List of sovereign states by date of formation explained

Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.

This list includes the 195 states which are currently member states of the United Nations or non-member observer states with the United Nations General Assembly. This does not include extinct states, but does include several states with limited recognition.

For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation, see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements.

Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to Great Britain in 1707), while France is a Republic founded in 1870 (though the term France generally refers to the current French Fifth Republic government, formed in 1958).

Around 60 countries gained independence from the United Kingdom throughout its history, the most in the world, followed by with around 40 countries that gained independence from France throughout its history.[1] Over 50% of the world's borders today, were drawn as a result of British and French imperialism.[2] [3] [4]

An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an almost entirely modern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest extant constitution being that of San Marino, dating to 1600).

Independence dates for widely recognized states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of the League of Nations, there was no international body to recognize nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War). See also: disputed territories.

Many countries have some remote (or fantastically remote) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology, sometimes artificially inflating a country's "age" for reasons of nationalism, sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formalizing national identity. Such dates do not reflect the formation of a state (an independent political entity).

The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of formation events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history, please see the main article for that country.

Africa

CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modification
AlgeriaProvisional Government of the Algerian Republic proclaimedMassinissa unifies Numidia which extended from the Moulouya river in the west to Cyrenaica in the eastLalla Maghnia treaty between French administration in Algeria and the Sherifian empire, the treaty confirms the Sherifian acquisitions in 1813, the Moulouya river is no longer the border between the two territories and is relocated to Oued Kiss. Algerian territory no longer comprises Oujda and Figuig
Algeria reclaims sovereignty over the entire Algerian territory upon independence from France
AngolaIndependence from Portugal
BeninIndependence from FranceBorders of French Protectorate of Dahomey set at conclusion of Second Franco-Dahomean War
BotswanaIndependence from the United KingdomSedudu ruled to belong to Botswana rather than Namibia by the International Court of Justice.
Burkina FasoCoup d'étatIndependence from France
BurundiMonarchy replaced by republicIndependence from Belgium
Independence from Portugal
CameroonIndependence from FranceMerger of part of British Cameroons with Cameroon
Central African RepublicMonarchy replaced by republicIndependence from France
ChadNational Transitional Council establishedIndependence from FranceAouzou Strip awarded to Chad
ComorosIndependence from France declared
Independence from Belgium
Independence from France
DjiboutiIndependence from France
EgyptEgyptian revolution of 1952, Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declaredThe UK ends its protectorate, granting independence to EgyptThe eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries.
Equatorial GuineaIndependence from Spain
EritreaIndependence from Ethiopia declaredBadme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
Constitution of EswatiniIndependence from the United Kingdom
Ethiopia1995 Constitution of EthiopiaZagwe dynastyBadme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
GabonIndependence from France
GambiaIndependence from the United Kingdom
GhanaIndependence from the United KingdomUnion of British Togoland with Gold Coast
Guinea declaration Independence from France
Guinea-BissauIndependence from Portugal declared
Independence from Portugal recognized
Autonomous republic within French Community
Independence from France
KenyaIndependence from the United Kingdom
LesothoIndependence from the United KingdomArea that is now Lesotho placed under British rule
LiberiaIndependence from American Colonization SocietyCurrent constitution came into effect
LibyaHouse of Representatives takes power.Independence from UN Trusteeship (British and French administration after Italian governance ends in 1947)Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad.
MadagascarThe Malagasy Republic was created as autonomous state within French Community
France recognizes Madagascar's independence
MalawiIndependence from the United Kingdom
MaliFrench Sudan gains autonomySenegal secedes from Mali Federation
Independence from France
MauritaniaIndependence from FranceMauritania withdraws from Tiris al-Gharbiyya (part of Western Sahara)
MauritiusIndependence from the United KingdomSeparation of Chagos Archipelago
MoroccoProtectorate Abolished, ADEnthronement of Idris I in VolubilisGreen March
MozambiqueMozambique holds its first multiparty election since the Civil WarIndependence from Portugal
NamibiaIndependence from South African ruleWalvis Bay integrated into Namibia
NigerAutonomy within French Community
Independence from France
NigeriaIndependence from the United KingdomBiafra re-integrated into Nigeria
Northern Cameroons integrated in Nigeria
RwandaIndependence from Belgium
Independence from Portugal
SenegalIndependence from France
SeychellesIndependence from the United Kingdom
Sierra LeoneIndependence from the United Kingdom
SomaliaFederal Government of Somalia established.Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland) (disputed)Somaliland declares independence, but is not recognized by any UN state.
South AfricaRepublic declaredStatute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominion of the Union of South Africa and the UKDe facto: South West Africa declares independence, forming Namibia
The post-Apartheid Constitution of South Africa comes into effectCreation of the autonomous Union of South Africa from the previously separate colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange RiverDe jure: Reincorporation of the nominally independent but unrecognised bantustans into post-apartheid South Africa
2011 South Sudanese independence referendumSeparation of Southern Sudan from Sudan
SudanFirst democratic election since the Second Sudanese Civil WarIndependence from Egyptian and British joint ruleSouth Sudan secedes from Sudan
Amendment to Constitution of Tanzania ends status as one-party stateIndependence of Tanganyika from the United KingdomMerger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form Tanzania
TogoAutonomy within French Union
Independence from France
Tunisia2022 Constitution of TunisiaIndependence from France
UgandaSelf-government granted
Independence from the United Kingdom
ZambiaIndependence from the United Kingdom
ZimbabweRobert Mugabe revises the Constitution of Zimbabwe to create an executive presidency.Unilateral declaration of independence by Southern RhodesiaBSAC separates North-Eastern Rhodesia from Southern Rhodesia
Recognized independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe

Americas

CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modifi­cation
Antigua and BarbudaIndependence from the United Kingdom
ArgentinaThe current Constitution of Argentina enters in forceMay Revolution installs first local governmentConquest of the Desert
Argentine Declaration of Independence from Spain.
BahamasInternal self-governance granted
Independence from the United Kingdom
BarbadosIndependence from the United Kingdom
BelizeSelf-governing colonyTreaty establishes border between British Honduras and Guatemala
Independence from the United Kingdom
Constitution of BoliviaBolivian War of Independence from Spain.Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil whereby Bolivia gained lands in Mato Grosso in exchange for the territory of Acre
Independence recognized by Spain
BrazilConstitution of Brazil established as the third Federative RepublicIndependence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves declaredSigning of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Bolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory of Acre in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso
Independence recognized by Portugal
Proclamation of the Federal Republic
CanadaGranted nominal independence (Dominion status), establishing as a federationStatute of WestminsterNunavut Territory created as per native land claims act from two thirds of the area of Northwest Territories.
Constitution Act, 1982 established
ChileAmendment to the Constitution of Chile ends the military dictatorshipFirst Government JuntaChile awarded Arica district in Treaty of Lima
Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain
Independence recognized by Spain
ColombiaColombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic.Colombia declares independence from Spain.The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly.
Colombia merged with Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador.
Gran Colombia dissolved creating a pact with Panama as the Republic of New Granada.
The Republic of New Granada was replaced to the Granadine Confederation under the 1858 constitution.
The Granadine Confederation was replaced to the United States of Colombia under the constitutional change of 1864.
Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
Establishment of the current sovereignty of Colombia as a republic.
Costa RicaConstitution of Costa RicaCosta Rica declared independence from SpainPartido de Nicoya
Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
Independence recognized by Spain
CubaCuban RevolutionSeveral wars were declared against Spain from 1868 to 1898, ending with the military support of USA to the Cuban Revolution.
Spain loses the war against the United States and the military occupation of Cuba by the U.S. begins.
United States military occupation ends[5]
DominicaConstitution of DominicaBecame an associated state of the United Kingdom
Independence from the United Kingdom
Dominican RepublicCivilian constitution of the Dominican Republic following the Dominican Civil War.The Dominican Republic gains independence from HaitiHaiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border.
Independence recognized by Spain
EcuadorConstitution of Ecuador established.First declaration of Independence from SpainRio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru
Second declaration of independence from Spain of Gran Colombia, of which Ecuador is a part of
Dissolution of Gran Colombia
Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
El SalvadorConstitution of El Salvador established as the third Unitary presidential republicEl Salvador becomes independent from Spain, and 4 months later becomes province in First Mexican Empire
El Salvador becomes a state of Federal Republic of Central America from the First Mexican Empire
Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America, El Salvador becomes independent nation
El Salvador was internationally recognized.
Independence recognized by Spain
GrenadaPaul Scoon Takes power after the US Invasion Which Ousted the PRGAssociated state of the United Kingdom
Full independence from the United Kingdom
GuatemalaConstitution of Guatemala establishedGuatemala becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain
Independence from Federal Republic of Central America declared
Independence recognized by Spain
GuyanaIndependence from the United Kingdom
HaitiConstitution of 1987 (superseded)The French colony Saint-Domingue gains independence as HaitiThe Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti
Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border.
HondurasConstitution of Honduras.Honduras becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from SpainSwan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation
Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
Independence from Spain recognized
JamaicaIndependence from the United Kingdom
MexicoConstitution of MexicoIndependence from Spain declaredGadsden Purchase
Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
NicaraguaConstitution of Nicaragua establishedNicaragua becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain
Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
Independence recognized by Spain
PanamaConstitution of Panama establishedIndependence from ColombiaSovereignty of Panama Canal Zone transferred to Panama from the United States
Independence from Spain recognized
ParaguayDemocratic Constitution of ParaguayIndependence from Spain declaredParaguay awarded a large portion of the Gran Chaco as a result of the Chaco War
Independence from Spain recognized
PeruConstitution of Peru establishedIndependence from Spain declaredRio Protocol ends border dispute with Ecuador
Independence from Spain recognized
Saint Kitts and NevisAssociated state of the United KingdomAnguilla separated from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
Independence from the United Kingdom
Saint LuciaAssociated statehood
Independence from the United Kingdom
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesAssociated statehood
Independence from the United Kingdom
SurinameSelf-government granted
Independence from Netherlands
Trinidad and TobagoIndependence from the United Kingdom
United StatesUnited States Constitution enters into force, replacing the previous Articles of Confederation and creating a new system of governmentDeclaration of Independence from Great Britain is adopted by the United States CongressUnited States Territory:
Territory of Hawaii joins the United States as the State of Hawaii
Independence from Great Britain recognizedInsular area


The United States cedes Serrana Bank and Roncador Bank to the Republic of Colombia as a result of a treaty signed in 1972

Uruguay1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendumIndependence from Empire of Brazil declared, joined in union with United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (current Argentina).Brazil-Uruguay border treaty
Treaty of Montevideo signed, recognizing Uruguay's independence by Brazil
Independence recognized by Spain
New Constitution of Venezuela establishes the Bolivarian Fifth Republic[6] Independence from Spain declaredTribunal of Arbitration awards most of disputed territory to British Guyana.
Dissolution of Gran Colombia
Independence recognized by Spain

Asia

CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modification
AfghanistanFall of Kabul reestablished the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.1747Durrani Empire12 November 1893Durand Line Agreement
Armenia2015 Armenian constitutional referendum creates a parliamentary republicKingdom of Armenia under Artaxiad dynasty[7] Establishment of the Armenian SSR
Evolving as a feudal kingdom in the ninth century, Armenia experienced a brief cultural, political and economic renewal under the Bagratuni dynasty.
Independence recognized by the Soviet Union
Bahrain14 February 20022002 Constitution of BahrainEnd of treaties with the United KingdomPortuguese conquest of current territory
BangladeshDe jure: Constitution of BangladeshIndependence from Pakistan declaredIndia and Bangladesh exchange enclaves
De facto: First general election since restoration of parliamentary democracy.
BhutanFirst elections to the National AssemblyUgyen Wangchuck ends period of civil war and unites BhutanTreaty of Sinchula
De jure: Constitution of BruneiBrunei regains its independence after an agreement with the British on 4 January 1979Kingdom of Sarawak founded
De facto: Martial law declared during the Brunei Revolt, suspending democratic elections indefinitely.
CambodiaConstitution of CambodiaKhmer Empire[8]
France grants Cambodia independence
Becomes free from Vietnamese occupation; it gets back its name instead of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
Republic of China (Taiwan)[9] A republic was formally established following the Xinhai Revolution, The Shang dynasty is the earliest dynasty of traditional Chinese history firmly supported by archaeological evidenceLoss of Yijiangshan Islands, resulting in the current free area of the Republic of China
The Republic of China adopted its constitution during the National Assembly on 25 December 1947, with further revisions and amendments since 1991
People's Republic of ChinaProclamation of the People's Republic of China in BeijingTajikistan ceded 1158 square kilometers of land to China
The People's Republic of China adopted its constitution during the 5th National People's Congress on 4 December 1982, with further revisions about every five years
IndiaDe jure: Constitution of IndiaIndependence from the British EmpireIndia and Bangladesh exchange exclaves
Indus Valley Civilisation was the earliest settlement in India
Iranian Revolution ended the monarchy and establishes the Islamic Republic on 11 February 1979Founded by the ElamiteSigning of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, whereby the territories that now constitute Armenia, Azerbaijan (the remaining part which hadn't been lost by the Treaty of Gulistan (1813)), and Iğdır are ceded to Russia
14 August 1971Bahrain's independence from Iran
30 November 1971Recapture of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs
the new constitution was approved according to the results of the constitutional referendum of 2 and 3 December 1979
IraqConstitution of Iraq following the Iraq WarThe Abbasid Caliphate built the city of Baghdad along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the Arab and Muslim world for five centuriesKuwait liberated.
Kingdom of Iraq
IsraelDemocratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of IsraelDemocratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of IsraelThe Golan Heights Law annexes the Golan Heights, conquered from Syria in the Six-day war to Israel proper; they were administered as a militarily-occupied territory until that point.
The Completion of Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip
JapanOn December 22, 1885, "Daijo-kan No. 69" were established, and the Cabinet system was established in place of the Daijo-kan system. BCTraditional founding date of the imperial dynasty by Emperor Jimmu.Return of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan and abolition of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
JordanConstitution of JordanEnd of the British Mandate for PalestineSigning of the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, whereby most of the disputed 400 square-kilometer area in the Arabah was handed back to Jordan
The Cabinet of Jordan is made an elected body[10]
Kim Il-sung declared Premier of North Korea, establishing the still-ruling Kim dynasty. Independence declared from the Soviet Union.The Goryeo Dynasty unified the Korean states, the exonym Korea originated from the word Goryeo.Signing of the Sino–Korean Border Agreement with the People's Republic of China
The Constitution of North Korea replaced Communism with Juche as North Korea's governing philosophy.
Cease-fire in the Korean War creates the northern border along the Military Demarcation Line
Current Sixth Republic of South Korea founded, ending military rule
KuwaitConstitution of KuwaitEstablishment of the Sheikhdom of KuwaitFormal division of Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone
KyrgyzstanConstitution of Kyrgyzstan introduces parliamentary system.Independence from the Soviet Union[11] Establishment of the Kirghiz SSR
Lao PDR formedIndependence from France
LebanonLebanese Republic formedIndependence from France declaredFrance establishes State of Greater Lebanon with current boundaries
Independence from France recognized
MalaysiaFormation of MalaysiaMalayan Independence from the United Kingdom was declared in Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square)Singapore expelled from the Federation of Malaysia
Malaysia was formed by the federation of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya.
MaldivesDeclaration of RepublicIndependence from the United Kingdom
MongoliaConstitution of Mongolia declares the country a parliamentary democracy.Mongol Empire formed
Proclamation of Mongolian independence from Manchu's Qing dynasty
MyanmarThe SAC with help from the Tatmadaw overthrows the elected governmentEarly Pagan Kingdom formed[12] Myanmar (Burma) declares independence from the British Empire
Signing of border treaty with the People's Republic of China
NepalFormation of RepublicNepali unificationSugauli Treaty ends the Gurkha War
OmanBeginning of the Al Said dynasty, current absolute monarchical line of Oman.Expulsion of the PortugueseGwadar sold to Pakistan
Basic Law of Oman
PakistanConstitution of PakistanEstablishment from the Indian Empire after Independence from the British Empire and Partition of India
[13] Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho AreaPalestinian Declaration of IndependenceHamas takeover of the Gaza Strip
Philippines[14] The evolving revolutionary movement in the Philippines declares itself independent from the Spanish Empire.[15] [16] [17] Spain regarded this as an expression of continued rebellion. This difference in viewpoints was not resolved.[18] In 2012, the United Nations approved a 2009 claim by the Philippines to the Benham Rise.
Spain, still sovereign, cedes the Philippines to the United States via the Treaty of Paris (1898).[19]
The United States recognizes Philippine independence under the provisions of the Treaty of Manila (1946). The 1935 Constitution remained in effect until 1973, when the Marcos regime promulgated a newer one, in turn replaced by the present 1987 Constitution.
QatarInfluence from Britain concludedIndependence from the Ottoman EmpireAcquisition of the rest of Khor Al Adaid[20]
Saudi ArabiaRegions of al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and Hejaz unified to become Saudi ArabiaEstablishment of the Third Saudi StateFixed border territory with Qatar
SingaporeSingapore ceased to be a state of MalaysiaSelf-government under the United KingdomEstablishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state
separate from and independent of Malaysia
Sri LankaConstitution of Sri LankaIndependence from United KingdomDe jure: The Kandyan Kingdom is annexed by British Ceylon
De facto: The Sri Lankan government regains control of the whole island following the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War.
Constitution of SyriaEnd of the United Arab RepublicDe jure: Lebanon declares independence from the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
De facto: Israel conquers the Golan Heights from Syria during the Six-day War
TajikistanIndependence from the Soviet UnionEstablishment of the Tajik SSR
ThailandConstitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2017Salvage Independence by King Taksin the Great consist of expulsion of Burmese out of former capital (Through Taksin's reunification of Siam on October-6 November 1767) and Establish a New kingdom together with reunification of ThailandAnglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
Timor-LesteConstitution of East TimorIndependence was recognized by the international community following the UN-sponsored act of self-determination of 1999The borders of Portuguese Timor are agreed.[21]
TurkmenistanConstitution of TurkmenistanIndependence from the Soviet UnionEstablishment of the Turkmen SSR
United Arab EmiratesEnd of treaty relationship with the United KingdomRas al-Khaimah joins the UAE
UzbekistanIndependence from the Soviet Union declaredEstablishment of the Uzbek SSR
North Vietnam declared a socialist republicWithdrawal of the Japanese after World War IIReunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam
Current Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
YemenUnification of North Yemen and South YemenQasimid State/Zaidi Imamate[22]
North Yemen independence from the Ottoman EmpireHouthis seized control of the bulk of the former North Yemen territory and its capital Sana'a
South Yemen independence from the United KingdomSouthern Transitional Council declares self-governance of Socotra and some areas controlled by the former PDR Yemen.
Table notes

Europe

CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modification
BulgariaPeople's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria on territories of the Eastern Roman Empire(Danubian) BulgariaUnder the 1944 Armistice with the Allies, Bulgaria renounces the 1941 annexation of Vardar Macedonia from Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace from Greece. Formally confirmed on 10 February 1947 by Paris Peace Treaties.
Second Bulgarian Empire formed
Autonomy within Ottoman Empire recognized internationally by the Treaty of Berlin
AndorraCurrent Constitution of Andorra entered forceIndependence from AragonThe Andorra–France border is adjusted to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge
AustriaDeclaration of the Republic of German-AustriaPrivilegium Minus

Sovereignty from Duchy of Bavaria as a Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire

City of Sopron, and 8 other towns moved to Hungary after plebiscite
Proclamation of the Austrian Empire
Restoration of the Republic of Austria
BelarusConstitutional amendment abolishes the Supreme Soviet and establishes the National AssemblyFormation of the Kievan Rus'
Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist RepublicWestern border with Poland: modification of the Curzon Line determined at the 1945 Yalta Conference
Independence recognized by Soviet Union
BelgiumKing Leopold I of Belgium swears allegiance to the constitution making the country a constitutional monarchyIndependence was proclaimed by the provisonial governmentBelgian proper:
Treaty of Versailles and annexation of the East Cantons
Belgian colonial empire


Ruanda-Urundi declares independence and split within two countries: Rwanda and Burundi.

Bosnia and HerzegovinaIndependence declared from the SFR YugoslaviaEstablishment of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
AlbaniaSocialist People's Republic of Albania was replaced by the Republic of Albania.Principality of Arbër was established by archon Progon.Occupied Kosovo, west Macedonia and border region of Montenegro returned to Yugoslavia
Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire
Albanian state re-established after Italian/German occupation
CroatiaIndependence from SFR YugoslaviaDuke Branimir was recognized as an independent ruler of the Duchy of Croatia by Pope John VIII.[23] [24] [25] [26] [27] Annexation of most of Istria to SR Croatia as a result of signing the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties
Formation of Kingdom of Croatia by King Tomislav
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating Czechia and SlovakiaFormation of the Duchy of Bohemia
DenmarkConstitutional Act of DenmarkHarald Bluetooth unifies DenmarkDenmark proper:
Sønderjylland was recovered from Germany.
EstoniaEstonian Declaration of Independence, whereby a republic was declared[28] Independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupationDe facto: Eastern coast of Narva river and most of Petseri County were transferred to Russian SFSR
FinlandDiet of Porvoo, birth of Finland as an autonomous state entity within Russian EmpireIndependence from Russian Empire declaredPorkkala returned from Soviet control
Independence from Russia recognized by the highest Soviet executive body, VTsIK
FranceEstablishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic then
First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of VerdunMetropolitan France


Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy.

