List of countries with overseas military bases explained

This is a list of countries with overseas military bases.

Background

The establishment of military bases abroad enables a country to project power, e.g. to conduct expeditionary warfare, and thereby to influence events abroad. Depending on their size and infrastructure, they can be used as staging areas or for logistical, communications and intelligence support. Many conflicts throughout modern history have resulted in overseas military bases being established in large numbers by world powers; and these bases have helped the countries that have established them to achieve political and military goals.

The United Kingdom and other colonial powers established overseas military bases in many of their colonies during the First and Second World Wars, where useful, and actively sought rights to facilities where needed for strategic reasons. At one time, the establishment of coaling stations for naval ships was important. During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union established military bases where they could within their respective spheres of influence, and actively sought influence where needed. More recently, the War on Terror has resulted in overseas military bases being established in the Middle East.

While the overall number of overseas military bases has fallen since 1945, the United States, Turkey, the United Kingdom, Russia and France still possess or utilize a substantial number of them. Smaller numbers of overseas military bases are operated by China, Iran, India, Italy, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore and the United Arab Emirates.

The United States is the largest operator of military bases abroad, with 38 "named bases"[1] with active duty, national guard, reserve, or civilian personnel as of September 30, 2014. Its largest, in terms of personnel, was Ramstein AB in Germany, with almost 9,200 personnel.[2] [3]

Australia

CountryLocationDetails
Butterworth Air BaseUse by Australia's Commitment to the Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA).[4] In addition, the Australian Army maintains an infantry designated company (Rifle Company Butterworth) at Butterworth, Malaysia for training purposes.
Al Minhad Air BaseUsed by Australian operations in the Middle East.

China

CountryLocationDetails
BejucalListening station[9] [10] [11]
People's Liberation Army Support Base[12]
Gorno-BadakhshanMilitary post[13] [14]
Ream Naval Base[15] [16] [17]

France

See main article: Overseas military bases of France.

CountryLocationDetails
French Forces and Civilian Elements stationed in Germany (FFECSA)
DjiboutiFrench forces in Djibouti[18] [19]
French forces in Ivory Coast (FFCI)
French elements in Gabon (EFG)
French elements in Sénégal (EFS)
Air Force Base
Opération Chammal
Prince Hassan Air Baseas part of Opération Chammal
Presence forces in the United Arab Emirates

Germany

CountryLocationDetails
Light Infantry Battalion 291, part of the Franco-German Brigade
Construction underway, from 2025 onwards hosting Armoured Brigade 45

India

See main article: Overseas military bases of India.

CountryLocationDetails
Farkhor Air Base and Ayni Air Base[21] [22] [23]
The Indian Military Training Team (IMTRAT) is permanently stationed in western Bhutan and the Indian Army also maintains a detachment in the capital city of Thimphu.[24]
A listening post and a radar facility in northern Madagascar[25] [26]
Ras al Hadd and MuscatA listening post and berthing rights for the Indian Navy .[27]
MauritiusIndia has been funding the construction of 3000 m long airfield with associated facilities to house troops.[28]
SeychellesIndian government supported construction of system with six coastal surveillance radars which are linked to the Indian surveillance system.[29] [30] [31] [32]

Iran

CountryLocationDetails
Al-Kiswah and Abu KamalA military base[33] and several facilities[34]
IraqAl Anbar and Salah al-DinMilitary facilities and training base of supported militias
Beqaa and Beirut GovernorateA military training facility and several military installations[35]
TajikistanMilitary facilities and drone factories[36]

Italy

CountryLocationDetails
National Military Support Base.[37]
National Military Support Base.[38]

Pakistan

See main article: Pakistan Armed Forces deployments.

Russia

See main article: List of Russian military bases abroad.

CountryLocationDetails
Armenia
BelarusBaranavichy and VileykaHantsavichy Radar Station, Vileyka naval communication centre
Burkina Faso[44]
Central African Republic[45] [46]
KazakhstanSary Shagan range, Baikonur Cosmodrome
KyrgyzstanKant Air Base338th naval communication centre, 954th torpedo testing range and a seismograph
Tobruk and BenghaziRussian troops deployed during the Libyan civil war
Mali[47]
CobasnaA sizeable military force in the unrecognised state of Transnistria. These forces guard Cobasna ammunition depot.[48]
Niger
Tartus and Khmeimim Air Base and Shayrat Air Base[49]
TajikistanDushanbe201st Military Base
UkraineSevastopol Naval Base[50] Russian-occupied territories[51]

Saudi Arabia

CountryLocationDetails
Saudi Arabian military presence in Bahrain since the Saudi-led intervention in Bahrain in 2011 as part of the Peninsula Shield Force - the military arm of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The units sent from Saudi Arabia included 1,000 (1,200)[52] troops along with 150 vehicles. Saudi Arabian soldiers were apparently from the Saudi Arabian National Guard, commanded by a son of King Abdullah, Prince Miteb.[53]
Military base.[54] [55] [56]
Several military bases and facilities.

