List of consonants explained

This is a list of all the consonants which have a dedicated letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet, plus some of the consonants which require diacritics, ordered by place and manner of articulation.

pronounced as /pulmonic consonants/pronounced as /non-pulmonic consonants/pronounced as /co-articulated consonants/

Ordered by place of articulation

Labial consonants

(articulated by using the lips)

Bilabial consonants

bilabial clicks pronounced as /[ʘ]/ etc.
bilabial nasal pronounced as /[m]/ (man)
bilabial ejective pronounced as /[pʼ]/
voiced bilabial implosive pronounced as /[ɓ]/
voiceless bilabial plosive pronounced as /[p]/ (spin)
voiced bilabial plosive pronounced as /[b]/ (bed)
voiceless bilabial affricate pronounced as /[pɸ]/
voiced bilabial affricate pronounced as /[bβ]/
voiceless bilabial fricative pronounced as /[ɸ]/
voiced bilabial fricative pronounced as /[β]/
bilabial approximant pronounced as /[β̞]/
bilabial trill pronounced as /[ʙ]/
bilabial percussive pronounced as /[ʬ]/

Labiodental consonants

labiodental approximant pronounced as /[ʋ]/
labiodental nasal pronounced as /[ɱ]/ (symphony)
voiced labiodental fricative pronounced as /[v]/ (van)
Voiced labiodental plosive
Voiced labiodental affricate
voiceless labiodental fricative pronounced as /[f]/ (fan)
voiceless rounded velarized labiodental fricative pronounced as /[ɧ]/
Voiceless labiodental plosive
Voiceless labiodental affricate

Bidental consonants

voiceless bidental fricative pronounced as /[h̪͆]/

Coronal consonants

(articulated by using the tip of the tongue)

Dental consonants

dental clicks pronounced as /[ǀ]/ etc.
dental lateral clicks pronounced as /[ǁ̪]/ etc.
dental ejective pronounced as /[t̪ʼ]/
dental nasal pronounced as /[n̪]/
voiced dental fricative pronounced as /[ð]/ (this)
voiced dental implosive pronounced as /[ɗ̪]/
voiced dental plosive pronounced as /[d̪]/
voiceless bidental fricative
voiceless dental fricative pronounced as /[θ]/ (thing)
voiceless dental plosive pronounced as /[t̪]/
bidental percussive pronounced as /[ʭ]/

Alveolar consonants

alveolar lateral clicks pronounced as /[ǁ]/ etc.
alveolar approximant pronounced as /[ɹ]/ (red)
alveolar ejective pronounced as /[tʼ]/
alveolar ejective fricative pronounced as /[sʼ]/
alveolar flap pronounced as /[ɾ]/
alveolar lateral approximant pronounced as /[l]/ (lead)
alveolar lateral flap pronounced as /[ɺ]/
alveolar nasal pronounced as /[n]/ (none)
alveolar trill pronounced as /[r]/
velarized alveolar lateral approximant pronounced as /[ɫ]/
voiced alveolar fricative pronounced as /[z]/ (zoo)
voiced alveolar implosive pronounced as /[ɗ]/
voiced alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ɮ]/
voiced alveolar plosive pronounced as /[d]/ (done)
voiced alveolar affricate pronounced as /[d͡z]/
voiceless alveolar grooved fricative pronounced as /[s]/ (son)
voiceless alveolar retroflex fricative pronounced as /[s̠]/
voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative pronounced as /[θ̠]/
voiceless alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ɬ]/
voiceless alveolar plosive pronounced as /[t]/ (ton)
voiceless alveolar affricate pronounced as /[t͡s]/
voiceless alveolar lateral affricate pronounced as /[t͡ɬ]/
ejective alveolar lateral affricate pronounced as /[t͡ɬʼ]/
voiced alveolar lateral affricate pronounced as /[d͡ɮ]/

