List of copyright terms of countries explained

Copyright is the right to copy and publish a particular work. The terms "copy" and "publish" are quite broad. They include copying in electronic form, the making of translated versions, the creation of a television program based on the work, and putting the work on the Internet. A work is protected by copyright if it is a literary or artistic work. This general expression covers almost all products of creative and original effort. Copyright protects only the specific expression of an idea, not the idea itself. A collection of facts may be copyrighted if there was creative activity involved in compiling the collection. Several countries provide separate protection for collections of facts that qualify as "databases", but that provision is not considered copyright. Copyright protection is automatic upon creation of the work. In some countries, registration with a copyright office has additional benefits, such as the ability to sue, or to receive more money in damages. When a work's copyright term ends, the work passes into the public domain.

Berne Convention

The Berne Convention stipulates that the duration of the term for copyright protection is the life of the author plus at least 50 years after their death.[1] For some categories of works, the minimum duration is shorter: for example, the minimum term for applied art is 25 years, movies have a minimum term of 50 years. Most countries have opted for a longer term of protection, as permitted.

Under the Convention, the duration of copyright depends on the length of the author's life. Berne specifies that copyright exists a minimum of 50 years after the author's death,[1] while a number of countries, including the European Union and the United States, have extended that to 70 years after the author's death. A small number of countries have extended copyright even further, with Mexico having the lengthiest term at 100 years after the author's death.

United States

In 1989, the Berne Convention became effective in the U.S. Since that date, U.S. authors obtain copyright on their works automatically, with registration no longer required. However, many U.S. texts on copyright have not been updated and still echo the old registration principle.[2]

Copyright registration remains available in the U.S. To initiate a lawsuit against an infringer, registration is still required. Registration offers the potential of statutory damages from the infringer, rather than only actual damages.

European Union

All countries within the European Union are signatory states of the Berne Convention. Additionally, Copyright in the European Union is regulated through European Directives.

The member states of the European Union have, following a directive, increased the term to life of the author plus 70 years after their death. Although this was not the original intention, the extension applies retroactively; this had the effect that works that had ended up in the public domain because the author was dead for 50 years, received an additional twenty years of protection.

European countries follow the principle that copyright protection is granted automatically upon creation of the work. This principle was first established in the Berne Convention (1886), and Article 5 of the Convention expressly forbids any member country to require formal action for copyright protection.[3] [4] [5] [6]

Copyright duration by country

Countries and respective copyright terms, with length of standard copyright in years are listed. Entries for non-country entities are included: the European Union, Berne Convention, and the Universal Copyright Convention, which set minimum terms for their member states or signatories. The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), though not included, requires a copyright length of at least 50 years after death.

Legend

Table of copyright duration by country

Countries, areas, and entitiesCopyright terms based on authors' deathsCopyright terms based on publication and creation datesUntil year end?
Life + 50 years[7] 50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)
50 years from publication (published after authors' deaths)
50 years from publication (audiovisual works)
50 years from publication (photographic, painting works)
50 years from creation (phonogram)		Yes (Afghan calendar)
AlbaniaLife + 70 years[8] 70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)
70 years from publication; 70 years from creation if unpublished (photographic or audiovisual work of joint authorship)
25 years from production (works of applied art)		Yes
AlgeriaLife + 50 years (except posthumous work)[9] 50 years from publication; 50 years from creation if unpublished (collective work, anonymous or pseudonymous work, audiovisual work, posthumous work)

50 years from creation (photographs or the work of applied art)

Yes
AndorraLife + 70 years[10] 70 years from publication; 70 years from creation if unpublished (collective work with unknown authorship)

70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)

Yes
AngolaLife + 50 years[11]
Life + 25 years (photographic works or applied arts)		Yes
AnguillaLife + 50 years[12] 50 years from the death of the author, of the last surviving author for works with more than one author.
Antigua and BarbudaLife + 50 years[13] [14] 50 years from publication; 50 years from creation if unpublished (anonymous or pseudonymous work, computer generated work, sound recording or film)
50 years from creation (broadcast); 50 years after programme included in a cable programme service
25 years from publication (typographical arrangement of a published edition)		Yes
ArgentinaLife + 70 years[15] 50 years from publication (anonymous intellectual works belonging to institutions, corporations or legal persons)
Phonograms: 70 years from first publication.[16] [17] [18] [19]
Photographs: 20 years from first publication.[20]
Cinematographic works: 50 years after death of the last survivor among the producer, the director, the screenplay writer or the composer (for musical comedies).		Yes
ArmeniaLife + 70 years[21] 70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous works)Yes
ArubaLife + 50 years[22] (wikisource)
Australia (including external territories)Life + 70 years[23]
[Life + 50 years (death before 1955)][24] 		70 years from publication (sound recordings, cinematograph films)
50 years after making (television broadcasts and sound broadcasts)
25 years from publication (published editions of works)
[50 years from publication (photographs, no longer applicable since 1 January 2005)]		Yes
AustriaLife + 70 years[25] [26] 70 years from publication; 70 years from creation if unpublished (anonymous or pseudonymous work)Yes
AzerbaijanLife + 70 years (except posthumous work published at first time during 30 years)[27] 70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work; posthumous work published at first time during 30 years)Yes
Berne
BahrainLife + 50 calendar years (except posthumous work)[28] 50 calendar years from publication (cinematographic films, applied arts works and photographs; anonymous or pseudonymous works; corporate works; posthumous works)

40 years from publication or 50 years from completion, whichever is shorter (computer software)

