List of converts to Christianity from Judaism explained

This is a list of notable converts to Christianity from Judaism after the split of Judaism and Christianity.

The Jewish Encyclopedia gives some statistics on conversion of Jews to Protestantism, to Roman Catholicism, and to Orthodox Christianity^[1] Some 2,000 European Jews converted to Christianity every year during the 19th century, but in the 1890s the number was running closer to 3,000 per year—1,000 in Austria Hungary (Galizian Poland), 1,000 in Russia (Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and Lithuania), 500 in Germany (Posen), and the remainder in the English world.

The 19th century saw at least 250,000 Jews convert to Christianity according to existing records of various societies.^[2] Data from the Pew Research Center that as of 2013, about 1.6 million adult Americans of Jewish background identify themselves as Christians, most are Protestant.^{[3] [4] [5]} According to same data most of the Americans of Jewish background who identify themselves as some sort of Christian (1.6 million) were raised as Jews or are Jews by ancestry. According to 2012 study 17% of Jews in Russia identify themselves as Christians.^{[6] [7]} According to Heman in Herzog-Hauck, "Real-Encyc." (x. 114), the number of converts during the 19th century exceeded 100,000. Salmon, in his Handbuch der Mission (1893, p. 48) claims 130,000; others^[8] claim as many as 250,000. For Russia alone 40,000 are claimed as having been converted from 1836 to 1875^[9] while for England, up to 1875, the estimate is 50,000.^[10]

Modern conversions mainly occurred en masse and at critical periods. In England there was a large secession when individuals from the chief Sephardic families, the Bernals, Furtados, Ricardos, Disraelis, Ximenes, Lopez's, Uzziellis, and others, joined the Church (see Picciotto, "Sketches of Anglo-Jewish History"). Germany had three of these periods. The Mendelssohnian era was marked by numerous conversions. In 1811, David Friedlander handed Prussian State Chancellor Hardenberg a list of 32 Jewish families and 18 unmarried Jews who had recently converted to Christianity (Rabbi Abraham Geiger, "Vor Hundert Jahren," Brunswick, 1899). In the reign of Frederick William III., about 2,200 Jews were baptized (1822–1840), most of these being residents of the larger cities. The 3rd and longest period of secession was the anti-Semitic, beginning with the year 1880. During this time the other German states, besides Austria and France, had an equal share in the number of those who obtained high stations and large revenues as the price for renouncing Judaism. The following is a list of the more prominent modern converts.

A

• Abd-al-Masih (martyr) (?–died 390 AD) – convert martyred for his faith^[11]
• Abraham Abramson (1754–1811) – Prussian coiner and medallist. Born into a Jewish family, he later converted to Christianity.^[12]
• Felix Aderca (1891–1962) – Romanian novelist, playwright, poet, journalist and critic, noted as a representative of rebellious modernism in the context of Romanian literature.^[13]
• Mortimer J. Adler (1902–2001) – American philosopher, educator, and popular author. He was a convert to Catholicism.
• Michael Solomon Alexander (1799–1845) – first Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem^[14]
• Petrus Alphonsi (?–after 1116) – physician in ordinary to King Alfonso VI of Castile^[15]
• David Assing (1787–1842), German physician and poet, member of the Assing family
• Lovisa Augusti (1751 or 1756–1790) – opera singer and actress.^[16]

B

• Friedrich Daniel Bach (1756–1830) – German painter
• Juan Alfonso de Baena (? –) – medieval Castilian troubadour^[17]
• Michael Balint (1896–1970) – Hungarian psychoanalyst who spent most of his adult life in England. He was a proponent of the Object Relations school.
• David Baron (1855–1926) – Jewish convert to Christianity. He began the Hebrew Christian Testimony to Israel missionary organization.
• Jakob (Salomon) Bartholdy, born: Jakob Salomon (1779 –1825) – Prussian diplomatist
• Giovanni Giuda Giona Battista, agent for the king of Poland in the 16th century. Born Jewish and later converted to Roman Catholicism.^[18]
• Rachel Beer (1858–1927) – Indian-born British newspaper editor. She was editor-in-chief of The Observer and The Sunday Times. She converted to Christianity.^[19]
• Bo Belinsky (1936–2001) – American left-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball.
• Franz Friedrich Benary, aka Franz (Simon) Ferdinand Benary (1805–1860), German philologist^[20]
• Karl Albert Benary, aka Karl Albert Agathon Benary, Agathon Benary (1807–1860), German classical scholar
• Eduard Bendemann (1811–1845) – German painter
• Sir Julius Benedict (1804–1885) – English composer
• Theodor Benfey (1809–1881) – German philologist^[21]