Postalveolar consonants

(post)alveolar click pronounced as /[ǃ]/ etc.
voiced palato-alveolar affricate pronounced as /[dʒ]/ (jug)
voiced palato-alveolar fricative pronounced as /[ʒ]/ (vision)
voiceless palato-alveolar affricate pronounced as /[tʃ]/ (chip)
voiceless palato-alveolar fricative pronounced as /[ʃ]/ (ship)

Palatalized postalveolar consonants

voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative pronounced as /[ʑ]/
voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative pronounced as /[ɕ]/
voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate pronounced as /[d͡ʑ]/
voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate pronounced as /[t͡ɕ]/

Retroflex consonants

retroflex clicks pronounced as /[ ]/ etc. (commonly written (IPA|[‼]))
retroflex approximant pronounced as /[ɻ ]/
retroflex flap pronounced as /[ɽ]/
retroflex lateral flap pronounced as /[ ]/
retroflex lateral approximant pronounced as /[ɭ ]/
voiceless retroflex lateral fricative pronounced as /[ꞎ ]/
retroflex nasal pronounced as /[ɳ ]/
voiced retroflex fricative pronounced as /[ʐ ]/
voiced retroflex plosive pronounced as /[ɖ ]/
voiced retroflex affricate pronounced as /[d͜ʐ ]/
voiceless retroflex fricative pronounced as /[ʂ]/
voiceless retroflex plosive pronounced as /[ʈ]/
voiceless retroflex affricate pronounced as /[t͜ʂ]/,

Dorsal consonants

(articulated with the middle of the tongue)

Palatal consonants

palatal clicks pronounced as /[ǂ]/ etc.
palatal approximant pronounced as /[j]/ (yes)
palatal ejective pronounced as /[cʼ]/
palatal lateral approximant pronounced as /[ʎ]/
voiceless palatal lateral fricative pronounced as /[]/
palatal nasal pronounced as /[ɲ]/
voiced palatal fricative pronounced as /[ʝ]/
voiced palatal implosive pronounced as /[ʄ]/
voiced palatal plosive pronounced as /[ɟ]/
voiceless palatal fricative pronounced as /[ç]/ (human, but not hum)
voiceless palatal plosive pronounced as /[c]/
voiceless palatal lateral affricate pronounced as /[c͡]/
ejective palatal lateral affricate pronounced as /[c͡ʼ]/

Labialized palatal consonants

labialized palatal approximant pronounced as /[ɥ]/ pronounced as /[jʷ]/

Velar consonants

velar approximant pronounced as /[ɰ]/
velar ejective pronounced as /[kʼ]/
velar lateral approximant pronounced as /[ʟ]/
voiceless velar lateral fricative pronounced as /[]/
voiced velar fricative pronounced as /[ɣ]/
voiced velar implosive pronounced as /[ɠ ]/
voiced velar plosive pronounced as /[ɡ]/ (get)
voiceless velar fricative pronounced as /[x]/
voiceless velar plosive pronounced as /[k]/ (kick, cat)
ejective velar lateral affricate pronounced as /[k͡ʼ]/

Labialized velar consonants

voiced labialized velar approximant pronounced as /[w]/ (witch)
voiceless labialized velar approximant pronounced as /[ʍ]/ (which, in some dialects)

Labial–velar consonants

voiceless labial–velar plosive pronounced as /[kp]/
voiced labial–velar plosive pronounced as /[ɡb]/
labial-velar nasal pronounced as /[ŋm]/

Uvular consonants

uvular ejective pronounced as /[qʼ]/
uvular nasal pronounced as /[ɴ]/
uvular trill pronounced as /[ʀ]/
voiced uvular fricative pronounced as /[ʁ]/
voiced uvular implosive pronounced as /[ʛ]/
voiced uvular plosive pronounced as /[ɢ]/
voiceless uvular fricative pronounced as /[χ]/
voiceless uvular plosive pronounced as /[q]/