French Republic founded.Overseas France:
The New Hebrides Condominium declares independence and becomes Vanuatu.
GermanyThe Basic Law of Germany comes into effect.843 then962Creation of East FranciaEast Francia becomes the Holy Roman Empire (with the Kingdom of Germany as a main part of the empire)Reunification of West Germany and East Germany
1815German Confederation founded
German Empire founded
German Democratic Republic (commonly referred to at the time as East Germany) declared fully sovereign
Federal Republic of Germany (commonly referred to at the time as West Germany) declared fully sovereign
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ends the Four Power occupation.
GreeceThird Hellenic RepublicPeloponnesian League / Spartan Alliance[29] Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece
Delian League / Athenian Empire[30]
League of Corinth /Hellenic League[31]
Modern Greece Independence recognized by the London Protocol as Kingdom of Greece.[32]
HungaryPeople's Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Republic of Hungary.Principality of Hungary formedWith the Paris Peace Treaty, Hungary loses all territories that were regained with the First and Second Vienna Awards and during World War II, thus it returns to the 1937 borders (except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia).
The Basic Law of Hungary comes into effect.Formation of the Kingdom of Hungary by Stephen I of Hungary.
IcelandThe Althingi resumes meeting after hiatus since 1799.Iceland becomes sovereign and independent from Denmark as the Kingdom of Iceland but retains a personal union with the King of Denmark.No territorial changes on land have taken place, however the expansion of the Exclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here.
Kingdom of Iceland becomes a Republic.
IrelandElected Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann unilaterally declares Ireland's independence from the United KingdomIrish Free State secedes from United Kingdom by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty but remains a dominion of the British EmpireDe facto: Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State and rejoins the United Kingdom in accordance with the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922
Statute of Westminster confers legislative independence from the United KingdomN/A
Constitution of Ireland establishes the roles of Taoiseach and President, and replaces the Irish Free State (or Saorstat Eireann in Irish language) with a new state named Ireland (or Éire in Irish language).Republic of Ireland Act 1948 terminates the functions of the British King in Ireland's diplomatic relations; domestic United Kingdom law purports that Ireland was one of the King's dominions until this date; Irish law does not accept this interpretation.De jure: Amendment to the Irish constitution removes irredentist claims to Northern Ireland.
ItalyItalian Republic founded.Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Sardinia, existing since 1324 as part of the Spanish Empire first and subsequently of the Holy Roman Empire.The Peace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy. The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117.
Italian unification
Disestablishment of the German-backed Italian Social Republic, whereby the unity and independence of the Italian state was restored
Kosovo Republic founded2008 2008 Kosovo War
LatviaConstitution of Latvia enforcedIndependence (from Soviet Union) reassertedAbrene district ceded to Russian SFSR (modern Russia)
LiechtensteinThe 2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum increases the Prince's powers and makes the country an absolute monarchy[33] Dissolution of the German ConfederationPurchase of Vaduz
LithuaniaAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupationIndependence declared from Germany and Russia and
Western part (approximately half) of Vilnius Region ceded to Lithuania
LuxembourgSeparates from union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becomes Grand Duchy in its own rightEnd of German occupation during World War IIPartition of Luxembourg under the Treaty of London
MaltaThe State of Malta became a republic Independence from United KingdomGozo rejoined Malta
Constitution of Moldova (1997)Independence from Soviet UnionDe jure: Moldavian SSR formed
De facto: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic declares independence. The government is not recognized by any UN member, but has de facto control over the Transnistria region.
MonacoAmendment to Constitution of Monaco curtails the power of the prince and establishes the modern National CouncilFrançois Grimaldi captures the fortress atop the Rock of Monaco.Secession of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin.
MontenegroConstitution of MontenegroDeclaration of independence from Serbia and Montenegro.
NetherlandsAdoption of the constitution of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.Plakkaat van Verlatinghe signed, independence from SpainEuropean Netherlands


The United Kingdom of the Netherlands divided under the Treaty of London (1839).

Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands signedSurrender of Nazi forces occupying the NetherlandsKingdom of the Netherlands


Suriname declares independence.


(until 2019 Republic of Macedonia)
Constitution of North MacedoniaAfter a referendum, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence from YugoslaviaEstablishment of SR Macedonia
NorwayConstitution of NorwayKing Harald I of Norway unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway.Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway.
Dissolution of the union between Norway and Denmark.
Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden.
German occupying forces surrender.
PolandThe first partially free Parliament's vote after 45-year-long Soviet dominationAdoption of Christianity by the first historically documented Polish ruler Mieszko I.Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty
Poland regains its independence.
PortugalConstitution of PortugalFormation of Kingdom of Portugal by Treaty of Zamora signing.Continental Portugal


Spain occupies the present day border town of Olivença since the War of the Oranges.

Portuguese Overseas


De facto: Portuguese Macau transferred to the People's Republic of China

Portuguese Overseas


De jure: Portuguese Timor, occupied by Indonesia since 1975, officially dissolved to form the independent state of East Timor.

RomaniaRomanian Revolution of 1989Autonomous Principality of Romania founded; becomes kingdom in 1866 and achieved independence 1878 Ottoman EmpireSoviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin.
San MarinoConstitution of San MarinoIndependence from Roman EmpireAdded Fiorentino, Montegiardino, Serravalle, and Faetano
SerbiaIndependence from SFR Yugoslavia, forming the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.8th century-Creation of the Principality of Serbia in the Southeastern Europe. (disputed)[34] The region of Kosovo declared independence unilaterally on 17 February 2008, and is recognized by 97 UN states. Serbia recognizes the government of Kosovo but claims its territory as an Autonomous Province.
Republic of Serbia declared legal successor to Serbia and Montenegro, ending the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia.International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin.
SlovakiaDissolution of Czechoslovakia820sPrincipality of Nitra formed
SloveniaConstitution of SloveniaDeclaration of independence from YugoslaviaFormation of SR Slovenia
SpainSpanish ConstitutionDinastical unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon by the Catholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States.[35] Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords.
~De jure by the Nueva Planta decrees
Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain.
SwedenInstrument of Government (Or prior)Eric the Victorious, the first king of Sweden about whom anything definite is known, becomes king.Loss of Finland to Imperial Russia.
Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden and marking a definite secession from the Kalmar Union.
SwitzerlandFoundation of the federal state after Sonderbund warTraditional foundingThe canton of Valais joins the Swiss Confederation, following the cantons of Neuchâtel (19 May 1815) and Geneva (6 April 1815).
Restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte.
UkraineIndependence of former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from Soviet Union declared.Formation of the Kievan Rus' (disputed)Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia
Ukraine declares independence as the Ukrainian People's Republic.
United KingdomThe Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, however Northern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.Kingdom of EnglandThe Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions.[36] [37]
Kingdom of Scotland(Devolved Parliament since 1999)
[38] then
[39]
Kingdom of Wales then
Principality of Wales(Annexed by England in 1542)
(Devolved Assembly since 1999)
then
Lordship of Ireland then
Kingdom of Ireland
Kingdom of Great Britain(United the parliaments of Scotland and England)
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[40] [41] [42] (United the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland)
then
Irish Free State secedes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922.
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(Updated to current name)De jure: Removal of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and implementation of the Northern Ireland Act 1998 removes irredentist claims to the Republic of Ireland
Birth of current form of government the Papal conclave in 1274Ratification of the Lateran Treaty, making the Vatican City a sovereign stateSigning of the Lateran Treaty
Table notes :

Australia/Oceania

CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modification
AustraliaCommonwealth of Australia established as federation.Independence from United Kingdom.Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia
Statute of Westminster
Australia Act 1986
State in free association with New Zealand with a local prime minister1962 autonomy of New Zealand
FijiIndependence from the United Kingdom
KiribatiIndependence from United KingdomSeparation of the Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and the Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu)
Marshall IslandsConstitution and local government establishedCompact of Free Association with the United States
Constitution ratifiedCompact of Free Association with the United StatesYap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae unite to form the Federated States of Micronesia
NauruIndependence from UN Trusteeship (Australian, British and New Zealand administration ends)
New ZealandTreaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes[43] Self-GovernmentSamoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent.
Responsible Government
Granted nominal independence (Dominion status).
Balfour Declaration of 1926 — Great Britain and the Dominions are "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs"
Governor-General ceases to represent the British Government and becomes the personal representative of the King.
Statute of Westminster adopted — Britain loses the power to legislate for New Zealand except by request
Full power to amend own constitution
Governor-General becomes a New Zealand appointment
PalauRepublic of Palau created upon adoption of constitutionEmerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States).
Papua New GuineaSelf-governing territory
Independence from Australia
SamoaIndependence from New Zealand
Solomon IslandsSelf-government granted by United Kingdom
Independence from the United Kingdom
TongaIndependence from United KingdomUnification of what is now the islands of Tonga by George Tupou I of Tonga
TuvaluSeparation of Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu)Independence from United KingdomTreaty with United States recognizing Tuvaluan control over Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita atolls
VanuatuIndependence from joint British-French condominium[44]

Transcontinental states

CountryDate of current form of governmentBirth of current form of governmentDate of acquisition of sovereigntyAcquisition of sovereigntyDate of territorial modificationMost recent significant territorial modification
AzerbaijanDeclaration of independence from the Soviet UnionEstablishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.Establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR
ColombiaCreation of the Republic of ColombiaIndependence declared from SpainSeparation of Panama from Colombia
Independence recognized by Spain
Dissolution of Gran Colombia
CyprusConstitution of Cyprus establishes consocial government. Consociationalism de facto suspended in 1963.[45] [46] [47] Independence from United KingdomEstablishment of the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus
(disputed)Northern Cyprus declares independence. The government has de facto control of the northern part of the island, but is only recognized by Turkey
EgyptEgyptian revolution of 1952, Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declaredThe UK ends its protectorate, granting independence to EgyptThe eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries.
FranceFrench Republic founded. then
First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of VerdunMetropolitan France


Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy.

Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth RepublicOverseas France:
The New Hebrides Condominium declares independence and becomes Vanuatu.
GeorgiaIndependence from the Soviet Union declaredEstablishment of the Kingdom of GeorgiaAbkhazia unilaterally declared independence
Establishment of Democratic Republic of GeorgiaSouth Ossetia unilaterally declared independence
IndonesiaRatification of the Constitution of Indonesia by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian IndependenceIndonesian Declaration of Independence from NetherlandsIndependence of East Timor, formerly administered as a province of Indonesia
Independence from the Netherlands recognized
KazakhstanConstitution of KazakhstanIndependence declared from the Soviet UnionEstablishment of the Kazakh SSR
(disputed)Baikonur Cosmodrome and surrounding areas leased to Russia.
PanamaSeparation of Panama from Colombia, independence from SpainPanama Canal Zone
1993 Russian constitutional referendum replaces the Supreme Soviet with the Federal Assembly and increases presidential power.Formation of the Kievan Rus' (disputed)Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia
After the USSR ceased to exist, the Russian Federation became an independent state and was recognized by the international community as the successor state of the USSR.
SpainSpanish ConstitutionDinastical unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon by the Catholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States.Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords.
~De jure by the Nueva Planta decrees
Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain.
2017 Turkish constitutional referendum comes into effect; Türkiye transitions from a parliamentary republic to a presidential republic. Formation of the Ottoman EmpireTürkiye annexes the once Syrian province of Hatay.
The provincial government, formed in 1920, declares the foundation of the Republic of Türkiye, as the legal successor state to the Ottoman Empire.

Sortable list

In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization (e.g. 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from the United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of a political union (e.g. 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g. 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).

Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.

In a union such as Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th-century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.[48]

There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (i.e. not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), which was completely abolished after the German reunification. Modern Germany is a continuation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), it is not a successor state.

The Holy Roman Empire is not considered a state by modern historians, but a political entity bringing together several sovereign states in a confederation.

The concept of sovereign state should not be confused with that of nation (for example there are even stateless nations). This list has the date of creation of current sovereign states but not of nations. The historiography of some nations, such as the Bulgarians, even separates the different states founded by these nations (for example First, Second and Third Bulgarian State)

CountryContinentDate of latest territorial changeAcquisition
of sovereignty
Date of last
subordination
Previous governing powerclass=unsortable Historical NotesCapital
AfghanistanAsia (Durrani Empire) Afsharid Empire2021–present: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (de facto)
2004–2021: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (de jure; internationally recognized Government)

2002–2004: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan

1996–2001: Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
1992–2002: Islamic State of Afghanistan (controlled only a small part of the country from 1996 to 2001, but still recognized by the UN and most of the world's countries as the legitimate government of Afghanistan)

1987–1992: Republic of Afghanistan
1978–1987: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1973–1978: Republic of Afghanistan
1926–1973: Kingdom of Afghanistan
1823–1926: Emirate of Afghanistan (protectorate of the United Kingdom 1879–1919)
1747–1823: Durrani Empire (also called Sadozai Kingdom)
1738–1796: Part of the Afsharid Empire
1709–1738: Hotak Emirate
1506–1709: Part of the Khanate of Bukhara
1405–1506: Center of the Timurid Empire
1369–1405: Part of the Timurid Empire
1231–1369: Part of the Mongol Empire
1163–1231: Part of the Khwarazmian Kingdom
1003–1163: Ghaznavid Sultanate
873–1003: Saffarid Emirate
821–873: Part of Tahirid Emirate
750–821: Part of Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate
500–661: Part of Sasanian Empire
320–500 AD: Kidarite Kingdom
30–320 AD: Kushan Empire
150 BC–30 AD: Part of Indo-Parthian Kingdom and the Indo-Scythians
256–150 BC: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
549–256 BC: Part of Macedonian Empire
549–330 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire
678–549 BC: Part of Median Kingdom/Empire
Since 48,000 BC humans have been known to be living in the region, starting as Part of Indus Valley civilisation and Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

Kabul
AlbaniaEurope[49] Germany1992–present: Republic of Albania

1946–92: People's Socialist Republic of Albania

1944–46: Democratic Government of Albania

1943–44: Albanian Kingdom, independent country militarly occupied by Germany

1939–43: Kingdom of Albania, a monarchy in personal union with Italy as the
1928–39: Albanian Kingdom
1925–1928: Albanian Republic
1914–1925: Principality of Albania (via Albanian Declaration of Independence)
1912–1914: Independent Albania
1479–1912: Part of as Sanjak of Scutari
1444–1479: League of Lezhë (military alliance of Albanian feudal lords)
1190–1444: Various Albanian principalities (including the Principality of Albania)
1255–1368: Kingdom of Albania, Dependency of the Angevin Kingdom of Sicily/Naples
1190–1255: Principality of Arbanon, oldest of the Albanian principalities, also autonomous principality of the and later of the Despotate of Epirus
324–1190: Part of the as the province of Macedonia
148 BC-324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Macedonia
Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled in the Kryegjata Valley, near the antique site of Apollonia,[50] including Illyria.

Tirana
AlgeriaAfrica[51] [52] 1962–present: People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (via Évian Accords)
1830–1962: Part of French Colonial Empire (as an integral territory)1659–1830: De facto Independence of Regency of Algiers
1519–1659: Part of the (as the Regency of Algiers)
1516-1519: Sultanate of Algiers1235–1554: Kingdom of Tlemcen
1121–1269: Part of the Almohad Caliphate
1014–1152: Hammadid Sultanate
973–1014: Center of the Zirid Emirate
909–973: Fatimid Caliphate
800–909: Part of the Aghlabid Emirate
778–909: Rustamid Imamate
750–778: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
590–698: Part of the Byzantine Empire (as the Exarchate of Africa)
484–703: Kingdom of the Aurès
439–534: Part of the Vandal Kingdom
435–439: Center of the Vandal Kingdom
395–435: Part of the Western Roman Empire as province
40 BC–395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province
202 BC – 40 BC: Kingdom of Numidia
814–202 BC: Part of the Carthaginian Empire
2500–539 BC: Part of Phoenicia
10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited by Caspians
20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited by Iberomaurusians
80,000–20,000 BC: Inhabited by Aterians
Since 1.8 Million BC, humans have been settled in Algeria as demonstrated by the discovery of Oldowan stone tools found at Ain Hanech in 1992.[53]
Algiers
AndorraEurope[54] [55] [56] France1278–present: Principality of Andorra (via Paréage of Andorra; occupied by France 1812–13, 1870, 1914, 1936, 1939, 1944)
987–1278: Part of France
843–987: Part of West Francia
481–843: Part of Francia
395–481: Part of the Western Roman Empire
27 BCE-481: Part of the Roman Empire
197 BCE – 27 BCE: Part of the Roman Republic
Andorra la Vella
AngolaAfrica[57] Portugal1992–present: Republic of Angola
1975–1992: People's Republic of Angola (via the Alvor Agreement)
1972–1975: State of Angola (part of the Portuguese Empire)
1951–1972: Overseas Province of Angola (part of the Portuguese Empire)
1575–1951: State of West Africa (part of the Portuguese Empire)
The territory of Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups, tribes and kingdoms (like the kingdoms of Kongo, Ndongo and Matamba).
Antigua and BarbudaThe Americas[58] data-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1981–present:
1632–1981: Part of the as its West Indies (interrupted by in 1666)
Since 3100 BC, humans have been settled starting with the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
St. John's
ArgentinaThe Americas[59] Spain1861–present: Argentine Republic (a Federal state; originally the federation had 14 federated states [[[Provinces of Argentina]] ], after the Conquest of the Desert, federal territories was established in Patagonia, the last territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the Province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands and joined the federation in 1990. Currently Argentina has 23 provinces)
1831–1861:
1816–1830: United Provinces of South America (On 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán issued the formal Declaration of Independence, the country became a republic)
1810–1816: United Provinces of South America (via the 1810 May Revolution; nominally a monarchic state in personal union with Spain, recognizing Ferdinand VII as king)
1776–1810: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1528–1542: Governorate of New Andalusia, part of the Spanish Empire
11,000 BC-1528 AD: Inhabited by Native Argentines, including the Inca Empire, Selk'nam, Chonan peoples and Guaycuru peoples.
Buenos Aires
ArmeniaAsia/Europe[60] Soviet Union1991–present: Republic of Armenia
1920–1991:, federated state of the
1918–1920: First Republic of Armenia
April–May 1918: Part of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
November 1917 – April 1918: Part of the Russian Republic as Transcaucasian Commissariat
1829–1917: Part of the as Caucasus Viceroyalty
1502–1829: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1468–1502: Part of the Timurid Empire
1374–1468: Part of the Kara Koyunlu
1335–1374: Part of the Jalairid Sultanate
1236–1335: Part of the Mongol Empire as its territory
1201–1360: Zakarid Principality of Armenia
1071–1194: Part of the Seljuk Empire
987–1170: Kingdom of Syunik
883–1045:Bragatid Kingdom of Armenia
654–884: Arminiya, Province (largely autonomous vassal principalities) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates
428–654: Divided between the on the west, and the east by the .
321 BCE–AD 428: Kingdom of Armenia
549 BCE–331 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire
860 BCE–590 BC: Kingdom of Ararat
1114 BCE–860 BC: Nairi Confederation
1300 BCE–1190 BC: Kingdom of Arme-Shupria
1500 BCE–1290 BC: Hayasa-Azzi Confederation
2492 BCE: Traditional foundation
Since 6000 BC humans have been settled starting with the Shulaveri-Shomu and Kura–Araxes eras.
Yerevan
AustraliaAustraliadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1942–present: Commonwealth of Australia, a Federal state, (consisted of six states, three internal territories, and seven external territories, via Constitution of Australia[61]) and a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom
1901–1942: Commonwealth of Australia, a federation with a Dominion status within the British Empire)
1788–1901: Part of the
Possibly 70,000 BC – 1788 AD: Inhabited by Indigenous Australians
Canberra
AustriaEuropedata-sort-value="Allied-occupied Austria"World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Austria)1955–present: Republic of Austria, a Federal state (via Austrian State Treaty)
1945–55: Allied-occupied Austria
1938–45: Annexed by Nazi Germany
1934–38: Federal State of Austria (client state of Italy)
1919–34: First Republic of Austria (via Treaty of Saint Germain)
1918–19: Republic of German-Austria (via Proclamation of Charles I)
1867–1918: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, a dual monarchy with Hungary (via Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867)
1866: Austrian Empire
1815–1866: Austrian Empire (In union with other 38 states in the German Confederation)
1806–1815: Austrian Empire
1804–1806: Austrian Empire (State of the Holy Roman Empire)
1457–1804: Archduchy of Austria (State of the Holy Roman Empire)
1156–1457: Duchy of Austria (state of the Holy Roman Empire)
AzerbaijanAsia/Europe Soviet Union1991–present: Republic of Azerbaijan (independence from Soviet Union declared 19911920–1991: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the
1918–1920: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
1824–1918: Part of Russian Empire
1796–1824: Part of Qajar Empire
1747–1796: Part of Afsharid Empire
(1760–1794): Part of Zand Empire
1736–1747: Part of Afsharid Empire
(1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Emirate
1501–1736: Part of Safavid Empire
1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu
1405–1507: Part of Timurid Empire
1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu
1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire
1337–1376: Part of Sarbadars
1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid Sultanate
1335–1393: Part of Muzaffarid dynasty
1335–1357: Part of Chobanid dynasty
1256–1335: Part of Ilkhanate
1077–1231: Part of Khwarazmian Kingdom
1037–1194: Part of Great Seljuq Empire
963–1186: Part of Ghaznavid Sultanate
875–999: Part of Samanid Emirate
936–1055: Part of Buyid Empire
934–936: Part of Buyid Emirate

928–1043: Part of Ziyarid Kingdom
750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate
(642–759/760): Part of Dabuyid dynasty
224–651: Part of Sassanid Empire
247 BC – 224 AD: Part of Parthian Empire
312–63 BC: Part of Seleucid Empire
550–330 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire
(652–625 BC): Part of Scythian Kingdom
678–550 BC: Part of Median Empire
850–616 BC: Inhabited by Mannaeans
2700–539 BC: Inhabited by Elamites
3200–2700 BC: Inhabited by Proto-Elamites

Baku
BahamasThe Americas[62] data-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom"1973–present: Commonwealth of the Bahamas, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom (Self-government gained from the United Kingdom in 1964; independence gained on 10 July 1973)
1718–1973: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies
1492–1718: Part of the Spanish Empire
500 to 800–1492: Inhabited by the Lucayans (a Taino people)
Nassau
BahrainAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom"1971–present: Kingdom of Bahrain
1861–1971: Protectorate of the British Empire by way of the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship
1783–1861: In union with other states in the Bani Utbah Confederation
1717–1783: Ruled by Oman after a successful invasion
1602–1717: Part of Persia under the Safavid dynasty
1521–1602: Part of the Portuguese Empire
Mid-1400s–1521: Ruled by the Jabrid dynasty
1253-mid–1400s: Ruled by the Usfurid dynasty
1076–1235: Ruled by the Uyunid Emirate
976–1076: Ruled as part of the Abbasid Caliphate
899–976: Ruled by the Qarmatian Republic
3rd century AD – 899: Ruled by the Sassanids of Persia
130 BC – 3rd century BC: Ruled by the Parthians
6th century BC – 3rd century BC: Part of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenids
4th millennium BC – 6th century BC: Dilmun civilization
Manama
BangladeshAsia Pakistan1972–present: People's Republic of Bangladesh
1971–1972: Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
1955–1971: East Pakistan (Part of Pakistan)
1947–1955: East Bengal (Part of Pakistan)
1858–1947: Part of the as Bengal Province, within India
1757–1858: Part of the as Bengal Presidency, of the East India Company
1717–1880: Ruled by the Nawabs, nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire until 1757, and to the British Empire after 1757 (Lost ruling power after the Battle of Plassey in 1757)
1576–1757: Part of the Mughal Empire as Bengal Subah
1352–1576: Bengal Sultanate
1235–1352: Part of the Delhi Sultanate
1204–1297: Deva dynasty
c.1070–1204: Sena Kingdom
c. 750–c. 1070: Pala Empire
c. 650–c. 750: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms, like Vanga and Samatata (Both ruled by the Khadga dynasty)
590–626: Gauda Kingdom
350–655: Part of Kamarupa under the Varman dynasty
358–590: Part of the Gupta Empire
26 BC – 358 AD: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms.
73 BC – 26 BC: Part of the Kanva Kingdom
185 BC–73 BC: Part of the Shunga Empire
232 BC – 800 AD: Part of Samatata
319–185 BC: Part of the Maurya Empire
340–319 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Magadha
600–340 BC: Ancient Bengal was divided between various kingdoms.
700–200 BC: Inhabited by the Pundravardhana culture
Since 100,000 BC humans have been settled on Bangladesh, although the prehistoric evidences are weak.[63]
Dhaka
BarbadosThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom"1966–present: Barbados
1625–1966: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies
Claimed by Spain and Portugal in the 16th century.
c. 1200–c.1500 AD: Inhabited by the Kalinago
c. 800–c. 1200 AD: Inhabited by the Saladoids
Archeological evidence suggests humans may have first settled or visited the island circa 1600 BC.
Bridgetown
BelarusEurope Soviet Union1990–present: Republic of Belarus1943–1990: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, a federated state of the Soviet Union (USSR)
1941–1943: Occupation by Nazi Germany
1922–1941: Byelorussian SSR, a federated state of the Soviet Union (USSR)
1920–1922: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1919–1919: Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1918–1919: Belarusian People's Republic
1917–1918: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1795–1917: Part of the Russian Empire
1569–1795: Part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1397–1569: Part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1307–1397: Principality of Polotsk, part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania
987–1307: Principality of Polotsk (independent principality)
Before 987: In the 9th century the territory of modern Belarus became part of Kievan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, ruled by the Rurikid dynasty
The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. Around the 5th century, the area was taken over by Slavic tribes.
Minsk
BelgiumEurope Germany1830–present: Kingdom of Belgium (a Federal state, consisted of three regions and three communities)
1813–1830: Part of the Netherlands
1795–1813: Ruled by France
1713–1795: Austrian Netherlands (collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held by the Habsburg monarchy)
1581–1714: Spanish Netherlands (collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held in personal union by the Spanish Crown)
Brussels
BelizeThe Americas[64] data-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1981–present: Belize
Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute

1783-1981: British Honduras Largely as a result of the costly military expeditions against the Maya, the expenses of administering the new colony of British Honduras increased, at a time when the economy was severely depressed. Great landowners and merchants dominated the Legislative Assembly, which controlled the colony's revenues and expenditures. Some of the landowners were also involved in commerce but their interest differed from the other merchants of Belize Town. The former group resisted the taxation of land and favored an increase in import duties; the latter preferred the opposite.

