List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves explained

Foreign exchange reserves, also called Forex reserves, in a strict sense, are foreign-currency deposits held by nationals and monetary authorities. However, in popular usage and in the list below, it also includes gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and IMF reserve position because this total figure, which is usually more accurately termed as official reserves or international reserves or official international reserves, is more readily available and also arguably more meaningful.^[1]

These foreign-currency deposits are the financial assets of the central banks and monetary authorities that are held in different reserve currencies (e.g., the U.S. dollar, the euro, the pound sterling, the Japanese yen, the Indian rupee, and the Swiss franc) and which are used to back its liabilities (e.g., the local currency issued and the various bank reserves deposited with the Central bank by the government or financial institutions). Before the end of the gold standard, gold was the preferred reserve currency.

List

• All the figures below are in U.S.$ equivalents as different countries report data in different currencies.
• The exchange rate of the currencies as well the as gold price of the reported date is considered while calculating U.S.$ equivalents.
• Not all countries keep gold as reserves to avoid physical storage costs & the risks associated with it, hence there are no values in excluding gold column.
• Sorting the data in desirable column would provide rankings.

	Forex Reserves Including Gold (data in millions US$)		/ /	Forex Reserves Excluding Gold (data in millions US$)		/ /
	3,582,000		28,957	3,113,850		415	^[2]
	1,827,180		9,122	1,230,377		4,598	^[3]
	795,438		1,127	787,307		198	^[4]
	674,919		7,533	608,463		4,254	^[5]
	606,100		600	574,134		106	^[6]
	568,107		132	563,720		17	^[7]
	455,205		23,642	454,772		23,973	^[8]
	425,153		2,126	425,126		137	^[9]
	419,360		3,580	419,360			^[10]
	357,345		4,465	347,083		356	^[11]
	352,705		2,361	344,173		361	^[12]
	339,800		19,247	100,135		734	^[13]
	242,681		1,422	231,640		41	^[14]
	240,677		2,400	120,745		33	^[15]
	230,624		6,296	212,160		5.380	^[16]
	226,452		686	216,965		439	^[17]
	213,634		3,353	213,634		3,353	^[18]
	214,325		4,756	183,854		2,526	^[19]
	188,793		6,186	163,520		43	^[20]
	151,600		3,540	146,400		34	^[21]
	144,996		2,007	144,996			^[22]
	149,915		3,515	149,915			^[23]
	128,490		3,391	79,060		129	^[24]
	125,451		212	125,451			^[25]
	116,251		45	116,251			^[26]
	104,482		1,834	94,461		2,069	^[27]
	102,241		10,659	99,652			^[28]
	100,000		15,000	100,000			^[29]
	94,341		5,485	94,341			^[30]
	93,342		1,241	93,342			^[31]
	82,000		14,200	67,200		79	^[32]
	80,058		1,261	75,660		126	^[33]
	77,364		7,498	69,866		7,809	^[34]
	73,483		201	data not available			^[35]
	71,901		330	data not available		data not available	^[36]
	70,524		238	data not available		data not available	^[37]
	247,748		8,882	77,727		183	^[38]
	68,028		1,880	data not available		data not available	^[39]
	64,560		8,931	data not available		data not available	^[40]
	59,568		842	51,602		147	^[41]
	57,269		124	data not available		data not available	^[42]
	53,883		604	45,816		48	^[43]
	53,710		7,800	data not available		data not available	^[44]
	53,473		504	45,293		49	^[45]
	46,420		1,112	data not available		data not available	^[46]
	42,527		2,373	data not available		data not available	^[47]
	40,507		1,212	data not available		data not available	^[48]
	41,344		4,749	data not available		data not available	^[49]
	35,395		692	data not available		data not available	^[50]
	35,310		3,161	data not available		data not available	^[51]
	34,980		465	data not available		data not available	^[52]
	34,856		954	34,671		187	^[53]
	34,500		938	data not available		data not available	^[54]