BangladeshLife + 60 years or Publication + 60 years[29] 60 years from publication (cinematographic films, sound recordings, photographs, computer programmes or works of the Government, local authority or an international organisation)Yes
BarbadosLife + 50 years[30] [31] 50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous works)
50 years from making (computer-generated work)
50 years from publication; 50 years from creation if unpublished (sound recordings and films)
50 years from creation (broadcast); 50 years after programme included in a cable programme service
25 years from publication (typographical arrangement of a published edition)		Yes
BelarusLife + 50 years[32] 50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (anonymous or pseudonymous works)
50 years from fixation (performance)
50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from fixation (phonogram)
50 years from the first broadcast or cable transmission		Yes
BelgiumLife + 70 years[33] Yes
BelizeLife + 50 years[34] 50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)
50 years from publication (sound recording or film)
50 years from publication (computer-generated work)		Yes
BeninLife + 50 years
BermudaLife + 50 years[35]
Berne Convention signatoriesLife + 50 years[36]
Signatories may grant longer terms.[37] 		50 years from publication or if not shown 50 years from creation (cinematographic works)[38]
50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous works)[39]
25 years from creation (photographic works)[40]
Signatories may grant longer terms.		Yes[41]
BhutanLife + 50 years[42]
Life + 50 years[43]
Bosnia and HerzegovinaLife + 70 years[44]
BotswanaBerne, TRIPS, WCT[45]
BrazilLife + 70 years(economical rights)Economical rights Publication+70 years(audiovisual and photograpical works) Publication+70 years (anonymous and pseudonymous works)

Neighboring rights

Creation+70 years (phonograms, transmission for the broadcasts of broadcasting organization, and public performance in other cases.)

Others

Publication+50 years, if unpublished creation+50 years (computer programs)

Yes[46]
British Indian Ocean TerritoryLife + 70 Years
Life + 70 Years
Life + 50 years[47]
BulgariaLife + 70 years (EU)[48]
Burkina FasoLife + 70 years[49]
BurundiLife + 50 years[50] 50 years from publication (phonograms)
Life + 50 years[51]
CameroonLife + 50 years[52]
CanadaLife + 70 years (except certain posthumous works)[53] [54]
[Life + 50 years (death before 1972)]		75 years from publication or 100 years from creation, whichever is shorter (anonymous works). There is no revival of copyright in any work in which the copyright had expired before the coming into force in January 2023 of the extension of the term of copyright from 50 to 70 years.
50 years from publication (certain posthumous works)[55] 		Yes
Cape VerdeLife + 50 years[56]
Cayman Islandsunknown
Central African RepublicBerne, TRIPS
ChadBerne, TRIPS
ChileLife + 70 years[57]
China (mainland only)Life + 50 years (citizens' works)[58] 50 years from publication, or if unpublished, 50 years from creation (works of legal entities, cinematographic works, films or photographic works)Yes
ColombiaLife + 80 years[59] 80 years from publication (cinematographic works)Yes
ComorosBerne
Life + 50 years[60] 25 years from publication (photograph works).
50 years from publication (anonymous, pseudonymous or posthumous work)		Yes
Life + 50 years[61] 25 years from creation (photographic work and work of applied art)
Costa RicaLife + 70 years[62]
Cote d'IvoireLife + 70 years (except posthumous works published within this period)[63] 70 years from publication (photographic or audiovisual works or works of applied art; anonymous or pseudonymous works; posthumous works)Yes
CroatiaLife + 70 years[64]
CubaLife + 50 years
Life + 50 years
CyprusLife + 70 years
(EU, WCT)[65]
Czech RepublicLife + 70 years[66] 70 years from publication (anonymous works)Yes
Life + 70 years[67]
DjiboutiLife + 50 years [68] For a cinematographic work, 50 years from the date when the work was made lawfully accessible to the public with the author's consent.
For a photographic work or work of applied art, 25 years from the production of the work		Yes
DominicaLife + 70 years[69]
Dominican RepublicLife + 70 years[70]
Life + 70 years[71]
EgyptLife + 50 years[72]
El SalvadorLife + 50 years[73]
Equatorial GuineaLife + 80 years.[74] [75] However, there are additional expiration rules in Article 38 of the Main Equatorial Guinea Intellectual Property Law which may affect this.
EritreaLife + 0 years but at least 50 years since publication, whichever is longer (except posthumous works)[76] 50 years since publication (posthumous works)
EstoniaLife + 70 years (EU)[77] 70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous works)Yes
Life + 50 years[78]
EthiopiaLife + 50 years[79]
MembersLife + 70 years[80] Anonymous or pseudonymous works only: "70 years after the work is lawfully made available to the public" (Art.1(3)). Protection ends if the work is not made available within 70 years from creation. (Art.1(6)).Yes
Life + 50 years[81]
FinlandLife + 70 years[82] 50 years from publication (sound recordings, television broadcasts and sound broadcasts)[83] 50 years from creation (photographic works)Yes
FranceLife + 70 years (except posthumous works published after this term)[84]

The following additions to copyright term formerly applied to all works, but the French Cour de Cassation has found them to be superseded by later copyright treaties, thus limiting the copyright term to life + 70 years total, at least for non-musical works of authors who did not "die for France".[85]

+ 6 years 152 days for musical work published through 1920
+ 8 years and 120 days for musical work published through 1947
+ 30 years for all works if the author died on active service (based on the former copyright term, which was life + 50 years, meaning that, in practice, the addition is 10 years longer than the current life + 70 years term)

70 years from publication (pseudonymous, anonymous or collective works)

25 years from publication (posthumous works published after Art. L123-1 term)