1506-1783: Early colonial period

20000 BC-1506: Mayan Belize

In the tenth century, Mayan society suffered a severe breakdown. Construction of public buildings ceased, the administrative centres lost power, and the population declined as social and economic systems lost their coherence. Some people continued to occupy, or perhaps reoccupied, sites such as Altun Ha, Xunantunich, and Lamanai, but these sites ceased being splendid ceremonial and civic centres.

Belmopan
BeninAfrica France1990–present: Republic of Benin
1975–1990: People's Republic of Benin1958–1975: Republic of Dahomey (French self-governing colony)
1904–1958: French Dahomey (as part of French West Africa)
1894–1904: Kingdom of Dahomey (French Protectorate)
c.1600–1894: Kingdom of Dahomey (African kingdom)
Cotonou (De facto) and Porto-Novo (official)
BhutanAsia(none)1910–1947: protectorate of the Autonomous since at least the 10th century.[65] Unified 1634, after the Battle of Five Lamas. Early history is sketchy, but may have been part of Kamarupa kingdom, and may have been occupied by Tibetan-Mongol forces ca. 10th century.[66] Thimphu
The Americas Spain2009–present: Plurinational State of Bolivia
1839–2009: Republic of Bolivia
1836–1839: In union with North Peru and South Peru in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation
1825–1839: Republic of Bolivia (The name of the country is a tribute to Simon Bolivar (considered as the country's first president), who always referred to the country as Upper Peru. There were doubts if the region should be an independent nation or join Argentina or Peru. After Antonio José de Sucre was elected as the second president, he convened the Constituent Assembly in Chuquisaca to determine the future of the region. Almost all delegates wanted that Bolivia became an independent country and rejected any annexation to Argentina (former Río de la Plata) or Peru).
1821–1825: Center of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire)
1810–1821: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire)
1776–1810: Part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire)
1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire)
1528–1542: Governorate of New Toledo(governorate of the Crown of Castille)
1471–1542: Part of the Inca Empire
1000–1500: Mollo culture
550–c.1000: Tiwanaku state
The region now known as Bolivia had been occupied for over 2,500 years when the Native Bolivians, including Aymara, arrived.
La Paz and Sucre
Bosnia and HerzegovinaEurope Yugoslavia1997–present: Bosnia and Herzegovina (a Federal state)1992–1997: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1945–1992: Federated state of Yugoslavia
1941–1945 Part of Independent State of Croatia (Nazi Germany invasion)
1918–1941: Part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1878–1918: Part of Austria-Hungary Empire
1463–1878: Part of Ottoman Empire
1377–1463: Kingdom of Bosnia
1154–1377: Banate of Bosnia (subject to Kingdom of Hungary)
Sarajevo
BotswanaAfrica[67] data-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1966–present : Republic of Botswana
1885–1966: Part of the British Empire as Bechuanaland Protectorate
600 AD: Bantu-speaking peoples first moved into the country from the north
The territory of Botswana has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era. The original inhabitants of southern Africa were the San and Khoi peoples.
Gaborone
BrazilThe Americas[68] (Treaty of Rio de Janeiro)data-sort-value="Portugal, Brazil, and Algarves, United Kingdom of" United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves1985–Present: Federative Republic of Brazil (Sixth Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation have 26 federated states and 1 federal district)
1964–1985: Brazilian Military Dictatorship (Fifth Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation had 22 federated states, 1 federal district and 4 federal territories)
1946–1964: United States of Brazil (Fourth Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation had 22 federated states, 1 federal district and, 4 federal territories)
1930–1946: Brazilian Vargas Era (Second and Third Brazilian Republics) (a federal state, the federation had 20 federated states, 1 federal district and 7 federal territories)
1889–1930: Republic of the United States of Brazil (First Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation had 20 federated states, 1 federal district and, from 1903, 1 federal territory)
1822–1889: (a unitary state)
1815–1822: Brazil, elevated to kingdom so that it was legally possible to achieve a political union with the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves to create the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves (Portuguese Empire)
1772–1775: State of Maranhão and Piauí, part of the Portuguese Empire
1772–1775: State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, part of the Portuguese Empire
1751–1772: State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, part of the Portuguese Empire
1621–1751: State of Maranhão, part of the Portuguese Empire
1621–1815: State of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire
1613–1621: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire
1607–1613: Divided in Governorate General of Bahia and Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro, part of the Portuguese Empire
1578–1607: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire
1572–1578: Divided in Governorate General of Bahia and Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro, part of the Portuguese Empire
1549–1572: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire
1534–1549: Captaincy Colonies of Brazil, private and autonomous colonies of the Portuguese Empire
9000 BC – 1500 AD: Inhabited by Native Brazilians, including Tupi people, Gê peoples, Kalina people and Arawaks.
Brasília
Asiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1984–present: Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace1945–1984: Part of the British Empire
1942–1945: Occupied by Japan
1888–1942: Part of the British Empire
1368–1888: Sultanate of Brunei
1294–1368: Part of the Majapahit Kingdom
1276–1294: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari
c. 1000 AD – 1276 AD: Part of the Kingdom of Srivijaya
Bandar Seri Begawan
BulgariaEurope[69] Ottoman Empire
1990–present: Republic of Bulgaria
1946–1990: People's Republic of Bulgaria
1908–1946: Tsardom of Bulgaria (reunified with Eastern Rumelia where was a part of the)
1878–1908: Principality of Bulgaria
1396–1878: Part of the
1185–1396: Second Bulgarian Empire
1018–1185: Part of the
681–1018: First Bulgarian Empire
632–668: Old Great Bulgaria
324–681: Part of the as the province of Thracia
46–324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Thracia
480 BC–46 AD: Odrysian kingdom
Since c.1.4 million BC humans have been settled starting with Lower Paleolithic.[70]
Sofia
Burkina FasoAfrica[71] France1984–present: Burkina Faso
1960–1984:Republic of Upper Volta (independent)
1958–1960: Republic of Upper Volta, self-governing colony within the French Empire
1896–1958: Part of the French West Africa, federation of colonies of the French Empire
11th century – 1896: Burkina Faso is divided in several Mossi Kingdoms
Ouagadougou
BurundiAfrica Belgium1966–present: Republic of Burundi
1962–1966: Kingdom of Burundi (independent)
1890–1962: Kingdom of Burundi, subnational monarchy and part of Ruanda-Urundi (Part of the Belgian Empire)
1890–1919: Kingdom of Burundi, subnational monarchy and part of German East Africa (Part of the German Empire)
c.1680–1890: Kingdom of Burundi
Bujumbura (De facto) and Gitega (De jure)
CambodiaAsia[72] France1993–present: Kingdom of Cambodia1992–1993: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
1989–1992: State of Cambodia
1979–1989: People's Republic of Kampuchea
1975–1979: Democratic Kampuchea
1970–1975: Khmer Republic
1954–1970: Kingdom of Cambodia
1945–1953:French protectorate of Cambodia
1945: Japanese occupation of Cambodia
1863–1945: French protectorate of Cambodia, a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire.
1431–1863: Kingdom of Cambodia
802–1431: Khmer Empire founded 802 according to Sdok Kok Thom Inscription
706/717–802: Separation in Land Chenla and Water Chenla
550 – c.706/717: Kingdom of Chenla
c.50/68 AD–550 AD: Kingdom of Funan
Phnom Penh
CameroonAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomRepublic of CameroonFrench Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added British Southern Cameroons in 1961.
1922–1961: British Cameroon, part of the British Empire
1918–1960: French Cameroon, part of the French Empire
1884–1916: German Cameroon, part of the German Empire
The territory of Cameroon has been inhabited since the Neolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups, tribes, fondoms and kingdoms (such as the kingdoms of Kotoko, Mandara and Bamum).
Iaundé
CanadaThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomOttawa
Cape VerdeAfrica[75] PortugalRepublic of Cabo Verde
1460–1975: Part of the Portuguese Empire

Portuguese Cape Verde

In 1456, Alvise Cadamosto, Antoniotto Usodimare (Venetian and Genoese captains, respectively, in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator) and an unnamed Portuguese captain discovered some of the islands. During the next decade, Diogo Gomes and António de Noli (also captains in the service of Prince Henry) discovered the remaining islands of the archipelago.[''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|citation needed]]] When they first landed in Cape Verde, the islands were barren of people but not of vegetation.

Praia
Central African RepublicAfricaCentral African Republic
1903–1960: Ubangi-Shari, part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire
The territory of Central African Republic has been inhabited since the Neolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups
Bangui
ChadAfrica1960–present: Republic of Chad1900–1960: French Chad, part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire
1501–1912: Wadai Sultanate
1480/1522–1897: Sultanate of Bagirmi
c. 700–1900: Kanem–Bornu Empire
The territory of Chad has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era.
N'Djamena
ChileThe Americas Spain1990–Present: Republic of Chile (Democracy Restored)
1973–1990: Chilean Military Dictatorship
1925–1973: Chilean Presidential Republic
1891–1925: Parliamentary Chile
1861–1891: Liberal Chile
1830–1861: Conservative Chile
1823–1830: Republic of Chile (Organization of the Republic)
1818–1823: Republic of Chile (Patria Nueva, New Fatherland)
1814–1818: Captaincy General of Chile (Reconquest by the Spanish Empire
1810–1814: Kingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja, Old Fatherland) (nominally a monarchic state in personal union with Spain, recognizing Ferdinand VII as king)
1798–1818: Captaincy General of Chile or Governorate of Chile (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Chile), with self-administration without vice-royal dependence, part of the Spanish Empire
1533–1798: Captaincy General of Chile or Governorate of Chile (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Chile), under supervision of the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire
1438–1533: Part of the Inca Empire
Between 18,500 and 14,000 BC – 1541 AD: Inhabited by Chilean Natives, including Aymara, Mapuche, and Rapa Nui
Santiago
ChinaAsia (Shang dynasty) Japan (partial occupation)1949–present: China
1937–1945: Japanese Invasion
1916–present: Republic of China (based in Taiwan since 1949)
1915–1916: Empire of China
1912–1915: Republic of China
1895–1945: Japanese Taiwan
1895: Republic of Formosa
1644–1912:
1624–1662: Dutch Formosa / Spanish Formosa
1368–1644: Ming dynasty
1271–1368: Yuan dynasty
960–1279: Song dynasty
907–1125: Divided in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms / Liao dynasty
618–907: Tang dynasty
581–618: Sui dynasty
420–589: Divided in Northern and Southern dynasties
266–420: Jin dynasty
220–280: Divided in Three Kingdoms
206 BC – 220 AD: Han dynasty
221–206 BC: Qin dynasty (first imperial dynasty)
c. 1046–256 BC: Zhou dynasty
c. 1600–c. 1046 BC: Shang dynasty
c. 2070–c. 1600 BC: Xia dynasty (first royal dynasty)
c. 8500–c. 2070 BC: Neolithic
Since as earliest as 2 Million BC, humans have been settled starting with the Renzidong

The PRC government in Beijing considers itself the successor of the Republic of China (1912–1949) which legally inherited the whole of China from the Qing dynasty. The ROC government in Taipei denies the legitimacy of the PRC and considers itself the sole legitimate government of the whole of China.

Beijing
ColombiaThe Americas Spain1886–present: Republic of Colombia (unitary state)1863–1886: United States of Colombia (federal state)
1858–1863: Granadine Confederation (confederal state)
1831–1858: Republic of New Granada (unitary state)
1819–1831: Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia) (federal state)
1816–1819: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the (Reconquest by the Spanish Empire)
1811–1816: Patria Boba period (Foolish Fatherland period) United Provinces of New Granada, a federal and republican state
1810–1814: Patria Boba period (Foolish Fatherland period): Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (a monarchical state in personal union with Spain, recognizing Ferdinand VII as king, in 1813 declared itself a republic and joined the United Provinces of New Granada in 1814)
1739–1810: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the
1723–1739: New Kingdom of Granada, within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the
1717–1723: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the
1538–1717: New Kingdom of Granada, within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the
Since 10,000 BC humans have been settled from Native Colombians with tribes, chiefdoms, and confederations (like the Muisca Confederation).
Bogotá
ComorosAfrica2001–present:Union of the Comores (a Federal state)
1975–2001: Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros
1886–1975: part of the French Empire
c.1000 BC: when the archipelago was first inhabited. The Comoros have been inhabited by various groups throughout this time.
Moroni
Africa1997–present:
1971–1997: Republic of Zaire
1964–1971: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa)
1960–1964: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
1908–1960: Part of the Belgian Empire as
1885–1908: Part of the Belgian Empire as the (as sovereign entity, a private domain of King Leopold II of Belgium)
1390–1914: Part of the Kingdom of Kongo
Since 80,000 BC humans has been settled from with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.
Kinshasa
Africa1992–present:
1969–1992:
1960–1969: Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)
1910–1960: Part of the French Empire as French Equatorial Africa
1882–1910: Part of the French Empire as Middle Congo
1390–1914: Part of the Kingdom of Kongo
Since 80,000 BC humans has been settled from with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.
Brazzaville
Australia 1965–present: Cook Islands1893-1965: Colony of New Zealand

1858-1893: Kingdom of Rarotonga

1893-1901: Federation of Cook Islands

950-1865: part of the Tui'Tonga Empire

900-1200 Tahiti immigrants come to the Cook Islands

500-1200: Polynesian culture

Avarua
Costa RicaThe Americasdata-sort-value="Central America, Federal Republic of" Federal Republic of Central America1948–present: Republic of Costa Rica (Second)
1848–1948: First Costa Rican Republic
1838–1847: Free State of Costa Rica
1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Costa Rica
15–24 September 1821: Republic of Costa Rica
1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire)
Before 1525: The Huetar people establishes some kingdoms in the modern territory of Costa Rica: Eastern Huetar Kingdom, domains of the King Garabito, Kingdom of Pacaca and Western Huetar Kingdom. There was also the Kingdom of Nicoya and the Kingdom of Talamanca
Since about 10,000 to 7,000 BC humans have been settled by Native Costa Ricans, including Chibchans and Nahuatl.
San José
CroatiaEurope Yugoslavia1991–present: Republic of Croatia
1945–1991: Federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as
1941–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany as the, a Fascist puppet.
1918–1941: Part of the (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes)
1868–1918: Part of the as the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
1527–1868: Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary within Habsburg Monarchy, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary)
1102–1526: Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary)
925–1102: Kingdom of Croatia
681–925 AD: Divided between the Pannonian and Dalmatian
324–681: Part of the as the province of Dalmatia
32 BC – 324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Dalmatia and Illyricum
Since 128,000 BC humans have been settled from Pre-Croats with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.
Zagreb
CubaThe Americasdata-sort-value="America, United States of" United States1959–present: Republic of Cuba, sovereign communist state
1934–1959: Republic of Cuba, sovereign capitalist state
1909–1934: Republic of Cuba, Protectorate of the United States
1906–1909: Second American Occupation of Cuba
1902–1906: Republic of Cuba, Protectorate of the United States
1898–1902: Occupied but not annexed by United States
1821–1898: Captaincy General of Cuba (part of the Spanish Empire)
1607–1821: Captaincy General of Cuba, under supervision of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the Spanish Empire (part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1607: Part of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (part of the Spanish Empire)
1510–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (part of the Spanish Empire)
The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century.
Havana
CyprusEurope (disputed)data-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom"1960–present: Republic of Cyprus
1878–1960: Part of the British Empire as crown colony
1571–1878: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1489–1571: Part of the
1192–1489: Kingdom of Cyprus
965–1192: Part of the as Province
750–965: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
668–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
31 BC-668 AD: Part of the Roman Empire
305–31 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom
321–305 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire
545–321 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
626–545 BC: Part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire
911–669 BC: Part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Since around the 10th millennium BC humans have been settled on the island dates.[76]
Note: Cyprus has been divided between two ethnicities as one sovereign state: Greek Cyprus and Turkish Cyprus from 1983.
Nicosia
Europe Czechoslovakia
DenmarkEurope[77] Germany
DjiboutiAfrica1977–present: Republic of Djibouti
1894–1977: Part of the French Colonial Empire as French Somaliland
1862–1883: Ruled by Afar and Somali sultans
1577–1862: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1415–1577:Part of the Sultanate of Adal
1285–1415: Part of the Sultanate of Ifat
Djibouti
DominicaThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1978–present: Commonwealth of Dominica
1763–1978: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies

c.1690–1763: Part of the French Empire

The island was originally inhabited by the Kalinago.

Roseau
Dominican RepublicThe Americas Haiti1844–present: Dominican Republic
1822–1844: Part of the Republic of Haiti
1821–1822: Republic of Spanish Haiti
1809–1821: Part of the Spanish Empire
1806–1809: Part of the Republic of Haiti
1805: Part of the Empire of Haiti
1795–1805: Part of the French Colonial Empire
1535–1795: Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1492–1535: Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire)
At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of five Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.
Santo Domingo
EcuadorThe Americasdata-sort-value="Colombia, Gran" Gran Colombia1830–present: Republic of Ecuador
1824–1830: Divided in Azuay, Guayaquil and Ecuador, federated states of the Gran Colombia
1821–1824: Federated state of the Gran Colombia
1717–1821: Part of the jurisdiction of the Royal Audience of Quito (sometimes referred unofficially as the Presidency of Quito or Kingdom of Quito) within the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada, part of the
1563–1717: Part of the jurisdiction of the Royal Audience of Quito (sometimes referred unofficially as the Presidency of Quito or Kingdom of Quito) within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the
1542–1562: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, within the
1532–1542: Part of the Governorate of New Castile, part of the
1486–1532: Part of the Inca Empire
Since 8000 BC humans has been settled, starting with Native Ecuadorians such as Cotocollao, Tayos, Machalilla, and Manteños
EgyptAfrica/Asiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1971–present: Arab Republic of Egypt
1958–1971: (In union with)
1953–1958: Arab Republic of Egypt
1922–1953: Kingdom of Egypt
1914–1922: Part of the as the Sultanate of Egypt (British protectorate)
1867–1914: Khedivate of Egypt, a de jure Ottoman autonomous state (Occupied by the from 1882 to 1922).
1798–1801: Occupied by the First French Empire
1517–1867: Part of the as Eyalet of Egypt
1250–1517: Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (Baḥrī and Burjī dynasties)
1218–1250: Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate
1174–1218: Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate
1171–1174: Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate
973–1171: Center of the Fatimid Caliphate
969–973: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate
935–969: Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate
868–935: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
868–905: Tulunid Emirate
750–868: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
641–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
619–629: Part of the Sasanian Empire as Province
324–641: Part of the as province
30 BC-324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province
332–30 BC: Ptolemaic Kingdom (in association with Macedonia)
332–323 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire
343–332 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 31st Dynasty
404–343 BC: 28th–30th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
525–404 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 27th Dynasty
664–525 BC: 26th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt
1069–664 BC: 21st–25th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
1550–1069 BC: 18th–20th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as a new kingdom
1650–1550 BC: 13th–17th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
2055–1650 BC: 11th and 12th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as the middle kingdom
2181–2055 BC: 8th–10th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
2575–2150 BC: 3rd–7th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as kingdom
3150–2575 BC: 1st–2nd Dynasties of Ancient Egypt (Unified by Pharaoh Menes or probably Narmer, founder of the First Dynasty between Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt).