• Michael Bernays (1834–1897) – professor of literature at Munich
• Boris Berezovsky (1946–2013) – Russian business oligarch, government official, engineer and mathematician; converted to the Eastern Orthodox Church in 1990.^[22]
• David Berkowitz (born 1953) – American serial killer^[23]
• Max Adolf Bernhard, exactly: (Friedrich Heinrich) Adolf Bernhard Max, Friedrich Heinrich Adolph Bernhard Max (1799–1866) – German professor of music^[24]
• Michael Bernays (1834–1897) – German professor of literature
• Gottfried Bernhardy (1800–1875) – German philologist and literary historian
• Marianne Beth (1889–1984) – Jewish Austrian lawyer and feminist. She converted from Judaism to Protestantism.^[25]
• , aka Moritz Ballagi, Hungarian: [[Móric Bloch|Bloch Móric]], [[Mór Ballagi|Ballagi Mór]] (1815–1891) – Hungarian professor of ecclesiastical history^[26]
• Max Born (1882–1970) – German physicist and mathematician, he won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics. Although baptized a Lutheran, he was a deist throughout his life.^[27]
• Ludwig Börne (1786–1837) – German political writer and satirist
• John Braham (tenor) (1774–1856) – English tenor opera star
• Moritz Wilhelm August Breidenbach (1796–1856) – German jurist
• Max Büdinger (1828–1902) – German-Austrian historian and professor of history at Vienna

C

• Abraham Capadose (1795–1874) – Dutch physician and writer; friend of Isaac da Costa
• Victor von Carben (1422–1515) was a German rabbi of Cologne who converted to Catholicism and later became a priest.
• Carl Paul Caspari (1814–1892) – Norwegian theologian
• Paulus (Stephanus) Cassel (1821–1892) – German writer and preacher
• Karl Friedrich Cerf (1782–1845) – German theatrical manager in Berlin
• Jason Chaffetz (born 1967) – former U.S. Representative for Utah's 3rd congressional district from 2009 until his retirement in 2017. He chaired the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform from 2015 until 2017. Chaffetz was raised Jewish, but converted to Mormonism during his time as an undergrad at Brigham Young University.
• Daniel Chwolson (1819–1911) – Russian-Jewish orientalist. He embraced Christianity later.
• Leo de Benedicto Christiano – medieval financier^[28]
• Hermann Cohen (Carmelite) (1821–1871) – German Jewish pianist to Carmelite friar
• Ludwig Cohn (1834–1871) – German historian
• Julius Friedrich Cohnheim (1839–1884) – German pathologist
• Michael Coren (born 1959) – British-Canadian columnist, author, public speaker, radio host and television talk show host. He converted to Roman Catholicism in his early twenties.
• Gerty Cori (1896–1957) – Czech-American biochemist who became the third woman—and first American woman—to win a Nobel Prize in science, and the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.^{[29] [30]}
• Isaac da Costa (1798–1860) – Dutch language poet
• Theodor Creizenach (1818–1877) – German professor of literature
• Jehuda Cresques (1360–1410) – Catalan cartographer^[31]
• Károly Csemegi (1826–1899) – Hungarian judge who was instrumental in the creation of the first criminal code of Hungary. Born Jewish and later converted to Christianity.^{[32] [33]}
• Pablo Christiani – Spanish Dominican friar who used his position as a New Christian to try to convert other Spanish Jews to Roman Catholicism.

