List of coolest stars explained

This is a list of coolest stars and brown dwarfs discovered, arranged by decreasing temperature. The stars with temperatures lower than 2,000 K are included.

Kirkpatrick et al. 2021 has a more complete list of nearby objects with a temperature below 2,400 K. Objects with a temperature below 500 K from this paper were included in this list.

List

Star nameTemperature (K)Spectral typeDistance Notes
285Y4[1]
WISE 0336-0143B[2] [3] Y1?32.7spectral type is not yet published, but should be around Y1 if we assume MIRI F480M is similar to W2 and by using Figure 13 from Kirkpatrick et al. 2012[4] Might be a later spectral type.
WISEA 0830+2837300-350[5] >Y126.87uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 0238-1332>Y158.66uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 0402-2651>Y139.53uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
WISEU 0503-5648>Y133.18spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 0940+5233>Y143.49uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
WISEA 1257+7153>Y154.18spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP J1446−2317>Y137.75uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
WISEA 1930-2059>Y130.67spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 1935-1546>Y147.06spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 2230+2549>Y152.44uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 2256+4002>Y132.04spectral type is an estimate
WISE 0825+2805Y0.521.37
WD 0806-661BY162.80spectral type is an estimate
WISE 0350-5658Y118.49
WISEA 2354+0240Y124.97
WISE 2209+2711Y0:20.17
WISE 0647-6232Y132.78
WISEPA 1541-2250Y119.54
WISE 1828+2650[6] Y2V[7] 32.5Temperature could be lower. If it is a binary, its components could be as cold as about 275-350 K.[8]
WISE 0535-7500>=Y1: 47.48
WISE 1405+5534Y0.5(pec?)20.62
CWISEP 0321+6932Y0.547.61spectral type is an estimate
WISE 1639-6847Y0pec14.85
CWISEP 2356-4814Y0.556.62spectral type is an estimate
WISE 0336-0143A[9] Y032.7
WISEPA 1738+2732Y024.92
WISEPA 0410+1502Y021.56
WISE 2220-3628Y034.15
WISE 1534-1043[10] sdY?53possibly halo brown dwarf
WISE 1206+8401Y038.51
WISE 0146+4234BY063.09
WISEA 0302-5817Y0:54.45
CWISEP 0634+5049Y052.61spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 0859+5349Y060.62spectral type is an estimate
CWISE 0925-4720Y034.96spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 0938+0634Y061.31uncertain parallax and spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP J1047+5457Y043.37spectral type is an estimate
CWISE 1121-6232Y033.69spectral type is an estimate
WISEA 1141-3326Y031.36
WISE 1217+1626 BY0-0.533
CWISE 1531-3306Y055.37spectral type is an estimate
WISENF 1936+0408Y028.64spectral type is an estimate
CWISEP 2011-4812Y045.94spectral type is an estimate
WISEA 2243-1458Y047,75spectral type is an estimate
WISE 1112-3857T931.79
WISE 0734-7157Y043.78
WISE 0713-2917Y029.84
WISEPC 2056+1459Y023.16
WISE 0304-2705Y0~pec44.62
WISE 0359-5401[11] Y044.31
WISE 0943+3607T9.533.59
WISE 0833+0052(sd)T940.92possible subdwarf
WISE 1542+2230T9.538.69
WISE 0811-8051T9.5:32.91
WISEPA 2134-7137T9~pec29.73possible subdwarf
WISE 2212-6931T940.47
WISEPA 0751-7634T933.32
WISE 0335+4310T938.46
2MASS 0939-2448 A/B650[12] T8
54 Piscium B810 ± 50T7.5V[13]
2M 1237+6526850[14] T6.546
2MASS J0348−6022880T7[15] 27.2
GD 165 B1,755[16] L4[17] 109
S Cassiopeiae1,800[18] S3,4–S5,8
1,800[19] C4,3[20] 1,053[21]
V384 Persei1,820[22] N
DENIS-P J1058.7−15481,850[23] L349
T Draconis1,850C6,2e
V346 Puppis1,875C
2MASS J0523-14031,939[24] L2.5V41.62The coolest main sequence star known as of 2023.
S Aurigae1,940C-N5+
V1426 Cygni1,975C7,2e