Since 598,000 BC humans have been settled starting within a 30-metre (100 ft) terrace, with primitive Acheulean and Abbevillian (Chellean).[78]

Cairo
El SalvadorThe Americas1982–present: Republic of El Salvador
1979–1982: Revolutionary Junta of El Salvador
1922–1979: Republic of El Salvador
1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
1915–1921: Republic of El Salvador (As an official name from June 7)
1898–1915: Republic of Salvador
1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America
November 1852 – 1896: Republic of Salvador
October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America
1841–1852: Republic of Salvador
1823–1841: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
1821–1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Salvador
1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire)
c.1200–1525: Divided between Cuzcatlan (Western part) and Lenca (Eastern part)
Since 8000 BC humans have been settled by Native Salvadorans, including Mayans, Nahuatl, and Pipils.
San Salvador
Equatorial GuineaAfrica Spain1968–present: Republic of Equatorial Guinea
1979: 1979 coup d'état1778–1968: Part of the Spanish Empire

1640-1902: Aro Confederacy

Equatorial Guinea was Spanish Guinea (Spanish Cameroons)
1474–1778: Part of the Portuguese Empire

Malabo
EritreaAfrica Ethiopia1993–present: State of Eritrea
1952–1993: Part of Ethiopia
1941–1952: Occupied by the British Empire
1889–1941: Part of the Italian Empire
1879–1889: Part of the Ethiopian Empire
1555–1879: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1137–1889: Medri Bahri kingdom
c. 100 AD – c. 940 AD: Part of the Kingdom of Aksum
c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Part of Dʿmt
Asmara
EstoniaEurope[79] Soviet Union1991–present: Republic of Estonia
1940–1991: Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940–1941), Germany (1941–1944) and again by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940: Republic of Estonia
1917–1918: Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, autonomous entity of the Russian Republic
1721–1917: Governorate of Estonia, part of the Russian Empire
1561–1721: Duchy of Estonia, dominion of the Swedish Empire
1465–1561: Part of the Livonian Confederation
1346–1435: Part of the State of the Teutonic Order
1219–1346: Duchy of Estonia, a direct dominion (Latin: dominium directum) of the King of Denmark
The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C
Tallinn
Africadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom2018–present: Kingdom of Eswatini
1968–2018: Kingdom of Swaziland
1902–1968: Part of the British Empire

Swaziland Protectorate


1745–1902:Kingdom of Swaziland

Lobamba (royal and legislative) and Mbabane (administrative)
EthiopiaAfrica (Zagwe Kingdom) Italy1995–present: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (a Federal state, constituted by 10 regional states and 2 chartered cities)
1991–1995: Transitional Government of Ethiopia
1987–1991: People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1974–1987: Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia
1941–1974: Ethiopian Empire
[80] 1936–1941: Occupied by Italy
1734–1936: Sultanate of Aussa
1647–1887: Emirate of Harar
1577–1672: Imamate of Aussa
1415–1577: Adal Sultanate
1285–1415: Part of the Sultanate of Ifat
1270–1936: Ethiopian Empire
c. 900/1137–1270: Zagwe Kingdom
c. 325–1627: Kingdom of Semien
c. 80 BC – c. 940 AD: Kingdom of Aksum
c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Kingdom of D'mt
Addis Ababa
FijiAustraliadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1987–present: Republic of Fiji
1970–1987: Dominion of Fiji
1874–1970: Part of the British Empire

The Kingdom of Fiji was the first unified Fijian state, and it covered all of modern Fiji, except the island of Rotuma. Cakobau was the Vunivalu (Warlord or Paramount Chief) of the island of Bau. His father, Tanoa Visawaqa, had conquered the Burebasaga Confederacy but never subdued western Fiji. Cakobau controlled most of the eastern parts of the Fijian Islands and declared himself King of Fiji (Self-proclaimed Tui Viti). This met with opposition from other chiefs, who regarded him as at best first among equals. However, in June 1871, John Bates Thurston, the British honorary consul, persuaded the Fijian chiefs to accept a constitutional monarchy with Cakobau as the King, but with real power in the hands of a cabinet and legislature dominated by Australian settlers. The Legislative Assembly met for the first time in Levuka in November 1871.

900 BC: Discovery of Fiji

The majority of Fiji's islands were formed through volcanic activity starting around 150 million years ago. Today, some geothermic activity still occurs on the islands of Vanua Levu and Taveuni. Fiji was settled first by the Lapita culture, around 1,500–1,000 years BC, followed by a large influx of people with predominantly Melanesian genetics about the time of the beginning of the Common Era. Europeans visited Fiji from the 17th century, and, after a brief period as an independent kingdom, the British established the Colony of Fiji in 1874. Fiji was a Crown colony until 1970, when it gained independence as the Dominion of Fiji. A republic was declared in 1987, following a series of coups d'état.

Suva
FinlandEurope Russia1919–present: Republic of Finland
1918–1919: Kingdom of Finland

1809–1917: Grand Duchy of Finland, Governorate-General of the Russian Empire
c.1200s–1809: Part of the Kingdom of Sweden, as an integral region.

Helsinki
FranceEurope Germany1958—Present: French Republic (Fifth; consisted of integral regions (five being overseas regions) and several overseas collectivities)
1946–1958: French Fourth Republic
1944–1946: Provisional Government of the French Republic
1940–1944:, a government-in-exile of France, and member of the allies during WWII.
1940–1944: Occupied by Germany in WWII making Vichy France, a Nazi Puppet.
1870–1940: French Third Republic
1852–1870: Second French Empire
1848–1852: French Second Republic
1830–1848: July Monarchy
1814/5–1830: Bourbon Restoration
1804–1814/5: First French Empire
1792–1804: First French Republic
987–1792: Focusing with West Francia, the Kingdom of France was established.
843–987: with the Treaty of Verdun established West Francia
768–843: Part of the Kingdom of the Franks
481–768: Center of the Kingdom of the Franks
395–480 AD: Gaul, part of the Western Roman Empire
121 BC – 395 AD: Gaul, part of the Roman Empire
French Tribes from 5th century to 121 BC: Gauls and Celtics
First human settlement from 1.8 Million BC

Note: The French Colonial Empire was founded by the order of Francis I of France. In 1534, Francis sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River in Quebec.

Paris
GabonAfrica1960–present: Gabonese Republic
1910–1960: Part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire
1839–1910: Part of the French Empire as a protectorate
GambiaAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1970–present: Republic of The Gambia
1965–1970: Gambia (monarchy)
1821–1965: Part of the British Empire
1287–1480: Part of the Mali Empire
Banjul
GeorgiaAsia/Europe Soviet Union1991–Present: Republic of Georgia
1921–1991: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, a federated state of the Soviet Union
1918–1921 : Democratic Republic of Georgia
1801–1918: Part of the Russian Empire
1490–1801 Fragmentized into three independent kingdoms – Kartli, Kakheti, and Imereti and five semi-independent principalities – Odishi, (Mingrelia), Guria, Abkhazia, Svaneti, and Samtskhe
1008–1490: Kingdom of Georgia
Tbilisi
GermanyEurope (North German Confederation)data-sort-value="Germany, West" West Germany
East Germany
West Berlin
1990–Present: Federal Republic of Germany (Become fully sovereign reunification on 15 March 1991 after the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect).
1949–1990: Divided between Federal Republic of Germany and (West Berlin was an exclave of West Germany).
1945–1949: Germany occupied between the Allies (USA, UK and France) and the Soviet Union (The occupation lasted from 1945 until the ratification of Bonn–Paris conventions in 1955).
1933–1945:
1918–1933: Weimar Germany (a federal republic)
1878–1918: (Prussia Unified in a federal monarchy with all state kingdoms of Germany, excluding Austria).
1867–1878: North German Confederation, federal union of 22 German-speaking states .
1815–1866:, confederal union of 39 German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe, including and (Interrupted by the German Empire (1848–49)).
1806–1815: Confederation of the Rhine, confederal union of 37 German-speaking sovereign states, in a military alliance with the First French Empire
962-1806: (federation composed of many kingdoms, principalities, duchies, counties, prince-bishoprics, Free Imperial Cities, and other domains).
843–962: Kingdom of Germany or East Francia
768–843: Center of the Kingdom of the Franks
481–768: Part of the Kingdom of the Franks
395–480 AD: Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, parts of the Western Roman Empire
83–395 AD: Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, parts of the Roman Empire
Germanic Tribes from 5th century to 480 AD: Germania
First human settlement from the year 598,000 BC.
Berlin
GreeceEurope

1974–Present: Third Hellenic Republic
1967–1974: : Greek Dictatorship
1944–1973:
1941–1944: Hellenic State, a government-in-exile during the axis occupation, and member of the allies during WWII.
1935–1941:
1924–1935: Second Hellenic Republic
1832–1924:
1822–1832: After the War of Independence Greece declared independent as the First Hellenic Republic
1453–1822: Part of the
1453–1460: Despotate of Morea, ruled by the Palaiologos dynasty
1346–1566: Island of Chios and port of Phocaea, Part of the Republic of Genoa (Maona of Chios and Phocaea)
1348–1360: Part of the Serbian Empire
1310–1522: Rhodes, under the Knights Hospitaller
1261–1453: Part of the under the Palaiologos dynasty
1261–1458: Duchy of Athens
1261–1432: Principality of Achaea
1231–1244: Part of the Second Bulgarian Empire
1205–1669: Crete, part of the Republic of Venice as part of its Stato da Màr.
1205–1337/40: Despotate of Epirus
1204–1261: Part of the Latin Empire
920s–1010s: Part of the First Bulgarian Empire
324–1204: Part of the
148 BC-324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire
323–148 BC: Ancient Greece (Hellenistic period), Greece was divided in the Kingdom of Macedonia, Kingdom of Epirus, and the Aetolian League, Achaean League, and the city-states of Sparta and Athens.
338–323 BC: League of Corinth, a confederation of Greek states created by Philip II of Macedon (father of Alexander the Great). Sparta and Crete did not join this league
776–338 BC: Ancient Greece (Archaic and Classical Period): Greece was divided into many states, including Athens, Sparta, Thebes and Macedonia
c.1100–776 BC: Greek Dark Ages
c. 1600–c. 1100 BC: Mycenaean civilization
Since 7000 BC humans have been settled passing the first Greek ages such as the Neolithic era, the Minoan era and the Helladic era.
Athens
GhanaAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1957–Present: Republic of Ghana
1867–1957: British Gold Coast
1658–1850: Danish Gold Coast
1598–1872: Dutch Gold Coast
1650–1663: Swedish Gold Coast
1682–1721: Branderberger/Prussian Gold Coast
c.1670–1957: Kingdom of Ashanti
1482–1642: Portuguese Gold Coast
1409–1700: Kingdom of Dagbon, founded by the Dagomba people
c.13th century: Modern day Ghana was divided in many states like Bonoman, Ashanti, Denkyira, Mankessim Kingdom, and Akwamu
c.11th century: Akans were firmly established in the Akan state called
Although the area of present-day Ghana in West Africa has experienced many population movements, the Akans were firmly settled by the 5th century CE

Accra
GrenadaThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1974–present: Grenada
1783–1974: Part of the British Empire, as its West Indies
1779–1783: Part of the French Empire
1763–1779: Part of the British Empire
1650–1763: Part of the French Empire
St. George's
GuatemalaThe Americasdata-sort-value="Central America, Greater Republic of" Federal Republic of Central America1922–present: Republic of Guatemala1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
1840–1921: Republic of Guatemala
1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Guatemala
15–24 September 1821: Republic of Guatemala
1609–1821: Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly known as Kingdom of Guatemala), within the Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the Spanish Empire. Since its foundation the Captaincy had self-administration without vice-royal dependence.
1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain
1523–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty
Since 8000 BC humans have been settled by Native Guatemalans, including Mayans (that established city-states in the region) and Nahuatl (founders of the Aztec Empire).
Guatemala City
GuineaAfrica1958–present: Republic of Guinea1894–1958: French Guinea, part of the French West Africa, part of the French Empire
1878–1898: Wassoulou Empire
1725–1894: Imamate of Futa Jallon
1559–1670: part of the Mali Empire
1235–1559: center of the Mali Empire
Conakry
Guinea-BissauAfrica1974–present: Republic of Guinea-Bissau 1474–1974: Portuguese Guinea

Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves

Portuguese Empire

1226-1474: Mali Empire

Bissau
GuyanaThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1970–present: Co-operative Republic of Guyana1966–1970: Guyana (monarchy)
1814–1966: British Guyana, part of the British Empire
1616–1814: Divided in three Dutch colonies: Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice
First human settlement from the year 35,000 BC.
Georgetown
HaitiThe Americas France1859–present: Republic of Haiti1849–1859: Second Empire of Haiti
1820–1849: Republic of Haiti
1811–1820: Kingdom of Haiti
1806–1811: State of Haiti
1804–1806: First Empire of Haiti
1625–1804: Part of the French Empire as Saint-Domingue
1492–1625: Part of the Spanish Empire
At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of five Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.
Port-au-Prince
HondurasThe Americas1922–present: Republic of Honduras1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
1898–1921: Republic of Honduras (United States has been occupied on the Honduran Land in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924 and 1925).[81]
1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America
November 1852 – 1896: Republic of Honduras
October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America
1838–1852: Republic of Honduras
1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
September 24, 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Honduras
15–24 September 1821: Republic of Honduras
1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
9000 BC–1525 AD: Inhabited by Native Hondurans, including Mayans, and Toltecs.[82]
HungaryEurope

Budapest
IcelandEurope Denmark1945–present: Republic of Iceland1944–1945: Republic of Iceland (occupied by the United States)1918–1944: Kingdom of Iceland, with a personal union with Denmark (Occupied by the United Kingdom and Canada in 1940 and 1941 and by the United States in 1941–1944)1814–1918: Part of the Kingdom of Denmark1523–1814: Part of Denmark-Norway, a real union between the kingdoms of Norway and Denmark
1397–1523: Part of the Kingdom of Norway, within the Kalmar Union (personal union between the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark and Sweden)
1262–1397: Part of the Kingdom of Norway
930–1262: Icelandic Commonwealth.in 1262; Part of the Kingdom of Denmark after 1814; Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) with a Personal union with Denmark, Republic of Iceland founded 1944.
Reykjavík
IndiaAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1950–present: Republic of India (a federal state. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines. Currently the Indian Union comprises 28 states and 8 union territories)
1947–1950: Dominion of India, a monarchy in a personal union with the United Kingdom (a federal state. Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union.)
1858–1947: Part of the as India (the territory was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially.)(India was divided into provinces (formerly, called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the Crown and princely states which were ruled by a prince who acknowledged suzerainty to the Crown.)
1757–1858: Part of the as the East India Company
1717–1857: India divided during the Mughal Era: Maratha Empire (later, the "Maratha Confederacy"), Kingdom of Mysore, and the Sikh Kingdom. However, the Mughal Emperor (in Maratha) continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. The Muslim, Hindu (including Maratha), and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.[83]
1555–1717: Mughal Empire
1540–1556: Sur Empire
1526–1556 AD: Mughal Empire
13th century-16th century: Politics in Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate, and in Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire. However, there were other regional powers present, like the Chero dynasty, Reddi kingdom, Rajput states, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom kingdom and the Kingdom of Manipur
1347–1527: Three sultanates declared independent from Delhi Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527), Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562), and Gujarat Sultanate (1407–1573). Plus the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
1336–1646: Vijayanagara Empire (also called Kingdom of Bisnegar), ruled a major part of the southern Indian subcontinent
1206–1526: Delhi Sultanate, ruled a major part of the northern Indian subcontinent
230 BC–1206 AD: India divided between the 49 middle kingdoms. The well-known kingdoms are Shunga Empire (187 to 78 BC), Gupta Empire (280–550 AD), Satavahana dynasty (1st century BC–2nd century AD), Pala Empire (8th century–12th century), Rashtrakuta Kingdom (753–982), Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (mid-8th century AD–1036 AD) and the Chola Empire (300s BC–1279 AD).
322–185 BC: Maurya Empire (Political unity in verified historiography was first achieved by Chandragupta Maurya).
5th or 4th century–322 BC: Nanda Empire
c.600–345 BC: Indian Subcontinent was divided in 16 kingdoms called Mahajanapadas
1500–500 BC: Inhabited by Vedic
1700–1500 BC: Inhabited by Cemetery H
c.3300–c.1300 BC: Indus Valley civilisation, era when the India's local name Bhārat derives from the legendary Bharata (either Dushyanta's son Bharata or Rishabha's son Bharata), held by tradition as the first emperor to unite India in 2000 BC.

Since 2.2 million BC, India has been settled starting with Hominins who were from Africa by the expansion of civilization with the Madrasian and Soanian cultures.[84] [85] [86]

New Delhi
IndonesiaAsia/Australia Netherlands1949–present: Republic of Indonesia1945–1949: Indonesian Struggle for Independence
1942–1945: Part of Japan in World War II
1816–1942: Part of the Dutch Empire as Dutch East Indies
1812–1816: Part of British India (following Dutch-French defeat in the Napoleonic War)
1802–1812: Part of Batavian Republic (Client State of the Napoleonic France)
1619–1802: Under Administration of the Dutch East India Company, being part of the Dutch Empire
15th–19th century: Various Islamic Kingdoms, most notably Demak (successor state to the Majapahit Empire), Pajang (successor state to Demak), Mataram (successor state to Pajang) and Banten in Java; Malaka, Johor-Riau, Minang and Aceh in Sumatra; Brunei and Banjarmasin in Kalimantan, Makassar in Sulawesi, and Ternate and Tidore in Moluccas
1292–1478: Majapahit Empire, united Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and parts of Philippines under the reign of Hayam Wuruk
4th century–13th century: Various Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms, most notably Srivijaya in 8th–10th century AD
4th century: First Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in Kalimantan
Jakarta
Asia (Safavid Empire) United Kingdom/
Anglo-Soviet withdrawal from Tehran
1980–present: Islamic Republic of Iran1979–1980: Under an Interim Government
1925–1979: Pahlavi dynasty (Anglo-Soviet occupation 1941–1946)
1796–1925: Qajar dynasty
1747–1796: Afsharid dynasty
(1760–1794): Zand dynasty
1736–1747: Afsharid dynasty
(1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Empire
1501–1736: Safavid dynasty
1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu
1405–1507: Part of Timurid Empire
1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu
1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire
1337–1376: Sarbadars
1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid dynasty
1335–1393: Muzaffarid dynasty
1335–1357: Chobanid dynasty
1256–1335: Ilkhanate Empire (Hulagu dynasty)
1225–1231: Center of the Khwarazmian Empire
1077–1225: Part of the Khwarazmian Empire
1037–1194: Part of the Great Seljuq Empire
963–1186: Part of the Ghaznavid Empire
875–999: Part of the Samanid dynasty
934–1055: Buyid dynasty
867–1002: Part of Saffarid dynasty
928–1043: Ziyarid dynasty
750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate
c.1236661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate
(642–759/760): Dabuyid dynasty
224–651: Sassanid dynasty
247 BC – 224 AD: Parthian Empire (Arsacid dynasty)
312–63 BC: Part of Seleucid Empire
330–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great
550–330 BC: Achaemenid dynasty
(652–625 BC): Part of Scythian Kingdom
678–550 BC: Median Empire
850–616 BC: Inhabited by Mannaeans
2700–539 BC: Elamites
3200–2700 BC: Proto-Elamites
Tehran
IraqAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom2003–present: Iraq (a federal state, consisting of 19 governorates, four of which make up the autonomous Kurdistan Region)
2003: American Invasion
1968–2003: Iraqi Republic
1958–1968: Iraqi Republic
1958: Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan
1932–1958: Kingdom of Iraq
1920–1932: Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration
1534–1923: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1509–1534: Part of the Safavid Empire
1469–1509: Part of the Aq Qoyunlu
1451–1469: Part of the Qara Qoyunlu
1434–1451: Part of the Qara Qoyunlu, except the east that was part of the Timurid Empire
1410–1434: Part of the Qara Qoyunlu, except the south and east that was part of the Timurid Empire
1394–1410: Part of the Timurid Empire
1335–1394: Jalairid Sultanate in the south, Artuqid Beylik in the north
1258–1335: Part of the Ilkhanate
1234–1258:Abbasid Caliphate in the center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north, Mongol Empire in the east
1194–1234: Abbasid Caliphate in the center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north, Khwaraszmian Sultanate in the east
1185–1194: Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north
1130–1185: Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Zengid Emirate in the north
1071–1130: Part of the Seljuk Empire
1055–1071: Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylid Emirate in the north
1024–1055: Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylid Emirate in the north, Kakuyid Emirate in the east
996–1024: Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylids in the north
945–996: Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Hamdanid Emirate in the north
937–945: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Ziyarid Kingdom and Buyid Empire in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north
931–937: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Ziyarid Kingdom in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north
900–931: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Samanid Emirate in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north
890–900: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Saffarid Emirate in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north
876–890: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, eastern regions are part of the Saffarid Emirate
809–876: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate
796–809: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
750–796: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
656–661: Center of the Rashidun Caliphate
637–656: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
224–637: Part of the Sassanid Empire
128 BC-224 BC: Part of the Parthian Empire
148 BC–128 BC: Divided between the Seleucid Empire and the Parthian Empire
301–148 BC: Seleucid Empire
310-301: Divided between the Antigonid Empire and the Seleucid Empire
318-310: Part of the Antigonid Empire
323-318: Divided in the satraps of Mesopothamia and Babylonia
330–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great
539–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
606–539 BC: Babylonian Empire
630 BC-606 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire
730 BC-630 BC: Assyrian Empire
770–730 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire
c.850 BC–770 BC: Assyrian Empire
c.1450–c.850 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire (between c.1020 BC-c.890 BC there is also the presence of small independent states orbiting the two empiress)
c.2000–c.1450 BC: Divided in many states like Assyria, Isin and Babylonia
c.2100 BC: Neo-Sumerian Empire
c.2200 BC: Divided in many states along the Tigris–Euphrates river system
c.2300 BC: Akkadian Empire
c.2550 BC: Divided in many states along the Tigris–Euphrates river system
c.4000 BC: Sumer Civilization (the first Civilization in the world)
Baghdad
IrelandEuropedata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1937–Present: Ireland (additionally described as the Republic of Ireland) (Constitution of Ireland (1937): name change to "Ireland" (Irish: Éire), the country still was a monarchy in a personal union with Great Britain) (Republic of Ireland Act 1948: Ireland becomes a republic, ending the monarchy).
1931–1937:, monarchic state in a personal union with the United Kingdom
1922–1931:, a Dominion within the British Empire (Irish War of Independence: Ireland unilaterally declared itself independent in 1919, war ended with Anglo-Irish Treaty with the Partition of Ireland)..
1801–1922: constituent country of the (political union)
1707–1801: Kingdom of Ireland (in a personal union with Great Britain)
1659–1707: Kingdom of Ireland (in a personal union with England)
1659–1660: Part of the Commonwealth of England
1653–1659: Part of The Protectorate
1653: Part of the Commonwealth of England
1642–1652: Confederate Ireland (a confederal monarchy that pledged allegiance to the English monarch)
1603–1642: Kingdom of Ireland. After the Tudor conquest of Ireland, the entire country came under the nominal control of the King of Ireland (the monarch of England held the crowns of England and Ireland in a personal union).
1542–1603: Kingdom of Ireland is established. However, most of Ireland was still held by Gaelic Irish dynasties.
1171–1542:, a papal possession held in fief by the King of England. The kings of England claimed lordship over the whole island, but in reality the king's rule only ever extended to parts of the island. The rest of the island —known as Gaelic Ireland—remained under the control of various Gaelic Irish kingdoms
800–1171: Divided in many states. Some states, like the Kingdom of Dublin, was founded by Nordic invaders
150–800:[87] -: Divided in many states, like the kingdoms of Osraige, Munster and Ulaid.
10,500 BC – 853 AD: Inhabited by the Native Irish, including Gaelic and Celtic cultures.
Dublin
IsraelAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomThe 12 tribes conquer the holy land under the leadership of Joshua, then Israel goes through "The period of the judges" leading to the Kingdom of Israel unified under King Saul, c. 1020 BC, divided into separate kingdoms of Israel and Judea, which fall to Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires in 722 and 586 BC, respectively. In the 2nd century BC, Judea re-gains independence as Hasmonean kingdom after revolt against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire. Conquered by Pompey of the Roman Empire in 63 BC, and subsequently falls to Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman Turkish, and British rule, before regaining independence as the State of Israel in 1948.Jerusalem
ItalyEurope (County of Savoy) Sardinia
Lombardy–Venetia
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Papal States
United Provinces of Central Italy
1946–present: Italian Republic
1945–1946:
1943–1945:, a Nazi Puppet.
1861–1943: (Unified by the Two Sicilies, Sardinia, the Papal States, Lombardy–Venetia, and its Central United Provinces)
1859–1860: United Provinces of Central Italy
1816–1861: Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1815–1866: Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1805–1814:, part of the First French Empire
1802–1805: Italian Napoleonic Republic, part of the First French Empire
1720–1861: Kingdom of Sardinia
962–1801: the Italian peninsula divided into many states, among them the medieval Kingdom of Italy (774–1806) within the Holy Roman Empire
855–962: Divided between the Kingdom of Italy, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire
843–855: Divided between the Middle Francia, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire
775–843: Divided between the Frankish Kingdom, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire
754–775: Divided between the Kingdom of the Lombards, the Papal States, Duchy of Benevento and the Byzantine Empire
568–754: Kingdom of the Lombards, later the Kingdom of (all) Italy (Latin: Regnum totius Italiae). For most of the kingdom's history, the Byzantine-ruled Exarchate of Ravenna and Duchy of Rome separated the northern Lombard duchies, from the two large southern duchies of Spoleto and Benevento.
553–1071: Part of the . Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian declared war on the Ostrogoths in 535 in an effort to restore the former western provinces of the Roman Empire. The Catepanate of Italy, the last Roman (Byzantine) outpost in Italy was lost in 1071.
493–553: Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae). Zeno negotiated with the invading Ostrogoths, convincing their king Theodoric to depart for Italy as magister militum per Italiam ("commander in chief for Italy") with the aim of deposing Odoacer. The Ostrogoths was never recognised by the eastern emperors as "kings" (rex).
476–493: Kingdom of Italy (Odoacer). Odoacer assumed control of the peninsula as a de jure representative of the de jure Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos. With the death of Nepos in 480, the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno legally abolished the title and position of Western Roman Emperor and assumed the role of Odoacer's sovereign. In Roman constitutional theory, the Empire was still simply united under one emperor, implying no abandonment of territorial claims.
395–476: Center of the Western Roman Empire
27 BC – 395 AD: Center of the Roman Empire
509–27BC Roman Republic. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status and was not converted into a province.
753 BC–509 BC: Roman Kingdom, founded by an Italic tribe known as the Latins
12th century – 100 BC:Various ancient peoples dispersed throughout modern-day Italy, the most predominant being the Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name, there also the presence of Phoenicians and Carthaginians in insular Italy, Greeks in Southern Italy, and Etruscans and Celts in central and northern Italy respectively.
Since 848,000 BC humans have been settled by the first hominins at Monte Poggiolo.[88]
Rome
Africa1960–present Ivory Coast
1886–1962: Part of the French Empire as French Ivory Coast, part of the Western Africa
1740–1843: Kingdom of Sanwi
1710–1898: Kong Empire
1460–1895: Gyaaman
Possibly since the Upper Paleolithic humans have been settled before 1460.
Abidjan (former capital; still hosts some government offices) and Yamoussoukro (de jure)
JamaicaThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1962–present: Jamaica
1707–1962: Part of the British Empire
1655–1707: Part of the English Empire
1509–1655: Part of the Spanish Empire
Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494.
Kingston
JapanAsia . Allied occupation of Japan1952–present: (after the Treaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation).
1945–1952: Allied-occupation of Japan with the United States and the United Kingdom in the post-war period.
1868–1945:
1603–1868: Tokugawa shogunate
1568–1603: Japanese Azuchi–Momoyama
1336–1568: Ashikaga shogunate
1333–1336: Kenmu Restoration
1185–1333: Kamakura shogunate
794–1185: Heian era
710–794: Nara era
538–710: Asuka era
300–578: Kofun era (Era when all Japanese states merged into one in c. 400 AD).
1000 BC – 300 AD: Yayoi era (Era when Japan was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu mythologically).
14,000 – 900 BC: Jōmon era
Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled crossing through the Korean-Japanese bridge,[89] and Japan made as an island in 12,000 BC warming the planet.
Tokyo
JordanAsia Arab Federation1958–present: Hashemite Kingdom of JordanFeb–Aug 1958: Federated state of the Arab Federation, governed from Baghdad, Iraq.
1946–1958: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
1921–1946: Emirate of Transjordan, part of the British Empire
1918–1920: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1517–1918: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1250–1517: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
1174–1250: Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate
1071–1174: Part of the Seljuk Empire
969–1071: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate
750–969: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
636–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
625–636: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
614–625: Part of the Sassanid Empire
286–614: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
273–286: Part of the Roman Empire
269–273: Part of the Palmyrene Empire
107–269: Part of the Roman Empire
330 BC-107 AD: Nabatean Kingdom
539–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
596–539 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire
607–596 BC: Ammon, Moab and Edom
c.719–607 BC: Part of the Assyrian Empire
13th century – 719 BC: Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom.
What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period.
Amman
KazakhstanAsia/Europe (disputed) Soviet Union1991–present: Republic of Kazakhstan
1936–1991:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union
1920–1936: Part of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union
1918–1920: Alash Autonomy
1731–1917: Part of the Russian Empire
1465–1731: Kazakh Khanate
1240s–1456: Part of the Golden Horde
1220s–1240s: Part of the Mongol Empire
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic Scythians have inhabited the land and the Persian Achaemenid Empire expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country. Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First Turkic Khaganate etc. have inhabited the country throughout its history.
Astana
KenyaAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1964–present: Republic of Kenya1963–1964: Kenya (monarchy)
1920–1963: Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, part of the British Empire
1895–1920: East Africa Protectorate, part of the British Empire
c.1st century AD: The Kenyan coast had served host to communities of ironworkers and communities of Bantu subsistence farmers, hunters, and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production, and trade with foreign countries. These communities formed the earliest city-states (like Mombasa and Malindi) in the region which were collectively known as Azania.[90] As city-states settled on the coast, several nomadic tribes inhabited the rest of what is today Kenya.
What is now Kenya has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period.
Nairóbi
KiribatiAustraliadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom

1892–1976: Gilbert and Ellice Islands, part of the British Empire

600 BC-1892: Pre-Colonial Kiribati

The islands which now form the Republic of Kiribati have been inhabited for at least seven hundred years, and possibly much longer. The initial Austronesian peoples’ population, which remains the overwhelming majority today, was visited by Polynesian and Melanesian invaders before the first European sailors visited the islands in the 17th century. For much of the subsequent period, the main island chain, the Gilbert Islands, was ruled as part of the British Empire. The country gained its independence in 1979 and has since been known as Kiribati.

Tarawa do Sul
KosovoEurope Serbia2008–present: KosovoNorth Kosovo crisis (2011–2013)Clashes between the Republic of Kosovo and ethnic Serbs in northern Kosovo began on 25 July 2011.Second Republic of Kosovo2008 Kosovo Declaration of Independence

Dardani Peoples400 BC-28 BC: Kingdom of DardaniaThe Dardani were the most stable and conservative ethnic element among the peoples of the central Balkans, retaining an enduring presence in the region for several centuries.

Asia1948–present: Democratic People's Republic of Korea
1945–1948: Occupied by the under the Provisional People's Committee, and later the People's Committee
1945–1946: People's Republic of Korea
1910–1945: Part of the Empire of Japan
1897–1910:
1392–1897: Kingdom of Great Joseon
918–1392: Kingdom of Goryeo
901–918: Kingdom of Taebong
892–936: Later Baekje
698–926: Kingdom of Balhae
668–935: Unified Silla
18 BC – 660 AD: Kingdom of Baekje
37 BC – 668 AD: Kingdom of Goguryeo
108 BC – 37 AD: Divides between the kingdoms of Korea
2333–108 BC: Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded by Dangun according to legend)
Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria began roughly half a million years ago.,[91] [92] including Jeulmun and Mumun.
Pyongyang
Asiadata-sort-value="America, United States of" United States1987–present: Republic of Korea (Sixth)
1981–1987:
1972–1981:
1963–1972:
1961–1963:
1960–1961:
1948–1960:
1945–1948: Occupied by the United States under the Army Military.
1919–1945: Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
1910–1945: Part of the Empire of Japan
1897–1910:
1392–1897: Kingdom of Great Joseon
918–1392: Kingdom of Goryeo
901–918: Kingdom of Taebong
892–936: Later Baekje
668–935: Unified Silla
42–562: Gaya confederacy
18 BC – 660 AD: Kingdom of Baekje
37 BC–668 AD: Kingdom of Goguryeo
57 BC – 935 AD: Kingdom of Silla
108 BC – 37 AD: Divides between the kingdoms of Korea
2333–108 BC: Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded by Dangun according to legend)
Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria began roughly half a million years ago., including Jeulmun and Mumun.
Seoul
KuwaitAsia Iraq1991–present: State of Kuwait
1990–1991: Kuwait Governorate, governorate of Iraq
1990: Republic of Kuwait
1963–1990: State of Kuwait
1919–1963: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate
1889–1919: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate (not recognized by the Ottomans)
1871–1899: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, de facto part of the Ottoman Empire
1752–1871: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, independent state
1670–1752: Part of the Khalidi Emirate
1613–1670: In 1613, the town of Kuwait was founded in the present-day location of Kuwait City. Part of the Ottoman Empire
Kuwait City
KyrgyzstanAsia Soviet Union1991–present: Kyrgyz Republic (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" was adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993)
1936–1991: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union
1922–1936: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union
1918–1922: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1867–1918:Part of the Russian Empire
Bishkek
Asia1975–present: Lao People's Democratic Republic 1953–1975: Kingdom of Laos, independent state
1947–1953: Kingdom of Laos, Part of the French Empire
1945–1947: French Protectorate of Laos a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire.
1940–1945: Occupied by Japan
1893–1940: French Protectorate of Laos, a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire.
1707–1893: Divided between the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1893), Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904), Principality of Phuan (1707–1899) and Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828) (which lost its sovereignty to the Kingdom of Siam from 1828 until 1893),
1354–1707: Kingdom of Lan Xang
Vientiane
LatviaEurope[93] Soviet Union1991–present: Republic of Latvia
1940–1991: Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940: Republic of Latvia
1918: Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, de jure independent state (was a client state of Germany)
1918: Divided in the Courland Governorate, part of the Russian Republic, and a region occupied by Germany (Ober Ost)
1795–1918: Divided between the Courland Governorate and the Governorate of Livonia, both part of the Russian Empire
1721–1795: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Governorate of Livonia, part of the Russian Empire
1629–1721: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Swedish Livonia, part of the Swedish Empire
1569–1629: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Duchy of Livonia, both part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1561–1569: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Kingdom of Poland
1215–1561: Terra Mariana (later known as Livonian Confederation), a directly subject to the Holy See
1207–1215: Terra Mariana, State of the Holy Roman Empire
The territory of Latvia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C
Riga
LebanonAsia Lebanon (1943–present)1920–1943: State of Greater Lebanon (constituent of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon)
1917–1920: Part of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1516–1917: Part of the Ottoman Empire (as the Eyalet of Sidon and later the Beirut Vilayet)
1289–1516: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate
1109–1289: County of Tripoli
1071–1109: Part of the Seljuk Empire
969–1071: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate
935–969: Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate
905–935: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
876–905: Part of the Tulunid Emirate
750–876: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
637–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
626–637: Part of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
611–626: Part of the Sassanid Empire
395–611: Part of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
273–395: Part of the Roman Empire
270–273: Part of the Palmyrene Empire
63 BC–270: Part of the Roman Republic (and later the Roman Empire)
301 BC–63 BC: Part of the Seleucid Empire
314 BC–301 BC: Part of the kingdom of Antigonus I Monophthalmus
320 BC–314 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
323 BC– 320 BC: Part of the Satrap of Laomedon of Mytilene
332 BC–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great
538 BC–332 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
605 BC–538 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire
858 BC–608 BC: Part of the Assyrian Empire
2500 BC–858 BC: Ancient Phoenicia: Lebanon was divided into many states, like Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Berytus, Byblos
Beirut
LesothoAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1966–present: Lesotho (resumed)1884–1966: Basutoland, Part of the British Empire
1822–1884: Kingdom of Lesotho
Maseru
LiberiaAfricaAmerican Colonization Society1847–present: Republic of Liberia
1980-1984: People's Redemption Council 1980 coup d'etat1821–1847: Settled but not claimed by the United States[94]

American Colonization Society

Pepper Coast

LibyaAfrica[95] 2011–present: Libya (Sometimes refer to as Libya) 1977–2011: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (before 1986 without the word "Great" in the full name of the country)
1969–1977: Libyan Arab Republic
1963–1969: Kingdom of Libya
1951–1963: United Kingdom of Libya
1949–1951: Emirate of Cyrenaica
1943–1951: French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames
1942–1951: British Military Administration of Libya
1911–1943: Italian Libya, part of the Italian Empire
1558–1911: Part of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Tripolitania). Ottomans conquered Fezzan between 1556 and 1577
1544–1558: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Ottoman Empire (Tripolitania)
1404–1544: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Sultanate of Tunis (Tripolitania)
1203–1404: Banu Sulaym tribe (coastal areas)
1187–1203: Banu Ghanyia tribe (coastal areas)
1184–1187: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Banu Ghanyia tribe (Tripolitania)
1159–1184: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Almohad Caliphate (Tripolitania)
1148–1159: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Kingdom of Africa (Tripolitania)
1097–1148: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Banu Jami tribe (Tripolitania)
1051–1097: Banu Sulaym tribe (coastal areas)
973–1051: Divided between the Fatimid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Zirid Emirate (Tripolitania)
961–973: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate
945–961: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Fatimid Caliphate (Tripolitania)
969-945: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (coastal areas)
909–969: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Fatimid Caliphate (Tripolitania)
906–909: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania)
868–906: Divided between the Tulunid Emirate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania)
800–868: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania)
750–800: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
694–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
683–694: Divided between the Umayyad Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Byzantine Empire (Tripolitania)
663–683: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
648–656: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
553–648: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
439–533: Divided between the Eastern Roman Empire (Cyrenaica) and the Vandal Kingdom (Tripolitania)
395–439: Divided between the Eastern Roman Empire (Cyrenaica) and the Western Roman Empire (Tripolitania)
97 BC – AD 395: Part of the Roman Republic (later the Roman Empire)
107 BC–95 BC: Divided between the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) and the Roman Republic (Tripolitania)
201 BC–107 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica)
323 BC–201 BC: Divided between the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania)
331 BC–323 BC: Divided between the Empire of Alexander the Great (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania)
525 BC–331 BC: Divided between the Achaemenid Empire (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania)
Phoenicians (Anciente Lebanese) and Ancient Greeks arrived in the country in the 7th century BC and established colonies and cities. The Phoenicians are fixed in Tripolitania, and the Greeks, in Cyrenaica. Fezzan was home to a Beber people known as Garamantes
Archaeological evidence indicates that the coastal plain was inhabited by Neolithic peoples (ancestors to the Bebers) from as early as 8000 BCE.
Tripoli
LiechtensteinEurope German Confederation1866–present: Liechtenstein1866: Dissolution of the German ConfederationVaduz
LithuaniaEurope Soviet Union1991–present: Republic of Lithuania
1940–1991: Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940: Republic of Lithuania
1918: Kingdom of Lithuania
1914–1918: German Occupation
1812–1914: Part of the Russian Empire
1812: French Occupation
1795–1812: Part of the Russian Empire
1569–1795: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, federated state of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1253–1569: Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Vilnius
LuxembourgEurope Germany
1890–present: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state with its own dynasty
1866–1890: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state in personal union with Netherlands
1815–1866: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent from France in 1815 and in union with other 37 sovereign states in the German Confederation, but also in personal union with Netherlands
Luxembourg
MadagascarAfrica France2014–present: Republic of Madagascar (Fourth Republic)
2009–2014: High Transitional Authority
1992–2009: Republic of Madagascar (Third Republic)
1975–1992: Democratic Republic of Madagascar
1960–1975: Malagasy Republic, independent state
1958–1960: Malagasy Republic, an autonomous republic within the French Community
1897–1958: French Madagascar, part of the French Empire
1882–1897: Malagasy Protectorate, part of the French Empire
1840–1882: Most of the island was united by Imerina as the Kingdom of Madagascar
1540–1840: Madagascar was divided in many states, one of this states was the Kingdom of Imerina
By the Middle Ages, over a dozen predominant ethnic identities had emerged on the island, typified by rule under a local chieftain. Among some communities, such as the Sakalava, Merina and Betsimisaraka, leaders seized the opportunity to unite these disparate communities and establish true kingdoms under their rule.
Around the 9th century AD Bantu migrants crossed the Mozambique Channel from East Africa.
Human settlement of Madagascar occurred between 350 BC and 550 AD by Indianized Austronesian peoples, arriving on outrigger canoes from Indonesia.
Antananarivo
MalawiAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1964–present: Republic of Malawi
1963–1964: Nyasaland, part of the British Empire
1953–1963: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, part of the British Empire
1907–1953: Nyasaland, part of the British Empire
1893–1907: British Central Africa Protectorate, part of the British Empire
1891–1893: Nyasaland Districts Protectorate, part of the British Empire
1480–1891: Kingdom of Maravi
The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by migrating Bantu groups around the 10th century.
MalaysiaAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomThe Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and changed its name to Malaysia (a federal state).[52] Singapore became independent in 1965.
Peninsular Malaysia


1826–1957: British Malacca: Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States, Unfederated Malay States
1636–1826: Divided in many states like the Johor Sultanate, the Perak Sultanate, the Selangor Sultanate, Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman, etc.
1641–1824: Dutch Malacca, part of the Dutch Empire
1620–1636: Occupied by the Aceh Sultanate
1528–c.1620: Divided between the Johor Sultanate and the Perak Sultanate
1511–1641: Portuguese Malacca, part of the Portuguese Empire
1499–1511: Divided between the Kedah Sultanate and the Malacca Sultanate
c.1467–1499: Divided between the Kedah Sultanate, Malacca Sultanate, Pahang Sultanate and the Majapahit Empire
1402-c.1467: Divided between the Majapahit Empire and the independent Malacca Sultanate
1392–1402: Part of the Majapahit Empire
1380–1392: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc.
1355–1380: Part of the Majapahit Empire
1293–1355: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc.
1287–1293: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari
1250–1287: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc.
1090–1250: Part of the Dharmasraya
687–1090: Part of the Srivijaya Empire
c.100–687:Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Gangga Negara, Langkasuka, Chi Tu, Pan Pan, Kedah, Melayu Kingdom, etc.

Malaysian Borneo


1841–1963: British Borneo
1599–1641: Sultanate of Sarawak
1568–1888: Divided between the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu
1368–1568: Part of the Sultanate of Brunei
1294–1368: Part of the Majapahit Kingdom
1276–1294: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari
c.900 AD–1276 AD: Part of the Srivijaya Kingdom

Kuala Lumpur (de jure, legislative and royal) and Putrajaya (administrative and judicial)
MaldivesAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomUnified according to legend by King Koimala (1117–1141). Independent sultanate until 1887, when it became a British protectorate.Malé
MaliAfrica1960–present: Republic of Mali
1959–1960: part of Mali Federation, a territory with self-rule within the French Community, governed from Dakar, Senegal.
1893–1958: French Sudan, part of the French West Africa, federation of territories of the French Colonial Empire in Africa
1848–1893: Toucouleur Empire
1818–1862: Massina Empire
1670–1818: Pashalik of Timbuktu, part of Morocco
1559–1670: Center of the Mali Empire
c. 1235–1559: part of the Mali Empire
1464–1591: Songhai Empire
c. 9th century–1430: Gao Empire
Bamako
MaltaEuropedata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1974–present: Republic of Malta1964–1974: State of Malta
1813–1964: Crown Colony of Malta
1800–1813: Protectorate of Malta
1798–1800: French occupation of Malta, the insurrection and independent Gozo
1530–1798: Hospitaller Malta
1130–1530: part of the Kingdom of Sicily
1091–1130: part of the County of Sicily
909–1091: part of the Fatimid Caliphate
870–909: part of the Abbasid Caliphate
395–870: part of the Byzantine Empire
218 BC-395 AD: part of Roman Sicilia
480 BC-218 BC: part of the Carthaginian Empire
800 BC-480 BC: part of the Phoenician Empire
Valletta
Marshall IslandsAustraliadata-sort-value="America, United States of" United States1986–present: Republic of the Marshall Islands (independent state)
1943–1986: part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, administered by the United States
1914–1943: part of the South Seas Mandate, part of the Japanese Empire
1898–1914: part of the German New Guinea, part of the German Empire
1878–1898: part of the German Empire
Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa 2nd millennium BC, with interisland navigation made possible using traditional stick charts.
Majuro
MauritaniaAfrica France1960–present: Islamic Republic of Mauritania
1903–1960: Colony of Mauritania, part of the French West Africa (a federation of French colonial territories), part of the French Empire
1600s–1903: Various Berber and Arabic tribes
early 1500s-early 1600s: Southern regions are part of the Songhai Empire
c.early 1200s-early 1500s: Southern regions are part of the Mali Empire
1086 – c.early 1200s: Ghana Empire
1076–1086: Part of the Almoravid Emirate
c.300–1076: Ghana Empire
Various Berber tribes.
Nouakchott
MauritiusAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1992–present: Republic of Mauritius
1968–1992: Mauritius, independent state (monarchy)
1814–1968: British Mauritius, part of the British Empire
1710–1814: Isle de France, part of the French Empire
1638–1710: Dutch Mauritius, part of the Dutch Empire
The island of Mauritius was uninhabited before its first recorded visit by the Dutch in the late 16th century. The name Dina Arobi has been associated with Arab sailors, but this is speculative, as the name is evidently of Sankritic origin (dwip (island) > diba > dina).
Port Louis
MexicoThe Americas Spain1867–Present: United Mexican States (a federal state, composed of 32 federal entities: 31 states and the Mexico City)
1864–1867: Second Mexican Empire (a unitary state)
1846–1863: Second Federal Republic of Mexico (a federal state, composed of 24 federated states, 1 federal territory and 1 federal district)
1835–1846: Centralist Republic of Mexico (a unitary state)
1824–1835: First Mexican Republic (a federal state, originally composed of 19 federated states and 4 territories. In its later years was composed of 20 federated states, 6 territories and a federal district)
1823–1824: Provisional Government of Mexico
1821–1823: First Mexican Empire (unitary state)
1521–1821: Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1421–1521: Aztec Empire (or the Triple Alliance, a confederation of allied city-states), but also Maya city-states and some city-states that was not allied with the Aztecs
1122–1421: Several small states in the modern territory of Mexico (except in the northern regions, inhabited by nomad tribes)
674–1122: Toltec Kingdom
c.100 AD–c.700 AD: Mexica-Tenochtitlan
c.700 BC – 1521 AD: Zapotec civilization
c.1500 BC – 1521 AD: Mixtec Civilization
c.2000 BC – 1539 AD: Maya Civilization
c.2,500 BC–400 BC:Olmec Civilization
Since 19,000 BC humans has been settled by the Native Mexicans, including Nahuatl.
Mexico City
Australiadata-sort-value="America, United States of" 1979–present: Federated States of Micronesia 1947–1979:

1919–1947: South Seas Mandate

1914–1919: Imperial Japanese Navy occupation

1899–1914: Part of German New Guinea

1574–1899: Part of the Captaincy General of the Philippines

Palikir
Europe1991–present: Moldova 1940-1991: RSS of Moldova 1924-1940: Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

1941-1944: Governorate of Transnístria1881-1947: Kingdom of Romania

1917-1918: Moldovian Democratic Republic1873-1918: Russian Empire

1346-1859: Moldavia

Chișinău
MonacoEurope Germany1911–present: Monaco1911: Constitution of Monaco

Sixth Coalition1814: part of French Empire

1297-1814: House of Grimaldi(under the sovereignty of the Republic of Genoa)Grimaldi ManGrimaldi Manis the name formerly given to two human skeletons of the Upper Paleolithic discovered in Italy in 1901. The remains are now recognized as representing two individuals, and are dated to ca. 26,000 to 22,000 years ago (i.e. c. 24000–20000 BC) and classified as part of the wider Early European modern humans population of the late Aurignacian to early Gravettian.