D

• Ferdinand David (1810–1873) – German virtuoso violinist and composer, raised Jewish and later converted to Christianity
• Marcel Dassault (1892–1986) – French aircraft industrialist; he converted to Roman Catholicism in 1950^[34]
• Ludwig Dessoir (1810–1874) – German actor
• Mendel Diness (1827–1900) – Jewish watchmaker in 19th-century Jerusalem^[35] Diness later converted to Christianity.^[36]

• Benjamin Disraeli (1804–1881) – British Prime Minister and leader of the Conservative Party in the 19th century^[37]
• Leopold Ritter von Dittel (1815–1898) – Austrian surgeon
• Alfred Döblin (1878–1957) – German expressionist novelist, essayist, and doctor^[38]
• David Paul Drach (1791–1865) – became librarian of the Propaganda in Rome
• Bob Dylan (born 1941) – popular musician who converted to Christianity in 1979^[39] He later began studying with Chabad, a branch of Hasidic Judaism,^[40] though his current religious affiliation is uncertain. See also information on Dylan's conversion to Christianity, born-again period and religious beliefs.
• Joy Davidman (1915–1960) – American poet and writer; her final years of life and marriage to the Christian author C.S. Lewis were partially told in the movie "Shadowlands"

E

• Alfred Edersheim (1825–1889) – Biblical scholar
• Peter Engel (born c. 1936) – American television producer who is best known for his teenage sitcoms which appeared on TNBC; he was raised Jewish, and has converted to Christianity.^[41]
• Christian Ferdinand Ewald (1802–1874) – German divine^[42]

F

• Hans Feibusch (1898–1998) – German painter and sculptor of Jewish heritage, He converted to Christianity and was baptized and confirmed into the Church of England in 1965.
• Charles L. Feinberg (1909–1995) – American biblical scholar and professor of Semitics and Old Testament. In 1930, he converted from Judaism to Christianity through the ministry of Chosen People Ministries.^[43]
• Rachel Felix (1820–1858) – French actress
• Pero Ferrús (fl. 1380) – Castilian poet^[44]
• Arthur Flegenheimer (1901–1935) – Also known as "Dutch Schultz". American mobster of Jewish heritage, later converted to Catholicism before his death.
• Ilya Fondaminsky (1880–1942) – Jewish Russian author (writing under the pseudonym Bunakov) and political activist, he adopted Christianity and was christened a Russian Orthodox.^[45]
• Achille Fould (1800–1867) – French financier and politician
• Wilhelm Fraknoi (1843–1924) – Hungarian bishop; president of Hungarian Academy of Science
• Jacob Frank (1726–1791) – 18th-century Jewish reformer who claimed to be the reincarnation of the self-proclaimed messiah Sabbatai Zevi. He later converted to Christianity in Poland in 1759.^[46]
• Wilhelm Frankl (1893–1917) – World War I fighter ace credited with 20 aerial victories, converted to Christianity.^[47]
• Giles Fraser (born 1964) – Christian minister and former Canon Chancellor of St Paul's Cathedral
• Emil Albert von Friedberg (1837–1910) – German professor
• Heinrich von Friedberg (1813–1895) – German jurist and statesman^[48]
• Rudolf Friedenthal (1827–1890) – German deputy
• Ludwig Friedländer (1824–1909) – German philologist who later converted to Protestantism.
• Julius Friedländer (1813–1884) – German numismatist, Friedländer's entire family embraced Christianity in 1820.
• Max Friedlander (1829–1872) – German-Austrian journalist

G

• Dennis Gabor (1900–1979) – Hungarian-British electrical engineer and physicist, he later received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Physics. In 1918, his family converted to Lutheranism, but he became an agnostic later in life.^[49]
• Eduard Gans (1798–1839) – German philosopher and jurist, exponent of the conservative Right Hegelians^[50]
• Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt (1802–1866) – German astronomer and painter