Laryngeal consonants

(articulated with the throat)

Pharyngeal consonants

pharyngeal plosive pronounced as /[ʡ]/
voiced pharyngeal fricative pronounced as /[ʕ]/
voiceless pharyngeal fricative pronounced as /[ħ]/
voiced pharyngeal trill pronounced as /[ʢ]/
voiceless pharyngeal trill pronounced as /[ʜ]/

Glottal consonants

voiceless glottal affricate pronounced as /[ʔh]/ (hat)
murmured glottal affricate pronounced as /[ʔɦ]/
murmured glottal fricative or transition & approximant pronounced as /[ɦ]/ (ahead)
voiceless glottal fricative or transition & approximant pronounced as /[h]/ (high)
glottal plosive pronounced as /[ʔ]/
voiced glottal approximant pronounced as /[ʔ̰]/
voiceless nasal glottal approximant pronounced as /[h̃]/

Ordered by manner of articulation

Pulmonic consonants

Nasal (stop) consonants

bilabial nasal pronounced as /[m]/
voiceless bilabial nasal pronounced as /[m̥]/
labiodental nasal pronounced as /[ɱ]/
dental nasal pronounced as /[n̪]/
alveolar nasal pronounced as /[n]/
voiceless alveolar nasal pronounced as /[n̥]/
retroflex nasal pronounced as /[ɳ ]/
voiceless retroflex nasal pronounced as /[ɳ̊ ]/
palatal nasal pronounced as /[ ɲ]/
voiceless palatal nasal pronounced as /[ ɲ̥]/
velar nasal pronounced as /[ŋ]/
voiceless velar nasal pronounced as /[ŋ̊]/
uvular nasal pronounced as /[ɴ]/

Fricative consonants

Sibilant fricatives

voiceless alveolar sibilant pronounced as /[s]/
voiced alveolar sibilant pronounced as /[z]/
voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant pronounced as /[ ʃ ]/
voiced palato-alveolar sibilant pronounced as /[ʒ]/
voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant (palatalized postalveolar) pronounced as /[ɕ]/
voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant pronounced as /[ʑ]/
voiceless retroflex sibilant pronounced as /[ʂ]/
voiced retroflex sibilant pronounced as /[ʐ ]/

Central non-sibilant fricatives

voiceless bilabial fricative pronounced as /[ɸ]/
voiced bilabial fricative pronounced as /[β]/
voiceless labiodental fricative pronounced as /[f]/
voiced labiodental fricative pronounced as /[v]/
voiceless bidental fricative pronounced as /[h̪͆]/
voiceless dental fricative pronounced as /[θ]/
voiced dental fricative pronounced as /[ð]/
voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative pronounced as /[θ̠]/
voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative pronounced as /[ɹ̝]/
voiceless palatal fricative pronounced as /[ç]/
voiced palatal fricative pronounced as /[ ʝ]/
voiceless velar fricative pronounced as /[x]/
voiced velar fricative pronounced as /[ɣ]/
voiceless uvular fricative pronounced as /[χ]/
voiceless pharyngeal fricative pronounced as /[ħ]/
voiceless epiglottal fricative pronounced as /[ʜ]/
voiceless palatal-velar fricative (not possible) pronounced as /[ɧ]/

Lateral fricatives

voiceless alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ɬ]/
voiced alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ɮ]/
voiceless retroflex lateral fricative pronounced as /[ꞎ ]/
voiceless palatal lateral fricative pronounced as /[]/)
voiceless velar lateral fricative pronounced as /[]/)
voiced velar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ʟ̝]/

both fricatives and approximants

voiced uvular fricative pronounced as /[ʁ]/
voiced pharyngeal fricative pronounced as /[ʕ]/
voiced epiglottal fricative pronounced as /[ʢ]/

Pseudo-fricatives

voiceless glottal fricative pronounced as /[h]/
voiced glottal fricative (murmured) pronounced as /[ɦ]/