Monaco
MongoliaAsiadata-sort-value="China, Republic of" Republic of China1990-present: MongoliaModern MongoliaMongolian Revolution of 19901945: Inner Mongolian People's Republic was a state in Inner Mongolia founded shortly after the Second World War. It existed from 9 September 1945 until 6 November 1945

ᠪᠦᠭᠦᠳᠡ

ᠨᠠᠶᠢᠷᠠᠮᠳᠠᠬᠤ

ᠥᠪᠥᠷ

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ

ᠠᠷᠠᠳ

ᠭᠠᠳᠠᠭᠠᠳᠤ

ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ

Mongolian Revolution of 1911

1634-1757: Dzungar Khanate

1399-1634: Oirat Confederation

1368-1635: Northern Yuan

The Mongol Empire emerged from the unification of several nomadic tribes in the Mongol heartland under the leadership of Temüjin, known by the more famous title of Genghis Khan (c. 1162 – 1227), whom a council proclaimed as the ruler of all Mongols in 1206. The empire grew rapidly under his rule and that of his descendants, who sent out invading armies in every direction. The vast transcontinental empire connected the East with the West, and the Pacific to the Mediterranean, in an enforced Pax Mongolica, allowing the exchange of trade, technologies, commodities, and ideologies across Eurasia.

1130-1206: Khamag Mongol

9th-12th century: Mongol khanates

907-1125: Liao Dynasty

744-840: Uyghur Khaganate

647-682: Protectorate General to Pacify the North

628-646: Xueyantuo

682-744: Second Turkic Khaganate

Eastern Turkic Khaganate

First Turkic Khaganate

(Celestial Turks were a Turkic people in medieval Inner Asia. The Göktürks, under the leadership of Bumin Qaghan (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the Rouran Khaganate as the main power in the region and established the First Turkic Khaganate, one of several nomadic dynasties that would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of Turkic peoples)

330-555: Rouran Khaganate

93-234: Xianbei State

209 BC-93 AD: Xiongnu

600-300 BC: Pazyryk Culture

700-300 BC: Chandman Culture

1100-300 BC: Slab-grave Culture

1400-700 BC: Deer stones Culture

1450-1150 BC: Ulaanzuukh Culture

1500-1000 BC: Sagsai Culture

1800-1600 BC: Munkhkhairkhan culture

2750-1900 BC: Chemurchek Culture

330-2500 BC: Afanasievo Culture

Ulaanbaatar
MontenegroEurope (independence referendum)
Serbia and Montenegro2006–present: Montenegro
2003–2006: Part of the union of Serbia and Montenegro
1992–2003: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (with Serbia)
1945–1991: Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1943–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany
1941–1943: Occupied by the Kingdom of Italy
1918–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes)
1910–1918: Kingdom of Montenegro
1852–1910: Principality of Montenegro
1516–1852: Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
1499–1516: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1356–1499: Principality of Zeta
1346–1356: Part of the Serbian Empire
1217–1346: Part of the Kingdom of Serbia
1186–1217: Part of the Grand Principality of Serbia
1077–1186: Kingdom of Duklja
843–1077: Principality of Duklja
625–843: Duklja (vassal state of the Byzantine Empire)
Podgorica
MoroccoAfrica[96] France
Spain
1955–present: Kingdom of Morocco1912–1956:French protectorate of Morocco
1912–1956:Spanish protectorate of Morocco
1666–1912: Alaouite Sultanate of Morocco
1510–1659:Saadi Sultanate
1472–1554:Wattasid dynasty
1244–1465:Marinid Sultanate
1121–1269:Almohad Caliphate
1040–1147:Almoravid dynasty
750–778:Idrisid dynasty
744–1058:Barghawata
710–1019:Kingdom of Nekor
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
590–698: Part of the Byzantine Empire (as the Exarchate of Africa)
484–703: Kingdom of the Aurès
439–534: Part of the Vandal Kingdom
435–439: Center of the Vandal Kingdom
395–435: Part of the Western Roman Empire as province
42 AD–395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province
300 BC – 42 AD: Kingdom of Mauretania
814–202 BC: Part of the Carthaginian Empire
2500–539 BC:Phoenician trading posts in the coasts
10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited by Capsians
20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited by Iberomaurusians
80,000–20,000 BC: Inhabited by Aterians
Idris I of Morocco convinced the Awraba Berber tribes to break their allegiance to the distant Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad and he founded the Idrisid dynasty in 788.Since 1.3 Million BC, humans have been settled in Morocco as demonstrated by the discovery of Stone Age hand-axe manufacturing site found at Casablanca in 2021.
Rabat
MozambiqueAfrica PortugalPortuguese colony from 1498 to 1975.Maputo
MyanmarAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomPagan Kingdom founded 849. Occupied by Japan 1942–1945Naypyidaw
NamibiaAfrica South AfricaGerman colony from 1884; governed by South Africa 1915–1990Windhoek
NauruAustralia Australia/ New Zealand/ United Kingdom Trust Territory of NauruPreviously occupied by Germany 1888, Australia 1914, Japan 1942–45,Yaren
NepalAsia (Gorkha Kingdom) (Unification of Nepal)(none)1816–1923: protectorate of the Autonomous throughout its recorded history, and certainly since its 1768 unification.[97] The ancient Maurya Empire occupied southern Nepal, but not the core Kathmandu valley.Kathmandu
NetherlandsEurope (de facto)
(de jure)
Germany1945–present: Kingdom of the Netherlands (reestablished in 1945. Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten are the constituent countries of the Kingdom)
1940–1945: Occupied by establishing as Dutch government-in-exile, a member of the allies during WWII.
1839–1940: Kingdom of the Netherlands
1815–1839: United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1813–1815: Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands
1810–1813: Part of the
1806–1810: Occupied by the as Kingdom of Holland
1795–1806: Occupied by France as the
1648–1795: The, recognized as a full independent state
1581–1648: The declares its independence as a confederacy of seven Dutch provinces-seceded from the Spanish Empire. The new republic was still considered a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Peace of Münster in 1648
1556–1714: Spanish Netherlands, part of the
1549–1556: Seventeen Provinces(personal union of states of the Holy Roman Empire, administered by the Archduke of Austria (that was also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The Archduchy of Austria was a state of the HRE. But the Kingdom of Spain was not)
1482–1549: Habsburg Netherlands (personal union of fiefs of the Kingdom of France and of the (the County of Artois was ceded by France to the Holy Roman Empire in 1493, all the fiefs became Imperial States after this year), held by the Archdukes of Austria (that was also Holy Roman Emperors, the Archduchy of Austria was itself a State of the HRE)
1384–1482: Burgundian Netherlands (personal union of fiefs of the (in the case of the County of Artois) and of the (the other fiefs), held by the Dukes of Burgundy (vassals of the French king and of the Holy Roman Emperor)
1190–1384: States of the : County of Hainaut, Duchy of Luxembourg, County of Artois, Duchy of Guelders, County of Namur, Duchy of Brabant, County of Holland, Bishopric of Utrecht, Frisian Freedom (autonomous confederation within the Holy Roman Empire).
959–1190: Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, part of the Kingdom of East Francia, later the Kingdom of Germany and later a state of the Holy Roman Empire
855–959: Part of Lotharingia
843–855: Part of Middle Francia
600–734: Frisian Kingdom
481–843: Part of Francia
385–481 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior
3rd century: Inhabited by Salian Franks
22 BC – 385 AD: Parts of the Roman Empire as Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior
55 BC – 600 AD: Part of Germania
800–22 BC: Inhabited by the Celts, Gauls, and Germanic peoples.
1800–800 BC: Inhabited by the Elps
2700–1800 BC: Inhabited by the Beakers
Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled since Neanderthals from the North Sea floor off the coast of Zeeland.[98]

Note: The Dutch Empire was created in 1602, after the foundation of the Dutch East India Company, in the government of the stadtholder Maurice, Prince of Orange.

Amsterdam
New ZealandAustraliadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1947–present: Realm of New Zealand, a monarchy in a personal union with the United Kingdom.[99] [100] New Zealand (a sovereign state) has one Antarctic territorial claim (the Ross Dependency), one dependent territory (Tokelau), and two associated states (the Cook Islands and Niue)
1907–1947: Dominion of New Zealand, a Dominion within the British Empire
1841–1907: Colony of New Zealand, part of the British Empire
1788–1841: Part of the Colony of New South Wales, part of the British Empire
c.1280–1788 CE: Inhabited by Native New Zealanders (Maori), divided in tribes (iwi)
Wellington
NicaraguaThe Americas[101] Greater Republic of Central America1898–Present: Republic of Nicaragua1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America
November 1852 – 1896: Republic of Nicaragua
October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America
1838–1852: Republic of Nicaragua
1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as province of Nicaragua
15–24 September 1821: Republic of Nicaragua
1638–1894: Mosquito Coast, part of the
1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire)
Since c.2000 BC humans have been settled by Native Nicaraguans, including Chibcha.
Managua
NigerAfrica FranceBecame part of France in 1900, became independent on 3 August 1960 1804-1903: Sokoto Caliphate

1403-1901: Songhai Empire

1404-1500: Agadéz Sultanate

1235-1632: part of Mali Empire

700-1430: Gao Empire

700-1380: Kanem Empire

Niamey
NigeriaAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomBecame part of the United Kingdom as the Colony and Protectorate (1914–1954)/Federation of Nigeria(1954–1960), became independent on 1 October 19601900-1914: Southern Nigeria Protectorate and Northern Nigeria Protectorate were British protectorates in Nigeria during the period of colonization of the African continent, dividing Nigeria into the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate in this region of Africa.

1502-1897: Zazzau Sultanate

1430-1591: Songhai Empire

1380-1893: Bornu Empire

1500-1840: Kwararafa, a pre-colonial confederation in the north of what is now Nigeria

Europe Yugoslavia2019–present: Republic of North Macedonia1991–2019: / Republic of Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)
1946–1992: Part of the as Socialist Republic of Macedonia
1943–1946: Part of the as Democratic Republic of Macedonia
1929–1943: Part of the as Vardar Banovina
1918–1929: Part of the as South Serbia
1882–1918: Part of the Kingdom of Serbia
1867–1882: Part of the Principality of Serbia
1365–1867: Part of the as Rumelia Eyalet
1346–1365 Part of the Serbian Empire
1185–1396: Part of the Second Bulgarian Empire
681–1018: Part of the First Bulgarian Empire
324–681: Part of the as the province of Macedonia
148 BC – 324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Macedonia
324–148 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire
479–324 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing the Vinča.
Skopje
NorwayEurope Germany1940–present: Kingdom of Norway (The Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency of the Kingdom of Norway. Norway also lays claims to the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land).1940–1945: Occupied by Germany (Reichskommissariat).
1905–1940: Kingdom of Norway (Haakon VII elected Norwegian king in a referendum in 1905).
1814–1905: United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. A personal union between the Kingdom of Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden.
1537–1814: Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, in real union with the Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.
1523–1533: Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, in personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.
1397–1523: Kingdom of Norway, in personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden and the Kingdom of Denmark. This union was known as the Kalmar Union
872–1397: Kingdom of Norway (According to tradition, Harald Fairhair unified all the small kingdoms into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway. In 1163, Norway adopted its current Law of Succession)
c.700s–872: The modern territory of Norway was divided in several small kingdoms. This age was characterised by expansion and emigration by Viking seafarers. The Viking Age itself only ended later in 1066.
About 10,000 BC, following the retreat of the great inland ice sheets, the earliest inhabitants migrated north into the territory which is now Norway.
Oslo
OmanAsia Afsharid Empire1970–present Oman1856-1970: Muscat and Oman

749-1959: Imamate of Oman

1744: House of Busaid

1696-1856: Omani Empire

1624: Ya'rubids are a native people of Oman

1507-1656: Portuguese Oman

1154-1624: Nabhani Dynasty they were rulers of Oman from 1154 until 1624, when the Yaruba dynasty came to power. One of its most visible legacies is Bahla Fort, a large complex of mud-brick buildings on stone foundations that is registered as a UNESCO world heritage site. The Nabhanid dynasty may be a possible ancestor of the Nabhan family, a family of Syrian and Lebanese descent that has influential members in the United States, some of whom immigrated and settled in New York City in the mid-20th century, and some who have influence in Brazil.

Previously occupied by Great Seljuq Empire, Ottoman Empire, Portugal (1508–1650), etc.

1400: Azd

Mascate
PakistanAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1956–present: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
1947–1956: Dominion of Pakistan
1858–1947: Part of the as Punjab Province, Balochistan Province, Baluchistan Agency, North West Frontier Province, North-West Frontier States Agency in the Indian Empire
1849–1858: Part of the Bengal Presidency of the East India Company
1799–1849: Sikh Empire
1747–1826: Durrani Empire
1716–1799: Sikh Misl
1591–1707: Mughal Empire
1520–1591: Divided between Arghun dynasty and Tarkhan dynasty
1351–1524: Samma dynasty
13th century-1351: Divided between parts of the Mongol Empire and Delhi Sultanate
879–1215: Ghurid Sultanate
879–1026: Hindu Shahi
854–1011: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate under the Habbari dynasty
819–999: Samanid Empire
Mid-8th–12th Centuries: Pratihara Empire
670–860: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate as Umayyad Sindh
643–661: Rashidun Caliphate
632–724: Brahman dynasty of Sindh
524–632: Rai dynasty
450–560: Hephthalite Empire
240–410 AD: Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, part of the
30–375 AD: Kushan Empire
19–c.240 AD: Indo-Parthian Kingdom, part of the Parthian Empire
150 BC–400 AD: Parts of the Indo-Scythian Kingdom as Apracharajas and Paratarajas
256 BC–125 BC: Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
322–200 BC: Part of the Maurya Empire
329–323 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire
550–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
1500–500 BC: Inhabited by Vedic
1700–1500 BC: Inhabited by Cemetery H
c.3300–c.1300 BC: Part of the Indus Valley civilisation
Since 2 million BC, Pakistan has been settled starting with Proto-humans.[102] [103]
Islamabade
PalauAustraliadata-sort-value="America, United States of" United StatesPreviously ruled by Spain, Germany, Japan.Ngerulmud
AsiaSovereignty disputed by Israeldata-sort-value="Israel" IsraelOn 15 November 1988, the Palestinian Liberation Organization also proclaimed its independence of the State of Palestine and attained its autonomy as the Palestinian National Authority in 1994 in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the territories that are occupied by Israel since 1967.

Parts of West Bank are controlled by Israel, except for the Area A of the Palestinian National Authority. The Gaza Strip has been occupied by Hamas since the 2007 war after Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005.

The West Bank was occupied by Jordan from 1948 to 1967, and the Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1957 to 1967.

Ramalá
PanamaThe Americas Colombia1990–present: Panama
1989–1990: American Invasion
1903–1989: Panama
1886–1903:Part of the Republic of Colombia
1863–1886: Federated state of the United States of Colombia
1858–1863: In union with other 7 states in the Granadine Confederation
1831–1858: Part of the Republic of New Granada
1819–1831: Part of the Gran Colombia
1717–1819: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the Spanish Empire
1542–1776 : Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Crown of Castile, and after 1715, of the Crown of Spain)
1528–1542: Governorate of New Toledo, governorate of the Crown of Castile
Before Europeans arrived Panama was widely settled by Chibchan, Chocoan, and Cueva peoples.
Panama City
Papua New GuineaAustralia AustraliaPapuan, Polynesians, and Melanesians before then.Port Moresby
ParaguayThe Americas (de facto)
(formal declaration of Independence)
data-sort-value="Brazil, Empire of"
Argentina
Uruguay
1876–present: Republic of Paraguay
Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, in Triple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay.[104] (Paraguayan independence was assured only after the War of the Triple Alliance, when Brazil resisted Argentine offers to divide and annex the country)
1813–1870: Republic of Paraguay (Paraguay refused to join the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Argentine Confederation [future [[Argentina]]], which considered Paraguay to be a break-away province. On 12 October 1813 the Paraguayan Republic was proclaimed. Paraguay only made a formal declaration of independence in 1845. It was only recognized by Argentina as an independent country on 17 July 1852. However, this recognition was rejected by the Congress of Argentina and the actual recognition of independence came only in 1856)
1811–1813: Province of Paraguay (de facto independent of Spain, but still de jure part of the Spanish Empire)
1776–1811: Part of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (part of the Spanish Empire)
1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (part of the Spanish Empire)
1524–1544: Part of the Governorate of New Andalusia (part of the Spanish Empire)
11,000 BC – 1524 AD: Inhabited by Native Paraguayans, including the Tupi-Guarani peoples, Mascoian peoples and Mataco-Guaycuru peoples.
Asunción
PeruThe Americas North Peru
South Peru
1839–Present: Republic of Peru
1836–1839: Divided in North Peru and South Peru, in union with Bolivia in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation
1822–1836: Republic of Peru
1824-1822: Protectorate of Peru, protectorate of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Argentina)
1542–1824: Viceroyalty of Peru (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1542–1824: Governorate of New Castile (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1534–1572: Neo-Inca State, a rump state of the Inca Empire
1438–1542: Inca Empire(The Kingdom of Cuzco gradually conquers several small kingdoms and became an Empire)
1197–1438: Kingdom of Cuzco and other several small Quechua kingdoms
6th–11th Centuries AD: Tiwanaku-Wari Empire
Since 24,000 BC humans has been settled, including Native Peruvians such as Tiwanaku, Moche, Lima, Nasca Chavín and Virú.
PhilippinesAsia[105] [106] data-sort-value="America, United States of" United States1986–present: Fifth Philippine Republic
1981–1986: Fourth Philippine Republic 1973–1981: Under the Martial Law
1946–1972: Third Philippine Republic
1942–1943: A puppet state of the Japanese Empire (Second Philippine Republic)
1935–1942, 1945–1946: Commonwealth of the Philippines, unincorporated territory of the United States with Commonwealth status
1899–1899/1901: First Philippine Republic (terminated by USA (as an insurgency))
1898–1935: An unincorporated territory of The United States
1821–1898: Captaincy General of the Philippines, following the independence of Mexico, all control was transferred to Madrid (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1821: Captaincy General of the Philippines, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain(Part of the Spanish Empire)
Pre-1535: The Philippine Islands had a numerous sinified states, Indianized kingdoms and Muslim states. In Luzon, there were the Ivatan people, the Society of Cordillera, the Kingdoms of Pangasinan and Ma-i, Kota Selurong and the Tondo dynasty. The Confederation of the Madyas and the Rajahnate of Cebu were in Visayas. Lastly, in Mindanao, there were the Sultanate of Maguindanao, Butuan Rajahnate and the Sultanate of Sulu. The Bruneian Empire occupied Palawan_(island) and parts of Mindanao too.
Manila
PolandEurope (as a new state, not as a nation) Germany
1989–present: Republic of Poland (third)
1947–1989:
1945–1947: Provisional Government of National Unity
1939–1990:
1939–1945: Occupied by and the during WWII making the as an emergency state, and later in 1944 Poland was proposed to make a Government.
1918–1939: Republic of Poland (second)
1917–1918: Kingdom of Poland, a puppet of and
1915–1917: Occupied by and during World War I
1867–1915: Part of the as Vistula Land
1832–1867: Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), in real union with the Russian Empire
1815–1832: Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), in personal union with the Russian Empire
1807–1815: Duchy of Warsaw, in personal union with the Kingdom of Saxony (Interrupted by the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland (1812–1813))
1795–1807: Divided between,, and
1569–1795: Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, federated state of the (first republic)
1385–1569: Kingdom of Poland, in personal union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1025–1385: Kingdom of Poland
9th century – 1025: Civitas Schinesghe (era when Poland was unified ca 966 by Mieszko I).

Since 498,000 BC humans have been settled in Poland starting with Homo species, and later settled by Lusatian culture, Celts, Germanics, and others.

Warsaw
PortugalEurope1975–present: Portuguese Republic (Third)
1974–1975: Junta de Salvação Nacional
1933–1974: Second Portuguese Republic
1926–1933: Ditadura Nacional
1910–1926: First Portuguese Republic
1834–1910: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1815-1822/1825: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1808: Convention of Cintra ended French occupation of Lisbon
1777–1834: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Napoleonic era)
1640–1777: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1580–1640: Iberian Union (Portuguese Empire in a personal union with the Spanish Empire under the king Philip II).
1415–1580: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Portugal became into an empire until 2002).
1139–1415: Kingdom of Portugal (Independent after the Battle of Ourique, Although it was not until 4 years later in 1143, when independence was recognized).
910–1139: Part of the Kingdom of León as the County of Portugal
756–929: Emirate of Córdoba
c.721–750: Umayyad Caliphate
418–c.721: Visigothic Kingdom
409–585: Kingdom of the Suebi
385–418 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Hispania
218 BC – 385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Lusitania and Gallaecia
7th century – 218 BC: Inhabited by Iberians, Cynetes, Lusitanians, Celtici, and Gallaeci
Since 398,000 BC humans have been settled in Portugal, starting with Homo heidelbergensis.[107]
Lisbon
QatarAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomOttoman Empire
Abbasid Caliphate
Umayyad Caliphate
Rashidun Caliphate
Various nomadic Arab tribesmen before that.
Doha
RomaniaEurope United Principalities
1944–1958.
Ottoman Empire
Wallachia
Bucharest
Asia/Europe (disputed) (Grand Duchy of Moscow) (de facto)
(de jure)
1993–present: Russian Federation (a federal state, currently have 85 federal subjects. Two federal subjects are not internationally recognized as part of Russia.)
1991–1993: Russian Federation (a federal state, originally comprising 89 federal subjects)(with the 1978 constitution)
1922–1991:, Federated state of the (The RSFSR was itself a federal state, comprising 77 federal subjects)
1918–1922: (a federal state)
19 January 1918: Russian Democratic Federative Republic (a federal state)
1917–1918: (a federal state)
14 Sep – 7 Nov 1917: (a federal state)
1721–1917: (a unitary state)
1547–1721: Tsardom of Russia
1480–1547: Grand Duchy of Moscow, sovereign and independent state
1283–1480: Grand Duchy of Moscow (From 1283 to 1294 it was a part of the Mongol Empire. From 1294 to 1480 it was part of the Golden Horde)
1157–1331: Grand Duchy of Vladimir (From 1238 to 1294 it was a part of the Mongol Empire thanks to the Great stand on the Ugra river. From 1294 to 1331 it was part of the Golden Horde)
1136–1478: Novgorod Republic(Until 1238 it was a part of the Kievan Rus')
c.862–1240: Kievan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, was founded by the Rurik dynasty in the city of Novgorod. Later in 882 the capital city was moved to Kiev (in modern-day Ukraine)
Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled, including Rus' people, an East Slavic people. There is also the presence of Turkic, Mongolic, Finnic, Northeast and Northwest Caucasian peoples.
Moscow
RwandaAfrica BelgiumBecame German East Africa (1885–1918), Rwanda-Urundi (1916–1962), became independent on 1 July 1962Kigali
Saint Kitts and NevisThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1882-1983: Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla 1689-1782: British West Indies and French West Indies In the 18th century it was owned by Britain and France, who claimed it as an island of the French and East Indies, and Britain claimed it as part of the British West Indies.