Singapore

CountryLocationDetails
Jalan Aman Camp
Hengchun, Douliu, Hukou,[57] Taichung International Airport
Thailand[58] Sai Yok Camp

Turkey

CountryLocationDetails
Pasha Liman Base24 troops and 2 frigates.[59] An Albanian-Turkish military cooperation agreement was signed in 1992 that encompassed rebuilding Albania's Pasha Liman Base by Turkey alongside granted access for Turkish use.[60]
Hacı Zeynalabdin,Gizil Sherg, Joint Russian-Turkish Monitoring CentreBuildings and structures in Gizil Sherg military town, and one terminal building located in the airfield in Hacı Zeynalabdin settlement.[61] An observation base was also built by Turkey in the Nagorno-Karabakh region after the 44-day 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war. The base was established under the name "Ceasefire Observation Center", and officially started to operate in January 2021 with 60 Turkish and Russian soldiers stationed at the base.[62]
Fatih Sultan Mehmet BarracksUnder EUROFOR Operation Althea 242 troops, previously under Implementation Force and Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina stationed at Mehmet The Conqueror Barracks.Voice of America – Turkish">Web site: Türkiye'nin Libya ve Irak Dahil 9 Ülkede Askeri Varlığı Var . 26 March 2021 . Amerika'nin Sesi Voice of America – Turkish . 7 January 2020 . tr . 27 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220627234207/https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/turkiye-nin-libya-ve-irak-dahil-9-ulkede-askeri-varligi-var/5235743.html . live . [63]
Disputed territories of northern IraqTurkey has signed agreement with Iraq which includes allowing the Turkish army to pursue elements of the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in northern Iraq, with the permission of, and in coordination with the Federal Government of Iraq. It also includes opening two liaison offices between Baghdad and Ankara to exchange intelligence and security information between the two countries.[64] [65] As of 2020, Turkey has a military base with 2,000 personnel garrisoned with around 60 tanks, Armoured personnel carriers and one commando battalion.[66] [67] Turkey has more than 40+ military and intelligence bases scattered all around Iraq, the most out of any country.[68] There are plans to build a new base in the Metina area of Duhok governorate in Iraqi Kurdistan Region as of April 2021.[69] [70] In total, Turkey has stationed around 5,000 to 10,000 soldiers in Iraq.[71] [72]
Prizren

Sultan Murat Kışlası, Mamusha

An estimated 321 troops serve in the Kosovo Security Battalion command for UNMIK mission and KFOR peacekeeping force's.[73] [74] [75]
Tripolitania

al-Watiya, Mitiga,Misrata and Zwara[76]

The number of Turkish soldiers stationed in Libya is unknown.
Northern CyprusA total of 35,000 to 40,000 armed forces of Turkey are currently in active duty Cyprus Turkish Peace Force Command in the de facto state Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.
Doha

Katar TSK Kara Unsur Komutanlığı

5,000 personnel.[77] [78] [79] [80]
Mogadishu

Camp TURKSOM

2,000 personnels.
Turkish occupation of northern Syria5,000 personnel in Euphrates Shield and Olive Branch regions. New bases were followed at south of Afrin canton in Atme and Darat Izza[81] There are 114 Turkish bases in Syria as of January 2022.[82] After operation Peace Spring, approximately 6,400 personnel are working around the Peace Spring region between Ras al-Ayn and Tell Abyad. 19 observation points are settled around Idlib and Aleppo Province.[83] Altogether, there are an estimated 10,500 Turkish soldiers and 250 tanks stationed in Turkish occupation of northern Syria. These numbers are constantly subject to modifications.