Yes
Berne, TRIPS, WCT
GambiaLife + 50 years[86]
GeorgiaLife + 70 years[87]
GermanyLife + 70 years[88] 25 years from first publication or first public performance if copyright has expired before such publication or performance, or if the work has never been protected in Germany and the author died more than 70 years before the first publication[89] Yes[90]
GhanaLife + 70 years[91]
GreeceLife + 70 years[92] 70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous works)Yes
GrenadaBerne, TRIPS[93]
GuatemalaLife + 75 years[94] 75 years from publication or if unpublished 75 years from creation (computer programs and collective works; anonymous or pseudonymous works; audiovisual works)Yes
GuineaTRIPS, WCT
Guinea-BissauBerne, TRIPS
GuyanaLife + 50 years[95]
Berne, TRIPS[96]
HondurasLife + 75 years[97] 70 years from publication or, if unpublished within 50 years, 70 years from creation (works of applied art and photographs)[98] Yes
Hong KongLife + 50 years (literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works with known authorship)[99]
Life + 50 years (films)		50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works with unknown authorship)
50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (sound recordings)[100]
50 years from creation (broadcast); 50 years after programme included in a cable programme service
25 years from publication (typographical arrangement of published editions)		Yes
HungaryLife + 70 years[101]
If there are multiple authors, life of last surviving author + 70 years		70 years and shall be counted from the first day of the year following the first disclosure of the work in case the person of the author is unknown. However, should the author become known during this period of time, the term of protection shall be counted from the first day of the year following the death of the author.
70 years counted from the first day of the year following the first disclosure of a collective work or a cinematographic creation.
25 years from the first day of the year following the first disclosure if copyright protection of a scope consistent with the author's economic rights shall be due to the person who, following the expiration of the term of protection or the period of time determined in the term of protection shall be counted from a date other than the first day of the year following the death of the author, the author dying last, or the joint author, discloses according to the law a work previously not disclosed to the public.
As an exception expressions of folklore themselves do not, however, enjoy copyright protection in Hungary.		Yes
Life + 70 years[102]
India[103] Life + 60 years (except posthumous works)[104] 60 years from publication (posthumous works, photographs, cinematograph films, sound recordings, works of public undertakings, and works of international organisations)Yes
IndonesiaLife + 70 years[105] 70 years from the author's death for books, musics, etc.
50 years after publication for cinematography, photograph, etc.
Life + 50 years[106] 30 years from publication (photographic or cinematographic works)[107]
IraqLife + 50 years[108] 5 years from publication (photographic works)[109]
IrelandLife + 70 years[110] Yes
IsraelLife + 70 years[111] 50 years from publication (photographs created until May 2007)[112] Pre-2007: Crown Law: Art. 21, Copyright, Act (Consolidation), 16/12/1911 Yes[113] Pre-2007: Crown Law: Art. 5(3), Copyright Ordinance 1924
ItalyLife + 70 years
[Life + 50 years][114] 		70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)

20 years from publication (copyright of State, the provinces, the communes, the academies or public cultural organizations, or to private legal entities of a non-profit making character)

Yes
Jamaica[115] Life + 95 years
(for authors that died in 1962 or later)[116] Life + 50 years (for authors that died before 1962)[117] 		95 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work, work for hire)
95 years from creation (computer-generated work, broadcast, cable programme)
95 years from publication or if unpublished 95 years from creation (sound recording or film)
50 years from publication (typographical arrangement of a published edition)		Yes
Life + 70 years[118] [119] 70 years from publication, or if unpublished, 70 years from creation (cinematographic works)

70 years from publication, or if unpublished, 70 years from creation (works of a legal person or other corporate body)[120]
70 years from creation (cinematographic works), and 38 years after the film director's death (for films released before 1971), whichever comes last.

Yes
JordanLife + 50 years[121]
Life + 50 years[122]
KenyaLife + 50 years (literary, musical or artistic work other than photographs)[123] 50 years from the latest of creation or publication (audio-visual works and photographs)Yes
KiribatiLife + 50 years
Life onlyYes
Life + 50 years[124] Works authored by "an institution, enterprise or organization", 50 years from publication
Life + 70 years (amended on 2011-06-30)[125] 70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)
70 years from publication, or if unpublished within 50 years, 70 years from creation (works made for hire, cinematographic works)		Yes
KuwaitTRIPSDecree Law No. 64 of 1999 concerning Intellectual Property Rights
KyrgyzstanLife + 50 years[126]
Life + 50 years50 years after making available. Also:
• Anonymous/pseudonymous work: 50 years from the date the work was made available to the public;
• Cinematographic work: 50 years from making available, failing that, 50 years from making;
• Applied art: 25 years from date of creation.
Related: Performances, phonograms, broadcasts: 50 years since the date of performance, fixation, and broadcast, respectively.
LatviaLife + 70 years[127]
[Life + 50 years][128] 		70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)[129] Yes
LebanonLife + 50 years[130] 50 years after lawful publication; failing publication, 50 years after work completion. Also:
• economic rights: 50 years from performance.
• moral rights: perpetual
• broadcasters' rights: 20 years after first broadcasting.[131]
LesothoLife + 50 years
LiberiaLife + 50 years[132]
LibyaLife + 25 years with 50-year minimum (as of 1968; may have changed since)
LiechtensteinLife + 70 years
[Life + 50 years][133]