1493: Arawak and Taino peoples

Basseterre
Saint LuciaThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1833-1959: British Windwar Islands was an administrative grouping of British colonies in the Windward Islands of the West Indies, existing from 1833 until 31 December 1959 and consisting of the islands of Grenada, Saint LuciaCastries
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomWar in Saint Vicent: Os habitantes indígenas das ilhas de São Vicente e Granadinas eram vários grupos ameríndios . A chegada dos europeus no início do século XVI não levou a um assentamento de longo prazo, apenas em 1717 os franceses ocuparam a ilha de Barrouallie, embora os ingleses tenham reivindicado São Vicente em 1627. O Tratado de Paris (1763) viu São Vicente ... Vincent cedeu à Grã-Bretanha . Os atritos com os britânicos levaram à Primeira e à Segunda Guerra do Caribe em meados do século XVIIIKingstown
SamoaAustralia New ZealandGerman colony 1900 to 1914; occupied by New Zealand 1914; Trust Territory first of the League of Nations, then of the United Nations and administered by New Zealand, 1920 to 1962.Apia
San MarinoEuropeWorld War II Allies1944: Brief occupation by Germany, then Allies during Battle of San Marino
1739: Brief occupation by the Papal States
1503: Brief occupation by Rimini
1243: The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) as a joint heads of state
Before 1243: Part of the Roman Empire
San Marino
Africa Portugal1975-1991: Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe 1485-1975: Portuguese São Tomé and PríncipeSão Tomé
Saudi ArabiaAsia (Emirate of Riyadh) Emirate of Jabal Shammar1932–present: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
1926–1932: Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, a dual monarchy that was the precursor to the modern day Saudi Arabia
1916–1925: Kingdom of Hejaz (Not recognized by the Ottoman Empire, last Ottoman troops evicted from Medina by Kingdom of Hejaz in 1919)
1921–1926: Sultanate of Nejd (Third Saudi State)
1916–1923: Sheikdom of Upper Asir
1913–1921: Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (Third Saudi State)
1909–1930: Idrisid Emirate of Asir
1902–1913: Emirate of Riyadh (Third Saudi State)
1836–1921: Emirate of Jabal Shammar
1824–1891: Emirate of Nejd (Second Saudi State)
1818–1824: Diriyah became part of the Egypt Eyalet, part of the Ottoman Empire
1814–1916: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ottoman Empire
1744–1818: Emirate of Diriyah (First Saudi State), unified all Arabian Peninsula (except Yemen and Oman)
1670–1790: Eastern Arabia, ruled by the Khalidi Emirate
1633–1934: Principality of Najran
1551–1670: Eastern Arabia, part of the Ottoman Empire
1521–1551: Al-Muntafiq, an Arab tribal confederation, successfully occupied al-Ahsa and al-Qatif (eastern Saudi Arabia today)
1517–1804: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ottoman Empire
1260–1517: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
1400–c.1521: Jabrids (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia.
1253–c.1400: Usfurids (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia.
1076–1253: Uyunid Emirate (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia
1171–1260: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ayyubid Sultanate
968–1171: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Fatimid Caliphate
c. 968:The Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca is established. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia (except the Eastern coast) reverted to traditional tribal rule.
945–968: Western Arabia was part of the Buyid Empire
899–1076: Qarmatians established a religious-utopian republic in Eastern Arabia
750–945: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
656–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (capital city transferred to Kufa, located in modern Iraq)
632–656: Rashidun Caliphate, with the capital city in Mecca
622–632: Muhammad, Prophet of Islam, united all the tribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian Peninsula.
Shortly before the advent of Islam, apart from urban trading settlements (such as Mecca and Medina), much of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic pastoral tribal societies. The east coast was a territory of the Sassanid Empire
By the late Bronze Age, a historically recorded people and land (Midian and the Midianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in the Bible.[108]
Early settled civilizations in the Antiquity: the Dilmun civilization on the east of the Arabian Peninsula, Thamud north of the Hejaz, and Kingdom of Kinda and Al-Magar civilization in the central of Arabian Peninsula.
There is evidence that modern human (Homo sapiens) habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 63,000 years ago
Stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic age along with fossils of other animals discovered at Ti's al Ghadah, in northwestern Saudi Arabia, might imply that hominids migrated through a "Green Arabia" between 300,000 and 500,000 years ago
Riyadh
SenegalAfricaIndependent first as Mali Federation with capital in Dakar. Previously part of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires.Dakar
SerbiaEurope (disputed) (as a new state, not as a nation.)
Serbia and Montenegro
2006–present: (successor state of Serbia and Montenegro)
2003–2006: Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Serbia and Montenegro (successor state of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
1992–2003: Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (New state)
1946–1992: Socialist Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1944–1945: Part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
1941–1944: Occupied by Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers, Yugoslav government-in-exile, and member of the allies during WWII.
1929–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1918–1929: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
1918: Kingdom of Serbia
1915–1918: Occupied by the Central Powers (Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian occupation)
1882–1915: Kingdom of Serbia
1815–1882: Principality of Serbia
1804–1813: Revolutionary Serbia (as independent movement inside the Ottoman Empire)
1459–1817: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1402–1459: Serbian Despotate
1371–1402: Moravian Serbia
1346–1371: Serbian Empire
1217–1346: Kingdom of Serbia
11th century–1217: Grand Principality of Serbia
8th century–10th century: Principality of Serbia
Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing the Vinča.
Belgrade
SeychellesAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomPerhaps sovereign 1790–1794Victoria
Sierra LeoneAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomColony of United Kingdom Freetown
SingaporeAsia MalaysiaBritish colony 1824–1963; occupied by Japan 1942–1945; declared independence, then merged with Malaysia from 1963 until 1965.Singapore
SlovakiaEurope1945–1993: Part of the Czechoslovakia (interrupted by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968)
1945: Occupied by WWII Allies in 1945
1939–1945: Occupied by Germany as a puppet - Slovak state
1918–1939: Part of the Czechoslovakia
1867–1918: Part of Austria-Hungary
1806–1867: Part of the Austrian Empire
1526-1806: Part of the Habsburg monarchy
1000-1526: Part of the Hungarian kingdom
825-1108: Principality of Nitra
Bratislava
SloveniaEurope1991–present: Republic of Slovenia
1945–1991: Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1918–1945: Part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
1918–1918: Part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
1806–1918: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Austria-Hungary Empire)
976–1806: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Holy Roman Empire)
889–976: March of Carinthia (as part of the Carolingian Empire)
Ljubljana
Solomon IslandsAustraliadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomColony of German New Guinea from 1884 to 1920, turning the Solomon Islands into the British after Germany's tragic defeat in the First World War, in the Second World War Japan invaded the islands starting the Solomon Islands Campaign and the Guadalcanal Campaign. Honiara
SomaliaAfrica (disputed)data-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom, Italy" United Kingdom
Italy
1 July 1960: Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (former British Somaliland)
19th century: Part of Sultanate of Hobyo
18th century: Part of Majeerteen Sultanate
15th century: Part of Adal Sultanate
13th century: Part of Ajuran Sultanate
13th century: Part of Warsangali Sultanate
13th century: Part of Ifat Sultanate
10th century: Part of Sultanate of Mogadishu
200 BC: Somali city-states
Mogadishu
South AfricaAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1961–present: Republic of South Africa (Democratization in 1994)1931–1961: Union of South Africa, monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom
1910–1931: Union of South Africa, a Dominion within the British Empire
1839–1902: Several Boer Republics: Natalia Republic (1839–1843), Orange Free State (1854–1902), South African Republic (1852–1877; 1881–1902), State of Goshen (1882–1883), Republic of Stellaland (later United States of Stellaland; 1882–1885)
1816–1897: Zulu Kingdom
1806–1910: Part of the British Empire
c.1780–1817: Mthethwa Paramountcy
1652–1806: Dutch Cape Colony, part of the Dutch Empire(Conquered by the British, becoming the British Cape Colony)
1430–1760: Kingdom of Mutapa
c.1075–c.1220: Kingdom of Mapungubwe
c.300 AD–c.500 AD: Various Bantu peoples migrated and settled in the territory of the future South Africa (Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Sotho, etc.). In addition to these Bantu peoples, there were still the Khoikhoi, who already inhabited the region before the Bantu expansion
Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa.
What is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period.
Bloemfontein (judicial), Cape Town (legislative) and Pretoria (executive)
Africa Sudan2011: United Nations Mission in South Sudan 1991–present: Nuer White Army

1983-2018: SPLA

Juba
SpainEurope (Visigothic Spain of Toledo)[109] 1975–present: Kingdom of Spain (restored thrice with democracy)
1939–1977: Spanish Republic (government in exile)
1947: Referendum of re-establishing the Spanish Kingdom
1936–1975:
1931–1939: Second Spanish Republic
1874–1931: Kingdom of Spain (restored again)
1873–1874: First Spanish Republic
1810–1873: Kingdom of Spain (restored)
1803–1813: Kingdom of Napoleonic Spain, a French occupation.
1700–1810: Kingdom of Spain
1640–1700: Monarchy of Spain
1580–1640: Iberian Union (Spanish Empire integrated with the Portuguese Empire under the Philip II).
1516–1580: Monarchy of Spain (after the Reconquista, two Catholic monarchies (Castile and Aragon) and among other territories such as Navarre were merged by Charles I of Spain).

13th century – 1516: Spain has been divided between two monarchies: the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (In 1492, Spain became into an empire until 1975).
10th–13th century: Spain has been divided between the Christian Kingdoms (Castile, León, and Naverre) and Muslim Caliphates.
756–10th century AD: Emirate of Córdoba
c.721–750 AD: Umayyad Caliphate
542–c.721 AD: Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo
418–542 AD: Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse
385–418 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Hispania
218 BC – 385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Hispania
7th century-218 BC: Inhabited by Iberians
First hominid settlement from the 1.5 million BC.[110]
Note: Each country maintained its own legal system and institutions.

Madri
Sri LankaAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomIt was not until the reign of Dutthagamani (161–137 BC) that the whole country was unified under his kingdom.Colombo (executive, judicial) and Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte (official)
SudanAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom, Egypt" United Kingdom
Egypt
After King Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt for a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians. Later ruled by the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and then as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1956.Khartoum
SurinameThe Americas Kingdom of the NetherlandsParamaribo
SwedenEurope(none)No exact date for consolidation of Sweden. The beginning of the reign of the first Swedish king proven to have existed historically dates from circa 970 AD. The Kalmar Union (1397–1523) was a personal union of Scandinavian states (Denmark, Sweden and Norway). In states in personal unions their sovereignties and international identity remain intact, just sharing the same head of state.) Stockholm
SwitzerlandEurope Austrian Empire1848–present: Swiss Confederation (second)
1814–1848: Swiss Confederation (in Restoration and Regeneration) with the Congress of Vienna of 1815.
1803–1814: Napoleonic Swiss Confederation, a French puppet (Occipied by the Austrian Empire in 1813)
1798–1803:, a French occupation
1648: Independence fully recognized by the Oeace of Westphalia
1499: De Facto independence in the Treaty of Basel (1499)
1291–1798: : Swiss Confederation
911–1291: Part of the Kingdom of Germany and the (from 962) as the Duchy of Swabia
843–911: Part of East Francia as Alamannia
496–539: Part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom as Alamannia
496, 539–843: Part of the Frankish Empire as Alamannia
411–534: Kingdom of the Burgundians
395–411 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Germania Superior
200 BC – 395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Germania Superior
6000–200 BC: Inhabited by Germanic, Urnfield, and Celts.
Since 298,000 BC humans have been settled by Homo erectus has been found in Pratteln.[111]
Bern
Asiadata-sort-value="Arab Republic, United" 1961–present:
1958–1961: United Arab Republic (in union with Egypt)
1950–1958: Second Syrian Republic, independente state
1946–1950: independent First Syrian Republic
1923–1946: Part of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the Syrian Federation (1922–25), the State of Syria (1925–30) and the Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946), as well as smaller states: the State of Greater Lebanon, the Alawite State and Jabal Druze State.
1919–1920: Arab Kingdom of Syria
1917–1919: Occupied by France and the United Kingdom
1516–1917: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1516–1917: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1510–1516: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Safavid Empire in the East
1405–1510: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Aq Qoyunlu in the East
1395–1405: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Timurid Empire in the East
1340–1395: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Artuqid Beylik in the East
1268–1340: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Ilkhanate in the East
1264–1268: Principality of Antioch, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West. The Ilkhanate in the East
1250–1264: Principality of Antioch and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
1183–1250: Principality of Antioch and the Ayyubid Sultanate
1160–1183: Principality of Antioch and the Emirates of Mosul and Aleppo, ruled by the Zengid dynasty
1129–1160: Crusader states (Antioch and, until 1144, Edessa) and the Zengid Emirate
1121–1129: Crusader states (Antioch and Edessa) and the Artuqid Beylik in the East. In the West the Seljuk Empire
1098: Crusader states established in Syria: Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) and County of Edessa (1098–1144)
1082–1121: Part of the Seljuk Empire
1024–1082: Divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like the Mirdasids, the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids
1002–1024: Western regions are Part of the Fatimid Caliphate. Eastern regions are divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids
990–1002: Divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like the Hamdanids, the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids
945–990: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Hamdanid Emirates of Aleppo and Al-Jazira
905–945: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate and Hamdanid Emirate
890–905: Part of the Tulunid Emirate and Hamdanid Emirate
868–890: Part of the Tulunid Emirate and of the Abbasid Caliphate
750–868: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
744–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
661–744: Center of the Umayyad Caliphate
637–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
627–637: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire
613–627: Part of the Sassanid Empire
395–613: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire
273–395: Part of the Roman Empire
270–273: Palmyrene Empire
123–270: Part of the Roman Empire
39 BC – 123 CE: Part of the Roman Empire and of the Parthian Empire
69 BC–39 BC: Part of the Roman Empire, of the Kingdom of Emessa and of the Kingdom of Palmyra
85 BC–70 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Armenia
127 BC–85 BC: Seleucid Empire and Kingdom of Osroene
240 BC–127 BC: Center of the Seleucid Empire
301 BC–240 BC: Part of the Seleucid Empire
305 BC–301 BC: Part of the kingdom of Antigonus I Monophthalmus
323 BC–305 BC: Part of the Satrap of Laomedon of Mytilene
331 BC–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great
539 BC–331 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
605 BC–539 BC: Part of the New Babylonian Empire
608 BC–605 BC: Part of the New Babylonian Empire and New Kingdom of Egypt
616 BC–608 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire and New Kingdom of Egypt
717 BC–616 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire
738 BC–717 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire and Kingdom of Urartu
824 BC–738 BC: Divided in many Syro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of the Kingdom of Urartu and the New Assyrian Empire
840 BC–824 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire
c.870 BC–840 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire, excepts some Aramean states like Aram and Hamath
c.892 BC–c.870 BC: Divided into many Syro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of the New Assyrian Empire
c.1076 BC–c.892 BC: Divided into many Syro-Hittite states, where Aramaeans came to rule from about 1000 BC
c.1200 BC–c.1076 BC: Divided into many Syro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of the Middle Assyrian Empire
c.1274 BC–c.1200 BC: Part of the Hittite Empire and the Middle Assyrian Empire
c.1300 BC–c.1274 BC : Part of the Hittite Empire, the New Kingdom of Egypt and the Middle Assyrian Empire
c.1365 BC–c.1300 BC: Part of the Hittite Empire and the New Kingdom of Egypt
c.1448 BC–1365: Part of the Kingdom of Mitanni and the New Kingdom of Egypt
c.1502 BC–c.1448 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Mitanni
c.1517 BC–c.1502 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Mitanni and the Babylonian Empire
c.1750 BC–c.1517 BC: Small Amorrite kingdoms and the Babylonian Empire
c.1760 BC–1750 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire
c.1776 BC – c.1760 BC: Amorite kingdoms and Mariote Kingdom, independent states
c.1788 BC–c.1776 BC: Small Amorites kingdoms and the Old Assyrian Empire
c.1898 BC–c.1788 BC: Amorite kingdoms (Amurru kingdom, Kingdom of Qatna, Ebla's Third Dynasty, Yamhad) and Mariote Kingdom, independent states
c. 2000 BC–c. 1898 BC: Kingdom of Qatna and Mariote Kingdom, independent states (Mari conquered Ebla)
c.2028 BC–c.2000 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, independent states
c.2100 BC–c.2028 BC: Eblaite Kingdom, independente state. Mariote Kingdom, part of the Neo-Sumerian Empire
c.2212 BC–c.2100 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, independent states
c.2230 BC–c.2218 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, part of the Akkadian Empire
c. 2266 BC–c. 2230 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, independent states
c.2290 BC–c.2266 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, part of the Akkadian Empire
c.2900 BC–c. 2290 BC: Mariote Kingdom
c. 3000 BC–2290 BC: Eblaite Kingdom
Archaeologists have demonstrated that civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth. Syria is part of the Fertile Crescent, and since approximately 10,000 BCE it was one of the centers of Neolithic culture (PPNA) where agriculture and cattle breeding appeared for the first time in the world.
The oldest remains found in Syria date from the Palaeolithic era (c. 800,000 BCE).
Damascus
TajikistanAsiaIndependent in 1991 of Soviet Union RSSA Tajique 1929-1991Russian Empire 1860Samanid Empire 875-999Dushanbe
Africadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomIndependent in 1961 as Tanganyika, added Zanzibar in 1963.Dodoma
ThailandAsia (Ayutthaya Kingdom)The Ayutthaya Kingdom is considered to be the precursor of modern Thailand. Briefly occupied by Burma in 1767. Occupied by Japan 1941–1945.Bangkok
Timor-LesteAsia United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor2002–present: Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
1999–2002: Administered by the United Nations in Transition.
1975–1999: Part of Indonesia as Timor Timur
1702–1975: Part of the
Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled by Native Timorese with tribes, kingdoms and confederations.
Dili
TogoAfrica FranceLomé
TongaAustraliadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomUnited 1845 by George Tupou I. British protectorate 1900–1970.950-1865: Tuʻi Tonga EmpireNukuʻalofa
Trinidad and TobagoThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United KingdomPort of Spain
TunisiaAfrica France1956–present: Republic of Tunisia1956-1957: Kingdom of Tunisia

The modern state of Tunisia was implemented in 1956 by France

1881-1956: French Tunisia was a French protectorate established in what is now the Republic of Tunisia, it was a protectorate that began with the occupation of Tunisia from 1881 until Tunisia's independence in 1956.

1574-1705: Ottoman Tunisia

Ottoman Tunisia, also known as the Regency of Tunis, refers to the Ottoman presence in Ifriqiya from the 16th to 19th centuries, when Tunis was officially integrated into the Ottoman Empire as the Eyalet of Tunis. The Ottoman presence in the Maghreb began with the takeover of Algiers in 1516 by the Ottoman Turkish corsair and beylerbey Aruj (Oruç Reis), eventually expanding across the entire region except for Morocco.

During the 13th century, the Almohad chalfiate conquered Tunisia

The Kingdom of Africa was a Tunisian kingdom located in North Africa and Italy, Tunisia was conquered by the kingdom in the 12th century, by Roger II

During the first millennium, Tunisia was conquered by several Muslim dynasties and caliphates based in Carthage, after the loss of the Umayyad Caliphate

972-1148: Zirid dynasty

909-973: Fatimid Caliphate

800-909: Aghlabids

The third Islamic state, the Abbasid Caliphate, was the successor to the Umayyad and Rashidun Caliphates.

