List of coups and coup attempts explained

A coup d'état, often abbreviated to coup, is the overthrow of a lawful government through illegal means. If force or violence are not involved, such an event is sometimes called a soft or bloodless coup. In another variation, a ruler who came to power through legal means may try to stay in power through illegal means, thus preventing the next legal ruler from taking power. These events are called self coups. This is a chronological list of such coups and coup attempts, from ancient times to the present.

BC

1–999

1000–1699

1700–1799

1800–1899

1800

1804

1807

1808

Gabriel J. de Yermo overthrows the viceroy of New Spain José de Iturrigaray

1809

1811

José Miguel Carrera first coup d'état (4 September 1811). Known as the first successful coup d'état in the history of Chile.

1812

1815

1820

1822

1823

1824

1827

1828

1829

1832

a failed coup launched by Minister Diogo Feijó to suspend the Brazilian Constitution of 1824 and impose the so-called Pouso Alegre Constitution.[12]

1834

1836

1837

1839

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

1846

1847

1848

1851

1852

1853

1854

In Republic of New Granada, José María Melo overthrows José María Obando in a coup that began the Colombian Civil War of 1854

1857

1861

Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera overthrows Julio Arboleda Pombo

1864

1866

1867

Santos Acosta overthrows Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera

1868

1870

1871

1872

1874

1876

1879

1884

1885

1886

1889

1891

1895

1896

1898

1899

1900–1919

1900

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

Led by Talaat and Enver Pasha, the Committee of Union and Progress overthrew the Freedom and Accord Party coalition and introduced a military dictatorship, led by the Three Pashas.

1914

1915

1916

While touring the city of Harar, Lij Iyasu was deposed by a cabal of aristocrats in favor of his aunt Zewditu. Forces loyal to him were defeated at Segale, and Lij Iyasu wandered northwestern Ethiopia with a small band of loyal followers until captured five years later.

1917

President Alfredo González Flores was overthrown in a coup d'état led by General José Federico Alberto de Jesús Tinoco Granados, who established a repressive military dictatorship.

1918

Lieutenant general Pavlo Skoropadskyi overthrows the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic with support from the Imperial German Army. Skoropadskyi is declared Hetman (monarch) of all Ukraine.

the monarch of the Khanate of Khiva Isfandiyar Khan is executed in a coup by the commander Junayd Khan

On November 6, Ukrainian revolutionaries seize power in the Duchy of Bukovina and declare loyalty to the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but are soon defeated by an intervention from the Kingdom of Romania.

1919

The Polish right-wing unsuccessfully tried to overthrow the left-wing government.

István Friedrich overthrew the Hungarian Soviet Republic.

1920–1929

1920

21 years of continuous single-party democratic rule ended when Bautista Saavedra overthrew José Gutiérrez Guerra.

1921

Colonel Reza Khan, with Zia'eddin Tabatabaee, launched a coup against Ahmad Shah Qajar.

1922

A failed coup d'état attempt was led by Bajram Curri, Elez Isufi, Hamit Toptani and Halit Lleshi.

1923

The military, under the control of General Ivan Valkov, overthrew the Bulgarian Agrarian National Union government of Aleksandar Stamboliyski and installed one headed by Aleksandar Tsankov.

1924

São Paulo Revolt of 1924

President Arturo Alessandri resigned and fled after the army, led by Luis Altamirano, headed a coup.

Communists attempted a coup against the Estonian government, but their multiple attacks were repelled. Multiple organizers were executed; some escaped to the Soviet Union, but were later executed during the Great Purge.

1925

General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and Colonel Marmaduque Grove deposed the military ruler of Chile, Luis Altamirano. They later allowed former president Arturo Alessandri to return to Chile.

1926

A military-organized coup resulted in the replacement of the democratically elected Lithuanian government with a conservative authoritarian government led by Antanas Smetona.

1928

Supporters of Empress Zewditu attempted to eliminate the heir apparent and Crown Prince Tafari Makonnen; the coup d'état ended in failure.

1929

a failed coup against the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera

1930–1939

1930

Rafael Leónidas Trujillo declared martial law, deposing Horacio Vásquez after a devastating hurricane.

Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro overthrew Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo.

General José Félix Uriburu overthrew President Hipólito Yrigoyen.

An armed revolution culminated in a coup d'état which ousted President Washington Luís and established the Brazilian military junta of 1930.

1931

On 2 December, Arturo Araujo was overthrown by Maximiliano Hernández Martínez.

1932

A bloodless transition occurred, marking the change from the absolute monarchy of Siam to a constitutional monarchy, the introduction of democracy and the first constitution of Thailand, and the creation of the National Assembly of Thailand.

1933

Colonel Phraya Phahol Pholphayuhasena led a peaceful coup against Premier Phraya Manopakorn Nititada[35] [36]

1934

Kārlis Ulmanis carried out a self-coup against the parliamentary system.

The Zveno military organization and the Military Union, with the aid of the Bulgarian Army, overthrew the government of the wide Popular Bloc coalition and replaced it with one under Kimon Georgiev.

Supporters of the former Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras attempted to overthrow the government of President Antanas Smetona.

A coup on 15 January overthrew provisional president Ramón Grau. A second coup three days later overthrew his replacement, Carlos Hevia, and installed Carlos Mendieta as president.

Bolivian generals deposed President Daniel Salamanca in the midst of the Chaco War.

1935

A Venizelist coup attempt, headed by Nikolaos Plastiras against the People's Party government of Panagis Tsaldaris, failed.

1936

A 30 October coup by Bakr Sidqi and Hikmat Sulayman deposed Prime Minister Yasin al-Hashimi.

1937

President Getúlio Vargas, governing democratically since 1934, launched a self-coup and became the Dictator of the Brazilian Estado Novo ("New State").

1938

King Carol II of Romania launched a self-coup, which abolished parliamentary democracy in favor of a royal dictatorship.

1939

1940–1949

1940

1941

Pro-German Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani and the Golden Square overthrew the regime of the Pro-British Regent 'Abd al-Ilah, leading to the Anglo-Iraqi War.

Pro-British King Peter II and his supporters staged a coup in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to replace pro-German Regent Prince Paul, leading to the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia.

1942

1943

Arturo Rawson overthrew Ramón Castillo.

A coup on 24–25 July culminated with a vote of no confidence against Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, ending 21 years of Fascist rule in the Kingdom of Italy. He was replaced by Marshal Pietro Badoglio.

1944

The government of pro-German Prime Minister Konstantin Muraviev was overthrown, and Kimon Georgiev of the Fatherland Front switched the nation from the Axis side of the war to join the Allies.

planned coup by members of the Croat Government and the Croatian Peasants Party to overthrow the Ustashe, and then establish a pro-Allied Government.

1945

Attempt by elements of the Japanese Ministry of War to prevent Japan's surrender.

Getúlio Vargas's government ended in a coup led by general Mourão, one of his former supporters.

Isaías Medina Angarita was overthrown in a coup, and Rómulo Betancourt was appointed to lead a civilian–military junta.

1946

1947

A coup against Thawan Thamrongnawasawat resulted in the return of Plaek Phibunsongkhram.

King Michael I of Romania was forced to abdicate and leave the country at the hands of the Romanian Communist Party.

1948

The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, backed by the Soviets, asserted control over the government of Czechoslovakia, beginning four decades of communist rule.

The democratically elected government of Rómulo Gallegos was overthrown, and a military junta was installed with Carlos Delgado Chalbaud as its leader.

1949

A bloodless military coup by U.S.-backed general Husni al-Za'im overthrew elected President Shukri al-Quwatli, allowing passage of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline. al-Za'im became President of Syria, and Muhsin al-Barazi became Prime Minister.