Notes and References

  1. Berne Convention Article 7.
  2. Book: Circular 38A: International Copyright Relations of the United States . 2014 . U.S. Copyright Office . 2 . 10 August 2024.
  3. Berne Convention Article 5.
  4. Web site: WIPO - Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works .
  5. Web site: WEX Definitions Team . Berne Convention . Cornell Law School.
  6. Web site: Summary of the Berne Convention . World Intellectual Property Organization.
  7. Web site: Copyright law of Afghanistan-22/07/2008 . 7 March 2012 . 26 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120426052618/http://moj.gov.af/content/files/OfficialGazette/0901/OG_0956.pdf . live .
  8. Web site: Law No. 7564, dated April 19, 1992, on Copyright. https://archive.today/20071030185836/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/al/al001en.html. dead. 30 October 2007. 1 May 2008. 1 February 2017.
  9. Web site: DZ001: Droits d'auteur, Ordonnance, 19/07/2003 – 1424, n° 03-05. https://archive.today/20080501103556/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/fr/dz/dz001fr.html. dead. 1 May 2008. 1 May 2008. 1 February 2017.
  10. Web site: Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 1999 . 8 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161936/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ad_copyright_1999_en.pdf?URL_ID=30323&filename=11422451413ad_copyright_1999_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=93023&name=ad_copyright_1999_en.pdf&location=user-S%2F . 8 January 2016 . dead .
  11. Art. 20(1), Copyright Law n° 4/90, March 1990 (PDF).
  12. Web site: IP laws revised – Anguilla . Iprfirm.com . 8 June 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120303001229/http://www.iprfirm.com/anguilla/introduction.htm . 3 March 2012 .
  13. Literary, dramatic, musical or copyright artistic work.
  14. Web site: Copyright Act, 2002 . 17 February 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160217203146/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ag_copyright_2002_en.pdf?URL_ID=30468&filename=11428561303ag_copyright_2002_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=1272593&name=ag_copyright_2002_en.pdf&location=user-S%2F . 17 February 2016 . dead .
  15. Web site: Copyright, Law (Consolidation), 28/09/1933 (14/10/1998), No. 11.723 (No. 25.036). https://archive.today/20050221010722/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/ar/ar012en.html. dead. 21 February 2005. 21 February 2005. 1 February 2017.
  16. Web site: Amplían a 70 años los derechos de propiedad de los intérpretes. 14 December 2009. Clarín.com. es. 10 October 2014. 15 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141015142338/http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2009/12/14/um/m-02072350.htm. live.
  17. Web site: ¿Setenta años no es nada?. 25 November 2009. Facundo García. Página/12. es. 10 October 2014. 17 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141017153136/http://www.pagina12.com.ar/diario/suplementos/espectaculos/2-16113-2009-11-25.html. live.
  18. Web site: Veinte Años Robados al Pueblo. 19 November 2009. Derecho a leer. es. 10 October 2014. 15 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141015053655/http://www.derechoaleer.org/blog/2009/11/veinte-anos-robados-al-pueblo.html. live.
  19. Web site: Se extendió de 50 a 70 años la propiedad intelectual de los fonogramas e intérpretes. 15 December 2009. eLeVe. es. 10 October 2014. 23 October 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141023123652/http://www.ele-ve.com.ar/Se-extendio-de-50-a-70-anos-la-propiedad-intelectual-de-los-fonogramas-e-interpretes.html. live.
  20. Art. 34 Ley 11.723 del 28 de septiembre de 1933, as modified by Ley 24.870 del 11 de septiembre de 1997, as amended by Law 25006 B.O. 13 August 1998.
  21. Web site: Legislation – Intellectual Property Agency. Helix Consulting. LLC. 1 February 2017. 18 April 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160418151048/http://www.aipa.am/en/legislation/15/2/#pin. live.
  22. Web site: What is Copyright? . Aruba Bureau of Intellectual Property . July 7, 2022.
  23. http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/ Copyright Act 1968
  24. http://www.copyright.org.au/publications/infosheets.htm Information Sheets
  25. Web site: Copyright, Law (Consolidation), 09/04/1936 (1998), No. 111 (No. 25). https://archive.today/20041130205633/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/at/at091en.html. dead. 30 November 2004 .
  26. § 1(2), Urheberrechtsgesetznovelle 1972 (Nr. 492, 16 December 1972)
  27. Web site: Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 5 June 1996, as last amended 30 April 2013 . 8 January 2022.
  28. Web site: Copyright, Decree, 07/06/1993 - 1413, No. 10. https://archive.today/20041112080136/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/bh/bh001en.html. dead. 12 November 2004 .
  29. Web site: Copy Right Act, 2000 . 31 May 2019 . 5 August 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190805194130/http://copyrightoffice.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/copyrightoffice.portal.gov.bd/law/121de2e9_9bc9_4944_bfef_0a12af0864a5/Copyright,2000(1)%20(2).pdf . live .
  30. Literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work.
  31. Web site: Copyright, Act, 05/03/1998, No. 4. https://archive.today/20120805224132/http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/details.jsp?id=319. dead. 5 August 2012.
  32. Web site: Law of the Republic of Belarus on Copyright and Related Rights. https://archive.today/20050321142536/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/by/by003en.html. dead. 21 March 2005 .