	32,195		950	data not available		data not available	^[55]
	32,037		213	data not available		data not available	^[56]
	31,712		1,916	data not available		data not available	^[57]
	30,255^[58]		4.227	25.550		data not available	^[59]
	24,300		1,641	23,600			^[60]
	24,283		1,566	data not available		data not available	^[61]
	21,390		1300	data not available		data not available	^[62]
	20,846		2,090	data not available		data not available	^[63]
	20,600		45	data not available		data not available	^[64]
	18,496		67	data not available		data not available	^[65]
	18,765		187	data not available		data not available	^[66]
	18,400		1,857	data not available		data not available	^[67]
	16,163		548	data not available		data not available	^[68]
	15,449		1.176	15,441		11	^[69]
	14,738		692	data not available		data not available	^[70]
	14,371		1,145	data not available		data not available	^[71]
	14,200		40	data not available		data not available	^[72]
	13,200		320	data not available		data not available	^[73]
	12,599		130	11,874		2	^[74]
	11,650		142	data not available		data not available	^[75]
	9,800		18	data not available		data not available	^[76]
	9,707		805	9,168		7	^[77]
	8,711		391	data not available		data not available	^[78]
	8,623		539	data not available		data not available	^[79]
	9,109		73	data not available		data not available	^[80]
	8,895		239	data not available		data data not available	^[81]
	7,995		22	data not available		data not available	^[82]
	7,650		441	data not available		data not available	^[83]
	7,390		580	data not available		data not available	^[84]
	7,022		600	data not available		data not available	^[85]
	6,847		24	6,668		9	^[86]
	6,700		800	data not available		data not available	^[87]
	6,390		600	data not available		data not available	^[88]
	6,228		60	data not available		data not available	^[89]
	6,143		200	data not available		data not available	^[90]
	5,908		776	data not available		data not available	^[91]
	5,800		44	data not available		data not available	^[92]
	5,642		242	data not available		data not available	^[93]
	5,591		196	5,497		27	^[94]
	5,515		5,225	5,225		5,225	^[95]
	5,500		128	data not available		data not available	^[96]
	5,290		200	5,290		47	^[97]
	5,224		90	data not available		data not available	^[98]
	5,120		500	data not available		data not available	^[99]
	5,080		267	data not available		data not available	^[100]
	4,921		300	data not available		data not available	^[101]
	4,900		440	data not available		data not available	^[102]
	4,339		950	data not available		data not available	^[103]
	4,298		600	data not available		data not available	^[104]
	3,980		1,100	data not available		data not available	^[105]
	3,926		107	3,869		8	^[106]
	3,913		13	data not available		data not available	^[107]
	3,700		259	data not available		data not available	^[108]
	3,689		11	data not available		data not available	^[109]
	3,664		107	data not available		data not available	^[110]
	3,459		180	data not available		data not available	^[111]
	3,430		170	data not available		data not available	^[112]
	3,368		452	data not available		data not available	^[113]
	3,305		747	data not available		data not available	^[114]
	3,296		146	data not available		data not available	^[115]
	2,976		193	data not available		data not available	^[116]
	2,935		159	data not available		data not available	^[117]
	2,519		062	data not available		data not available	^[118]
	2,510		39	data not available		data not available	^[119]
	2,500		10,391	data not available		data not available	^[120]
	2,490		1,073	data not available		data not available	^[121]
	2,339		500	data not available		data not available	^[122]
	2,296		1,256	data not available		data not available	^[123]
	2,065		145	data not available		data not available	^[124]
	2,019		25	data not available		data not available	^[125]
	1,758		85	data not available		data not available	^[126]
