ivory Coast claims foiled pro-Gbagbo coup. https://web.archive.org/web/20140226134238/http://www.rnw.nl/africa/bulletin/ivory-coast-claims-foiled-pro-gbagbo-coup. 26 February 2014. Radio Netherlands Worldwide. 13 June 2012 . 20 February 2014.
  12. News: International News | World News. https://web.archive.org/web/20121122143402/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/sudan-foiled-military-coup-attempt-17785064#.VfttsJe-Wcw. 22 November 2012. ABC News. 20 February 2014.
  13. News: Eritrea's president breaks silence over army mutiny incident. Sudan Tribune. 10 February 2013. 27 July 2018.
  14. News: Benin foils 'coup attempt' against President Yayi. BBC News. 4 March 2013. 20 February 2014.
  15. Web site: Centrafrique: revivez la journée du dimanche 24 mars. 24 March 2013. fr.
  16. News: Libyan forces foil coup attempt. https://web.archive.org/web/20130424100909/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/africa/5737-libyan-forces-foil-coup-attempt. 24 April 2013. Middle East Monitor. 15 April 2013. 20 February 2014.
  17. Web site: Comores: coup d'État déjoué (autorités). Lefigaro. 22 April 2013. 20 February 2014. fr.
  18. News: At least 4 dead in Chad coup attempt: security sources. Reuters. 2 May 2013. 20 February 2014. 13 October 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151013223811/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/02/us-chad-coup-dead-idUSBRE9410OY20130502. live.
  19. News: Two generals, pro-Deby MP arrested for Chad coup plot: prosecutor. Reuters. 2 May 2013. 20 February 2014. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180953/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/02/us-chad-coup-arrests-idUSBRE9410WA20130502. live.
  20. News: Coup topples Egypt's Morsy; supporters reportedly rounded up. CNN News. 4 July 2013. 20 February 2014.
  21. News: Egypt's Non-Democratic Coup d'État and Turkey's Response. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. 17 July 2013. 20 December 2014. 13 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190413043155/http://journal.georgetown.edu/egypts-non-democratic-coup-detat-and-turkeys-response-by-ozan-varol. dead.
  22. Web site: Yes, That's a Coup in Egypt. Dart-Throwing Chimp. 3 July 2013. 22 December 2014.
  23. News: Egypt: Rabaa Killings Likely Crimes against Humanity . 12 August 2014 . 15 August 2014 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20140816131321/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt-rab-killings-likely-crimes-against-humanity . 16 August 2014 . live.
  24. News: Libya PM Zeidan's brief kidnap was 'attempted coup'. BBC News. 11 October 2013. 20 February 2014.
  25. News: DR Congo 'repulses' TV, airport and army base attacks. BBC News. 30 December 2013. 27 July 2018.
  26. News: Libya Military Coup Fears: General Khalifa Haftar Calls for Suspension of Parliament. International Business Times. 14 February 2014. 27 July 2018.
  27. News: Libya: Rogue General Khalifa Haftar Storms Parliament in Attempted 'Coup'. International Business Times. 18 May 2014. 27 July 2018.
  28. Web site: Military coup under way in Lesotho. Al-Jazeera. 30 August 2014. 12 September 2014.
  29. News: U.S. Embassy Describes Coup Attempt in Gambia. The New York Times. 30 December 2014. 31 December 2014.
  30. News: Yayha Jammeh: Gambia president 'home after coup plot'. BBC News. 31 December 2014. 31 December 2014.
  31. News: Burundi President Pierre Nkurunziza returns to Bujumbura. BBC News. 15 May 2015. 15 May 2015.
  32. News: Soldiers crush protests as military seizes power in Burkina Faso . 17 September 2015. Reuters. 17 September 2015.
