List of countries implementing pool testing strategy against COVID-19 explained

If not otherwise stated, the virological status of sample pools is evaluated through PCR tests.

Screening strategies

General population

Large-scale screening strategies
Country Institution Date Total sampled Number in pools Specimen Type References
Switzerland18/12/2021>6,000,00010Saliva
University of Washington7/23/2020>100,0004Nasopharyngeal swab[1]
Stanford Medical Center 06/03/2020 2,888 (3 positives) 10 Nasopharyngeal swab [2]
University of Nebraska 20/04/2020 1,700/week 5 Nasopharyngeal swab [3]
Clinical Reference Laboratory, Lenexa 31/08/2020 6,000/week 5 Saliva [4]
Fundación Biomédica Galicia Sur, CHUVI 10/08/2020 100,000/month 20 Saliva [5] [6]
Rambam Clinical Microbiology Laboratory 18/03/2020 N.A. up to 64 Nasopharyngeal swab [7] [8] [9]
Saarland University Medical Center 29/04/2020 22,000 30Nasopharyngeal swab [10] [11]
Wuhan Centre for Disease Control 08/06/2020 >1M5-10 Nasal/Oral swabs [12] [13]
Qingdao 08/06/2020 7MTo confirm To confirm [14]
Kashgar City 26/11/2020 4.5MTo confirm To confirm [15]
Qingdao City 15/10/2020 11M10 To confirm [16]
Algarve Biomedical Centre 24/04/2020 17,000 10 Nasopharyngeal swab [17] [18]
Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne 25/08/2020 10,312 2-8 Nasopharyngeal swab [19]
Ministry of Health 02/2020 9,000 10 N.A. [20]
Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research 04/2020 30,000 10 Mixed origin [21] [22]
Makati Health Department 15/08/2020 10,000 Unknown Unknown [23]
Danang Center for Disease Control 05/08/2020 >10,000 Unknown Unknown [24]
Universidad de Las Americas 05/08/2020 1,500 3 Nasopharyngeal swabs [25]
Jeonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju14/07/20 [26] [27] [28] [29]
King George's Medical University, Lucknow [30] [31]
[32]
India Punjab[33]
[34]
[35]
International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 27/04/2020 2,732 (52 positives) 10 Nasopharyngeal swab [36]
Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO). 22/09/2020 10 [37]
Casablanca 09/06/2020 5-10 [38]
Florianópolis 05/05/2020 19,535 (246 positives) 16 Nasopharyngeal swab [39]

Campus screening strategies

Screening strategies in University Campus
Country Campus Date Total sampled Number in pools Specimen Type References
2021 saliva [40]
25/09/2020 self-collected saliva [41]
25/09/2020 expected: 16 000/week self-collected nasopharyngeal [42]
26/06/2020 expected: 30,000/week 8 self-collected saliva [43] [44]
09/2020 5 to 24 self-collected saliva [45]
08/2020 5 to 10 self-collected nasal [46]
08/2020 14,000/week 8 or 10 self-collected saliva [47]
07/202020,000/week 25 self-collected saliva [48]
08/2020 ? 5 to 10 ? [49]
03/11/2020 (expected: 3,000/week) 8 self-collected saliva [50]
15/10/2020 2,000 self-collected saliva [51]

SUNY campuses are implementing a pool testing strategy based on saliva samples, including Cornell,[52] [53] SUNY Fredonia or SUNY Oneonta.[54]

The University of Tennessee[55] is also implementing a saliva pool testing strategy.

Researchers from Yale University,[56] Georgia Augusta University,[57] the University of Illinois,[58] [59] are also considering or implementing pool testing strategies.