United Arab Emirates

CountryLocationDetails
Al-Khadim Airport near Marj.A forward operating base[84] [85]
Socotra and PerimPartial military base and air base at.[86] [87]

United Kingdom

See main article: Overseas military bases of the United Kingdom.

|-! Country!Location! Details|-| Belize ||Price Barracks, Ladyville|British Army Training and Support Unit Belize[88] |-| ||Seria|British Forces Brunei: Brunei Garrison[89] |-| Canada|CFB Suffield|British Army Training Unit Suffield|-| Cyprus ||Troodos Mountains in Cyprus|British Forces Cyprus|-| Germany ||Westfalen Garrison|British Army Germany[90] |-| Kenya ||Nanyuki|British Army Training Unit Kenya[91] |-| Nepal ||Pokhara Camp, Dharan Station[92] [93] |British Gurkhas Nepal |-| Norway ||Bardufoss Air Station[94] and Camp Viking[95] |which opened in 2023.|-| Oman ||Duqm |Omani-British Joint Training Area and the UK Joint Logistics Support Base|-| Qatar ||RAF Al Udeid[96] ||-| Sierra Leone |Leicester Peak|IMATT HQ[97] |-| Singapore || Sembawang Naval Base|British Defence Singapore Support Unit[98] |-| United Arab Emirates ||Al Minhad Air Base| Donnelly Lines|}

United States

See main article: List of United States military bases.

See also: List of wars involving the United States.

The U.S. military maintains hundreds of military installations, both inside the United States and overseas (with at least 128 military bases in 55 countries and territories, as of July 2024). Some American bases are also NATO-led with forces from multiple countries. According to the U.S. Army, Camp Humphreys in South Korea is the largest overseas base in terms of area.[99] Most of foreign military installations are located in NATO countries, Middle East countries, South Korea and Japan.

Countries with U.S. bases include:

Africa

CountryLocationDetails
Camp Guillaume, Military Base 511U.S. drone base in Burkina Faso. The U.S. mission in Burkina Faso comprising around 100 people, provide training to Burkina Faso soldiers.[100] [101]
Cameroonian Air Force Base 301, Contingency Location GarouaThe base is used to support military operations against Boko Haram.[102] Approximately 200 personnel work at the site.
Camp Tassone, N'DjamenaU.S. drone base in Chad.[103]
Camp Lemonnier, CSL ChabelleyCamp Lemonnier is the largest U.S. base in Africa with more than 4,000 military personnel.[104]
EgyptSouth Camp, Task Force SinaiThe Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) is an international peacekeeping force overseeing the terms of the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.
Camp SimbaSecond largest U.S. base in Africa. Over 600 U.S. military personnel work at Camp Simba.[105]
United States drone base in SeychellesSurveillance of Al-Shabaab over Somalia.
Baledogle AirfieldPrimarily used by the United States, AMISOM and the Somali National Army as a base for conducting counterinsurgency and drone operations in the country. Approximately 450 U.S. troops remain in Somalia as of July 2024.[106]
Bizerte-Sidi Ahmed Air BaseU.S. drone base in Tunisia.[107] [108]

Americas

CountryLocationDetails
Aruba (Netherlands)Queen Beatrix International AirportCooperative Security Location of U.S. Southern Command
(UK)Ascension Island Auxiliary AirfieldThe facility is home to a U.S. Space Force ground tracking station in support of the Eastern Range and rocket launches from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida.
Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation CenterAUTEC is a laboratory that performs integrated three-dimensional hydrospace/aerospace trajectory measurements covering the entire spectrum of undersea simulated warfare. Its mission is to assist in establishing and maintaining naval ability of the United States through testing, evaluation, and underwater research.
CanadaCFB North BayNorth Bay's air force base is the centre for the air defence of the entire Canada, and works in concert with the United States via NORAD for the air defence of Canada-U.S. portion of the North American continent.
Guantanamo Bay Naval BaseThe military facility has over 8,500 U.S. sailors and Marines stationed there.
(Netherlands)U.S. Air Force Forward Operating Base
El SalvadorEl Salvador International AirportCooperative Security Location of U.S. Southern Command
Greenland (Denmark)Pituffik Space BaseAround 150 people are stationed at Pituffik. The U.S. Space Force's northernmost base, and the northernmost installation of the U.S. Armed Forces. The base is home to a substantial portion of the global network of missile warning sensors of Space Delta 4, and space surveillance and space control sensors of Space Delta 2, providing space awareness and advanced missile detection capabilities to North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), the United States Space Force, and joint partners.
Soto Cano Air BaseSoto Cano Air Base houses 1,200–1,500 U.S. troops and is also used by the Honduran Air Force academy.