	1,769		471	data not available		data not available	^[127]
	1,620		127	data not available		data not available	^[128]
	1,558		26	data not available		data not available	^[129]
	1,493		37	data not available		data not available	^[130]
	1,482		19	data not available		data not available	^[131]
	1,458		7	data not available		data not available	^[132]
	1,433		16	data not available		data not available	^[133]
	1,425		33	data not available		data not available	^[134]
	1,377		90	data not available		data not available	^[135]
	1,271		200	data not available		data not available	^[136]
	1,119		34	data not available		data not available	^[137]
	1,099		23	data not available		data not available	^[138]
	1,080		30	data not available		data not available	^[139]
	1,065		22	data not available		data not available	^[140]
	1,053		24	data not available		data not available	^[141]
	1,017		30	data not available		data not available	^[142]
	972		3	data not available		data not available	^[143]
	950		15	data not available		data not available	^[144]
	937		9	data not available		data not available	^[145]
	785		11	data not available		data not available	^[146]
	770		2	data not available		data not available	^[147]
	712		25	data not available		data not available	^[148]
	716		243	data not available		data not available	^[149]
	698		6	data not available		data not available	^[150]
	671		12	data not available		data not available	^[151]
	654		2	data not available		data not available	^[152]
	647		30	data not available		data not available	^[153]
	624		2	data not available		data not available	^[154]
	604		19	data not available		data not available	^[155]
	588		180	data not available		data not available	^[156]
	553		20	data not available		data not available	^[157]
	551		24	data not available		data not available	^[158]
	546		19	data not available		data not available	^[159]
	509		2	data not available		data not available	^[160]
	505		160	data not available		data not available	^[161]
	504		3	data not available		data not available	^[162]
	488		17	data not available		data not available	^[163]
	467		27	data not available		data not available	^[164]
	443		20	data not available		data not available	^[165]
	401		16	data not available		data not available	^[166]
	395		2	data not available		data not available	^[167]
	375		14	data not available		data not available	^[168]
	365		14	data not available		data not available	^[169]
	342		7	data not available		data not available	^[170]
	329		3	data not available		data not available	^[171]
	285		6	data not available		data not available	^[172]
	281		4	data not available		data not available	^[173]
	258		2	data not available		data not available	^[174]
	250		5	data not available		data not available	^[175]
	247		11	data not available		data not available	^[176]
	226		3	data not available		data not available	^[177]
	208		7	data not available		data not available	^[178]
	197		5	data not available		data not available	^[179]
	192		1	data not available		data not available	^[180]
	189		2	data not available		data not available	^[181]
	188		3	data not available		data not available	^[182]
	186		2	data not available		data not available	^[183]
	172		5	data not available		data not available	^[184]
	168		6	data not available		data not available	^[185]
	164		12	data not available		data not available	^[186]
	159		8	data not available		data not available	^[187]
	143		4	data not available		data not available	^[188]
	105		6	data not available		data not available	^[189]
	80		7	data not available		data not available	^[190]
	69		9	data not available		data not available	^[191]
	54		5	data not available		data not available	^[192]
	46		2	data not available		data not available	^[193]
	42		3	data not available		data not available	^[194]
	37		5	data not available		data not available	^[195]
	8		2	data not available		data not available	^[196]