1950–1959

1950

1951

1952

General Hugo Ballivián was overthrown by Hernán Siles Zuazo, who then ceded command to Víctor Paz Estenssoro. Paz had won the 1951 election, but was prevented from assuming office by self-coup.

A group of army officers led by Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Farouk and the Muhammad Ali dynasty.

Fulgencio Batista led a bloodless coup to topple the democratically elected government.

1953

A coup, jointly led by the United States and United Kingdom and codenamed Operation Ajax, overthrew Prime Minister Mohammed Mosaddeq.[37]

1954

The democratically elected government of Colonel Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán was ousted by Colonel Carlos Castillo Armas in an operation organized by the American Central Intelligence Agency and codenamed Operation PBSuccess.[39]

A military coup brings Alfredo Stroessner to power.

A coup d'état led by Dadala Raphael Ramanayya overthrew French rule in Yanaon, a French colony in India.

1955

1956

1957

The military supported strikes and student riots, and deposed Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, giving power to the Colombian Military Junta and chairman Gabriel París Gordillo.[42]

occurred after one year of Sudan independence in 1956, a group of army officers and students from the Sudanese Military College led by Abdel Rahman Ismail Kabeida, led a coup attempted against Prime Minister Abdullah Khalil and the Sovereignty Council.[43] [44]

1958

After three weeks of protests, the Venezuelan military removed Marcos Pérez Jiménez and installed Wolfgang Larrazábal, commander of the Venezuelan Navy.

Army Chief and Defence Minister General Ayub Khan led a military coup to overthrow the government of Iskander Mirza.

General Jacques Massu took over Algiers and threatened to invade Paris unless Charles de Gaulle became head of state.

was a bloodless self-coup on 17 November 1958 orchestrated by Prime Minister Abdallah Khalil and Lieutenant General Ibrahim Abboud.[45] [46]

1959

A successful coup against Fulgencio Batista, led by Fidel Castro, established a communist-ruled Cuba.

Phoumi Nosavan took control of Laos in a bloodless coup.

was on 9 November 1959 where a group of military officers attempted a coup to overthrow Lieutenant General Ibrahim Abboud. The coup attempt failed and conspirators were court martialled and the leaders were hanged.[47] [48]

1960–1969

1960

A coup against the Democrat Party government resulted in the institution of the Turkish Constitution of 1961.

A group failed to overthrow Emperor Haile Selassie during a state visit.

Phoumi Nosavan, who came to power after a coup the previous year, was overthrown in August 1960 by his former ally Kong Le. A three-way conflict ensued, and an attempt by Kouprasith Abhay to seize power from Kong Le failed. Following the Battle of Vientiane, Phoumi Nosavan regained power.

On 26 October, José María Lemus was overthrown by the Junta of Government.

1961

On 25 January, the Civic-Military Directory overthrew the Junta of Government.

A group of military officers failed in an attempt to dismantle the union of the two states of Somaliland and Somalia.

A group of Syrian Social Nationalist Party loyalists led an attempted coup against President Fouad Chehab.

1962

Christian officers in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) failed to overthrow the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike.

A coup led by General Ne Win overthrew the constitutionally elected government of Prime Minister U Nu.

1963

The military overthrew President Juan Bosch in September 1963, only seven months into his term as the first democratically elected president in the Dominican Republic since 1924. Bosch was replaced by a junta until it was overthrown in 1965.[51]

A group of officers in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, supported by the United States, deposed President Ngô Đình Diệm and the Personalist Labor Revolutionary Party.

A military junta deposed Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy.

Christophe Soglo took control of the Republic of Dahomey (later Benin).

Pro-Nasserist Iraqi officers within the Ba'ath Party led a successful coup.

1964

Vice President René Barrientos and General Alfredo Ovando Candía overthrew President Víctor Paz Estenssoro.[54]

1965

A conspiracy by officials in the Bulgarian Communist Party and officers in the Bulgarian People's Army to overthrow Todor Zhivkov was uncovered, and foiled before the coup could be carried out.

After a military coup in Algeria, Defense Minister Colonel Houari Boumedienne took power.

A group of ethnic Hutu officers from the Burundian military wounded the Prime Minister of Burundi, but ultimately failed to overthrow the government.

Two simultaneous and independent January coups failed. One was led by General Phoumi Nosavan, who had participated in four prior coup attempts against the Royal Lao Government; the other was led by Colonel Bounleuth Saycocie.

1966

The ruling National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party were removed from power by a union of the party's Military Committee and the Regional Command, under the leadership of Salah Jadid.

In January, mutinous Nigerian soldiers led by Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu and Emmanuel Ifeajuna killed 22 people including the Prime Minister of Nigeria and many senior politicians and Army officers. The General Officer Commanding the Nigerian Army, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, was compelled to take control of the government.

Shakhbut bin Sultan Al Nahyan was deposed in a bloodless coup and replaced by his brother, Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan.

In a reaction to the January coup, Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi was assassinated, and conspirators appointed Yakubu Gowon as head of state.

President Arturo Illia was overthrown by military forces supporting the leadership of General Juan Carlos Onganía, who became de facto president.

1967

In a bloodless coup, Gnassingbé Eyadéma overthrew Nicolas Grunitzky and began a 38-year rule.

Biafran Army colonel Victor Banjo plotted a coup against Biafran President Odumegwu Ojukwu. The coup plot was uncovered by an informant, and Banjo and two other conspirators were executed on 22 September.

Pak Kum-chol failed to overthrow Kim Il Sung.

1968

A military coup overthrew President Arnulfo Arias Madrid.

General Juan Velasco Alvarado led a coup against President Fernando Belaúnde.

1969

Colonel Gaafar Nimeiry led a military coup to overthrow the government of President Ismail al-Azhari.

Pedro Aleixo, the legal vice president of Brazil, was replaced by a military junta after Artur da Costa e Silva suffered a stroke.

A failed coup d'état, planned by numerous high-ranking members of the Royal Saudi Air Force, resulted in King Faisal ordering the arrest of hundreds of military officers.

General Alfredo Ovando Candía overthrew President Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas.

Military officers led by Siad Barre overthrew President Sheikh Mukhtar Mohamed Hussein and Prime Minister Mohammad Egal, leading to Barre's 21-year-long military rule and the imposition of an authoritarian government.

1970–1979

1970

Qaboos bin Said, with the support of the British, ousted his father Said bin Taimur in a bloodless coup during the Dhofar Rebellion.

Chief of State Norodom Sihanouk was ousted in a military coup, and Prime Minister Lon Nol took power.

1971

Overthrow of Yahya Khan by Pakistani officers

1972

Major Mathieu Kérékou led a coup that overthrew the Dahomeyan Presidential Council.

On 4 December, General Oswaldo López Arellano led the Armed Forces of Honduras to oust President Ramón Ernesto Cruz Uclés after only 18 months in power.

1973

Former Prime Minister Mohammed Daoud Khan overthrew the King Mohammed Zahir Shah and established a Republic.

59 military officers were arrested after allegedly plotting to overthrow the government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.

Army Chief of Staff Juvénal Habyarimana overthrew President Gregoire Kayibanda in a military coup.

On 11 September, General Augusto Pinochet, with support from the CIA, led a group of military officers to seize power from democratically elected President Salvador Allende, and installed a junta headed by Pinochet.

President Juan María Bordaberry, with the assistance of a junta of military generals, dissolved Parliament in a self-coup.

1974

In a self-coup, President Sangoulé Lamizana dismissed the prime minister Gérard Kango Ouédraogo and dissolved the National Assembly.

Members of the Cypriot National Guard overthrew President Makarios III and triggered invasion by Turkey.