Small-scale screening or experimental protocols

Smaller scale screening or experimental protocols
Country Institution Date Total sampled Number in pools Specimen Type References
03/06/2020 448 16 nasopharyngeal swab [60]
Hospital Clínico Universitario, Institute for Research, Valencia 04/05/2020 N.A. 5-10 nasopharyngeal swab
Universidade de Santiago, Santiago 02/06/2020 N.A. 5-20 nasopharyngeal swab [61]
Universidad Austral de Chile 06/2020 610 20 nasopharyngeal swab
Pwani University & Oxford 13/08/2020 0 1500 6 nasopharyngeal swab [62]
Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 13/08/2020 N.A. 10 nasopharyngeal swab [63]
University of Rwanda, Kigali 30/04/2020 N.A. 20-100 oropharyngeal swab [64]
Sant'Andrea Hospital and Sapienza University, Rome 03/08/2020 >2035 5 naso-oropharyngeal swab [65]
Mahidol University, Bangkok 25/08/2020 N.A. 5-10 saliva [66]

See also

Notes and References

  1. 2020-10-01. Pooling of SARS-CoV-2 samples to increase molecular testing throughput. Journal of Clinical Virology. en. 131. 104570. 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104570. 1386-6532. 7396208. Perchetti. Garrett A.. Sullivan. Ka-Wing. Pepper. Greg. Huang. Meei-Li. Breit. Nathan. Mathias. Patrick. Keith R. Jerome. Jerome. Keith R.. Alexander L. Greninger. Greninger. Alexander L.. 32805524.
  2. Hogan CA, Sahoo MK, Pinsky BA. Sample Pooling as a Strategy to Detect Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. . JAMA . 2020 . 323. 19. 1967–1969 . 32250394 . 10.1001/jama.2020.5445 . 7136853 .
  3. Abdalhamid B, Bilder CR, McCutchen EL, Hinrichs SH, Koepsell SA, Iwen PC. Assessment of Specimen Pooling to Conserve SARS CoV-2 Testing Resources. . Am J Clin Pathol . 2020 . 153 . 6 . 715–718 . 32304208 . 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa064 . 7188150 .
  4. Web site: Lenexa company ramps up saliva testing for COVID-19 . KSHB Kanasa . 31 August 2020. 31 August 2020.
  5. Web site: Vigo opens the new laboratory for COVID-19 screening by pooling . La Voz de Galicia . 30 November 2020. 26 September 2020.
  6. Pooling for SARS-CoV-2 Control in Care Institutions . June 2, 2020 . Cabrera . Jorge J. . Rey . Sonia . Perez . Sonia . Martinez-Lamas . Lucia . Cores-Calvo . Olaia . Torres . Julio . Porteiro . Jacobo . Garcia-Comesana . Julio . Regueiro . Benito J. . 10.1101/2020.05.30.20108597v1.
  7. Web site: Israeli Researchers Introduce Pooling Method for COVID-19 Testing of Over 60 Patients Simultaneously . HospiMedica International staff writers . 24 March 2020. 24 March 2020.
  8. Yelin I, Aharony N, Shaer Tamar E, Argoetti A, Messer E, Berenbaum D . etal. Evaluation of COVID-19 RT-qPCR test in multi-sample pools. . Clin Infect Dis . 2020 . 71. 16. 2073–2078. 32358960 . 10.1093/cid/ciaa531 . 7197588 .
  9. News: Israeli team has coronavirus test kit to test dozens of people at once . 24 March 2020 . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com.
  10. Web site: Homburger Virologen steigern mit Poolverfahren die Kapazitäten für Coronavirus-Massentests . Universität des Saarlandes . 29 May 2020 . 29 May 2020 . 27 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200927153822/https://www.uni-saarland.de/universitaet/aktuell/artikel/nr/21848.html . dead .
  11. Lohse S, Pfuhl T, Berkó-Göttel B, Rissland J, Geißler T, Gärtner B . etal. Pooling of samples for testing for SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people. . Lancet Infect Dis . 2020 . 20. 11. 1231–1232. 32530425 . 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30362-5 . 7194818 .