Timeline of the top 5 countries

The five countries with the largest foreign exchange reserves almost all have reserves of at least 500 billion USD and higher and have maintained such an amount for at least a week. At present there are only six countries whose reserves are at such a figure; this includes China, Japan, Switzerland, India, Russia and Taiwan. Saudi Arabia formerly included on the list until March 2020; its reserves were severely depleted by the low oil price during the economic fallout of from the global outbreak of coronavirus disease, its ongoing oil price war with Russia and competition from US shale oil.^[197] Here is the combined foreign reserves timeline for China, Japan, Switzerland, India, Russia.^[198]

• China - China has the largest reserve since last 14 years.^{[199] [200]} The main composition of Chinese forex reserves is approximately two-thirds USD and one-fifth Euros with the rest made up of Japanese Yen and the British Pound. China was the second country to reach $500 billion and the first to reach $1 trillion in reserves. China is also the only country that reached net reserves of $2 trillion and $3 trillion. Chinese forex reserve reached over $3.993 trillion and possibly reached $4 trillion before July 2014 but there was no official figures to confirm it.
• Japan - Japanese has the second largest reserves in the world. Japan was the first country to reach $500 billion in reserves and had the highest forex reserves in the world until they were surpassed by China in 2006. They have remained in second place since 2006 and above $1 trillion since 2008, being the second country to surpass $1 trillion.^[201]
• Switzerland - Swiss has the third largest reserves in the world. Switzerland became the fifth country to reach $500 Billion in 2014 after Saudi Arabia and the third country to reach $1 trillion at the end of 2020. Swiss reserves are compiled in Swiss francs. Since the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the Swiss franc has significantly appreciated against other currencies due to Switzerland's traditional perceived safety which has attracted speculative foreign capital; due to the inflows of investment income by Swiss firms, and due to the large surplus in the trade of goods. In order to protect the real economy from the sudden speculative appreciation of the currency, the Swiss National Bank began intervening in the currency markets, first with an explicit target of a maximum exchange rate against the euro of 1.20CHF/EUR until 2015,^[202] and then through implicit interventions. However, the resilience of the export sector and the continued inflows of capital, has meant that the Swiss Franc has kept appreciating.^[203] As a result of this, the SNB has been unable to dispose of its large accumulated foreign exchange reserves since their sale would lead to an even greater appreciation of the currency.
• India- India has the world's fourth largest reserves. On 4 June 2021 reserves exceeded $600 billion for the first time and they became the fifth country after Switzerland to do so.^[204] During the 1991 Indian economic crisis country only had $5 billion of reserves left which led to subsequent economic liberalisation.^[205] Since then the reserves have seen a 127 times increase over 30 years. In April 2024, Foreign-exchange reserves of India hit a fresh all-time high of $642.63 including 803.58 tons of gold reserves. Out of which 403.7 tons of golds is held with Bank of England and Bank for International Settlements, and rest is held domestically. It is done to provide a sense of security and to ensure diversification of risk by spreading gold holdings across multiple location.^[206]
• Russia - Russia has the world's fifth largest reserves; They have reached a level of $600 billion on 21 May 2021. They were the third country to reach $500 billion.^[207] The first fall in reserves was due to the Great Recession, the second fall in 2015 was due to falling oil prices.

Currency composition of foreign exchange reserves

IMF releases the quarterly data on the currency composition of official foreign exchange reserves. The data are reported to the IMF on a voluntary and confidential basis. As of Q4 2016, there are 146 reporters, consisting of IMF member countries, a number of non-member countries/economies, and other entities holding foreign exchange reserves. From Q4 2016, the data was expanded to include renminbi (RMB).^[208] Monetary gold is not covered in COFER but included in reserved assets, a broader scope than that of COFER.^[209]