H

• Fritz Haber (1868–1934) – German chemist and Nobel laureate in Chemistry^[51]
• Heinrich Heine (1799–1856) – German writer
• Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle (1809–1885) – German physician, pathologist and anatomist
• August Wilhelm (Eduard Theodor) Henschel (1790–1856) – professor of botany (1824–1837) at Breslau^[52]
• Henriette Herz (1764–1803) – German author
• Ferdinand (von) Hiller (1811–1886) – German musical composer
• Siegfried Hirsch (1816–1860) – professor of history, Halle
• Theodor Hirsch (1806–1881) – professor of history, Greifswald

I

• Abram Ioffe (1880–1960) – prominent Russian/Soviet physicist. In 1911 he converted to Lutheranism.^[53]
• Jorge Isaacs (1837–1895) – Colombian writer, politician and soldier^[54]

J

• Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi (1804–1857) – professor of mathematics, Berlin
• Heinrich Jacoby (1889–1964) – German educator
• (1826–1890) – professor of medicine, Berlin^[55]
• Heinrich Otto Jacoby (1815–1864) – professor of Greek, Königsberg^[56]
• Philipp Jaffé (1819–1870) – professor of history, Berlin
• Georg Jellinek (1851–1911) – German legal philosopher^[57]
• Paul S. L. Johnson (1873–1950) – American scholar and pastor^[58]

K

• David Kalisch (1820–1872) – German playwright and humorist
• Christian Kalkar, aka (1803–1886), Swedish writer and divine, father of
• Felix Philipp Kanitz (1829–1904) – Austro-Hungarian naturalist, geographer, ethnographer, archaeologist and author of travel notes^[59]
• Andrew Klavan (born 1954) – filmmaker and novelist^[60]
• Julius Leopold Klein (1810–1876) – Hungarian-German litterateur
• Heinrich Kossmann, born: Heumann Coschmann (1813–1836) – German mathematician^[61]
• Leopold Kronecker (1823–1891) – German mathematician and logician

L

• Shia LaBeouf (born 1986) – Hollywood actor who decided to leave Judaism and become a Christian. ^{[62] [63]}
• Karl Landsteiner (1868–1943) – Austrian biologist and physician, In 1930 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. converted from Judaism to Roman Catholicism in 1890^[64]
• Hermann Lebert (1813–1878) – German physician
• Karl Lehrs (1802–1878) – German classical scholar^[65]
• Osip Mikhailovich Lerner (1847–1907) – 19th-century Russian intellectual and lawyer^[66]
• Daniel Lessmann (1794–1831) – 19th-century historian and poet^[67]
• Fanny Lewald (1811–1889) – German author
• Francois Libermann (1802–1852) – French Jewish convert to Catholicism. He found the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary which merged with the Congregation of the Holy Spirit (Spiritans). He was declared venerable in the Roman Catholic Church (1876) by Pope Pius IX.
• Mark Lidzbarski (1868–1928) – (born Abraham Mordechai Lidzbarski to a Hasidic Eastern Jewish family in Russian Poland) was a Polish philologist, Semitist and translator of Mandaean texts. Studied Semitic philology in Berlin where he converted to evangelical Christianity and changed his first name to Mark. In 1917, became professor in University of Göttingen and in 1918, a full member of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences. The Lidzbarski Gold Medal for Semitic Philology, which is awarded annually, is named after him.
• Max Liebster (1915–2008) – German Jewish convert to Jehovah's Witnesses, Holocaust survivor
• Luis Ramírez de Lucena (c. 1465 – c. 1530) – Spanish chess player who published the first still-existing chess book. He is from a family of Jews who converted to Roman Catholicism.^[68]
• Jean-Marie Lustiger (1926–2007) – cardinal, former Archbishop of Paris^[69]