698-750: Umayyad Caliphate

435-534: Vandal Kingdom

12th C.- 146 BC: Ancient Carthage

12th C.-North African culture

Tunis
TurkeyAsia/Europe
Italy
United Kingdom
France
Armenia
1923–present: Republic of Turkey
1920–1923:, occupied by Greece, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Armenia (Treaty of Sèvres) (Republican Turks, led by General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk initiate the Turkish War of Independence to expel foreign occupation troops and at the same time wage a civil war against Turkish monarchists, seen as collaborationists by the republicans).
1299–1920: (The Sultanate of Rum became divided in several Turkic principalities, called beyliks, the Ottoman beylik conquered and unified all beyliks in Anatolia. Also conquered Constantinople. From 1453, one of the titles used by the Ottoman Sultans was "Caesar of Rome" (Turkish: Kayser-i Rum), part of their titles until the Ottoman Empire ended in 1923. However, this title was never recognized by Europeans.)
1261–1453: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Unlike many kingdoms and empires, the Eastern Roman Empire [and the [[Roman Empire]] before it] technically wasn't a hereditary monarchy; there were no formal succession laws in place to specify who was to succeed as emperor. As such, there cannot be a legitimate pretender to the Byzantine throne as the possibility of a true "rightful emperor" died with the empire and its institutions in 1453.)
1204–1261: Divided in Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond and the Sultanate of Rum.(The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Byzantine Empire because it managed to retake Constantinople.)
1077–1308: Sultanate of Rum, part of the Seljuk Empire
395–1204: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire
168 BC – 395 AD: Part of the Roman Republic (later the Roman Empire)
131 BC–64 BC: Western regions are part of the Roman Republic. Eastern regions divided in many kingdoms.
301 BC–131 BC: Divided in many kingdoms, like the Kingdom of Cappadocia, Galatia, Kingdom of Pontus, Kingdom of Pergamon and the Seleucid Empire
306 BC–301 BC: Antigonid dynasty
334–306 BC: Macedonian Empire
550–334 BC: Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire
609 BCE–550 BCE: Lydia conquers all the west of Anatolia. The eastern regions falls under the rule of the Median Empire
707 BCE–609 BCE: Divided in many states, like Lydia, Lycia, Phrygia, Lycaonia, Mushki, etc. Eastern regions falls under the rule of the Assyrians.
1178 BCE–707 BCE: Divided in many states, like Lydia, Lycia, Phrygia, Lycaonia, Tabal, Mushki, etc. Around 900 BCE the Greeks began to establish colonies on the coast.
1325 BCE–1178 BCE: Hittite Empire
1400 BCE–1325 BCE: Hittite Empire and Arzawa (a "kingdom" or a federation of local powers, Troy was one of the members)
c. 1600 BCE–1400 BCE: Hittite Empire and many small states in the west. Assuwa, a confederation (or league) of 22 ancient Anatolian states, was formed some time before 1400 BC, when it was defeated by the Hittite Empire. Troy was one of the members of the confederation
c.2000 BCE–1600 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian, Hittite, Hurrian, Luwian and Anatolian tribes
. The small state of Pala was established
c.2550 BCE–2000 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian, Hurrian and Anatolian tribes
c.3500 BCE–2550 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian and Hurrian tribes
From 10,000 BC humans has been settled making first states as Indo-Europeans, including Phrygia and Thrace.
Ankara
TurkmenistanAsia1991–present: Turkmenistan1925-1991: Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic

1918-1925: Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Ashgabat
TuvaluAustraliadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1978–present: Tuvalu

1976–1978: Part of the British Empire as the Colony of Tuvalu

1892–1976: Part of the British Empire as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony

Funafuti
UgandaAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1963–present: Republic of Uganda

1962–1963: Uganda

1894–1962: Part of the British Empire as the Protectorate of Uganda

1888–1894: Part of the British Empire

Kampala
UkraineEurope (disputed)1991–present:
1944–1991: Part of the as
1941–1944: Part of Germany as Reichskommissariat Ukraine
1922–1944: Part of the as
1919–1922: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1917–1919:
April–December 1918: Ukrainian State
1917 – April 1918:
1796–1917: Part of the Russian Empire as Kiev Governorate
1775–1796: Russian Empire as the Kiev Viceroyalty
1764–1775: Zaporozhian Sich, a semi-autonomous polity and proto-state of Cossacks within the Russian Empire
1708–1764: Part of Russian Empire as Kiev Governorate
1649–1764: Cossack Hetmanate (the word hetman was the title of the general of the Zaporizhian Army. Zaporizhia is a historical and geographic region in Southern Ukraine).(From 1654 until 1764 it was a protectorate of the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire)
1569–1795: Part of the as the Kiev Voivodeship
1471–1569: Kiev Voivodeship, part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1441–1783: Crimean Khanate
1253–1349/1392: Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
1199–1253: Principality of Galicia–Volhynia
1132–1471: Principality of Kiev (state of the Kievan Rus' from 1132 to 1240, the capital city of the Kievan Rus' was the city of Kiev [capital city of modern Ukraine]. Part of the Mongol Empire from 1240 to 1261. Part of the Golden Horde from 1261 to 1362. Part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1362 to 1471)
c.879–1199: The Kievan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, founded by the Rurik dynasty, in 882 the city of Kiev (capital city of modern Ukraine) became the capital city of this federation
c.600 AD: The territory of modern Ukraine was the core of the state of the Bulgars (often referred to as Old Great Bulgaria). At the end of the 7th century, most Bulgar tribes migrated in several directions and the remains of their state were absorbed by the Khazar Khaganate (650–969)
c.400 AD: the Antes Union was located in the territory of what is now Ukraine. The Antes were the ancestors of Ukrainians and other Slavic peoples.
Before 400 AD: There were several tribes and kingdoms in the territory of modern Ukraine. During the Iron Age, the land was inhabited by Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians. Beginning in the sixth century BC, colonies founded by Greeks was established in the shores of the Black Sea. These colonies became the Bosporan Kingdom (435 BC – 370 AD)
Modern human settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the Gravettian culture in the Crimean Mountains.
Kyiv
United Arab EmiratesAsiadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1971–present: United Arab Emirates

1820–1971: Part of the British Empire as the Trucial States of the Coast of Oman

1258–1820: Bani Yas

750–1258: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate

661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate

632–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate

629–632: Part of the Caliphate of Muhammad

224–629: Part of the Sasanian Empire

Abu Dhabi
United KingdomEurope (Dál Riata)data-sort-value="England, Scotland"

1922–present: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland [the later one is variously described as a country, province or region] are the constituent countries of the Kingdom)
1801–1922: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1707–1801: Great Britain

Retrospective of the three constituent countries in the island of Great Britain (For Northern Ireland see Ireland. Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when the island of Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Unlike Southern Ireland, which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 [a monarchy in [[personal union]] with the United Kingdom, later became a republic in 1949], the majority of Northern Ireland's population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom in political union.)..
The United Kingdom has sovereignty over seventeen territories which do not form part of the United Kingdom itself: fourteen British Overseas Territories and three Crown Dependencies.


1659–1707:, in personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland
1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1649–1653: Commonwealth of England
1603–1649:, in personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland
1215: Magna Carta starts a process to rebalance the power of the monarchy
1066: Norman Conquest of England marks the commonly understood date of last subordination
927–1603: (with the union of eight kingdoms).
410–927: Divided in several small kingdoms. Gradually eight of these kingdoms conquered the others small kingdoms in the future territory of England: Mercia, Dumnonia, Kent, Northumbria, East Anglia, Wessex, Sussex, and Essex.
385–410 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Britannia
43–385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Britannia
From 898,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations starting with Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast, with stone tools and footprints probably made by Homo antecessor. These earliest inhabitants were hunter-gatherers. Low sea-levels meant that Britain was attached to the continent for much of this earliest period of history, and varying temperatures over tens of thousands of years meant that it was not always inhabited.[112]


1659–1707:, in personal union with the Kingdom of England
1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1649–1653: Commonwealth of England
1603–1649:, in personal union with the Kingdom of England
1286–1603:
9th century – 1286: Kingdom of Alba (There is no precise Gaelic equivalent for the English terminology "Kingdom of Alba", as the Gaelic term Rìoghachd na h-Alba means Kingdom of Scotland'.)
6th century – 9th century: The area that is now Scotland was divided into three areas: Pictland, a patchwork of small lordships in central Scotland; the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, which had conquered southeastern Scotland; and Dál Riata, founded by settlers from Ireland, bringing Gaelic language and culture with them.
From 12,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations,[113] [114] including Caledonians, Caereni, Carnonacae, Cat, Cornovii, Creones, Damnonii, Decantae, Lugi, Maeatae, Novantae, Picts, Selgovae, Scoti, Smertae, Taexali, Vacomagi, and Venicones.


1659–1707: Part of the
1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1649–1653: Part of the Commonwealth of England
1542–1649: Part of the
1226–1542: Principality of Wales, in personal union with the Kingdom of England
5th century-1216: Divided in various states, including the Kingdom of Gwynedd
385–410 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Britannia
43–385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Britannia
From about 228,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.[115] [116]

Note: The British Empire was founded by the order of Elizabeth I who granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration in 1578.[117] On 1 of May 1707, the kingdoms are united from England (10th century – 1707) and Scotland (9th century – 1707), forming as the . On 1 January 1801, Ireland was united with two kingdoms as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, until Ireland become independent on 6 December 1922 leaving with 26 out of 32 of the Irish counties. From this day, the British sovereignty was established as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

London
United StatesThe Americasdata-sort-value="Britain (1707)" Great Britain1776–present: (a federal state, originally the federation had 13 federated states [[[States of the United States]] ], currently have 50 federated states and 1 federal district, with the last state to be admitted in the Union being Hawaii, admitted in 1959; The U.S. also currently administers three territories in the Caribbean Sea and eleven in the Pacific Ocean.)
1763–1776: Thirteen British Colonies of America in the Atlantic coast, part of the British Empire; New Spain and Spanish Louisiana in the Southwestern United States, Florida and the Mississippi Basin (Louisiana returned to the French in 1801), part of the Spanish Empire; Russians established in future Alaska the colony of Russian America
1521–1763: In the territory of the future contiguous United States Europeans began to colonize on the Native American territories establishing New Spain in the Southwestern United States and Florida in 1521, part of the Spanish Empire; New France in the Mississippi Basin in 1534, part of the French Empire; Thirteen British Colonies of America in the Atlantic coast in 1607, part of the British Empire; New Netherland in the Atlantic coast in 1614, part of Dutch Republic; New Sweden along the Delaware River in 1638, part of Swedish Empire.
From at least 15,000 BC humans has been settled from Native Americans with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. Examples are the Mississippian cultures (the largest urban site of these peoples, Cahokia, may have reached a population of over 20,000), Puebloans, the Iroquois Confederacy, Apaches, Navajos, Cherokees, etc.
Washington, D.C.
UruguayThe Americasdata-sort-value="Brazil, Empire of" 1830–present: Oriental Republic of Uruguay1828–1830: Oriental State of Uruguay1822–1828: Cisplatine Province, a province of the Empire of Brazil (Brazil and Argentina fight a war with each other for control of Uruguay's territory. The war only comes to an end with diplomatic intervention of the United Kingdom, which establishes Uruguay as an independent nation and buffer state between Argentina and Brazil via the 1828 Treaty of Montevideo).
1817–1822: Cisplatine Province, a province of the Portuguese Empire (The Portuguese Empire take advantage of the chaos of the wars of independence in Hispanic America and of the civil war that had started in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to invade and conquer the territory of the future Uruguay).
1815–1820: Part of the League of the Free Peoples, an alliance of provinces in civil war against the centralist government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
1811–1815: Part of the United Provinces of South America
1776–1811: Part of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata, Part of the Spanish Empire
1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the
1528–1542: Part of the Governorate of New Andalusia, part of the
10.000 BCE-1528: Inhabited by Native Uruguayans as the Charrúa peoples.
Montevideo
UzbekistanAsia1991–present: Uzbekistan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991; constitution adopted 1992)

1924–1991: Part of the Soviet Union as

1920–1924: Khorezm People's Soviet Republic

1917–1920: Khanate of Khiva

1873–1917: Part of the Russian Empire as Khanate of Khiva

1511–1873: Khanate of Khiva

1370–1511: Part of the Timurid Empire

1226–1370: Part of the Chagatai Khanate

1206–1226: Part of the Mongol Empire

1100–1206: Part of the Khwarazmian Empire

1037–1100: Part of the Seljuk Empire

840–1037: Part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate

819–840: Part of the Samanid Empire

750–819: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate

661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate

440–661: Part of the Hephthalite Empire

125 BCE-440: Nomadic Tribes

256 BCE-125 BCE: Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

312 BCE-63 BCE: Part of the Seleucid Empire

330 BCE-312 BCE: Part of the Macedonian Empire

530 BCE-330 BCE: Part of the Achaemenid Empire

Tashkent
VanuatuAustraliadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom, France" United Kingdom
France
1980–present: Republic of Vanuatu1906–1980: Part of the French and British empires as New Hebrides Condominium

1890–1906: Part of the French and British Empires as Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission

1889–1890: Independent Commune of Franceville

1887–1889: Part of the French and British Empires as Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission

Port Vila
Europe Italy1929–present: Vatican City State (restored with the Lateran Treaty)
1870–1929: States of the Church (in prison)
754–1870: . When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part. The Holy See, under Pope Stephen II, attempted diplomatic negotiations with the Lombards, and upon the failure of those negotiations, entreated King Pepin the Short of the Franks to intervene on its behalf. Pepin defeated the Lombards by 756 and granted the lands of the Duchy of Rome as well as the former Lombard possessions to the Papacy in what is referred to as the Donation of Pepin.
556–754: Duchy of Rome, part of the Byzantine Empire
493–556: Part of Ostrogothic Kingdom
476–493: Part of Kingdom of Italy (Odoacer)
395–476: Part of Western Roman Empire
27 BC – 395 AD: Part of Roman Empire
509–27 BC: Part of Roman Republic
753–509 BC: Part of Roman Kingdom
12th century – 100 BC: Between Latins and Etruscans
Vatican City
The Americasdata-sort-value="Colombia, Gran" Gran Colombia1999–Present Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (a federal state, comprising twenty-three states, a capital district and the Federal Dependencies which consist in several islands in the Caribbean sea)
1953–1999: Republic of Venezuela (a federal state)
1864–1953: United States of Venezuela (a federal state)
1830–1864: State of Venezuela (a unitary state)
1826–1830: Divided in Apure, Orinoco, Venezuela, Zulia Department and Maturín, federated states of the Gran Colombia
1824–1826: Divided in Apure, Orinoco, Venezuela and Zulia Department, federated states of the Gran Colombia
1819–1824: Federated state of the Gran Colombia
1817–1819: Republic of Venezuela
1814–1817: Captaincy General of Venezuela, part of the
1813–1814: Republic of Venezuela
1812–1813: Captaincy General of Venezuela, part of the
1811–1812: American Confederation of Venezuela
1787–1811: Captaincy General of Venezuela (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Venezuela), without vice-royal dependence in judicial affairs, part of the
1777–1787: Captaincy General of Venezuela, (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Venezuela), under judicial supervision of the Royal Audience of Santafé de Bogotá (located in Viceroyalty of New Granada), part of the
1739–1777: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the
1723–1739: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the
1717–1723: Province of Caracas, part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, within the
1546–1717: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the
1528–1546: Klein-Venedig, a concession give to a German banking family by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (that was also King of Spain), in the Province of Caracas, part of the Crown of Castile
Since about 7000 BC humans have been settled by Native Venezuelans with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.
Caracas
Asia North Vietnam
South Vietnam
1945–1954: the second French rule, which was ended by the Geneva Conference of 19541940–1945: Japanese occupation

1887–1940: French rule

1802–1945: Nguyễn dynasty, effective independence from 1802 to 1887, afterwards becoming puppet of the French rule

1778–1802: Tây Sơn dynasty

1428–1788: Later Le dynasty

1407–1428: annexed by Ming dynasty in the Fourth Era of Northern Domination

1400–1407: Hồ dynasty

1225–1400: Trần dynasty

1009–1225: Lý dynasty

980–1009: Early Lê dynasty

968–979: Đinh dynasty

938–965: Ngô dynasty

544–602: The region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty

2879 BC: Văn Lang confederacy arose under Kinh Dương Vương, who was the founder of the Hồng Bàng dynasty

Hanoi
YemenAsiadata-sort-value="Yemen, North"
North Yemen independent from Ottoman Empire 1918; South Yemen from UK in 1967; unified 1990Aden (de facto, temporary) and Sanaa (de jure)
ZambiaAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1964–present: Republic of Zambia

1963–1964: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Northern Rhodesia

1953–1963: Part of the British Empire as Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

1911–1953: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Northern Rhodesia

1890–1911: Part of the British Empire as Rhodesia

1823–1890: Part of the Kingdom of Mthwakazi

1660–1823: Part of the Rozvi Empire

1430–1660: Part of the Kingdom of Mutapa

Lusaka
ZimbabweAfricadata-sort-value="Britain/United Kingdom" United Kingdom1980–present: Republic of Zimbabwe

1979–1980: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Southern Rhodesia

1979: Zimbabwe Rhodesia

1970–1979: Republic of Rhodesia

1965–1970: Rhodesia

1963–1965: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Southern Rhodesia

1953–1963: Part of the British Empire as Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

1923–1953: Part of the British Empire as Colony of Southern Rhodesia

1890–1923: Part of the British Empire as Rhodesia

1823–1890: Kingdom of Mthwakazi

1660–1823: Rozvi Empire

1430–1660: Part of the Kingdom of Mutapa

1220–1430: Kingdom of Zimbabwe

1075–1220: Kingdom of Mapungubwe

The British colony of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared Independence as Rhodesia 1965; known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979; unrecognised until 1980.

Harare

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. [David Armitage (historian)|David Armitage]
  2. Book: Manning, Patrick . Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades . Cambridge University Press . London . 1990.
  3. Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press.
  4. Martin Klein, "Slave Descent and Social Status in Sahara and Sudan", in Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories, ed. Benedetta Rossi (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009), 29.
  5. http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Cuba.pdf Country Profile: Cuba
  6. Web site: 19 de abril de 1810 . Venezuela Tuya . 2014-11-17 . 2019-04-18 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190418181601/https://www.venezuelatuya.com/historia/19_abril.htm . live .
  7. Web site: Armenia - The Artaxiads . 2024-04-14 . www.britannica.com . en . 2023-05-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230531212134/https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/History . live .
  8. Web site: Cambodia - Khmer Empire, Angkor, Temples . 2024-04-11 . www.britannica.com . en . 2024-04-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240404152555/https://www.britannica.com/place/Cambodia/The-Khmer-state-Angkor . live .
  9. Taiwan: For some clarification and more detail including the sovereignty status of the Republic of China, see the following articles: Cross-Strait relations, One-China policy and Political status of Taiwan.
  10. News: Jordan's King Abdullah vows to allow elected cabinets . 12 June 2011 . BBC News . https://web.archive.org/web/20110613112638/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13744640 . 13 June 2011 . live . Dale . Gavlak .
  11. The Republics of the Soviet Union were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state.
  12. Web site: Myanmar - Pyu State, Ancient Cities, Irrigation The kingdom of Pagan (849–c. 1300) . 2024-04-04 . www.britannica.com . en . 2024-04-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240404123127/https://www.britannica.com/place/Myanmar/The-Pyu-state#ref509582 . live .
  13. Palestinian National Authority: For some clarification and more detail, see History of the State of Palestine.
  14. Philippines: For some clarification and more detail, see Timeline of Philippine Sovereignty and Sovereignty of the Philippines.
  15. Web site: Philippines . The World Factbook . https://web.archive.org/web/20090726092300/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2088.html?countryName=Philippines&countryCode=RP&regionCode=eas&#rp . July 26, 2009 . CIA.
  16. Web site: Country Profile: Philippines . Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress . https://web.archive.org/web/20121010021343/http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Philippines.pdf . October 10, 2012 . March 2006 . said: "The Philippines attained independence from Spain on 12 June 1898, and from the United States on 4 July 1946.". Other sources (e.g. The CIA Factbook) say that the Philippine Islands were ceded to the US by Spain in 1898 following the Spanish–American War.
  17. https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=200020&Itemid=26 Republic of the Philippines
  18. Web site: UN approves PH territorial claim to Benham Rise . 28 April 2012 . 28 April 2012 . 30 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120430090248/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/183779/un-approves-ph-territorial-claim-to-benham-rise . live .
  19. "Although by today's standards the 1898 annexation of the Philippines by the U.S. was unlawful, it does not follow that the U.S. claims of sovereignty are unfounded. Under the doctrine of intertemporal law, 'a juridical fact must be appreciated in light of the law contemporary with it, and not the law in force at the time when a dispute in regard to it arises or falls to be settled.' Thus, the legality of any act should be determined in accordance with the law of the time the act was committed, and not by reference to law as it might have become at a later date.

  20. News: 4 November 2021. Qatar completes border demarcation with Saudi Arabia. Doha News . 9 November 2021.
  21. Deeley, Furness, and Schofield (2001) The International Boundaries of East Timor p. 8
  22. Tuchscherer . Michel . 2000-07-01 . Chronologie du Yémen (1506-1635) . Arabian Humanities. Revue internationale d'archéologie et de sciences sociales sur la péninsule Arabique/International Journal of Archaeology and Social Sciences in the Arabian Peninsula . fr . 8 . 10.4000/cy.11 . 1248-0568 . free . 2024-04-07 . 2022-06-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220617165444/https://journals.openedition.org/cy/11 . live .
  23. Web site: Hrvatska povijest . 6 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171002132058/http://www.hupi.hr/povijest/ . 2 October 2017.
  24. Web site: Grboslovlje u Hrvata >> Krunisani . 6 July 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181124074110/http://croherald.com/sample-page/ . 24 November 2018.
  25. Web site: Hrvatski Vladari / Croatian rulers – Geni . 6 July 2017 . 31 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190331170118/https://www.geni.com/projects/Hrvatski-Vladari-Croatian-rulers/629 . live .
  26. Web site: TOPLI DOM JADRANA – PRIMORSKA HRVATSKA – Visite Croatia – Stema Guide . 6 July 2017 . 21 August 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170821212300/http://www.visitecroatia.com/hr/magazin/topli-dom-jadrana-primorska-hrvatska/.
  27. Web site: Croatia – World Leaders Index . 6 July 2017 . 27 November 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191127164222/http://worldleadersindex.org/croatia.html . live .
  28. The date of formation of the current states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is subject to an international dispute. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all maintain that they were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union, and that the current states are direct continuations of the pre-WWII states, which continued to exist through governments-in-exile. Russia maintains that the current three states are legally distinct entities newly created after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. All three states were admitted the UN as independent nations, not successor states of the USSR. For more information, see State continuity of the Baltic states.
  29. Web site: Peloponnesian League Athenian, Spartan, Confederacy Britannica . 2024-04-03 . www.britannica.com . en . 2019-04-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190421200525/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Peloponnesian-League . live .
  30. Web site: Delian League . 2024-04-03 . www.britannica.com . en . 2023-12-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231210182656/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Delian-League . live .
  31. Web site: League of Corinth . 2024-04-03 . www.britannica.com . en . 2020-10-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201017161917/https://www.britannica.com/topic/League-of-Corinth . live .
  32. Web site: King's Collections : Exhibitions & Conferences : The London Protocol of 3 February 1830 . 2024-04-03 . kingscollections.org . 2023-12-25 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231225053427/https://kingscollections.org/exhibitions/specialcollections/greece/british-involvement-in-the-war/london-protocol . live .
  33. News: Liechtenstein prince wins powers . BBC News . 2015-10-26 . 2003-03-16 . 2015-12-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151215091943/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2853991.stm . live .
  34. News: Rettman . Andrew . Kosovo: EU meeting is 'de facto recognition' by Serbia . 17 February 2015 . EUobserver . 6 February 2013 . Brussels . 22 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190322122420/https://euobserver.com/foreign/118965 . live .
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  37. Hearn, J. (2002). Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture. Edinburgh University Press. p. 104.
  38. Davies (1994) p. 100
  39. Davies (1994) p. 128
  40. Web site: Background Note: United Kingdom . bbc.co.uk Acts of Union: The creation of the United Kingdom . 2011-08-06 . 2018-12-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181220160524/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/acts_of_union_01.shtml . live .
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  42. Book: The British Atlantic world, 1500–1800. David Armitage. Michael J. Braddick. Palgrave Macmillan. 2002. 20. 978-0-333-96340-1.
  43. Book: Finlayson, Christopher. He Kupu Taurangi: Treaty settlements and the future of Aotearoa New Zealand. 2021. 978-1-77550-615-7. 14. Huia Publishers . English. 1238026659.
  44. Web site: U.S. Relations With Vanuatu . U.S. Department of State . 9 March 2016 . 23 May 2019 . 22 January 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170122194623/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2815.htm . live .
  45. Book: Wolff, Stefan. Disputed Territories: The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict Settlement. 2004. Berghahn Books. 30–31. 978-1-57181-657-3. 2023-03-23. 2023-03-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164811/https://books.google.com/books?id=QYTKZ0z6QygC. live.
  46. Book: Wippman, David. Wippman. David. International Law and Ethnic Conflict. 1998. Cornell University Press. 220. Practical and Legal Constraints on Internal Power Sharing. 978-0-8014-3433-4. 2023-03-23. 2023-03-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164811/https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1CCqO6qUIC. live.
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  50. Book: Ceka, N. . The Illyrians to the Albanians . Migjeni . 2013 . 978-9928-4074-6-7 . 2022-04-01 . 25.
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  65. Book: Rose, Leo E. . The Politics of Bhutan . Cornell University Press . Ithaca . 1977 . 0-8014-0909-8 . 24 . [T]here can be no doubt that since at least the tenth century no external power has controlled Bhutan, although there have been periods when various of its neighbors have been able to exert a strong cultural and/or political influence there. .
  66. Book: Bisht, Ramesh Chandra . International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas . 2 . Mittal Publications . New Delhi . 2008 . 978-81-8324-265-3 . 12 .
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  117. [#refAndrews1985|Andrews]