  33. Brahima Ouedraogo, "Burkina Faso coup leader says he will hand back power", Associated Press, 21 September 2015.
  34. Web site: Burkina Faso government disbands elite unit behind coup. Reuters. 26 September 2015. 25 September 2015.
  35. Web site: HAROUN GAYE.
  36. News: Burkina Faso 'foils coup plot by forces loyal to Compaore'. BBC News. 21 October 2016.
  37. News: Burkina Faso foiled coup attempt in early October, minister says. Reuters. 21 October 2016.
  38. News: Au Burkina Faso, le pouvoir affirme avoir déjoué une tentative de coup d'Etat. Le Monde.fr. 21 October 2016.
  39. Web site: Rump of GNC and Ghwell stage coup, declaring themselves back in power. libyaherald. 14 October 2016 .
  40. News: Gambia's Yahya Jammeh confirms he will step down. Al-Jazeera. 21 January 2017. 20 January 2017.
  41. News: Zimbabwe army takes on Mugabe - as it happened. Olewe. Dickens. November 15, 2017. BBC News. November 17, 2017. Chothia. Farouk.
  42. Web site: Zimbabwe's President Mugabe resigns. 21 November 2017. Bbc.co.uk. 21 November 2017.
  43. News: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea reopen border after four months. Cameroon Intelligence Report. 23 April 2018. 24 April 2018.
  44. News: Equatorial Guinea: Heavy clashes reported near Ebibeyin Jan. 3 /update 2. Garda World. 5 January 2018. 27 July 2018.
  45. News: 2 soldiers killed and 8 arrested after failed coup attempt in Gabon, government says Jan. 8 /update 2. CNN . 8 January 2019. 8 January 2019.
  46. News: Army takes power in Sudan, arresting President Omar Al Bashir - latest. The National. 11 April 2019. 11 April 2019.
  47. News: Ethiopia army chief shot dead in 'coup bid' attacks. BBC News. 23 June 2019. 25 June 2019.
  48. Web site: Mali president and prime minister "arrested," mutiny leader says . www.cbsnews.com . 18 August 2020 . 18 August 2020.
  49. Web site: Mali's president resigns on TV after military coup. 19 August 2020.
  50. Web site: CAR says ex-president attempting 'coup' as rebels form coalition. 19 December 2020.
  51. News: Rolland. Antoine. 2021-01-13. Bullets and panic: rebels attack Central African Republic capital. en. Reuters. 2021-01-13.
  52. Web site: 2021-03-31 . Soldiers arrested in Niger after 'attempted coup' . 2023-07-08 . France 24 . en.
  53. News: Ogunkuye. Erin. 2021-05-25. Mali junta leader says transitional president, PM have been stripped of duties. en. France24. 2021-05-26.
  54. News: Akinwotu. Emmanuel. Mali: leader of 2020 coup takes power after president's arrest. en. The Guardian. 2021-05-26.
  55. News: 2021-09-21. Sudan failed coup: Government blames pro-Bashir elements. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-10-25.
  56. News: 2021-10-25. Sudan coup: Military dissolves civilian government and arrests leaders. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-10-25.
  57. News: 2022-01-24. Burkina Faso 'coup attempt' condemned by Ecowas. en-GB. BBC News. 2022-01-24.
  58. News: BREAKING: The military in Burkina Faso says it has seized power in a coup. BBC News Africa. 2022-01-24.
  59. Web site: 2022-02-01. Guinea-Bissau president says many dead after 'failed attack against democracy'. 2022-02-01. France 24. en.
  60. Web site: 2022-05-17 . Mali's military junta says it foiled attempted coup . 2022-07-04 . France 24 . en.
  61. News: Coup attempt thwarted in Sao Tome and Principe, PM says . December 8, 2022 . Al Jazeera . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221205221103/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/25/coup-attempt-thwarted-in-sao-tome-and-principe . December 5, 2022.
  62. News: Sao Tome and Principe government thwarts overnight coup attempt . December 8, 2022 . Reuters . November 25, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221202185636/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/sao-tome-principe-government-thwarts-overnight-coup-attempt-2022-11-25/ . December 2, 2022.
  63. News: Gambia foils alleged coup attempt, arrests four soldiers . en . Reuters . 2022-12-22.
  64. News: 2022-12-22 . Gambia navy officer behind failed coup bid - government . en-GB . BBC News . 2022-12-24.
  65. News: Salih . Zeinab Mohammed . Zeinab Mohammed Salih . Igunza . Emmanuel . 15 April 2023 . Sudan: Army and RSF battle over key sites, leaving 56 civilians dead . . . live . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415084000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65284945 . 15 April 2023.