Asia

CountryLocationDetails
Naval Support Activity Bahrain
Isa Air Base
Naval Support Activity Bahrain is home to approximately 8,500 military personnel. The mission of NSA Bahrain is to provide Operational Support to U.S. and Coalition Forces operating throughout the United States Central Command area of responsibility.[109]
British Indian Ocean Territory (UK)Naval Support Facility Diego Garcia, Camp Thunder CoveUnited States forces have used Diego Garcia since at least the mid-1960s, under lease from the United Kingdom. The island has port facilities and an airstrip capable of handling large aircraft. Currently, 1,700 military personnel reside there.
Al Asad Airbase[110] See also: List of United States military installations in Iraq
Dimona Radar Facility(AN/TPY-2 Surveillance Transportable Radar)[111] A radar facility near Dimona, owned and operated by the United States.
United States Forces JapanThere are 54,000 U.S. military personnel based in Japan – the highest number stationed anywhere overseas.[112]
Muwaffaq Salti Air BaseJordan hosts about 3,000 American troops.[113] Muwaffaq Salti Air Base is reported to host several MQ-9 Reaper drones, based on satellite imagery.[114] The base is partly operated by the 407th Air Expeditionary Group.[115] [116]
Ali Al Salem Air Base
Camp Arifjan; Camp Buehring; Kuwait Naval Base
Approximately 13,500 U.S. forces are based in Kuwait, primarily at Camp Arifjan and Ali al-Salem Air Base.[117]
RAFO Masirah
RAFO Thumrait (South of Oman)
Antonio Bautista Air Base
Basa Air Base; Fort Magsaysay; Lumbia Air Base; Mactan-Benito Ebuen Air Base.[118]
See also: United States bases in the Philippines
Al Udeid Air BaseAl Udeid Air Base is the biggest U.S. military installation in the Middle East and can house more than 10,000 U.S. troops.[119]
Prince Sultan Air Base[120] More than 2,700 U.S. forces are stationed at the Prince Sultan Air Base.[121] [122]
Paya Lebar Air Base, Changi Naval Base, Changi Air BaseSingapore hosts more than 800 U.S. military personnel.[123]
United States Forces KoreaApproximately 28,500 U.S. troops are based in South Korea.
Military base in Al-Tanf and several facilities in northern Syria, within U.S.-backed SDF territory[124] Approximately 900 U.S. troops remain in Syria to combat ISIS as of January 2024[125] [126]
United Arab EmiratesAl Dhafra Air BaseThe UAE hosts 5,000 US military personnel at Al Dhafra Air Base.[127]

Europe

CountryLocationDetails
SOCEUR base under construction in Tirana[128] [129] [130]
Chièvres Air Base
Kleine Brogel Air Base
NATO Headquarters Sarajevo[131]
Aitos Logistics Center
Bezmer Air Base; Graf Ignatievo Air Base; Novo Selo Range
(UK)RAF Akrotiri
Ämari Air Base
U.S. Military Installations in Germany
Panzer Kaserne; Ramstein Air Base; Spangdahlem Air Base; Baumholder Army Post; Landstuhl Regional Medical Center; Sembach Army Post;
Alexandroupoli Army Base, Larisa Air Base, Araxos Air Base, Syros base, Souda Bay Naval Base
Naval Air Station Keflavík
Caserma Ederle-Caserma Del Din
Darby Military Community; Naval Air Station Sigonella; Naval Support Activity Naples; Aviano Air Base
Camp Bondsteel
Camp Herkus, Pabradė[132]
Volkel Air Base
USCG Activities Europe
Marine Corps garrison at Værnes Air Station
Camp Kościuszko
Powidz Air Base; Łask Air Base; NSF Redzikowo
Lajes Field
Mihail Kogălniceanu Air Base
Câmpia Turzii Air Base; Deveselu Military Base
Morón Air Base
Naval Station Rota
Incirlik Air Base, Izmir Air Station, Kürecik Radar Station, Ankara Support Facility
RAF Alconbury
RAF Croughton; RAF Fairford; RAF Lakenheath; RAF Menwith Hill; RAF Mildenhall; RAF Welford

Oceania

CountryLocationDetails
Pine Gap
Marine Rotational Force – Darwin[133]
Pine Gap consist of a massive computer complex with 38 radomes protecting radio dishes[134] and operates with over 800 employees.[135] The location is strategically significant because it controls United States spy satellites as they pass over one-third of the globe, including China, North Korea, the Asian parts of Russia, and the Middle East. Central Australia was chosen because it was too remote for spy ships passing in international waters to intercept its signals.