M

• Eduard Magnus (1799–1872) – professor of arts, Berlin
• Heinrich Gustav Magnus (1802–1870) – German chemist and physicist
• Ludwig Immanuel Magnus (1790–1861) – German mathematician
• Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) – composer^[70]
• Moses Margoliouth (1818–1881) – Jewish historian, uncle of David Samuel Margoliouth
• Karl Marx (1818–1883) – German socialist. His family had converted to Christianity before his birth.
• Lise Meitner (1878–1968) – Austrian physicist who worked on radioactivity and nuclear physics. She converted to Christianity, following Lutheranism,^{[71] [72]} and was baptized in 1908.^[73]
• Alexander Men (1935–1990) – Russian priest, Orthodox theologian and author^[74]
• Moritz Hermann Eduard Meier (1796–1855) – professor of philosophy, Halle
• Dorothea Mendelssohn (1769–1839) – German social leader, the oldest daughter of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
• Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847) – composer, a grandson of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
• Hugh Montefiore (1920–2005) – Anglican Bishop of Birmingham from 1977 to 1987^[75]
• Robert Moses (1888–1981) – politician and "master builder" of 20th-century New York City^[76]
• Andrea De Monte (died before 1597) – former rabbi and missionary to the Jews at Rome
• Samuel Israeli of Morocco (Samuel Marochitanus) – religious writer of 11th century Spain and Morocco

N

• (Johann) August Wilhelm Neander, born: David Mendel (1789–1850) – Professor of Ecclesiastical History, Berlin
• Joachim Neumann (educator) (1778/79–1865) – German educator and Hebraist
• John von Neumann (1903–1957) – Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath. He was baptized a Catholic in 1930.^[77]
• Karl Friedrich Neumann (1793–1870) – German orientalist
• Robert Novak (1931–2009) – raised in secular Jewish culture,^[78] he converted to Catholicism in May 1998 after his prolific career as a journalist, columnist, and political commentator.^[79]

O

• Harry Frederick Oppenheimer (1908–2000) – South African businessman^[80]
• Jacques Offenbach (1819–1880) – French German composer

P

• Francis Palgrave (1788–1861) – English historian
• Dave Pasch (born 1972) – sports announcer
• Boris Pasternak (1890–1960) – Russian poet, novelist, and literary translator. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958. He converted to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism.^[81]
• Paul the Apostle (c. 5 – c. 64/65 AD) – early Christian leader and author of many New Testament epistles.^[82]
• Corey Pavin (born 1959) – PGA golfer^[83]
• Johannes Pfefferkorn (1469–1523) – German theologian and writer
• Friedrich Adolf Philippi (1809–1882) – German Lutheran theologian
• Howard Phillips (1941–2013) – American politician and activist
• Lorenzo Da Ponte (1749–1839) – Italian librettist
• Henry Poper (1813–1870) – German-born Anglican clergyman and missionary

R

• Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne (1814–1884) – French Jew who converted to Christianity in 1842 after seeing an apparition of the Virgin Mary. He later became a priest. He moved to Jerusalem and founded the Convent of Ecce Homo and the Ratisbonne Monastery.^[84]
• Harry Reems (1947–2013) – adult film actor^[85]
• Paul Reuter (1816–1899) – German entrepreneur, and the founder of Reuters News Agency. On 16 November 1845, he converted to Christianity, in a ceremony at St. George's German Lutheran Chapel in London.^[86]
• David Ricardo (1772–1823) – English political economist
• Giovanni Battista Eliano (died 1580) – Italian Jesuit priest and scholar of Oriental languages
• Gillian Rose (1947–1995) – British philosopher and sociologist^[87]
• Johann Georg Rosenhain (1816–1887) – German professor of mathematics
• Moishe Rosen (1932–2010) – founder of Jews for Jesus^[88]
• Sid Roth (born 1940) – American televangelist^[89]
• Joseph Karl Rubino, aka Joseph Carl Friedrich Rubino, Joseph Rubino (1799–1864) – German professor of history, historian of law, Marburg^[90]
• Anton G. Rubinstein (1829–1889) – Russian musician