  12. Web site: Wuhan tested millions of people for COVID-19 in just days. Could US cities do the same? . LiveScience.com . May 28, 2020. May 28, 2020 .
  13. Web site: Coronavirus: China's plan to test everyone in Wuhan . BBC . June 8, 2020. June 8, 2020 .
  14. Web site: Slovakia to test all adults for SARS-CoV-2 . The Lancet . October 26, 2020. October 26, 2020 .
  15. News: China's Kashgar had a coronavirus outbreak. Within two days, 4.5 million people were tested. . The Washington Post . October 26, 2020. October 26, 2020 .
  16. Web site: Xinhua Headlines: China's Qingdao tests 11 million after local COVID-19 cases emerge . Xinhua Headlines . October 15, 2020. October 15, 2020 .
  17. Web site: Portugal ramps up coronavirus testing at care homes. Reuters . April 24, 2020. April 24, 2020 .
  18. Web site: Covid-19: Algarve uses 'pool testing' to test over 20,000 people . Portugal Resident . July 6, 2020. July 6, 2020.
  19. Chong BSW, Tran T, Druce J, Ballard SA, Simpson JA, Catton M. Sample pooling is a viable strategy for SARS-CoV-2 detection in low-prevalence settings. . Pathology . 2020 . 52 . 7 . 796–800 . 33036772 . 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.09.005 . 7508550 .
  20. Web site: Singapore pilots 'pooled testing' on nursing home staff . The Newspaper . May 12, 2020. May 12, 2020 .
  21. Web site: We 'pool' coronavirus samples to test 1,000s at a go; we've done 30,000 since Sunday – Noguchi . GhanaWeb . April 22, 2020. April 22, 2020 .
  22. Web site: Pooling samples boosts Ghana's COVID-19 testing . WHO Africa . July 31, 2020. July 31, 2020 .
  23. Web site: Makati's COVID-19 pool testing to prioritize PUV drivers, vendors . INQUIRER.net . August 6, 2020. August 6, 2020 .
  24. Web site: Danang, Vietnam's Covid-19 epicenter, carries out coronavirus pool testing . Hanoi Times . August 5, 2020. August 5, 2020 .
  25. Sample pooling on triplets to speed up SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis using CDC FDA EUA RT-qPCR kit. . July 3, 2020 . Freire-Paspuel . Byron . Vega-Marino . Patricio Alejandro . Velez . Alberto . Cruz . Marilyn . Garcia Bereguiain . Miguel Angel . 10.1101/2020.06.29.20142836v1.
  26. News: [Coronavirus] Verified 'sample pooling' introduced to prevent herd infection in S. Korea ]. 19 April 2020 . ajudaily.com . 9 April 2020 . en.
  27. Kim SY, Lee J, Sung H, Lee H, Han MG, Yoo CK . etal. Pooling Upper Respiratory Specimens for Rapid Mass Screening of COVID-19 by Real-Time RT-PCR. . Emerg Infect Dis . 2020 . 26 . 10 . 2469–2472. 32844739 . 10.3201/eid2610.201955 . 7510748. free .
  28. News: COVID-19 testing free for all Seoul residents. 19 April 2020 . The Korea Herald . 8 June 2020 . en.
  29. Lee J, Kim SY, Sung H, Lee SW, Lee H, Roh KH . etal. Challenges and issues of SARS-CoV-2 pool testing. . Lancet Infect Dis . 2020 . 20. 11. 1232–1233. 32679080 . 10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30516-8 . 7833783. free.
  30. News: Latest coronavirus update: UP to begin 'pool testing' of Covid suspects . 19 April 2020 . Free Press Journal . en.
  31. News: Advisory on feasibility of using pooled samples for molecular testing of COVID-19. 19 April 2020 . INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH RESEARCH . en.
  32. News: Sumati Yengkhom . West Bengal to start pool testing of samples in low-risk zones . 19 April 2020 . The Times of India . en.
  33. News: Punjab launches pool testing . 19 April 2020.
  34. News: 'Chhattisgarh to adopt pool sample testing': Health minister TS Singh Deo on Covid-19 . 19 April 2020 . Hindustan Times . 15 April 2020 . en . 21 April 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200421141928/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-to-adopt-pool-sample-testing-health-minister-ts-singh-deo-on-covid-19/story-qUnbTE2WgfhAv72aqclkXN.html . dead .