One of its roles is to detect and geolocate the source of electronic signals, such as those emitted by mobile phones. This information is used by the US military to identify and geolocate targets of interest, which it can then attack using special forces or lethal unmanned drones, for example.

Kwajalein Airfield, Kwajalein AtollUnited States Army airfield, the entirety of Kwajalein Atoll is a military base.

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. What are here termed "named bases" are the bases listed in section X: "Personnel Data from DMDC", i.e. excluding that table's rows labelled "Other", in the 2015 DoD Base Structure Report.
  2. Web site: Department of Defense / Base Structure Report / FY 2015 Baseline . October 10, 2016 . October 11, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161011140752/http://www.kritisches-netzwerk.de/sites/default/files/us_department_of_defense_-_base_structure_report_fiscal_year_2015_baseline_-_as_of_30_sept_2014_-_a_summary_of_the_real_property_inventory_-_206_pages.pdf . live .
  3. The 2015 U.S. Base Structure Report gives 587 overseas sites, but sites are merely real property at a distinct geographical location, and multiple sites may belong to one installation (page DoD-3). For example, the Garmisch, Germany "named base" with its 72 personnel has eight distinct sites large enough to be listed in the Army's Individual Service Inventory list: Artillery Kaserne, Breitenau Skeet Range, Garmisch Family Housing, Garmish Golf Course, General Abrams Hotel And Disp, Hausberg Ski Area, Oberammergau NATO School, and Sheridan Barracks (listed in Army-15 to Army-17). These range in size from Ramstein AB with 9,188 active, guard/reserve, and civilian personnel down to Worms, which has just one civilian.
  4. Web site: RMAF Base Butterworth. Royal Australian Air Force. 13 November 2017. 26 March 2018. 12 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180312130809/https://www.airforce.gov.au/about-us/bases/overseas/rmaf-base-butterworth. live.
  5. Web site: Kuwaiti-Bangladeshi Military Ties Distinctive: Senior Officer. May 8, 2022. Bangladesh Embassy in Kuwait. https://web.archive.org/web/20210225041623/http://bdembassykuwait.org/index.php/news/110-kuwait-bd-miitary. February 25, 2021. dead.
  6. Web site: Number of Bangladesh Army men rises in Kuwait . 2022-03-14 . 2022-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220314091328/https://m.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/201797/2019-06-01 . live .
  7. Web site: Kuwait praises Bangladesh army . 5 January 2018 . 14 March 2022 . 7 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240607134702/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/Kuwait-praises-Bangladesh-army . live .
  8. Web site: Bangladesh Army, Kuwait sign contingent pact . 27 October 2021 . 14 March 2022 . 21 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220121220201/https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bangladesh-army-kuwait-sign-contingent-pact-321679 . live .
  9. News: June 9, 2023 . America and China try to move past a new bump in relations . subscription . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240607132212/https://www.economist.com/china/2023/06/09/america-and-china-try-to-move-past-a-new-bump-in-relations . 2024-06-07 . 2023-06-16 . . 0013-0613.
  10. News: Gámez Torres . Nora . June 8, 2023 . In bold move challenging the United States, Cuba agrees to host a Chinese spy base . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608164606/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/cuba/article276215936.html . June 8, 2023 . June 16, 2023 . Miami Herald.
  11. Web site: July 1, 2024 . Secret Signals: Decoding China's Intelligence Activities in Cuba . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240702051639/https://features.csis.org/hiddenreach/china-cuba-spy-sigint/ . 2024-07-02 . 2024-07-02 . . en.
  12. Web site: China Officially Sets Up Its First Overseas Base in Djibouti . 2021-11-22 . thediplomat.com . en-US . 2017-07-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170712013933/https://thediplomat.com/2017/07/china-officially-sets-up-its-first-overseas-base-in-djibouti/ . live .
  13. Web site: In Central Asia's forbidding highlands, a quiet newcomer: Chinese troops . . Shih . Gerry . 18 February 2019 . 19 February 2019 . 7 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220607205535/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/in-central-asias-forbidding-highlands-a-quiet-newcomer-chinese-troops/2019/02/18/78d4a8d0-1e62-11e9-a759-2b8541bbbe20_story.html . live .
  14. News: Yan . Sophia . 2024-07-10 . China constructing secret military base in Tajikistan to crush threat from Taliban . 2024-07-10 . . en-GB . 0307-1235.