S

• Joseph d'Aguilar Samuda (1813–1885) – English shipbuilder and Member of Parliament
• Adolph Saphir (1831–1891) – Hungarian-born missionary and Presbyterian minister
• Tsaritsa Sarah-Theodora of Bulgaria – wife of tsar Ivan Alexander, tsaritsa in the late Second Bulgarian Empire
• Samuel Isaac Joseph Schereschewsky (1831–1906) – Episcopal Bishop of Shanghai, founder of Saint John's University, Shanghai, Bible translator^[91]
• Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) – composer who converted to Christianity in 1898 but returned to Judaism in 1933^[92]
• Moses Wilhelm Shapira (1830–1884) – Jerusalem antiquities dealer known for allegedly-forged Deuteronomic scroll fragments called the Shapira Scroll found in a cave in Wadi Mujib in Jordan.
• Eduard von Simson (1810–1899) – German jurist and politician
• Otto Spiegelberg (1830–1881) – German professor of medicine, Breslau
• Dan Spitz (born 1963) – lead guitarist of the heavy metal band Anthrax^[93]
• Friedrich Julius Stahl (1802–1861) – Prussian jurist and conservative thinker
• Aurel Stein (1862–1943) – Hungarian-British orientalist, archaeologist and historian
• Edith Stein (1891–1942) – nun, martyr, saint^[94]
• Bethel Henry Strousberg (1823–1884) – German financier
• Irena Szewińska (1946–2018) – Polish athlete

T

• Siegbert Tarrasch (1862–1934) – challenger for the World Chess Championship^[95]

V

• Mordechai Vanunu (born 1952) – considered a whistle-blower on Israel's nuclear program who was subsequently kidnapped, tried and imprisoned by Israel.^[96]
• Rahel Varnhagen (1771–1833) – German writer and saloniste^[97]

W

• Paul Weidner (1525–1585) – Austrian medical doctor and later professor of Hebrew at the University of Vienna
• Otto Weininger (1880–1903) – Austrian philosopher^[98]
• Eugene Wigner (1902–1995) – Hungarian American theoretical physicist and mathematician. He received half of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963. Although his family converted to Lutheranism for political reasons, he was an atheist.^[99]
• Joseph Wolff (1795–1862) – German missionary

X

• Morris Ximenes (1762–1837) – 18th-century English merchant

Y

• David Levy Yulee (1810–1886) – United States Senator from Florida^[100]

Z

• Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. (1918–2014) – American actor^{[101] [102] [103]}
• Israel Zolli (1881–1956) – former Chief Rabbi of Rome^[104]
• Vitaly Zdorovetskiy - Russian-American YouTuber, prankster, and social media influencer^[105]

See also

• Apostasy in Judaism
• Haskalah
• Hebrew Catholics
• Jewish assimilation
• Isaak Markus Jost
• Messianic Judaism
• Who is a Jew?

Bibliography

• Richard Gottheil, Kaufmann Kohler, Isaac Broydé. "Converts to Christianity, Modern" in Jewish Encyclopedia. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=759&letter=C