+Currency Composition of Foreign Exchange Reserves (COFER) (US Dollars, billions)
Currency→ ↓Quarter									Other Currencies		Total
Q1 2019	6,727.09	2,208.79	584.63	495.70	208.64	212.26	181.95	15.27	263.50	712.93	11,610.77
Q2 2019	6,752.28	2,264.88	611.87	497.41	209.85	212.80	186.71	15.53	270.56	715.88	11,737.76
Q3 2019	6,728.85	2,212.74	612.75	492.22	205.44	213.83	182.48	16.20	262.92	729.40	11,656.82
Q4 2019	6,674.83	2,279.30	631.00	511.51	206.71	215.81	187.18	17.36	281.50	749.55	11,824.74
Q1 2020	6,794.91	2,197.30	624.97	486.08	195.13	221.48	170.16	16.05	255.53	770.32	11,731.94
Q2 2020	6,902.01	2,272.44	643.70	504.36	215.47	233.68	190.34	17.22	278.67	754.11	12,011.98
Q3 2020	6,927.16	2,359.61	668.19	523.64	231.10	247.44	199.51	19.30	283.16	787.44	12,246.56
Q4 2020	6,990.97	2,526.41	715.35	561.39	246.57	271.60	216.87	20.74	314.63	841.14	12,705.67
Q1 2021	6,971.79	2,404.80	686.30	554.28	250.01	293.32	214.89	19.44	335.82	851.50	12,582.14
Q2 2021	7,070.33	2,458.88	672.20	560.90	270.01	314.81	218.44	23.13	357.57	865.83	12,812.12
Q3 2021	7,087.77	2,462.44	681.42	561.66	264.29	320.15	214.26	23.77	354.77	860.67	12,831.20
Q4 2021	7,087.14	2,486.88	671.77	576.22	286.93	336.10	218.02	24.51	362.96	886.73	12,937.27
Q1 2022	6,868.97	2,328.35	626.44	569.45	286.02	330.03	221.91	29.48	387.80	858.65	12,507.09
Q2 2022	6,645.02	2,187.63	572.65	538.73	275.75	308.22	209.14	27.63	358.62	858.26	11,981.65
Q3 2022	6,426.89	2,086.40	560.11	489.95	260.92	281.12	204.78	24.78	358.59	841.74	11,535.29
Q4 2022	6,460.21	2,252.06	608.17	543.11	262.62	287.81	217.08	25.31	383.64	877.79	11,917.81
Q1 2023	6,630.89	2,186.33	610.39	605.02	270.60	287.12	221.62	28.26	389.07	877.53	12,029.03
Q2 2023	6,641.89	2,207.25	597.15	533.64	278.51	272.99	219.70	21.26	403.72	887.06	12,055.26
Q3 2023	6,497.94	2,150.47	598.73	530.36	274.36	260.12	222.35	20.30	426.63	920.27	11,901.53

See also

• List of circulating currencies

External links

• IMF's Data Template on International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity -- Reporting Countries
• IMF's SDDS subscribers with links to their websites containing data on international reserves
• Central bank and monetary authority websites at the Bank for International Settlements website