  33. Web site: Code de droit économique. Justel. 24 September 2020. 31 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200131032458/http://www.ejustice.just.fgov.be/eli/loi/2013/02/28/2013A11134/justel. live.
  34. s. 10, Copyright Act Ch. 252
  35. http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_0_1637_0_0_43/http;/ptpublisher.gov.bm;7087/publishedcontent/publish/ministry_of_labour_home_affairs_and_public_safety/registry_general/dept___reg_gen___intellectual_property_registration_links/articles/copyright.html#How%20long%20does%20copyright%20last? How long does copyright last?
  36. Art. 7, Berne Convention(1)
  37. Art. 7(6), Berne Convention(1)
  38. Art. 7(2), Berne Convention(1)
  39. Art. 7(3), Berne Convention(1)
  40. Art. 7(4), Berne Convention(1)
  41. Art. 7(5), Berne Convention(1)
  42. s. 18, Copyright Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2001
  43. Art. 18, Ley No 1322 de 13 de abril de 1992
  44. Art. 84, Law on Copyright and Related Rights (7/02)
  45. Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, Act No. 8 of 2000
  46. Web site: Brazil: Law No. 9.610 of February 19, 1998 (Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights). 1 February 2017. 3 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161203141858/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=514. live.
  47. Web site: Country: Brunei Darussalam . WIPO . July 7, 2022 . 14 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220114102711/https://www.wipo.int/export/sites/www/ip-development/en/pdf/asean/brunei.pdf . dead .
  48. Art. 27, Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights, last changed in 2007
  49. Art. 34, Loi N°032-99AN portant protection de la propriété littéraire et artistique
  50. http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=224340 ACT No. 1/021 of December 30, 2005, On the Protection of Copyright and Related Rights in Burundi"
  51. Art. 30, Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 2003
  52. Art. 37, Loi no 2000/011 du 19 décembre 2000
  53. Web site: An Act to implement certain provisions of the budget tabled in Parliament on April 7, 2022 and other measures . . 2022-06-23 . Parliament of Canada . 2022-11-28.
  54. Web site: PC Number: 2022-1219 . . 2022-11-17 . Canada.ca . 2022-11-28.
  55. s. 6, Copyright Act (R.S., 1985, c. C-42) ;
    s. 7, S.C. 1997, c. 24
  56. Art. 19, Lei no. 101/III/90 de 29 de dezembro de 1990
  57. Art. 3, Law 19914 implementing free trade agreement with the US (2003)
  58. https://archive.today/20050120233254/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/cn/cn001en.html Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China
  59. Web site: Colombia: Law No. 23 of 1982 (January 28) – On Copyright. 1 February 2017. 3 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170703034853/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=872. live.
  60. Web site: Ordinance-Law No. 86-033 of April 5, 1986 . 4 October 2019 . 3 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181003164954/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=7511 . live .
  61. Law No. 24/82 of 7 July 1982, Law on Copyright and Neighbouring Rights
  62. Art. 58, Ley de Derechos de Autor y Derechos Conexos (as last amended by Law No. 8834 of 3 May 2010)
  63. Web site: Law No. 96-564 of July 25, 1996 on the Protection of Intellectual Works and the Rights of Authors, Performers and Phonogram and Videogram Producers. https://archive.today/20041130205636/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/ci/ci001en.html. dead. 30 November 2004 .
  64. Art. 99, Copyright and Related Rights Act
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  215. Art. 29 Urheberrechtgesetz / Loi sur le droit d'auteur par. 2
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  217. Web site: SR 231.1 Bundesgesetz vom 9. Oktober 1992 über das Urheberrecht und verwandte Schutzrechte (Urheberrechtsgesetz, URG). Bundeskanzlei -. P. 1 February 2017. 11 January 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130111060206/http://www.admin.ch/ch/d/sr/c231_1.html. live.
  218. Web site: Law No. 12/2001 . 8 January 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161936/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/sy_copyright_2001_en.pdf?URL_ID=30397&filename=11424371293sy_copyright_2001_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=68822&name=sy_copyright_2001_en.pdf&location=user-S%2F . 8 January 2016 . live .
  219. Web site: Laws & Regulations Database and The Republic of China. 1 February 2017. 8 January 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161936/http://law.moj.gov.tw/Eng/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=J0070017. live.
  220. s. 14, Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 1999
  221. s. 19, Copyright Act, B.E. 2537 (1994)
  222. Art. 119, Law No. 14/2022
  223. Art. 36, Loi no. 91-12 portant protection du droit d'auteur, du folklore et des droits voisins
  224. https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161936/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/to_copyright_1988_en.pdf?URL_ID=30403&filename=11424990073to_copyright_1988_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=464691&name=to_copyright_1988_en.pdf&location=user-S%2F s. 13, Copyright Act (Cap. 121)
  225. http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/tt/tt0032en.html s. 19, Copyright Act, 1997