The Derg, a communist junta led by General Aman Andom and Mengistu Haile Mariam, enacted a coup and overthrew Haile Selassie.

Seyni Kountché overthrows Hamani Diori.

1975

Mercenary Bob Denard, on orders from Jacques Foccart, overthrew President Ahmed Abdallah.

A faction of junior military officers overthrew Yakubu Gowon and appointed Brigadier Murtala Muhammed as head of state.

Army officers killed Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad announced the formation of a new government with himself as leader.

General Khaled Mosharraf led a military coup to overthrown Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed, who had come to power in a coup months earlier.

Left wing army personnel killed General Khaled Mosharraf and paved the way for Ziaur Rahman to take power. Rahman would go on to survive as many as 21 assassination and coup attempts until his 1981 assassination.

Members of the military overthrew and killed President François Tombalbaye and replaced him with Noël Milarew Odingar.

1976

Military officers led by Lieutenant Colonel Buka Suka Dimka succeeded in assassinating General Murtala Muhammed, but failed to enact a coup.

A military coup overthrew Isabel Perón and led to the National Reorganization Process.

1977

Supporters of the United Seychelles party overthrew President James Mancham and installed France-Albert René as president.

A group of Royal Thai Army officers failed to overthrow Prime Minister Thanin Kraivichien.

General Kriangsag Chamanan led a bloodless military coup against Prime Minister Thanin Kraivichien.

1978

A group of military officials failed to overthrow President Siad Barre. Most of the plotters, including coup leader Colonel Mohamed Osman Irro, were summarily executed. However, some prominent officials, including Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, survived and formed the first resistance group against Barre known as the Somali Salvation Democratic Front.[64]

Chief of Army Staff Colonel Mustafa Ould Salek led a bloodless military coup that ousted long-time President Moktar Ould Daddah.[65]

1979

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Pahlavi dynasty were overthrown, and Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini took power.

The bloodless military coup was led by Colonel Ahmed Ould Bouceif and Colonel Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla, who seized effective power from the President, Colonel Mustafa Ould Salek.[66]

Jerry John Rawlings and others led a military uprising that removed leader Fred Akuffo from power, following an unsuccessful attempt the month before.

Deputy defense minister Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo overthrew his uncle, Francisco Macías Nguema, and established the Supreme Military Council.

Military officers overthrew President Carlos Humberto Romero and established the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador.

Babrak Karmal overthrows Hafizullah Amin and established a pro-Soviet, Parcham-dominated government.

1980–1989

1980

Colonel Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla led a bloodless military coup that ousted President Mohamed Mahmoud Ould Louly.[67]

General Luis García Meza enacted a violent military coup against his cousin, President Lidia Gueiler, who subsequently fled the country. The coup began the rule of the first Junta of Commanders of the Armed Forces.

On 12 September, the National Security Council, headed by Chief of the General Staff General Kenan Evren, declared a coup d'état on the national channel. The Council then extended martial law throughout the country, abolished the Parliament and the government, suspended the Constitution, and banned all political parties and trade unions.

A military coup led by Master Sergeant Samuel Doe overthrew the government led by President William Tolbert, ending 102 years of continuous rule by the True Whig Party.

Prime Minister and commander of the armed forces, João Bernardo Vieira, overthrew the government.

Colonel Saye Zerbo led a military coup and overthrew President Sangoulé Lamizana.

1981

Members of the Gambia Socialist Revolutionary Party and disaffected staff of the Gambia Field Force led a failed coup against President Dawda Jawara, who was in the United Kingdom. The attempt was quashed by the Senegalese armed forces.

General André Kolingba overthrew President David Dacko, who was out of the country, in a bloodless coup.

On 31 December, Flight Lieutenant Jerry Rawlings overthrew Hilla Limann and the People's National Party, and established the Provisional National Defence Council.

General Wojciech Jaruzelski formed the Military Council of National Salvation and announced the institution of martial law in the country.

1982

General Hussain Muhammad Ershad led a military coup to depose the civilian government, led by President Abdus Sattar, and install Ershad into power.

An attempted military coup failed to overthrow the government of President Daniel arap Moi.

Colonel Gabriel Yoryan Somé led a military coup to overthrow the regime of Colonel Saye Zerbo, installing Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo as president.

1983

A few months after the Somé-led coup deposed Zerbo, several army officers decided to kill members of the Council of Popular Salvation and restore Zerbo to power. The plotters were arrested before they were able to do so.

On 3 August, Captain Blaise Compaoré deposed President Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo and installed Thomas Sankara as president.

Members of the Nigerian military led a coup, ousting the democratically elected government of President Shehu Shagari. They installed Major General Muhammadu Buhari as leader of the Supreme Military Council, the country's new ruling body.

In a military coup, Deputy Prime Minister Maurice Bishop was placed under house arrest. Bishop, who enjoyed popularity among the Grenadian population, was freed by supporters, and Bishop and some of his co-conspirators were executed. After the execution, the People's Revolutionary Army (PRA) formed a military Marxist government with General Hudson Austin as chairman. The United States invaded Grenada shortly after.

1984

Some members of the Presidential Guard failed to overthrow President Paul Biya.

Colonel Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya rose to power after a bloodless coup that overthrew President Mohamed Khouna Ould Haidalla.[68]

Colonel Lansana Conté led a coup, deposing Louis Lansana Beavogui and taking power himself.

During an ultimately unsuccessful coup attempt, the military arrested President Hernán Siles Zuazo for ten hours.

1985

Brigadier Bazilio Olara-Okello and General Tito Okello led a coup against President Milton Obote. They briefly ruled the country via a military council, but after a few months of near chaos, Yoweri Museveni and the National Resistance Army took control.

Chief of Army Staff General Ibrahim Babangida led a military coup which replaced Major General Muhammadu Buhari, and replaced the Supreme Military Council with the Armed Forces Ruling Council.

Defense Minister and Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, Field Marshal Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab, led a coup against the government of President Jaafar Nimeiry.

1986

A coup attempt led by Juan Ponce Enrile and Gregorio Honasan failed when President Ferdinand Marcos learned of it and arrested the leaders. However, it was one of the events that led to the People Power Revolution, which did eventually result in Marcos' fall from power.

General Justin Lekhanya led a coup that overthrew the long-time rule of Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan.

Two attempted coups failed in the Philippines.

1987

Four attempted coups failed in the Philippines.

Lieutenant Colonel Sitiveni Rabuka overthrew the government of Prime Minister Timoci Bavadra. After temporarily handing power to a council of ministers, in September that year, Rabuka seized control of the country again, deposed Queen Elizabeth II as head of state, and declared Fiji a republic.

On 15 October, President Thomas Sankara was assassinated in a coup, and coup leader Captain Blaise Compaoré was installed as president.

Prime Minister Zine El Abidine Ben Ali overthrew President Habib Bourguiba.

1988

Henri Namphy overthrew President Leslie Manigat and declared himself president.

Prosper Avril overthrew President Namphy, who had come to power in a coup only months earlier.

A group of Maldivians, assisted by mercenaries, gained control of the capital and major government buildings, but the coup ultimately failed after intervention by Indian armed forces.

1989

Members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines belonging to the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM) and soldiers loyal to former President Ferdinand Marcos nearly seized the presidential palace, but were defeated.

A coup was allegedly attempted by Baptiste Boukary Lingani, Henri Zongo, and others against President Blaise Compaoré. After the plot was discovered, alleged conspirators were arrested and summarily executed.

On 16 May, while President Mengistu Haile Mariam was out of the country for a four-day state visit to East Germany, senior military officials attempted a coup and the Minister of Defense, Haile Giyorgis Habte Mariam, was killed. Mengistu quickly returned, and nine generals, including the air force commander and the army chief of staff, died as the coup was crushed.