See also

Notes and References

  1. Luhman . K. L. . Tremblin . P. . Alves de Oliveira . C. . Birkmann . S. M. . Baraffe . I. . Chabrier . G. . Manjavacas . E. . Parker . R. J. . Valenti . J. . 2023-12-05 . JWST/NIRSpec Observations of the Coldest Known Brown Dwarf* . The Astronomical Journal . 167 . 1 . 5 . 10.3847/1538-3881/ad0b72 . free . 0004-6256. 2311.17316 .
  2. Calissendorff . Per . De Furio . Matthew . Meyer . Michael . Albert . Loïc . Aganze . Christian . Ali-Dib . Mohamad . Bardalez Gagliuffi . Daniella C. . Baron . Frederique . Beichman . Charles A. . Burgasser . Adam J. . Cushing . Michael C. . Faherty . Jacqueline Kelly . Fontanive . Clémence . Gelino . Christopher R. . Gizis . John E. . 2023-04-01 . JWST/NIRCam Discovery of the First Y+Y Brown Dwarf Binary: WISE J033605.05-014350.4 . The Astrophysical Journal . 947 . 2 . L30 . 10.3847/2041-8213/acc86d . 2303.16923 . 2023ApJ...947L..30C . 0004-637X. free .
  3. Leggett . S. K. . Tremblin . Pascal . 25 Sep 2023 . The First Y Dwarf Data From JWST Show That Dynamic and Diabatic Processes Regulate Cold Brown Dwarf Atmospheres . The Astrophysical Journal. 959 . 2 . 86 . 10.3847/1538-4357/acfdad . free . 2309.14567 . 2023ApJ...959...86L .
  4. Kirkpatrick . J. Davy . Gelino . Christopher R. . Cushing . Michael C. . Mace . Gregory N. . Griffith . Roger L. . Skrutskie . Michael F. . Marsh . Kenneth A. . Wright . Edward L. . Eisenhardt . Peter R. . McLean . Ian S. . Mainzer . Amanda K. . Burgasser . Adam J. . Tinney . C. G. . Parker . Stephen . Salter . Graeme . 2012-07-01 . Further Defining Spectral Type "Y" and Exploring the Low-mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function . The Astrophysical Journal . 753 . 2 . 156 . 10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/156 . 1205.2122 . 2012ApJ...753..156K . 0004-637X. free .
  5. Bardalez Gagliuffi . Daniella C. . Faherty . Jacqueline K. . Schneider . Adam C. . Meisner . Aaron . Caselden . Dan . Colin . Guillaume . Goodman . Sam . Kirkpatrick . J. Davy . Kuchner . Marc . Gagné . Jonathan . Logsdon . Sarah E. . Burgasser . Adam J. . Allers . Katelyn . Debes . John . Wisniewski . John . 2020-06-01 . WISEA J083011.95+283716.0: A Missing Link Planetary-mass Object . The Astrophysical Journal . 895 . 2 . 145 . 10.3847/1538-4357/ab8d25 . 2004.12829 . 2020ApJ...895..145B . 0004-637X. free .
  6. Kirkpatrick . J. Davy . Gelino . Christopher R. . Faherty . Jacqueline K. . Meisner . Aaron M. . Caselden . Dan . Schneider . Adam C. . Marocco . Federico . Cayago . Alfred J. . Smart . R. L. . Eisenhardt . Peter R. . Kuchner . Marc J. . Wright . Edward L. . Cushing . Michael C. . Allers . Katelyn N. . Gagliuffi . Daniella C. Bardalez . 2021-03-01 . The Field Substellar Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20-pc Census of 525 L, T, and Y Dwarfs . The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 253 . 1 . 7 . 10.3847/1538-4365/abd107 . 2011.11616 . 2021ApJS..253....7K . 227126954 . 0067-0049 . free .
  7. Beichman . Charles A. . Gelino . Christopher R. . Kirkpatrick . J. Davy . Barman . Travis S. . Marsh . Kenneth A. . Cushing . Michael C. . Wright . E. L. . 2013-01-29 . The Coldest Brown Dwarf (Or Free Floating Planet)?: The Y Dwarf WISE 1828+2650 . The Astrophysical Journal . 764 . 1 . 101 . 10.1088/0004-637X/764/1/101 . 1301.1669 . 2013ApJ...764..101B . 118575478 . 0004-637X.