  66. News: At least 25 killed, 183 injured in ongoing clashes across Sudan as paramilitary group claims control of presidential palace . 15 April 2023 . . 15 April 2023 . 17 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064549/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl/ . live .
  67. News: Mullany . Gerry . Sudan Erupts in Chaos: Who Is Battling for Control and Why It Matters . 15 April 2023 . . 15 April 2023 . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415181904/https://www.nytimes.com/article/sudan-khartoum-military.html . live .
  68. News: Akinwotu . Emmanuel . Gunfire and explosions erupt across Sudan's capital as military rivals clash . 15 April 2023 . . 15 April 2023 . . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415141842/https://www.npr.org/2023/04/15/1170249456/gunfire-and-explosions-erupt-across-sudans-capital-as-military-rivals-clash . live .
  69. Web site: 2023-07-26 . Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum . 2023-07-27 . Franceinfo . fr-FR.
  70. News: Aksar . Moussa . Balima . Boureima . 2023-07-27 . Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed . en . Reuters . 2023-07-27.
  71. Web site: 2023-08-01 . Sierra Leona detiene a militares que "planeaban atacar instituciones del Estado" . 2023-08-02 . La Vanguardia . es.
  72. Web site: In Sierra Leone, police arrested suspects in the coup attempt . 2023-08-02 . Ground News . en.
  73. Web site: 'Coup Attempt': Sierra Leone police confirms arrest of 19 people, including top security officials - The Point . 2023-08-23 . thepoint.gm . en-US.
  74. Web site: Nyallay . Mohamed Jaward . 2023-08-21 . Sierra Leone's alleged coup plot: The Facts and Fictions . 2023-08-31 . Dubawa . en-GB.
  75. Web site: 2023-08-30 . Gabon: après l'annonce de la réélection d'Ali Bongo, des militaires proclament l'annulation du scrutin . 2023-08-30 . RFI . fr.
  76. Web site: Burkina Faso's military rulers say coup attempt foiled, plotters arrested . 2023-10-25 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
  77. News: 2023-11-28 . Sierra Leone violence: Sunday attacks were part of coup attempt - minister . en-GB . 2023-11-28.
  78. Web site: Guinea-Bissau president says this week's violence was 'attempted coup' . 2023-12-06 . Al Jazeera . en.
  79. News: 2023-12-01 . Guinea-Bissau: Attempted coup was foiled, says President Embaló . en-GB . 2023-12-06.
  80. Web site: DR Congo attempted coup: Army says it thwarted attack in Kinshasa . www.bbc.com . 19 May 2024.
  81. News: Bangladesh army 'foils coup' against Sheikh Hasina. BBC News. 19 January 2012.
  82. News: Thai military says it's taken over the country in a coup. CNN News. 22 May 2014. 22 May 2014.
  83. News: Yemen feuding parties agree on transitional council. Al-Jazeera. 25 February 2015. 27 July 2018.
  84. News: Turkish Prime Minister Reports Coup Attempt. 15 July 2016. The Wall Street Journal. 15 July 2016.
  85. News: Turkish premier: Country under full government control after coup attempt. Washington Post.
  86. News: Turkey rounds up thousands of suspected participants in coup attempt . Erin . Cunningham . Liz . Sly . Zeynep . Karatas . . 16 July 2016 . 16 July 2016.
  87. News: Yemen PM accuses Houthi separatists of coup after HQ takeover in Aden. Business Standard. 28 January 2018. 27 July 2018.
  88. News: Myanmar military takes control of country after detaining Aung San Suu Kyi. BBC News. 1 February 2021. 1 February 2021.
  89. Web site: Government Policy on Russia. House of Commons Hansard. 6 March 2018. 27 July 2018.
  90. News: Emmott . Robin . 2021-11-30 . EXCLUSIVE Ukraine PM says Russia 'absolutely' behind suspected coup attempt . en . Reuters . 2022-10-26.