Omar al-Bashir led a military coup on 30 June against the democratically elected government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi and President Ahmed al-Mirghani.

Major Moisés Giroldi led a failed coup attempt, supported by a group of officers who had returned from a United Nations peacekeeping mission in Namibia. Although the plotters succeeded in capturing Panamanian dictator Manuel Noriega, the coup was quickly suppressed. Giroldi and nine others were executed, and another participant in the coup attempt died in prison after being tortured.

1990–1999

1990

Major Gideon Orkar attempted to overthrow the government of General Ibrahim Babangida. Though successful in seizing military posts, a radio station, and the presidential residence, Orkar and others involved in the coup were captured by government troops, convicted of treason, and later executed.

On 6 March, General Shahnawaz Tanai attempted to overthrow President Mohammad Najibullah of the Republic of Afghanistan. The coup attempt failed and Tanai was forced to flee to Pakistan.

The forces of the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS), a Libyan–backed rebel group under the leadership of General Idriss Déby, entered the Chadian capital N'Djamena unopposed. After three months of provisional government, the MPS approved a national charter on 28 February 1991, with Déby as president.

1991

The Armed Forces of Haiti deposed President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Superior Court justice Joseph Nérette was installed as provisional president.

The National Peace Keeping Council, a military junta, overthrew the elected civilian government of Chatichai Choonhavan in 1991.

A military coup overthrew Moussa Traoré, who had been dictator for over two decades.

Elias Phisoana Ramaema overthorws Justin Lekhanya and restores Moshoeshoe II as king of Lesotho.

Guerrilla forces, including the Somali Salvation Democratic Front in the northeast, the Somali National Movement in the northwest, and the United Somali Congress in the south, performed a successful coup against the Siad Barre government. Mohamed Farah Aideed, the general most responsible for the coup, declared himself the ruling president.

1992

A military coup in Algeria canceled elections and forced President Chadli Bendjedid to resign.

In a self-coup on 5 April, President Alberto Fujimori dissolved the Peruvian congress and judiciary and assumed full legislative and judicial powers.

On 13 November, General Jaime Salinas Sedó led a group of military officers in attempting to overthrow President Fujimori, but was unsuccessful.

There were two unsuccessful coup attempts against Carlos Andrés Pérez, in February and November; the first led by Hugo Chávez.

A group of young military officers, led by Captain Valentine Strasser, took control of the government on 29 April. They deposed President Joseph Saidu Momoh and Strasser took control of the government.

1993

President Jorge Serrano Elías unsuccessfully launched a self-coup, illegally suspending the constitution and dissolving Congress and the Supreme Court. Facing protests and international pressure, Serrano resigned the presidency and fled the country. He was briefly replaced by Vice President Gustavo Adolfo Espina Salguero, but after Espina was found by the Supreme Court to have been involved in the coup, Congress replaced him with Ramiro de León Carpio.

On 1 September, militia led by military commander Surat Huseynov overthrew President Abulfaz Elchibey and brought Heydar Aliyev to power.

On 21 October, officers of the Tutsi-dominated army launched a coup attempt against Hutu President Melchior Ndadaye. The attempt, although initially successful, even causing Ndadaye's death, collapsed in the wake of widespread ethnic violence across the country.

1994

Lucas Mangope was overthrown by the South African Defence Force (SADF).

A group of soldiers led by Lieutenant Yahya Jammeh seized power in a bloodless coup on 22 July, ousting Dawda Jawara, who had been President of the Gambia since its independence in 1970.

1995

Crown Prince Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani who, with the support of the ruling Al Thani family, took control of the country while his father, Emir Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, was away.

A failed coup plot to overthrow Benazir Bhutto.

1996

Many members of the Al Thani family who were still allies of Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, who had been deposed in a coup the prior year, organized a coup to overthrow Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. However, the coup was discovered and thwarted.

In the midst of the Burundi Civil War, former president Pierre Buyoya deposed President Sylvestre Ntibantunganya on 25 July.

A coup attempt against President Saddam Hussein failed.

Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara overthrows Mahamane Ousmane.

1997

Co-premier Hun Sen ousted the other co-premier, Norodom Ranariddh.

1998

Mass violence, demonstrations, and civil unrest throughout Indonesia, triggered by economic problems including food shortages and mass unemployment, eventually led to the resignation of President Suharto and the fall of the New Order.

1999

In addition to terrorist attacks in different parts of the capital of Uzbekistan, there was an attempt to assassinate Islam Karimov and an explosion at the Cabinet of Ministers building before the government meeting. Some, including in the government of Uzbekistan, called it an attempted coup by Islamist forces.

In a bloodless coup, military staff under Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Pervez Musharraf seized control of the civilian government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 12 October. Musharraf declared a state of emergency and imposed martial law. Sharif was arrested and later exiled.

A group of soldiers led by Tuo Fozié rebelled on 23 December, overthrowing President Henri Konan Bédié.

Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara was assassinated by Daouda Malam Wanké during the coup.

2000–2009

2000

President Jamil Mahuad was deposed and replaced by Vice President Gustavo Noboa.

A civilian coup by hardline i-Taukei nationalists against the elected government of Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry occurred on 19 May. President Kamisese Mara attempted to assert executive authority on 27 May, but gave his resignation, possibly forced, on 29 May. An interim government headed by Commodore Frank Bainimarama was set up, and handed power over to an interim administration headed by Ratu Josefa Iloilo, as president, on 13 July.

Rebel Malaita Eagle Forces led a coup against Prime Minister Bartholomew Ulufa'alu. Ulufa'alua was forced to resign, and was replaced by Manasseh Sogavare.[73]

2001

2002

A coup may have been attempted on 19 September, the first night of the First Ivorian Civil War. Former president Robert Guéï was killed; state government claimed it had happened as he attempted to lead a coup, but it was widely claimed that Guéï and fifteen others had been murdered in his home and his body moved.

President Hugo Chávez was ousted from office for 47 hours before being restored to power with the help of popular support (mostly labor unions) and members of the military.

2003

President Ange-Félix Patassé was overthrown while out of the country, when the forces of General François Bozizé took over the airport and presidential palace.

Former Major Saleh Ould Hanenna led a rebel section of the Army to attempt a coup against President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya. The soldiers were completely defeated by troops loyal to the President.[74]

Major Fernando Pereira launched a coup against the government of President Fradique de Menezes. After a week with the Army in power, conspirators relinquished control following negotiations with the government.

General Veríssimo Correia Seabra led a bloodless military coup against President Kumba Ialá.

A plot to overthrow President Blaise Compaoré was discovered and thwarted.

2004

President Jean-Bertrand Aristide was ousted during his second term, and an interim government led by Prime Minister Gérard Latortue and President Boniface Alexandre was installed.

A coup attempt against President Idriss Déby was suppressed after a brief exchange of fire.

A plot to overthrow Joseph Kabila orchestrated by Eric Lenge was foiled.

2005

A military coup in Mauritania overthrows President Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya. A new government is set up by a group of military officers headed by Colonel Ely Ould Mohamed Vall. The group formed the Military Council for Justice and Democracy (CMJD) to act as the governing council of the country.[76]

2006

2007

2008

A military coup took place in Mauritania involving the seizure and the capture of the President Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, Prime Minister Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef, and Interior Minister after the official sacking of several military officials. The coup was led by general Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz and general Mohamed Ould Ghazouani.[77]

2009

2010–2019

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

The Royal Thai Armed Forces led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha overthrew the Yingluck cabinet, establishing a military junta on 22 May 2014.

2015

2016

On 15–16 July 2016 an attempted coup failed against President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.