  8. Cushing . Michael C. . Schneider . Adam C. . Kirkpatrick . J. Davy . Morley . Caroline V. . Marley . Mark S. . Gelino . Christopher R. . Mace . Gregory N. . Wright . Edward L. . Eisenhardt . Peter R. . Skrutskie . Michael F. . Marsh . Kenneth A. . 2021-10-01 . An Improved Near-infrared Spectrum of the Archetype Y Dwarf WISEP J182831.08+265037.8 . The Astrophysical Journal . 920 . 1 . 20 . 10.3847/1538-4357/ac12cb . 2107.00506 . 2021ApJ...920...20C . 0004-637X. free .
  9. Leggett . S. K. . Tremblin . Pascal . 25 Sep 2023 . The First Y Dwarf Data From JWST Show That Dynamic and Diabatic Processes Regulate Cold Brown Dwarf Atmospheres . The Astrophysical Journal. 959 . 2 . 86 . 10.3847/1538-4357/acfdad . free . 2309.14567 . 2023ApJ...959...86L .
  10. Meisner . Aaron M. . Leggett . S. K. . Logsdon . Sarah E. . Schneider . Adam C. . Tremblin . Pascal . Phillips . Mark . 2023-08-01 . Exploring the Extremes: Characterizing a New Population of Old and Cold Brown Dwarfs . The Astronomical Journal . 166 . 2 . 57 . 10.3847/1538-3881/acdb68 . 2301.09817 . 2023AJ....166...57M . 0004-6256. free .
  11. Beiler . Samuel A. . Cushing . Michael C. . Kirkpatrick . J. Davy . Schneider . Adam C. . Mukherjee . Sagnick . Marley . Mark S. . 2023-07-01 . The First JWST Spectral Energy Distribution of a Y Dwarf . The Astrophysical Journal . 951 . 2 . L48 . 10.3847/2041-8213/ace32c . 2306.11807 . 2023ApJ...951L..48B . 0004-637X. free .
  12. 10.1088/0004-637X/695/2/1517 . Leggett . Sandy K. . Cushing . Michael C. . Saumon . Didier . Marley . Mark S. . Roellig . Thomas L. . Warren . Stephen J. . Burningham . Ben . Jones . Hugh R. A. . Kirkpatrick . J. Davy . Lodieu . Nicolas . Lucas . Philip W. . Mainzer . Amy K. . Martín . Eduardo L. . McCaughrean . Mark J. . Pinfield . David J. . Sloan . Gregory C. . Smart . Richard L. . Tamura . Motohide . Van Cleve . Jeffrey E. . The Physical Properties of Four ~600 K T Dwarfs . 2009 . . 695 . 2 . 1517–1526 . 0901.4093 . 2009ApJ...695.1517L . 44050900 .
  13. Luhman . K. L. . Patten . B. M. . Marengo . M. . Schuster . M. T. . Hora . J. L. . Ellis . R. G. . Stauffer . J. R. . Sonnett . S. M. . Winston . E. . Gutermuth . R. A. . Megeath . S. T. . Backman . D. E. . Henry . T. J. . Werner . M. W. . Fazio . G. G. . January 2007 . Discovery of Two T Dwarf Companions with the Spitzer Space Telescope . The Astrophysical Journal . 654 . 1 . 570–579 . 10.1086/509073 . astro-ph/0609464 . 0004-637X. free . 2007ApJ...654..570L .
  14. astro-ph/0609793. Liebert. Burgasser. amp. On the Nature of the Unique Hα-emitting T Dwarf 2MASS J12373919+6526148. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 655. 1. 522–527 . 2007. 2007ApJ...655..522L. 10.1086/509882 . 18852560.
  15. Tannock . Megan E. . Metchev . Stanimir . Heinze . Aren . Miles-Páez . Paulo A. . Gagné . Jonathan . Burgasser . Adam . Marley . Mark S. . Apai . Dániel . Suárez . Genaro . Plavchan . Peter . 2021-05-01 . Weather on Other Worlds. V. The Three Most Rapidly Rotating Ultra-Cool Dwarfs . The Astronomical Journal . 161 . 5 . 224 . 10.3847/1538-3881/abeb67 . 2103.01990 . 2021AJ....161..224T . 232105126 . 0004-6256 . free .