  15. Web site: china-establishes-military-base-abroad-where-it-showed-war-robots-months-ago. 2024-07-13 . interestingengineering.com/ . en-US . 2017-07-12 . https://interestingengineering.com/military/china-overseas-military-base-combodia. live .
  16. https://www.livemint.com/news/world/chinas-new-military-base-in-cambodia-threatens-indias-maritime-security-heres-why-11691234289762.html
  17. Web site: Reporter . Aadil Brar China News . 2024-03-12 . Map shows countries where China seeks overseas military base . 2024-07-28 . Newsweek . en.
  18. Web site: Les forces françaises prépositionnées. defense.gouv.fr. 27 June 2016. 15 January 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170115104741/http://www.defense.gouv.fr/content/download/466302/7428994/file/DOSSIER. live.
  19. The Status and Location of the Military Installations of the Member States of the European Union. Policy Department External Policies. February 2009. 13–14. 21 October 2014. 24 September 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150924052522/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/dv/sede300309studype407004_/SEDE300309StudyPE407004_en.pdf. live.
  20. Web site: 2021-09-14. ΕΚΤΑΚΤΟ: Οι PATRIOT αναχωρούν για τη Σαουδική Αραβία. 2021-09-14. Πτήση & Διάστημα. el. 2021-09-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20210914201116/https://www.ptisidiastima.com/oi-patriot-anaxoroun-gia-ti-saoudiki-arabia/. live.
  21. Web site: Times . EurAsian . 2018-05-03 . After Farkhor Air Base, India Tajikistan Set for More Security Pacts . 2019-12-08 . EurAsian Times: Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News . 2019-12-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191208145255/https://eurasiantimes.com/farkhor-air-base-india-tajikistan/ . live .
  22. Web site: Philip . Snehesh Alex . 2021-08-23 . Gissar Military Aerodrome -- India's first overseas base that came to the rescue in Afghan crisis . 2021-08-25 . ThePrint . 2021-08-24 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210824143630/https://theprint.in/defence/gissar-military-aerodrome-indias-first-overseas-base-that-came-to-the-rescue-in-afghan-crisis/720356/ . live .
  23. Web site: Dutta . Sujan . 2018-10-11 . India renews interest in running its first foreign military base in Tajikistan . 2019-12-08 . ThePrint . 2019-11-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191125161137/https://theprint.in/defence/india-renews-interest-in-running-its-first-foreign-military-base-in-tajikistan/132454/ . live .
  24. Book: A Political and Economic Dictionary of South Asia. Schottli. Jivanta. Mitra. Subrata K.. Wolf. Siegried. 2015-05-08. Routledge. 9781135355753. 2020-10-06. 2024-06-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20240607134702/https://books.google.com/books?id=yOIjCQAAQBAJ&q=IMTRAT&pg=PT292#v=snippet&q=IMTRAT&f=false. live.
  25. Book: India's Rise as an Asian Power: Nation, Neighborhood, and Region. Gordon. A. D. D.. Gordon. Sandy. 2014-08-05. Georgetown University Press. 9781626160743. 2020-10-06. 2024-06-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20240607134721/https://books.google.com/books?id=xllmBAAAQBAJ&q=madagascar+indian+radar&pg=PA128#v=snippet&q=madagascar%20indian%20radar&f=false. live.
  26. Web site: Jain . Ayush . 2021-05-17 . India Rapidly Building Military Base In Mauritius To Counter China In The Indian Ocean Region . 2023-11-26 . Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News . en-US . 2023-11-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231126005602/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/is-india-building-overseas-military-bases-to-counter-china-in-indian-ocean-region/ . live .
  27. Web site: Indian Listening Station In Oman Monitoring Pakistan's Naval Communications. 2013-03-01. CloseWar.com. 2019-12-03. 2019-04-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20190426195357/https://closewar.com/2013/03/01/indian-listening-station-in-oman-monitoring-pakistans-naval-communications/. live.
  28. Web site: Agalega: A glimpse of India's remote island military base . 2022-12-19 . www.lowyinstitute.org . 2022-12-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221225113748/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/agalega-glimpse-india-s-remote-island-military-base . live .
  29. Web site: 2018-06-25 . India, Seychelles agree to work on Assumption Island naval base project . 2022-10-16 . Hindustan Times . en . 2022-10-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221016111247/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-seychelles-agree-to-work-on-assumption-island-project-respect-concerns/story-0nlhY13WxOgbJDTdGZIjaL.html . live .
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