  91. Web site: Россия планировала переворот и создание "народных республик" в западных областях Украины — Delo.ua. 12 April 2022 .
  92. Web site: Блокада городов, "рада" из марионеток и концлагеря для активистов: СМИ узнали о планах Путина по оккупации Украины. fakty.ua.
  93. News: Germany foils far-right plot to install Prince Heinrich XIII in coup. reuters.com. 7 December 2022 . Murray . Miranda .
  94. News: Moldova president accuses Russia of plotting to oust pro-EU government. The Guardian. 13 February 2023 . Rankin . Jennifer .
  95. News: Ukraine foils 'Russian-backed coup' . . 3 July 2024 . Kilner . James .
  96. Web site: PM - Failed coup in PNG 27/01/2012. ABC News . 4 April 1975 . 20 February 2014.
  97. News: Prothero . Mitch . Some among America's military allies believe Trump deliberately attempted a coup and may have had help from federal law-enforcement officials . en-US . 11 June 2022.
  98. Eastman v Thompson, et. al.. 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260. 44. S.D. Cal.. 28 May 2022. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf . 12 June 2022. The illegality of the plan was obvious. Our nation was founded on the peaceful transition of power, epitomized by George Washington laying down his sword to make way for democratic elections. Ignoring this history, President Trump vigorously campaigned for the Vice President to single-handedly determine the results of the 2020 election. (p 36) * * * Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower—it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation’s government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process. (p 44).
  99. News: 9 June 2022 . Thompson & Cheney Opening Statements at Select Committee Hearing . en . 11 June 2022 . Any legal jargon you hear about 'seditious conspiracy', 'obstruction of an official proceeding', 'conspiracy to defraud the United States' boils down to this: January 6th was the culmination of an attempted coup. A brazen attempt, as one rioter put it shortly after January 6th, to overthrow the Government. Violence was no accident. It represented Trump's last stand, most desperate chance to halt the transfer of power. .
  100. Web site: CNN Transcripts . . 15 July 2022 . 20 July 2022.
  101. Web site: Peltz . Madeline . Leading up to January 6, Steve Bannon publicly bragged about his behind-the-scene role fomenting the insurrection . . 29 October 2021 . 20 July 2022.
  102. News: 2022-06-09 . Thompson & Cheney Opening Statements at Select Committee Hearing . en . 2022-06-11. https://web.archive.org/web/20230103080411/https://january6th.house.gov/news/press-releases/thompson-cheney-opening-statements-select-committee-hearing. January 3, 2023. Any legal jargon you hear about ‘seditious conspiracy’, ‘obstruction of an official proceeding’, ‘conspiracy to defraud the United States’ boils down to this: January 6th was the culmination of an attempted coup. A brazen attempt, as one rioter put it shortly after January 6th, to overthrow the Government. Violence was no accident. It represented Trump’s last stand, most desperate chance to halt the transfer of power..
  103. News: Prothero . Mitch . Some among America's military allies believe Trump deliberately attempted a coup and may have had help from federal law-enforcement officials . en-US . 2022-06-11.
  104. News: Aquino . Marco . New Peru president sworn in, predecessor Castillo arrested . December 8, 2022 . Reuters . December 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221207223406/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/perus-president-says-will-dissolve-congress-calls-elections-2022-12-07/ . December 7, 2022.
  105. News: Rebaza . Claudia . John . Tara . Pozzebon . Stefano . Alam . Hande Atay . Peru's President impeached and arrested after he attempts to dissolve Congress . December 8, 2022 . CNN . December 7, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221207231458/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/12/07/americas/peru-president-castillo-congress-dissolves-intl/index.html . December 7, 2022.
  106. Web site: 2024-06-26 . Coup attempt in Bolivia fails as president urges people to mobilize against democracy threat . 2024-06-26 . AP News . en.
  107. Web site: 2024-06-26 . Bolivia: Soldiers surround presidential palace in attempted coup . 2024-06-26 . BBC News . en-gb.

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