  226. https://archive.today/20050115224617/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/fr/tn/tn022fr.html Art. 18, Loi no. 94-36
  227. Web site: Copyright and related rights in Tunisia. Euromed Audiovisual. 31 January 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131604/http://euromedaudiovisuel.net/p.aspx?t=general&mid=53&l=en&did=87. 4 March 2016.
  228. https://archive.today/20041110203152/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/tr/tr001en.html Art. 27, Law No. 5846 of 5 December 1951
  229. Art. 1094, Civil Code of Turkmenistan
  230. Web site: COPYRIGHT. live. 19 February 2021. Uganda Registration Services Bureau. 2 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210302070028/https://ursb.go.ug/more-on-copyright/.
  231. Art. 28, Law of Ukraine on Copyright and Related Rights, 1993 with amendments 2004
  232. s. 20, Federal Law No. 7 of 2002
  233. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
  234. http://www.musicweek.com/news/read/copyright-term-for-sound-recordings-increases-from-50-to-70-years-today-in-uk/056584 Copyright term for sound recordings increases from 50 to 70 years today
  235. http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States
  236. (a)
  237. (c)
  238. Article IV 2(a), Universal Copyright Convention
  239. Article IV 3, Universal Copyright Convention
  240. Web site: Ley N° 17616. impo.com.uy. es. 7 January 2018. 8 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062811/https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/17616-2003. live.
  241. Web site: Ley N° 9739. impo.com.uy. es. 7 January 2018. 8 January 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180108174831/https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/9739-1937/17. live.
  242. https://www.lex.uz/docs/-1022944 Art. 38, Law No. 272-I of 30 August 1996
  243. http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/vu/vu039en.pdf Art. 19, Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000
  244. Web site: N. XII. Legge sil diritto di autore . 1960 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161936/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/va_copyright_1960_it.pdf?URL_ID=30483&filename=11430217273va_copyright_1960_it.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=85982&name=va_copyright_1960_it.pdf&location=user-S%2F . dead . 8 January 2016 . 8 June 2012 .
  245. Web site: Ley sobre el Dercho de Autor as modified by the Decreto del 14 de agosto de 1993. https://archive.today/20041128031300/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/en/ve/ve010en.html. dead. 28 November 2004 .
  246. Web site: Intellectual Property Law. Law No. 19 for the Year 1994. . Official Gazette No. 20 issued on 27 Jumada I, 1415 A.H. corresponding to 31 October 1994 . 31 October 1994 . 13 April 2014 . 14 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140414101148/http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ye/ye004en.pdf . live .
  247. https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161936/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/zm_copyright_1994_en.pdf?URL_ID=30413&filename=11425068613zm_copyright_1994_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=339255&name=zm_copyright_1994_en.pdf&location=user-S%2F s. 12, Copyright and Performance Rights Act, 1994
  248. Literary, dramatic, and musical works; non-photograph artistic works.
  249. Web site: Zimbabwe: Copyright, Act (Ch. 26:1 Consolidation), 1966 (1981), No. 60 (No. 29). https://archive.today/20080609033439/http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/text_html.jsp?lang=en&id=4095. dead. 9 June 2008 .
  250. Art. 34, Law No. IX-1355 (2003)
    [Art. 536, Civil Code as modified by [http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=24740 Law No. I-459 (1994)] |||-| Luxembourg| Life + 70 years
    [Life + 50 years][133] |||-| | Life + 50 years[134] | 50 years from publication (anonymous works)
    50 years from publication (audiovisual works)
    25 years from completion (works of applied art)| Yes|-| Madagascar| Life + 70 years[135] |||-| Malawi| Life + 50 years[136] |||-| Malaysia[137] | Life + 50 years (literary, musical and artistic works, not posthumous)[138] | 50 years after publication (posthumous work, published edition, film, live performance)
    50 years after publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (anonymous, pseudonymous work, sound recording, broadcast, film)
    50 years after being made (broadcast)| Yes|-| Maldives| Life + 50 years[139] |||-| Mali| Life + 50 years[140] |||-| Malta| Life + 70 years[141] || Yes|-| Marshall Islands| 0, no copyright.[142] [143] At this stage the Republic of Marshall Islands is not member to any international convention [or treaty] on copyright[144] Instead applies a non-copyright-based protection regime.| 0, no copyright. Instead applies a non-copyright-based protection regime.||-| Mauritania| Berne, TRIPS|||-| Mauritius| Life + 50 years[145] |||-| Mexico| Life + 100 years (effective 23 July 2003 non-retroactively)[146]
    Life + 75 years (before the law change on 23 July 2003, applicable for deaths before 23 July 1928)[147]
    Life + 50 years (before the law change on 1 January 1994, applicable for deaths before 1 January 1944)[148]
    Life + 30 years (before the law change on 11 January 1982, applicable for deaths before 1 January 1952)|
    • 75 years from the first fixation of the recording or the first performance/recording of the performance, respectively.
    • 50 years from first publication of the book, the first fixation of the recording, or the first broadcast.