Notes and References

1. Web site: JewishEncyclopedia.com – STATISTICS: . 15 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20071222175849/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/table.jsp?table_id=425&volid=11&title=STATISTICS: . 22 December 2007 . dead . dmy-all .
2. .
3. Web site: How many Jews are there in the United States?. Pew Research Center.
4. Web site: A PORTRAIT OF JEWISH AMERICANS: Chapter 1: Population Estimates. Pew Research Center. October 2013.
5. News: American-Jewish Population Rises to 6.8 Million. haaretz. 30 September 2013. Maltz. Judy.
6. http://sreda.org/en/arena Arena - Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia
7. http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Survey Maps
8. "Divre Emeth," 1880, p. 47; 1883, p. 187)
9. "Missionsblatt des Rheinisch-Westphälischen Vereins für Israel," 1878, p. 122
10. (Johannes Friedrich Alexander de le Roi, "Die Evangelische Christenheit und die Juden," iii. 60)
11. Holweck, F. G. A Biographical Dictionary of the Saints'. St. Louis, Missouri: B. Herder Book Co., 1924.
12. Encyclopedia: Converts to Christianity, Modern. Gottheil. Richard. Richard James Horatio Gottheil. Kohller. Kaufmann. Jewish Encyclopedia. The following is a list of the more prominent modern converts ... Abrahamson, A. (1754–1811), German stamp-cutter.. Broydé. Isaac. Kaufmann Kohler. Isaac Broydé . Jewish Encyclopedia . 2008-05-28 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080519231255/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=759&letter=C . 19 May 2008 . live.
13. Călinescu, p.789
14. http://www.jewishgen.org/JCR-UK/Community/exe/history/msalexander.htm Alexander's Apostasy: First Steps to Jerusalem.
15. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1195&letter=A&search=Petrus%20Alphonsi "Alphonsi, Petrus."
16. https://runeberg.org/nfaa/1331.html Nordisk familjebok, vol 1. A – Barograf
17. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=90&letter=B "Baena, Juan Alfonso De."
18. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02350b.htm Giovanni Giuda Giona Battista
19. http://www.haaretz.com/culture/books/the-life-and-death-of-rachel-beer-a-woman-who-broke-with-convention-1.383042 The life and death of Rachel Beer, a woman who broke with convention
20. [:de:Franz Ferdinand Benary]
21. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=759&letter=C "Converts to Christianity, Modern:"
22. News: 'No regrets' for tarnished tycoon. Arnold. James. 26 March 2003. BBC News. 3 January 2015.
23. Web site: Forgivenforlife . 2015-11-26 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090415192432/http://www.forgivenforlife.org/ . 15 April 2009 . dmy-all .
24. http://d-nb.info/gnd/119065290/about/html, http://www.idref.fr/067062318
25. Knowledgebase Adult Education
26. [:hu:Ballagi Mór]
27. Book: Greenspan, Nancy Thorndike . . Basic Books . New York . 2005 . 978-0-7382-0693-6 . 56534998 . 61–62. Also published in Germany: Max Born – Baumeister der Quantenwelt. Eine Biographie Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2005, ISBN 3-8274-1640-X
28. [Ferdinand Gregorovius|Gregorovius, Ferdinand]
29. Web site: Gertrude "Gerty" Cori . 2013-01-15. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20121110101439/http://www.csupomona.edu/~nova/scientists/articles/cori.html. 10 November 2012.
30. Web site: Gerty Theresa Radnitz Cori.
31. Hamy, Bulletin de Géographie, 1891, pp. 218-222.
32. Web site: CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY, MODERN. 2006-05-27.
33. [:hu:Csemegi Károly]
34. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/152095/Marcel-Dassault Britannica Online: Marcel Dassault
35. March–April 2008. Picturing Jerusalem. Biblical Archaeology Review. 34. 2. 24.
36. Web site: Mendel Diness: The Unlike Story of a Barclay Convert . Disciples of Christ Historical Society . https://archive.today/20130121124900/http://www.discipleshistory.com/online/topics/diness.htm . 2013-01-21 . Lester McAllister . 2010-02-07.
37. [Robert Blake, Baron Blake|Robert Blake]
38. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE5DC1438F931A25754C0A964958260 Simon, John Pursued by Nazis and Other Demons, New York Times, July 12, 1992
39. Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades: Revisited, Clinton Heylin, pgs. 491-520; Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan, Howard Sounes, pgs. 324–326, 356; The Rough Guide to Bob Dylan (2nd edition), Nigel Williamson, pgs. 112-113; Bob Dylan's Unshakeable Monotheism -- Part III: The 1980s in Jewsweek; "Bob Dylan" Encyclopædia Britannica; Bob Dylan Finds His Source, from Christianity Today, Noel Paul Stookey, January 4, 1980; Web site: Kenn Gulliksen comments on Dylan still being believer in Jesus, April 25, 1999 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080404164458/http://web.utk.edu/~wparr/KennGulliksen04251999.html . 4 April 2008 . 2012-03-15. ; http://rightwingbob.com/weblog/archives/976 ; Web site: Bobdylan.com: "The Songs Are My Lexicon," by Alan Jacobs . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080719212954/http://www.bobdylan.com/etc/ajacobs.html . 19 July 2008 . 2012-03-15. ; http://www.lariat.org/AtTheMovies/dvd/dylan2.html; https://archive.today/20121208211607/http://www.canadianchristianity.com/cgi-bin/bc.cgi?bc/bccn/0901/artdylan; http://www.classicbands.com/dylan.html; http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/articles/music/Bob_Dylan/7795/p1/; http://jmm.aaa.net.au/articles/4758.htm
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45. Web site: The Saintly Martyrs of Paris. 2004. The Alphabet of Faith. Russian Orthodox Site. 2015-01-01.
46. Arthur Mandel: The Militant Messiah: The Story of Jacob Frank and the Frankists. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press: 1979: .
47. http://www.pourlemerite.org/ Orden Pour le Mérite
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50. [Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]
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55. [:de:Heinrich Jacobson]
56. not Heinrich Jacoby
57. http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/22.3/kelly.html Duncan Kelly, "Revisiting the Rights of Man: Georg Jellinek on Rights and the State"
58. http://www.epiphanystudies.co.uk/johnson.htm A Brief Biography of Paul S.L. Johnson
59. http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=87&letter=K "Kanitz, Felix Philipp"
60. http://www.hoover.org/multimedia/uk/28426619.html The World According to Andrew Klavan
61. http://88.217.241.77/amburger/index.php?id=1053027, http://www.kopernikus-gymnasium.de/projekte/gbkg/Schicksal/s_heuco.htm
62. http://www.christiantimes.com/article/actor.shia.labeouf.says.he.found.god.while.filming.fury/49058.htm Actor Shia LaBeouf Says He Found God While Filming 'Fury'
63. http://www.shalomlife.com/culture/26609/shia-labeouf-converts-from-judaism-to-christianity-after-fury/ Shia LaBeouf Converts From Judaism to Christianity After 'Fury'
64. Anna L. Staudacher: "... meldet den Austritt aus dem mosaischen Glauben". 18000 Austritte aus dem Judentum in Wien, 1868–1914: Namen – Quellen – Daten. Peter Lang, Frankfurt, 2009,, p. 349
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68. (it) Article by Daniele Ciani about Luis Lucena, on the web site Chess Archeology
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71. [Ruth Lewin Sime|Sime, Ruth Levin]
72. Web site: Lise Meitner and Nuclear Fission. Orlandoleibovitz.com. 9 April 2012.
73. Roqué, Xavier "Meitner, Lise (1878–1968), physicist" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. Retrieved 27 October 2009
74. Alexander Men#Biography|Wikipedia Entry
75. Charles Mosley, editor, Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage, 107th edition, 3 volumes (Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.A.: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd, 2003), volume 1, page 507.
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77. Web site: John von Neumann; A Biographical Memoir. Bochner. S.. 1958. National Academy of Sciences. August 16, 2015.
78. News: Terry Teachout. Commentary Magazine. August 18, 2009. August 18, 2009. Robert Novak's Memoir. Terry Teachout.
79. News: The Conversion of Bob Novak. June 1, 2003. The Washingtonian. Barbara. Matuswo. August 20, 2009.
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81. Fleishman, pp 264–266.
82. Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John. The Penguin Dictionary of Saints, 3rd edition. New York:Penguin Group, 1995. .
83. Web site: BPSports.net – U.S. team at Ryder Cup led by believers in Jesus . 15 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120220103021/http://bpsports.net/bpsports.asp?ID=5477 . 20 February 2012 . dead .
84. [Marie-Alphonse Ratisbonne]
85. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/magazine/story/0,11913,1487624,00.html The Observer
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89. Web site: Sid's Story.
90. http://de.wikisource.org/wiki/ADB:Rubino,_Joseph, http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Rubino%2C%20Joseph%2C%201799-1864
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105. https://web.archive.org/web/20191215083358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cB8hJpgjP_w&app=desktop