On 8 October 2016 Blaise Compaore loyalists and former presidential guards failed to overthrow President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré.[96] [97] [98]

On 14 October 2016 an attempted coup against prime minister-designate Fayez al-Sarraj led by Khalifa al-Ghawil.

On 16 October 2016 a Montenegrin attempted coup by Main Intelligence Directorate agents and pro-Russian organisations from Serbia and Montenegro against the government of Milo Đukanović on the day of the parliamentary election.

2017

Harare, Zimbabwe. In the early hours of 15 November 2017, an army spokesman announced the military takeover of government. This was after the army had seized control of the state run television broadcasting station. During the night before they had stormed the president's private residence and placed the head of state, President Robert Mugabe under house arrest. The military police also captured and detained some cabinet ministers whom they labelled criminals around the president. It would succeed with the resignation of Mugabe on 21 November 2017.[102]

2018

2019

On 7 January 2019, members of the Armed Forces of Gabon announced a coup, claiming to have ousted President Ali Bongo. Gabon's government later declared that it had reasserted control.

On 11 April 2019, the Sudanese Army overthrew Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir after popular protests.

On 22 June 2019, factions of the security forces of Amhara Region, Ethiopia, attempted a coup against the regional government after a series of assassinations.

2020–present

2020

2021

President Donald Trump refused to concede to Joe Biden after losing the 2020 United States presidential election, leading, for the first time in at least 220 years, to a failure of the peaceful transition of power.[110] [111] Supporters of the president stormed the Capitol building during the counting of electoral votes, and temporarily halted the process. Early the next morning the counting resumed and Joe Biden was confirmed as president, being inaugurated two weeks later.

On 1 February, State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi and President Win Myint were arrested by the military of Myanmar. The military announced that power had been handed to Min Aung Hlaing, the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.[117] The military announced on state-run TV that they would be in control of the country for one year.[118]

On 25 February, the Armenian Armed Forces chief of staff Onik Gasparyan called on Prime Minister of Armenia Nikol Pashinyan to resign due to his handling of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war and after the dismissal of the first deputy-head of army.[119]

On 31 March, elements within the military attempted a coup. After gunfire at the presidential palace, Presidential Guard fended off the attack and many of its alleged perpetrators were later detained.[120] [121]

On 3 April, Jordanian authorities arrested top officials and members of the royal family, including former Crown Prince Hamzah bin Hussein, for involvement in an attempted coup.[122]

On 24 May, the president, prime minister, and defense minister of Mali were detained by the military.[123]

Kais Saied launches a self-coup and overthrows the Assembly of the Representatives of the People.

On 5 September, military forces of Guinea led by Mamady Doumbouya, invaded the presidential palace and arrested the president.[124]

On 21 September, officials and troops loyal to ousted leader Omar al-Bashir attempted a coup against the Sovereignty Council of Sudan.[125]

2022

Russian intelligence agency FSB and recruited ATO veterans were set to take control of various Ukrainian cities, install pro-Russian leaders in them and transfer those cities to the Russian army during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. However, as plans for coup were discovered by Ukrainian authorities, people who were set to participate in it were detained by SBU.[131] [132]

A coup d'état took place in Burkina Faso on 30 September 2022, removing Interim President Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba over his alleged inability to deal with the country's Islamist insurgency. Damiba had come to power in a coup d'état eight months earlier. Captain Ibrahim Traoré took over as interim leader.[133]

The 2022 São Tomé and Príncipe coup d'état attempt was an attempted coup d'état that is reported to have taken place on the island nation of São Tomé and Príncipe overnight on 24–25 November 2022.[134]

On 7 December 2022, 25 members of a suspected far-right terrorist group were arrested for allegedly planning a coup d'état in Germany.[135] The group, called (German: link=no|Patriotische Union), which was led by a Council (German: link=no|Rat),[136] was a part of the German far-right extremist Reichsbürger movement.[137] The group aimed to re-establish a monarchist government in Germany in the tradition of the German Reich, with the government being similar to the German Empire. The group allegedly wanted to provoke chaos and a civil war in Germany so that it could take power.[138]

On 7 December 2022, the left-wing President of Peru Pedro Castillo attempted to dissolve the Congress in the face of imminent impeachment proceedings by the legislative body, which would have been the third impeachment attempt against the President in less than 2 years. Due to broadly interpreted wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru, the Congress can impeach the President of Peru for "moral incapacity", among other causes, while the president can legally dissolve congress only if two cabinets have been denied a vote of confidence.[139] [140]

2023

Clashes broke out between the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces, and the Sudanese Armed Forces. The fighting began with attacks by the Rapid Support Forces on key government sites, and both forces dispute control between the Presidential Palace, Khartoum International Airport, the Army chief's official residence, and several different military bases located around the country.[145] [146] [147] [148]

2024

Congo's military arrested perpetrators after a failed coup attempt in Gombe, Kinshasa on May 19.[168] [169]

On 26 June, general Juan José Zúñiga led a failed coup attempt in the Bolivian capital La Paz,[170] at one point entering the Palacio Quemado, the former presidential palace.[171]

See also

External links

Scholarly databases and lists of coups include the following:

Notes and References

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  6. Bingham. Woodbridge. Li Shih-min's coup in A. D. 626. I: The climax of princely rivalry. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 1950. 70. 2. 89–95. 10.2307/595537. 595537.
  7. Encyclopedia: Encyclopaedia Iranica. 2. 165. Routledge & Kegan Paul. Ehsan Yar-Shater. 1982. Uzun Ḥasan successfully resumed the war with the Qara Qoyunlū and in the autumn of 856/1452 seized Āmed in a bloodless coup while Jahāngīr was away on a military expedition in Kurdistan..
  8. Web site: Elizabethan England – The Age of Treason. The Gunpowder Plot Society . https://web.archive.org/web/20081202134757/http://www.gunpowder-plot.org/plot.asp. 2 December 2008.
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  26. Web site: Diciembre de 1905: Marcado por autogolpe, guerra y sucesión presidencial irregular . Listin Diario. 6 January 2023.
  27. Web site: 1906 Coup . La Hora . es.
  28. Web site: Jara Coup . ABC Color . es.
  29. Web site: 1911 Coup . El Telégrafo . 14 August 2011 . es.
  30. Book: Riddell, Fern. Death in Ten Minutes: The forgotten life of radical suffragette Kitty Marion. 2018 . Hodder & Stoughton . 978-1-4736-6621-4. en. 141.
  31. Book: Riddell, Fern. Death in Ten Minutes: The forgotten life of radical suffragette Kitty Marion. 2018 . Hodder & Stoughton . 978-1-4736-6621-4. en. 145.
  32. Yanni Kotsonis . 1992 . Arkhangel'sk, 1918: Regionalism and Populism in the Russian Civil War . Russian Review . 51 . 4 . 526–544 . 10.2307/131044 . 131044 . JSTOR.
  33. Web site: Victor Pitigoi . 2 August 2012 . Eight coups in Romanian history . Ziare.com . ro.
  34. Web site: New Finnish Dictator Is Dubbed 'Kosolini' Because of Resemblance to Italian Duce. The New York Times. 10 August 1930. 23 January 2020 . subscription.
  35. News: Thailand's army just announced a coup. Here are 11 other Thai coups since 1932.. Adam. Taylor. Anup. Kaphle. The Washington Post.
  36. Web site: Thailand coup: A brief history of past military coups. 22 May 2014. The Straits Times.
  37. News: Dehghan. Saeed Kamali. Norton-Taylor. Richard. 8 August 2013. CIA admits role in 1953 Iranian coup. en-GB. The Guardian. 4 June 2020. 0261-3077.
  38. Web site: A Creeping Coup d'Etat in Pakistan. 4 June 2020. thediplomat.com. en-US.
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  40. News: Anthony . DePalma. Ramón Barquín, Cuban Colonel, Dies at 93 . . 6 March 2008 . 31 March 2008. subscription.
  41. News: Patricia . Sullivan . Ramón M. Barquín, 93; Led Failed '56 Coup in Cuba . . 6 March 2008 . 31 March 2008.
  42. Szulc, pg. 78
  43. News: تاريخ الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان منذ الاستقلال . ar . BBC News عربي . 2023-07-29.
  44. Web site: Al-Taweel . Amani . 2021-09-24 . الانقلابات العسكرية في السودان بين الملامح والأسباب . 2023-07-29 . اندبندنت عربية . ar.
  45. Web site: Hailey . Foster . 18 November 1958 . SUDAN COUP PUTS ARMY IN CONTROL; Capital Is Quiet as General Takes Power -- Parliament Ousted in Orderly Shift . 27 October 2021 . The New York Times.
  46. Ben Hammou . Salah . 2023 . The Varieties of Civilian Praetorianism: Evidence From Sudan's Coup Politics . Armed Forces & Society . en . 0095327X2311556 . 10.1177/0095327X231155667. 257268269.
  47. Web site: 2023-05-13 . الحكومة العسكرية في السودان في الأعوام الثلاثة الماضية (1959 – 1961م) .. بقلم: بيتر كيلنر .. ترجمة: بدر الدين حامد الهاشمي . 2023-07-30 . سودانايل . ar.
  48. Kilner . Peter . 1962 . Military Government in Sudan: The Past Three Years . The World Today . 18 . 6 . 259–268 . 0043-9134 . 40393412.
  49. News: 1964-06-28 . Kalonji, Key Tribal Head, Back in Congo From Exile . 2024-05-21 . The New York Times . en-US .
  50. Szulc, pg. 81
  51. Szulc, pgs. 80–81
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  53. Szulc, pg. 75
  54. Szulc, pgs. 82–83
  55. Peyton, Buddy; Bajjalieh, Joseph; Shalmon, Dan; Martin, Michael; Bonaguro, Jonathan (2021): Cline Center Coup D’état Project Dataset. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. https://doi.org/10.13012/B2IDB-9651987_V3
  56. Web site: Dissent in Saudi Arabia . 24 August 1990. Judith. Caesar. The Christian Science Monitor.
  57. Web site: Falcoff . Mark. Kissinger & Chile: The Myth That Will Not Die. Commentary. November 2003.
  58. News: Pilger. John. 23 October 2014. The British-American coup that ended Australian independence John Pilger. en-GB. The Guardian. 23 September 2020. 0261-3077.
  59. Web site: In the 1970s, a Soft Coup Removed Australia's Left-Wing Prime Minister. 23 September 2020. jacobinmag.com. en-US.
  60. Web site: A Secret Country. 23 September 2020. johnpilger.com.
  61. News: 1975-09-06 . Sudan Rebels Stage Coup But Loyal Troops Crush It . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-07-25 . 0362-4331.
  62. News: Times . Henry Tanner Special to The New York . 1976-07-03 . Nimeiry Said to Thwart Coup in Sudan . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-08-24 . 0362-4331.
  63. Book: Johnson, Douglas Hamilton . The Root Causes of Sudan's Civil Wars: Peace Or Truce . 2011 . Boydell & Brewer Ltd . 978-1-84701-029-2 . en.
  64. Nina J. Fitzgerald, Somalia: issues, history, and bibliography, (Nova Publishers: 2002), p.25.
  65. News: Koven . Ronald . 1978-07-11 . Mauritanian President Overthrown in Military Coup . en-US . Washington Post . 2023-09-28 . 0190-8286.
  66. News: 1979-06-04 . Mauritanian President Resigns 11 Months After Coup . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-28 . 0362-4331.
  67. News: 1980-01-06 . President of Mauritania Is Reported Overthrown . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-28 . 0362-4331.
  68. News: Ap . 1984-12-13 . MAURITANIA COUP OUSTS PRESIDENT . en-US . The New York Times . 2023-09-28 . 0362-4331.
  69. Book: Deletant, Dennis. Ceauşescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–1989. M.E.Sharpe. 1995. 978-1563246333. 351.
  70. Web site: Educ.ar Portal. Alzamientos militares después de 1983. 16 February 2023.
  71. Web site: 23 April 1990 . Sudanese military government crushes coup attempt . 30 September 2019 . UPI.
  72. News: History of successful and coup attempts wey fail for Sudan since independence . BBC News Pidgin . 2023-08-08.
  73. Web site: Second South Pacific Coup. The Guardian. 2 June 2000. 23 March 2012.
  74. Web site: à 00h00 . Par Le 26 juin 2003 . 2003-06-25 . La tentative de putsch a été meurtrière . 2023-09-28 . leparisien.fr . fr-FR.
  75. Web site: 2004-09-27 . Tight security in Khartoum as gov't claims coup attempt . 2023-08-24 . The New Humanitarian . en.
  76. Web site: 2005-08-09 . Mauritanie - Ould Taya appelle " ses forces à intervenir " La junte militaire à Nouakchott confirme ses intentions démocratiques . 2023-09-28 . L'Orient-Le Jour.
  77. News: Walker . Peter . 2008-08-06 . Mauritania's president deposed in coup . en-GB . The Guardian . 2023-09-28 . 0261-3077.
  78. https://web.archive.org/web/20220707152821/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/darfur-rebels-poised-to-take-khartoum-825914.html Darfur rebels poised to take Khartoum
  79. Web site: Coup In Honduras: Army Expels President . CBS/AP . 29 June 2009 . 7 October 2010.
  80. Web site: General Assembly condemns coup in Honduras . UN News . 30 June 2009 . 7 October 2010.
  81. https://web.archive.org/web/20160112163042/http://www.ethiopianreview.com/index/9441 "Woyanne claims it has foiled Ginbot 7 activities in Ethiopia"
  82. Web site: Official Web Site of GINBOT 7. https://web.archive.org/web/20120418222418/http://www.ginbot7.org/Ginbot_7_PressRelease_25_April_2009.htm. dead. 18 April 2012. 18 April 2012.
  83. News: Mali junta says "strangers" behind counter-coup. 1 May 2012. Reuters. 12 July 2017. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163736/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/01/us-mali-bamako-junta-idUSBRE83T16C20120501. live.
  84. News: Adama Diarra. Tiemoko Diallo. Gunfire erupts in Mali's Bamako, junta claims control. https://web.archive.org/web/20120501144914/http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE84000K20120501. dead. 1 May 2012. Reuters. 1 May 2012. 17 September 2015.