Notes and References

1. Web site: Foreign Exchange Reserves: What They Are, Why Countries Hold Them . 27 March 2024 . 27 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327063155/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/foreign-exchange-reserves.asp . live.
2. Web site: International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity . . www.safe.gov.cn/en . 2024-03-02 . 5 December 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103309/http://www.safe.gov.cn/en/ForexReserves/index.html . live.
3. Web site: International Reserves / Foreign Currency Liquidity . . 2024-04-05 . 19 April 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210419004848/https://www.mof.go.jp/english/policy/international_policy/reference/official_reserve_assets/e0603.html . live.
4. Web site: Official reserve assets and other foreign currency assets . 2024-03-02 . www.snb.ch/en . . 4 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211004161322/https://data.snb.ch/en/topics/snb#!/cube/snbimfra . live.
5. Web site: Reserve Bank of India – Weekly Statistical . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20240405183733/https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/WSSViewDetail.aspx?PARAM1=2&TYPE=Section . 5 April 2024 . 2024-05-24 . Reserve Bank of India.
6. Web site: Inter national Reserve Bank of Russian Federation . 2024-01-07 . . 12 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201112004214/https://www.cbr.ru/eng/hd_base/mrrf/mrrf_7d/ . live.
7. Web site: Foreign Exchange Reserves - the Republic of China (Taiwan) . 23 April 2024 . 23 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240423101428/https://www.cbc.gov.tw/en/cp-448-168527-8312d-2.html . live.
8. Web site: Reserve Assets . 2024-03-07 . www.sama.gov.sa . . 1 October 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221001120718/https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/Indices/pages/reserve_assets.aspx . live.
9. Web site: International Reserves and Foreign Currency Liquidity . 2024-04-23 . www.hkma.gov.hk/eng . . 2024-03-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240302022531/https://www.hkma.gov.hk/media/eng/doc/key-information/press-release/2024/20240328e4a1.pdf . live.
10. Web site: Official Foreign Reserves . 2024-03-02 . www.bok.or.kr . . 2024-03-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240326081329/https://www.bok.or.kr/eng/bbs/E0000634/view.do?nttId=10083373&menuNo=400069 . live.
11. Web site: Official Foreign Reserves . 2023-10-02 . www.mas.gov.sg . Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) . 19 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201119033149/https://www.mas.gov.sg/statistics/reserve-statistics/official-foreign-reserves . live.
12. Web site: BANCO CENTRAL DO BRASIL . 2024-03-01 . www.bcb.gov.br . . 21 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210721234432/https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves . live.
13. Web site: International Reserves . 2024-04-10 . www.bundesbank.de . Deutsche Bundesbank.
14. Web site: U.S. International Reserve Position . 2024-03-02 . . www.home.treasury.gov . 27 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211027022415/https://home.treasury.gov/data/us-international-reserve-position . live.
15. Web site: International reserves . 2022-07-21 . . 7 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230307094112/https://webstat.banque-france.fr/fr/#/node/DATASETS_RA_T . live.
16. Web site: International Reserves . 2024-03-15 . www.bot.or.th . . 3 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230803121003/https://app.bot.or.th/BTWS_STAT/statistics/BOTWEBSTAT.aspx?reportID=94&language=ENG . live.
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127. Web site: Bolivia forex reserve . 27 March 2024 . 27 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327040439/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/bolivia-29-02-2024 . live.
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144. Web site: Economic Engine of the Balkans . 27 March 2024 . 27 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327043851/https://www.kosovo-online.com/en/news/kontext/serbia-economic-engine-balkans-4-3-2024 . live.
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146. Web site: Fitch Affirms Lesotho at 'B'; Outlook Stable . 27 March 2024 . 12 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112090938/https://www.fitchratings.com/research/sovereigns/fitch-affirms-lesotho-at-b-outlook-stable-12-07-2023 . live.
147. Web site: Outlook for Barbados' Economy in 2024. 27 March 2024. 29 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240329073935/https://www.centralbank.org.bb/news/general-press-release/outlook-for-barbados-economy-in-2024. live.
148. Web site: Cape Verde forex reserves. 12 March 2024. 27 March 2024. 27 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052109/https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=ab070a7d-27aa-4450-bb26-558df754016f. live.
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150. Web site: Gambia forex reserves. 27 March 2024. 22 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240322011817/https://www.cbg.gm/. live.
151. Web site: indicators of the Palestinian economy . 27 March 2024 . 27 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052111/https://www.pma.ps/en/Statistics//MonthlyandQuarterlyData . live.
152. Web site: Timor-Leste forex reserves. 27 March 2024. 12 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230912042724/https://hlpf.un.org/sites/default/files/vnrs/2023/VNR%202023%20Timor%20Leste%20Report_0.pdf. live.
153. Web site: Suriname's Foreign Reserves. 24 March 2024. 27 March 2024. 27 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240327092125/https://caribbeantimes.com/suriname-imf-approves-more-funds-for-suriname/. live.
154. Web site: Sierra Leone forex reserves. 27 March 2024. 27 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052108/https://knoema.com/atlas/Sierra-Leone/International-reserves. live.
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156. Web site: Maldives' Foreign Reserves . 11 January 2024 . 27 March 2024 . 27 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052109/https://corporatemaldives.com/governments-usable-reserves-fall-to-usd-140-million/ . live.
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158. Web site: Solomon Islands forex reserves. 27 March 2024. 27 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052110/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FI.RES.TOTL.CD?locations=SB. live.
159. Web site: Seychelles forex reserves. 27 March 2024. 27 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052109/https://dsbb.imf.org/sdds/dqaf-base/country/SYC/category/ILV00. live.
160. Web site: Vanuatu forex reserves. 27 March 2024. 27 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052109/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Vanuatu/reserves_monthly/. live.
161. Web site: Congo international reserves. 22 March 2024. 27 March 2024. 27 March 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240327052109/https://eng.fatshimetrie.org/2024/03/22/congo-impressive-growth-in-its-international-foreign-exchange-reserves-in-2024/. live.
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