    |Yes (Gregorian calendar)|-| | Life + 50 years[149] |||-| | Life + 70 years[150] |||-| Monaco| Life + 50 years[151] |||-| Mongolia| Life + 50 years[152] |||-| Montenegro| Life + 70 years[153] |||-| Morocco| Life + 50 years[154] |70 years after a work's lawful publication; if no lawful publication has taken place within 50 years of the making, copyright lasts for 70 years after the work's communication to the public; if no lawful communication to the public has taken place within 50 years of the making, copyright lasts for 70 years after the work is made; and

    moral rights last perpetually.

    70 years for Performers' rights, if no lawful publication has taken place within 50 years of the performance, copyright lasts for 70 years after the work's first performance.

    70 years for Broadcasters' rights: if no lawful publication has taken place within 50 years of the work's creation, copyright lasts for 70 years after the work's creation.[155] ||-| Mozambique| Life + 70 years[156] |||-| Myanmar| TRIPS|||-| Namibia | Life + 50 years (except posthumous works)[157] | 50 years from publication (posthumous works)

    50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (cinematograph films, photographs and computer programs)| Yes|-| Nauru| Life + 50 years[158] [159] | 50 years after publication (sound recordings, cinematograph films (except for newsreels, or if registered under the Cinematograph Films Act 1938), television and sound broadcasts, photographs, engravings, posthumous literary, dramatic and musical works and anonymous literary, dramatic and musical works)
    25 years after publication (published editions of literary, dramatic or musical works)
    50 years after occurrence of event (newsreels)
    50 years after death of last author to die (works of joint authorship)| Yes|-| Nepal| Life + 50 years| 25 years from creation (applied art and photographic work)[160] ||-| Netherlands| Life + 70 years[161] | 70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work, corporate works with no listed natural author)[162]
    25 years from publication (works first published more than 70 years after the death of the author)[163] | Yes[164] |-| | Life + 50 years[165] |||-| New Zealand| Life + 50 years (literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic work)[166] | 50 years from creation (computer-generated work)| Yes|-| Nicaragua| Life + 70 years[167] |||-| Niger| Life + 50 years[168] |||-| Nigeria| Life + 70 years (literary, musical or artistic works other than photographs)[169] | 70 years from publication (literary, musical or non-photograph artistic works in the case of government or a body corporate)
    50 years from publication (cinematograph films and photographs)
    50 years from publication (sound recordings)
    50 years from publication (broadcasts)| Yes|-| | Life + 70 years[170] |||-| Norway| Life + 70 years
    Life + 15 years, but no less than 50 years after publication (simple' photographs")[171] |70 years following the year of death of the author (i.e. an author that died in 1950 will have their works protected until 1 January 2021). In a collective or joint work, this is counted from the death of the longest surviving author. For a motion picture, the following are to be considered authors: main director, scriptwriter, dialogue author, and composer of original musical score.

    70 years for anonymous works from the year when the work was created. If such an unpublished work, whose copyright has expired, is then later published, the publisher is entitled for a copyright for 25 years from the year of publication[172]

    One exception from the rule is works that are already in public domain in their country of origin who are members of the Berne Union and/or WTO. These will enter public domain in Norway once they enter public domain in the country of their origin even if less than 70 years have passed since the creators' death.[173]

    "Norway also has some peculiar laws that protect «simple» photographs. I.e. photographs, such as snapshots, that are below the threshold of originality to merit copyright protection are given neighbouring rights protection.[..]The Norwegian copyright act does not address public domain directly.The Norwegian copyright law defines two basic rights for authors: economic rights and moral rights.[..]For material that is outside the scope of copyright, the phrase «i det fri» («in the free») is used. This corresponds roughly to the term «public domain» in English. Norwegian copyright law makes a distinction between copyright and neighbouring rights. Only creative and artistic works are subject to copyright. Some other types of works are protected by so-called neighbouring rights."

    | Yes|-| Oman | Life + 70 years[174] |90 years from the year following the publication

    120 years from the year following the completion[175] |Yes|-| Pakistan | Life + 50 years[176] ||Yes|-| Palau| Life + 50 years[177] |||-| Panama| Life + 70 years[178] ||Yes|-| Papua New Guinea| Life + 50 years[179] |||-| Paraguay| Life + 70 years[180] |||-| Peru| Life + 70 years[181] |||-| Philippines| Life + 50 years[182] | 50 years from publication (photographic works), or 50 years from creation if unpublished within 50 years of creation| Yes|-| Poland| Life + 70 years[183] |||-| Portugal| Life + 70 years
    [Life + 50 years][184] |||-| Qatar | Life + 50 years[185] |||-| Romania | Life + 70 years[186] |||-| Russia| Life + 70 years[187]

    Life + 74 years (for those who fought in or worked during the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945))

    Date of rehabilitation + 70 (74) years (for unlawfully prosecuted and posthumously rehabilitated)

    Protection applies if copyright term of Life + 50 years (or Life + 54 years) did not expire by 1 January 1993.[188] |50 years from publication (radio and television broadcasts)[189]

    50 years from creation if unpublished, or 50 years from publication (sound records)[190]

    70 years from publication (anonymous works)

    70 years from publication if published within 70 years from death (posthumous publication)

    70 years from publication if published before 3 August 1993 by a corporation (cinematographic, television, radio works, print periodicals and compilations). Protection term applies to "the whole work" only, i.e. individual authors of each protectable part of the whole work retain their own copyright[191]

    All works published prior to October Revolution (7 November 1917) are believed to be uncopyrighted.||-| Rwanda| Berne, TRIPS|||-| |Life + 50 years|||-| | Life + 50 years|||-| | Life + 50 years[192] |||-| | Life + 75 years (literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work)[193] | 75 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (sound recording or film)
    50 years from creation (computer-generated work)
    50 years from creation (broadcast); 50 years after programme included in a cable programme service| Yes|-| Samoa| Life + 75 years[194] |||-| San Marino| Life + 50 years[195] |||-| | Life + 70 years[196] |||-| Saudi Arabia| Life + 50 years[197] |The period of copyright for the author of a work shall be for the duration of his life and for a period of fifty years following his death.[198] ||-| Senegal| Life + 70 years[199] |||-| Serbia| Life + 70 years|||-| Seychelles| Life + 50 years[200] | 50 years from publication (audio-visual works)

    25 years from creation (applied art)| Yes|-| Sierra Leone| Life + 50 years[201] | 50 years from publication (photograph, film, or broadcast)

    50 years from creation (sound recording)| |-| Singapore[202] | Life + 70 years (except posthumous work)[203] [204] | 70 years from publication (posthumous work, photograph)
    70 years from publication (sound recordings and cinematograph films)
    50 years after making (television broadcasts, sound broadcasts, cable programmes)
    25 years from publication (published editions of works)| Yes|-| | Life + 50 years[205] |||-| Slovakia| Life + 70 years[206] |||-| Slovenia| Life + 70 years[207] |||-| Solomon Islands| Life + 50 years[208] |||-| Somalia| Very unclear. See the discussion at Commons.|||-| South Africa| Life + 50 years (literary or musical works or artistic works, other than photographs)[209] | 50 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from creation (cinematography films, photographs, computer programs)