  35. News: Maharashtra to go for pool testing to defeat coronavirus . 19 April 2020 . Deccan Herald . 12 April 2020 . en.
  36. Lim KL, Johari NA, Wong ST, Khaw LT, Tan BK, Chan KK . etal. A novel strategy for community screening of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Sample pooling method. . PLOS ONE . 2020 . 15 . 8 . e0238417 . 32857823 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0238417 . 7454965. 2020PLoSO..1538417L. 221367117. free .
  37. Taylor L. Uruguay is winning against covid-19. This is how. . BMJ . 2020 . 370 . m3575 . 32948599 . 10.1136/bmj.m3575 . 221778076 . free .
  38. News: Un laboratoire mobile à Casablanca pour le dépistage du Covid-19 . 19 April 2020 . Deccan Herald . 12 April 2020 . en . 28 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028203816/https://www.medias24.com/un-laboratoire-mobile-a-casablanca-pour-le-depistage-du-covid-19-10952.html . dead .
  39. News: Swab pooling for large-scale RT-qPCR screening of SARS-CoV-2 . 5 September 2020 . medRxiv . 5 September 2020 . 10.1101/2020.09.03.20187732 . en. Paula Christoff . Ana . Cruz . Giuliano Netto Flores . Sereia . Aline Fernanda Rodrigues . Boberg . Dellyana Rodrigues . Bastiani . Daniela Carolina de . Yamanaka . Laís Eiko . Fongaro . Gislaine . Stoco . Patrícia Hermes . Bazzo . Maria Luiza . Grisard . Edmundo Carlos . Hernandes . Camila . De Oliveira . Luiz Felipe Valter .
  40. Web site: Testing Coronavirus . UNIGE . December 15, 2021. December 15, 2021 .
  41. Mahase E. Covid-19: Universities roll out pooled testing of students in bid to keep campuses open. . BMJ . 2020 . 370 . m3789 . 32994203 . 10.1136/bmj.m3789 . 222003158 . free .
  42. Web site: Stay Safe Cambridge Uni . Cambridge University . October 1, 2020. September 25, 2020 .
  43. Web site: Dépistage Covid : une capacité de 30.000 à 60.000 tests par jour à l'ULiège . New ULiège . June 26, 2020. June 26, 2020 .
  44. Web site: L'université de Liège testera tous ses étudiants grâce à ses propres tests salivaires : les explications du vice-recteur . AEF Info . August 25, 2020. August 25, 2020 .
  45. Web site: Mount Saint Vincent COVID-19 Pool Testing Plan. Mount Saint Vincent website. November 3, 2020. November 3, 2020 .
  46. Web site: Duke to begin pool testing of undergraduates next week . The Chronicle. August 14, 2020. August 14, 2020 .
  47. Web site: MSU researchers develop COVID surveillance program using spit test kits . Wilx10. August 10, 2020. August 5, 2020.
  48. Web site: How will Syracuse University test 20,000 students for coronavirus? By pooling their saliva. Syracuse.com . July 9, 2020. July 9, 2020 .
  49. Web site: Dr. Deborah Birx urges Florida to start pool testing for coronavirus. Here's what that means . Click Orlando . July 2, 2020. July 2, 2020 .
  50. Web site: The Best COVID Warning System? Poop and Pooled Spit, Says One Colorado School. KHN news. November 12, 2020. November 3, 2020 .
  51. Web site: Shenandoah Conducts Pooled Saliva Testing for Novel Coronavirus. KHN news. November 12, 2020. November 3, 2020 .
  52. Web site: Millions of students are returning to US universities in a vast unplanned pandemic experiment. Nature. August 17, 2020. August 17, 2020 .
  53. Web site: What Happens if Someone Throws a Party? Questions and Answers on the Model Reopening Campus. The Cornell Daily Sun. July 2, 2020. July 2, 2020 .
  54. Web site: Surveillance/Pool Testing FAQ. SUSY Fredonia . September 3, 2020. September 2, 2020 .