  85. Web site: 30 November 2012 . The attempted coup d'etat in Sudan . ISS Africa.
  86. Web site: November 23, 2012 . Coup attempt disrupted, Sudanese government says . CNN.
  87. News: Straziuso. Jason. A day after unrest reported in Eritrea, calm returns. Ambassador denied coup attempt. 11 October 2013. Associated Press. 22 January 2013.
  88. News: Benin foils 'coup attempt' against President Yayi . BBC News. 4 March 2013 . 24 December 2016.
  89. Web site: Centrafrique: revivez la journée du dimanche 24 mars. 24 March 2013. fr.
  90. Web site: Libyan forces foil coup attempt . https://web.archive.org/web/20130424100909/http://www.middleeastmonitor.com/news/africa/5737-libyan-forces-foil-coup-attempt . 24 April 2013 . Middleeastmonitor.com . 15 April 2013.
  91. Web site: Comores: coup d'État déjoué (autorités) . Le Figaro . 22 April 2013 . 24 December 2016.
  92. News: At least 4 dead in Chad coup attempt: security sources . Reuters . 2 May 2013 . 24 December 2016 . 13 October 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151013223811/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/02/us-chad-coup-dead-idUSBRE9410OY20130502 . live.
  93. News: Two generals, pro-Deby MP arrested for Chad coup plot: prosecutor . Reuters . 2 May 2013 . 24 December 2016 . 24 September 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180953/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/02/us-chad-coup-arrests-idUSBRE9410WA20130502 . live.
  94. News: Libya PM Zeidan's brief kidnap was 'attempted coup' . BBC News. 11 October 2013 . 24 December 2016.
  95. Web site: HAROUN GAYE | United Nations Security Council. United Nations.
  96. News: Burkina Faso 'foils coup plot by forces loyal to Compaore'. BBC News. 21 October 2016.
  97. News: Burkina Faso foiled coup attempt in early October, minister says. Reuters. 21 October 2016.
  98. News: Au Burkina Faso, le pouvoir affirme avoir déjoué une tentative de coup d'Etat. Le Monde. 21 October 2016.
  99. News: Jail Terms for Austrian Far-Right Group Trying to Incite Coup. DW News. 25 January 2019. 25 October 2020.
  100. News: Saudi King's Son Plotted Effort to Oust His Rival. The New York Times. subscription. 19 July 2017. Hubbard. Ben. Mazzetti. Mark. Schmitt. Eric.
  101. News: Addiction and intrigue: Inside the Saudi palace coup. Reuters . 19 July 2017. subscription.
  102. Web site: Zimbabwe's President Mugabe resigns. 21 November 2017. BBC News. 21 November 2017.
  103. News: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea reopen border after four months. Cameroon Intelligence Report. 23 April 2018. 24 April 2018.
  104. News: Reuters. Saudi Arabia detains senior royals for alleged coup plot, including king's brother: sources. 7 March 2020.
  105. News: Mali Coup: President Quits After Soldiers Mutiny. BBC News. 19 August 2020. 6 November 2020.
  106. News: Mali Colonel Assimi Goita Declares Himself Junta Leader as Opposition Pledges Support. France 24. 19 August 2020. 6 November 2020.
  107. News: Sudan: Army Foils Coup Attempt by Retired Officers. Middle East Monitor. 21 October 2020. 3 November 2020.
  108. Web site: Picking up the Pieces in the Central African Republic. The government is deeply aggrieved at the perceived failure of some opposition leaders to clearly distance themselves from the coup attempt mounted by Bozizé. 29 January 2021.
  109. Web site: Coup-Proofing: Russia's Military Blueprint to Securing Resources in Africa. 10 March 2021. These forces, joined by Rwandan troops, MINUSCA, and the country's Russian-trained military, retook three towns and major roads near the capital, successfully repelling the coup and allowing the election to move forward.
  110. Web site: Pruitt. Sarah. How the Peaceful Transfer of Power Began With John Adams. 7 January 2021. HISTORY. en. 14 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210114214733/https://www.history.com/news/peaceful-transfer-power-adams-jefferson. live.
  111. News: 3 January 2021. All 10 living former defense secretaries: Involving the military in election disputes would cross into dangerous territory. The Washington Post. live. 6 January 2021. 6 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210106223350/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/10-former-defense-secretaries-military-peaceful-transfer-of-power/2021/01/03/2a23d52e-4c4d-11eb-a9f4-0e668b9772ba_story.html.
  112. News: Prothero . Mitch . Some among America's military allies believe Trump deliberately attempted a coup and may have had help from federal law-enforcement officials . en-US . 11 June 2022.
  113. Eastman v Thompson, et. al.. 8:22-cv-00099-DOC-DFM Document 260. 44. S.D. Cal.. 28 May 2022. https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840/gov.uscourts.cacd.841840.260.0.pdf . 12 June 2022. The illegality of the plan was obvious. Our nation was founded on the peaceful transition of power, epitomized by George Washington laying down his sword to make way for democratic elections. Ignoring this history, President Trump vigorously campaigned for the Vice President to single-handedly determine the results of the 2020 election. (p 36) * * * Dr. Eastman and President Trump launched a campaign to overturn a democratic election, an action unprecedented in American history. Their campaign was not confined to the ivory tower—it was a coup in search of a legal theory. The plan spurred violent attacks on the seat of our nation’s government, led to the deaths of several law enforcement officers, and deepened public distrust in our political process. (p 44).
  114. News: 9 June 2022 . Thompson & Cheney Opening Statements at Select Committee Hearing . en . 11 June 2022 . Any legal jargon you hear about 'seditious conspiracy', 'obstruction of an official proceeding', 'conspiracy to defraud the United States' boils down to this: January 6th was the culmination of an attempted coup. A brazen attempt, as one rioter put it shortly after January 6th, to overthrow the Government. Violence was no accident. It represented Trump's last stand, most desperate chance to halt the transfer of power..
  115. Web site: CNN Transcripts . . 15 July 2022 . 20 July 2022.
  116. Web site: Peltz . Madeline . Leading up to January 6, Steve Bannon publicly bragged about his behind-the-scene role fomenting the insurrection . . 29 October 2021 . 20 July 2022.
  117. Web site: 1 February 2021. Myanmar gov't declares 1-year state of emergency: President's Office – Xinhua English.news.cn. 1 February 2021. XinhuaNet.
  118. Web site: 1 February 2021. Myanmar military says it is taking control of the country. 1 February 2021. AP News.
  119. Web site: Armenian prime minister accuses military of attempted coup. The Guardian. 25 February 2021.
  120. Web site: 31 March 2021. Niger: le gouvernement dénonce une "tentative de coup d'État". 1 April 2021. France 24. fr.
  121. Web site: Yayadiomandehero. 31 March 2021. Niger – Coup d'état : Le capitaine GOUROUZA SANI SALEY serait le cerveau de la tentative du coup d'État avorté, il est le chargé de la sécurité de la compagnie aérienne de l'escadrille de Niamey. Il est actuellement recherché par les forces de l'ordre et de sécurité. D'après une source sécuritaire plusieurs de ses éléments ont été arrêtés.. 1 April 2021. Omega Médias. fr-FR.
  122. News: The Times of Israel. 3 April 2021. Jordan's former crown prince, others reportedly arrested over alleged coup plot.
  123. Web site: Lewis. David. 24 May 2021. Military detain Mali's president, prime minister and defence minister. 24 May 2021. Reuters.
  124. News: Samb . Saliou . 6 September 2021 . Elite Guinea army unit says it has toppled president . en . Reuters . 24 May 2023.
  125. News: 21 September 2021. Sudan failed coup: Government blames pro-Bashir elements. en-GB. BBC News. 25 October 2021.
  126. News: 25 October 2021. Sudan coup: Military dissolves civilian government and arrests leaders. en-GB. BBC News. 25 October 2021.
  127. Web site: Sudan army chief names new governing Sovereign Council . 24 May 2023 . Al Jazeera . en.