    50 years from publication (sound recordings; broadcasts; programme-carrying signals; and published editions)| Yes|-| Spain| Life + 70 years (for authors that died on or after December 7, 1987)
    Life + 80 years (for authors that died before December 7, 1987)

    [210] ||Yes|-| Sri Lanka| Life + 70 years[211] | 70 years from publication or if unpublished 50 years from completion (audiovisual work)
    25 years from publication (applied art)| Yes|-| Sudan| Life + 50 years[212] | 25 years from publication (photographic pictures and cinematographic films and other audiovisual works; works published under unknown pseudonym or anonymously)||-| Suriname| Life + 50 years[213] | 50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work) (art. 39)| Yes|-| Sweden| Life + 70 years[214] || Yes|-| Switzerland| Life + 70 years effective 1 July 1993 non-retroactively, but Life + 50 years for computer programs[215]
    [Life + 50 years (before the law change on 1 July 1993, applicable for deaths through 1942)][216] | 50 years after performance (performers' rights)[217] | Yes|-| | Life + 50 years[218] | 10 years from production (photographic, fine arts or plastic arts)||-| Taiwan (Republic of China)| Life + 50 years (except posthumous works first published 40 to 50 years after death)[219] | 50 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)
    50 years from publication; 50 years from creation if unpublished (corporate works; photographic works, audiovisual works, sound recordings, and performances)
    10 years from publication (posthumous works first published 40 to 50 years after death)| Yes|-| Tajikistan| Berne|||-| | Life + 50 years[220] |||-| Thailand| Life + 50 years[221] | 50 years from publication or 50 years from creation if not published within 50 years from creation||-| | Life + 50 years[222] |||-| Togo| Life + 50 years[223] |||-| Tonga| Life + 50 years[224] |||-| Trinidad and Tobago| Life + 50 years[225] |||-| Tunisia| Life + 50 years[226] |

    • Authors' rights :
      • economic rights: reproduction right; right of adaptation and translation; public performance right; broadcasting right; right of communication to the public by cable or satellite or any other means; right of communication of a broadcast work in a public place.
      • moral rights: right to claim authorship; right to object modification; right of disclosure; right of withdrawal.
    • Performers' rights: The law contains no provisions regarding performers.
    • Broadcasters' rights: The law contains no provisions regarding broadcasters.[227]

    ||-| Turkey| Life + 70 years[228] | 70 years from publication for work-for-hire||-| Turkmenistan| Life + 50 years[229] |||-| Tuvalu| Life + 50 years|||-| Uganda | Life + 50 years[230] | 50 years from publication (corporate works, anonymous works, and computer programs)||-| Ukraine| Life + 70 years
    [Life + 50 years (1994–2001)][231] | 70 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)
    70 years from publication (published within 30 years from authors' deaths)| Yes|-| United Arab Emirates| Life + 50 years[232] |||-| United Kingdom| Life + 70 years

    If there are multiple authors, life of last surviving author + 70 years[233]

    For films, life + 70 years for the last to die of: principal director, author of screenplay, author of dialogue, or composer of music specifically created for and used in the film.| 70 years if the author is unknown

    70 years after release; if not released, 70 years after making (sound recordings).[234] Recordings which entered the public domain prior to 1 January 2013 are not retroactively covered.

    50 years from end of calendar year when the broadcast was first made (broadcasts)| Yes|-| United States[235] | Life + 70 years (works published since 1978 or unpublished works)[236] | 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter (anonymous works, pseudonymous works, or works made for hire, published since 1978)[237]

    95 years from publication for works published 1964–1977; 28 (if copyright not renewed) or 95 years from publication for works published –1963 (copyrights prior to have expired, not including copyrights on sound recordings fixed prior to 15 February 1972, covered only under state laws.)| Yes|-| Universal Copyright Convention minimum terms| Life + 25 years (general works)[238] | 25 years from publication (specific works not based on authors' deaths)

    10 years (photographic works or to works of applied art)[239] ||-| Uruguay| Life + 70 years[240] |70 years after the work is made available (anonymous and pseudonymous works)[241]

    70 years from publication (collective works)|Yes|-| Uzbekistan| Life + 70 years[242] |||-| Vanuatu | Life + 50 years[243] | 25 years after the work is made (works of applied art)
    50 years after the latest of: the date the work is made, the date the work is made available to the public or the date of first publication (works published anonymously or under a pseudonym, collective works and audiovisual works)
    50 years after the death of the last author to die (works of joint authorship)| Yes|-| | Life + 70 years[244] |||-| | Life + 60 years[245] | 60 years from publication; 60 years from creation if unpublished (an audiovisual work, a broadcast work or a computer program)

    60 years from publication (anonymous or pseudonymous work)| Yes|-| | Berne|||-| Yemen | Life + 30 years| 10 years from the date of issue from 1 January of the year of issue for photographs;

    25 years from the date of production from 1 January of the production year for motion picture or television film.[246]

    After expiry of copyright, the work "may be announced to be the ownership of the State" (emphasis added).||-| Zambia | Life + 50 years[247] |||-| Zimbabwe| Life + 50 years[248] [249] | 50 years from publication (photographs)
    50 years from creation (Sound recordings)
    50 years from publication (cinematograph films, broadcasts)| Yes|}

    See also

    External links

  251. Art. 32, Law of 19 May 1999
    [Art. 36, [https://archive.today/20050422031101/http://www.wipo.int/clea/docs_new/fr/li/li001fr.html Law of 26 October 1928]|||-| Lithuania| Life + 70 years
    [Life + 50 years][133]

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