  55. Web site: UT's COVID-19 testing includes surveillance program that monitors wastewater and checks saliva. 10News. September 3, 2020. September 2, 2020 .
  56. Web site: Here's what pooled testing is and how it can be used for the coronavirus. CNN. July 6, 2020. July 6, 2020 .
  57. Web site: Georgia researchers develop coronavirus saliva test. Fox 5 Atlanta. July 28, 2020. July 28, 2020 .
  58. How to Safely Open Colleges? Test Everyone and Test Often, Experts Say. NBC 5 Chicago. August 6, 2020. August 6, 2020 . 10.1038/d41586-020-02419-w. 32807962. Marris. E.. Nature. 584. 7822. 510–512. 221162668.
  59. Web site: Saliva tests show promise for widespread COVID-19 surveillance at universities and workplaces. c&en. August 21, 2020. August 21, 2020 .
  60. High-sensitivity COVID-19 group testing by digital PCR . June 3, 2020 . 2006.02908 . Martin . Alexandra . Storto . Alexandre . Andre . Barbara . Mallory . Allison . Dangla . Remi . Visseaux . Benoit . Gossner . Olivier . q-bio.QM .
  61. Torres I, Albert E, Navarro D. Pooling of nasopharyngeal swab specimens for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-PCR. . J Med Virol . 2020 . 92 . 11 . 2306–2307 . 32369202 . 10.1002/jmv.25971 . 7267454 .
  62. Pooled testing conserves SARS-CoV-2 laboratory resources and improves test turn-around time: experience on the Kenyan Coast . Well Come Open Research . August 6, 2020 . 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16113.1 . Agoti . Charles N. . Mutunga . Martin . Lambisia . Arnold W. . Kimani . Domtila . Cheruiyot . Robinson . Kiyuka . Patience . Lewa . Clement . Gicheru . Elijah . Tendwa . Metrine . Said Mohammed . Khadija . Osoti . Victor . Makale . Johnstone . Tawa . Brian . Odundo . Calleb . Cheruiyot . Wesley . Nyamu . Wilfred . Gumbi . Wilson . Mwacharo . Jedidah . Nyamako . Lydia . Otieno . Edward . Amadi . David . Thoya . Janet . Karani . Angela . Mugo . Daisy . Musyoki . Jennifer . Gumba . Horace . Mwarumba . Salim . m. Gichuki . Bonface . Njuguna . Susan . Riako . Debra . Wellcome Open Research . 5 . 186 . 33134555 . 7590893 . 29 . free .
  63. Wacharapluesadee S, Kaewpom T, Ampoot W, Ghai S, Khamhang W, Worachotsueptrakun K . etal. Evaluating the efficiency of specimen pooling for PCR-based detection of COVID-19. . J Med Virol . 2020 . 92. 10. 2193–2199. 32401343 . 10.1002/jmv.26005 . 7272832 .
  64. A strategy for finding people infected with SARS-CoV-2: optimizing pooled testing at low prevalence . April 30, 2020 . 2004.14934 . Mutesa . Leon . Ndishimye . Pacifique . Butera . Yvan . Souopgui . Jacob . Uwineza . Annette . Rutayisire . Robert . Musoni . Emile . Rujeni . Nadine . Nyatanyi . Thierry . Ntagwabira . Edouard . Semakula . Muhammed . Musanabaganwa . Clarisse . Nyamwasa . Daniel . Ndashimye . Maurice . Ujeneza . Eva . Ivan Emile Mwikarago . Claude Mambo Muvunyi . Jean Baptiste Mazarati . Nsanzimana . Sabin . Turok . Neil . Ndifon . Wilfred . q-bio.QM .
  65. Petrucca A, Borro M, Lionetto L, Gentile G, Alari A, Simmaco M . etal. Validation of small-size-pooling approach targeted to hospital surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 infection. . Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 2020 . 42. 7. 909–911 . 32734852 . 10.1017/ice.2020.380 . 7431840. free .
  66. Pasomsub E, Watcharananan SP, Watthanachockchai T, Rakmanee K, Tassaneetrithep B, Kiertiburanakul S . etal. Saliva sample pooling for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. . J Med Virol . 2020 . 93. 3. 1506–1511. 32841429 . 10.1002/jmv.26460 . 7461487. 221325763. free.

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