  16. Filippazzo . Joseph C. . Rice . Emily L. . Faherty . Jacqueline . Cruz . Kelle L. . Van Gordon . Mollie M. . Looper . Dagny L. . 2015-09-10 . Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime . The Astrophysical Journal . 810 . 2 . 158 . 10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/158 . 1508.01767 . 2015ApJ...810..158F . 89611607 . 1538-4357.
  17. Kirkpatrick . J. Davy . Reid . I. Neill . Liebert . James . Cutri . Roc M. . Nelson . Brant . Beichman . Charles A. . Dahn . Conard C. . Monet . David G. . Gizis . John E. . Skrutskie . Michael F. . 1999-07-01 . Dwarfs Cooler than M: The Definition of Spectral Type L Using Discoveries from the 2 Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) . The Astrophysical Journal . 519 . 2 . 802–833 . 10.1086/307414 . 1999ApJ...519..802K . 73569208 . 0004-637X. free .
  18. Ramstedt . S. . Olofsson . H. . 2014-06-01 . The 12CO/13CO ratio in AGB stars of different chemical type - Connection to the 12C/13C ratio and the evolution along the AGB . Astronomy & Astrophysics . en . 566 . A145 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201423721 . 0004-6361. 1405.6404 .
  19. Ramstedt . S. . Olofsson . H. . 2014-06-01 . The 12CO/13CO ratio in AGB stars of different chemical type - Connection to the 12C/13C ratio and the evolution along the AGB . Astronomy & Astrophysics . en . 566 . A145 . 10.1051/0004-6361/201423721 . 0004-6361. 1405.6404 .
  20. Cohen . M. . 1979-03-01 . Circumstellar envelopes and the evolution of carbon stars. . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 186 . 4 . 837–852 . 10.1093/mnras/186.4.837 . free . 1979MNRAS.186..837C . 0035-8711.
  21. Bailer-Jones . C. A. L. . Rybizki . J. . Fouesneau . M. . Demleitner . M. . Andrae . R. . 2021-03-01 . Estimating distances from parallaxes. V: Geometric and photogeometric distances to 1.47 billion stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3 . The Astronomical Journal . 161 . 3 . 147 . 2012.05220 . 2021AJ....161..147B . 10.3847/1538-3881/abd806 . 0004-6256 . free. Data about this star can be seen here.
  22. Bergeat, J.. Chevallier, L.. 2005. The mass loss of C-rich giants. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 429. 235–246. 2005A&A...429..235B. astro-ph/0601366. 10.1051/0004-6361:20041280. 56424665 .
  23. Heinze . Aren N. . Metchev . Stanimir . Apai . Daniel . Flateau . Davin . Kurtev . Radostin . Marley . Mark . Radigan . Jacqueline . Burgasser . Adam J. . Artigau . Étienne . Plavchan . Peter . 2013-04-08 . Weather on Other Worlds I: Detection of Periodic Variability in the L3 Dwarf DENIS-P J1058.7-1548 with Precise Multi-Wavelength Photometry . The Astrophysical Journal . 767 . 2 . 173 . 10.1088/0004-637X/767/2/173 . 1303.2948 . 2013ApJ...767..173H . 29406867 . 0004-637X.
  24. Filippazzo . Joseph C. . Rice . Emily L. . Faherty . Jacqueline . Cruz . Kelle L. . Van Gordon . Mollie M. . Looper . Dagny L. . 2015-09-10 . Fundamental Parameters and Spectral Energy Distributions of Young and Field Age Objects with Masses Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Regime . The Astrophysical Journal . 810 . 2 . 158 . 10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/158 . 1538-4357. 1508.01767 . 2015ApJ...810..158F .

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