  128. News: Emmott . Robin . 30 November 2021 . EXCLUSIVE Ukraine PM says Russia 'absolutely' behind suspected coup attempt . en . Reuters . 24 May 2023.
  129. News: 24 January 2022 . Burkina Faso president reportedly detained by military . . 24 January 2022.
  130. Web site: 1 February 2022. Guinea-Bissau president says 'many' dead after 'failed attack against democracy'. 1 February 2022. France 24. en.
  131. Web site: Россия планировала переворот и создание "народных республик" в западных областях Украины — Delo.ua. delo.ua. 12 April 2022.
  132. Web site: Блокада городов, "рада" из марионеток и концлагеря для активистов: СМИ узнали о планах Путина по оккупации Украины. fakty.ua.
  133. News: 1 October 2022 . Burkina Faso soldiers announce overthrow of military government . Reuters . 24 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221001004302/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/heavy-gunfire-heard-burkina-faso-capital-reuters-witnesses-2022-09-30/ . 1 October 2022 . Ndiaga . Thiam . Mimault . Anne.
  134. News: 25 November 2022 . Sao Tome and Principe government thwarts overnight coup attempt . en . Reuters . 24 May 2023.
  135. News: Kirby . Paul . Germany arrests 25 accused of plotting coup . BBC . 7 December 2022 . 8 December 2022.
  136. News: Press Release of the German Federal Attorney General . 7 December 2022 . 8 December 2022 . 21 December 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221221132341/https://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/aktuelle/Pressemitteilung-vom-07-12-2022.html?nn=478184 . dead.
  137. News: Germany Arrests 25 Suspected of Planning to Overthrow Government . The New York Times . Katrin . Bennhold . Erika . Solomon . 7 December 2022 . 7 December 2022 . 0362-4331 . subscription.
  138. News: Germany Takes Out Far-Right Coup Plotters . . 7 December 2022 . Tim . Hume . 7 December 2022.
  139. Book: Asensio . Raúl . El Profe: Cómo Pedro Castillo se convirtió en presidente del Perú y qué pasará a continuación . Camacho . Gabriela . González . Natalia . Grompone . Romeo . Pajuelo Teves . Ramón . Peña Jimenez . Omayra . Moscoso . Macarena . Vásquez . Yerel . Sosa Villagarcia . Paolo . August 2021 . . 978-612-326-084-2 . 1 . . 92 . es . 17 November 2021 . 5 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221105081352/https://fondoeditorial.iep.org.pe/producto/el-profe-como-pedro-castillo-se-convirtio-en-presidente-del-peru-y-que-pasara-a-continuacion-2/ . dead.
  140. News: Taj . Mitra . 7 December 2021 . 'Too many mistakes': Peru's president threatened with impeachment after shaky start . . 13 December 2021.
  141. Web site: Pro-Bolsonaro rioters stormed Brazil's Congress, Supreme Court and presidential palace. CNBC. 8 January 2023. 16 January 2023.
  142. Web site: Bolsonaro backers ransack Brazil presidential palace, Congress, Supreme Court. Reuters. Adriano. Machado. 9 January 2023. 16 January 2023.
  143. Web site: Supporters of Brazil's Bolsonaro storm Congress, Supreme Court and presidential palace. CBS News. 8 January 2023. 16 January 2023.
  144. News: 14 February 2023 . Has Russia been planning a coup in Ukraine's neighbour, Moldova? Here's what we know . en-AU . ABC News . 14 February 2023.
  145. News: Salih . Zeinab Mohammed . Zeinab Mohammed Salih . Igunza . Emmanuel . 15 April 2023 . Sudan: Army and RSF battle over key sites, leaving 56 civilians dead . . live . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415084000/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-65284945 . 15 April 2023.
  146. News: At least 25 killed, 183 injured in ongoing clashes across Sudan as paramilitary group claims control of presidential palace . 15 April 2023 . . 15 April 2023 . 17 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230417064549/https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/15/africa/sudan-presidential-palace-intl/ . live.
  147. News: Mullany . Gerry . Sudan Erupts in Chaos: Who Is Battling for Control and Why It Matters . 15 April 2023 . . 15 April 2023 . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415181904/https://www.nytimes.com/article/sudan-khartoum-military.html . live . subscription.
  148. News: Akinwotu . Emmanuel . Gunfire and explosions erupt across Sudan's capital as military rivals clash . 15 April 2023 . . 15 April 2023 . Lagos, Nigeria . 15 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230415141842/https://www.npr.org/2023/04/15/1170249456/gunfire-and-explosions-erupt-across-sudans-capital-as-military-rivals-clash . live.
  149. Web site: 30 arrested for 'attempted coup' in Kyrgyzstan . 6 June 2023.
  150. News: Arrests in Kyrgyzstan over attempted coup days after EU leaders' visit . Euronews . 6 June 2023.
  151. News: Kyrgyz Police Said to be Rounding up Suspects Who Were Allegedly Preparing a Coup . Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty.
  152. Web site: Kyrgyzstan: Security services arrest alleged coup plotters from obscure party | Eurasianet.
  153. Web site: 26 July 2023 . Niger : ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat en cours contre le président Mohamed Bazoum . 27 July 2023 . Franceinfo . fr-FR.
  154. News: Aksar . Moussa . Balima . Boureima . 27 July 2023 . Niger soldiers say President Bazoum's government has been removed . en . Reuters . 27 July 2023.
  155. Web site: 'Coup Attempt': Sierra Leone police confirms arrest of 19 people, including top security officials . 2023-08-23 . The Point . en-US.
  156. Web site: 2023-08-01 . Sierra Leona detiene a militares que "planeaban atacar instituciones del Estado" . 2023-08-02 . La Vanguardia . es.
  157. Web site: In Sierra Leone, police arrested suspects in the coup attempt . 2023-08-02 . Ground News . en.
  158. Web site: 2023-08-30 . Gabon: après l'annonce de la réélection d'Ali Bongo, des militaires proclament l'annulation du scrutin . 2023-08-30 . RFI . fr.
  159. Web site: General Nguema appointed transitional president of Gabon following coup . 2023-12-19 . www.aa.com.tr.
  160. Web site: 2023-09-27 . Burkina Faso junta says it thwarted coup attempt . 2023-12-19 . France 24 . en.
  161. Web site: Au Burkina Faso, toujours des tensions au sein de l'armée – Jeune Afrique . 2023-12-19 . JeuneAfrique.com . fr-FR.
  162. Web site: Guinea-Bissau president says this week's violence was 'attempted coup' . 2023-12-19 . Al Jazeera . en.
  163. News: 2023-12-01 . Guinea-Bissau: Attempted coup was foiled, says President Embaló . en-GB . 2023-12-19.
  164. Web site: 2023-12-05. Sierra Leone: 57 arrests after attempted coup . 2023-12-19 . Africanews . en.
  165. Web site: 2023-12-13. Attempted "coup" in Sierra Leone: ex-president Koroma "one of the suspects" - police . 2023-12-19 . Africanews . en.
  166. Web site: 19 January 2024 . Burkina Faso: Fresh coup attempt thwarted - authorities . 28 January 2024 . Africanews . en.
  167. Web site: Burkina Faso's military government claims it thwarted another coup attempt.
  168. Web site: 2024-05-19 . DR Congo army says it has thwarted attempted coup in Kinshasa . 2024-05-19 . France 24 . en.
  169. Web site: 2024-05-19 . Coup in DR Congo: Who is Christian Malanga wey lead foiled coup in Kinshasa . 2024-05-19 . BBC News Pidgin.
  170. News: Turkewitz . Julie . Glatsky . Genevieve . Trigo . María Silvia . 2024-06-26 . Bolivian General and Military Supporters Are Accused of ‘Coup Attempt’ . 2024-06-26 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.
  171. News: Ramos . Daniel . Esposito . Anthony . 2024-06-26 . Soldiers Storm Bolivia's Presidential Palace in Apparent Coup . . en . McLean . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240627185206/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/06/26/bolivia-coup-palace-soldiers/74224666007 . 2024-06-27 . 2024-07-24.
  172. Web site: Harvey . Lex . 2024-07-02 . Ukraine thwarts alleged coup attempt, security service says . 2024-07-02 . CNN . en.
  173. News: Santora . Marc . 2024-07-01 . Ukraine Says It Foiled Another Russian Plot to Topple the Government . 2024-07-02 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "List of coups and coup attempts".

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