Affricate consonants

Sibilant affricates

voiceless postalveolar affricate pronounced as /[tʃ]/
voiced postalveolar affricate pronounced as /[dʒ]/
voiceless alveolar affricate pronounced as /[ts]/
voiced alveolar affricate pronounced as /[dz]/
voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate pronounced as /[ʨ]/
voiced alveolo-palatal affricate pronounced as /[dʑ]/
voiceless retroflex affricate pronounced as /[tʂ]/
voiced retroflex affricate pronounced as /[dʐ]/
Fricated alveolar clicks pronounced as /[ǃᶴ]/ (also voiced, nasalized, etc.)

Non-sibilant affricates

Voiceless bilabial affricate pronounced as /[pɸ]/
Voiceless bilabial-labiodental affricate pronounced as /[pf]/
Voiceless labiodental affricate pronounced as /[p̪f]/
Voiced labiodental affricate pronounced as /[b̪v]/
Voiceless dental affricate pronounced as /[t̪θ]/
Voiced dental affricate pronounced as /[d̪ð]/
Voiceless retroflex nonsibilant affricate pronounced as /[tɻ̝̊ ]/
Voiced retroflex nonsibilant affricate pronounced as /[dɻ̝ ]/
voiceless palatal affricate pronounced as /[cç]/
voiced palatal affricate pronounced as /[ɟʝ]/
Voiceless velar affricate pronounced as /[kx]/
Voiced velar affricate pronounced as /[ɡɣ]/
Voiceless uvular affricate pronounced as /[qχ]/
Voiced uvular affricate pronounced as /[ɢʁ]/
Voiceless epiglottal affricate pronounced as /[ʡʜ]/

Lateral affricates

voiceless alveolar lateral affricate pronounced as /[tɬ]/
voiced alveolar lateral affricate pronounced as /[dɮ]/
Voiceless palatal lateral affricate pronounced as /[c]/
Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate pronounced as /[tꞎ]/
Voiceless velar lateral affricate pronounced as /[k]/
Voiced velar lateral affricate pronounced as /[ɡʟ̝]/

Approximant consonants

bilabial approximant pronounced as /[β̞]/
labiodental approximant pronounced as /[ʋ]/
dental approximant pronounced as /[ð̞]/
alveolar approximant pronounced as /[ɹ]/
alveolar lateral approximant pronounced as /[l ]/
velarized alveolar lateral approximant pronounced as /[ɫ]/
retroflex approximant pronounced as /[ɻ ]/
retroflex lateral approximant pronounced as /[ɭ]/
palatal approximant pronounced as /[j]/
palatal lateral approximant pronounced as /[ʎ]/
nasal palatal approximant pronounced as /[ȷ̃]/
labialized palatal approximant pronounced as /[ɥ]/ pronounced as /[jʷ]/
velar approximant pronounced as /[ɰ]/
velar lateral approximant pronounced as /[ʟ]/
labialized velar approximant (voiced) pronounced as /[w]/
voiceless labialized velar approximant pronounced as /[ʍ]/
nasal labialized velar approximant pronounced as /[w̃]/
uvular approximant pronounced as /[ʁ̞]/
pharyngeal approximant pronounced as /[ʕ̞]/
epiglottal approximant pronounced as /[ʢ̞]/
voiced glottal approximant (murmured) pronounced as /[ɦ̞]/
voiceless glottal approximant pronounced as /[h̞]/
voiceless nasal glottal approximant pronounced as /[h̃]/

Flap (tap) consonants

bilabial flap pronounced as /[ⱱ̟]/
labiodental flap pronounced as /[ⱱ]/
alveolar flap pronounced as /[ɾ]/
alveolar lateral flap pronounced as /[ɺ]/
retroflex flap pronounced as /[ɽ]/
retroflex lateral flap pronounced as /[ ]/
palatal lateral flap pronounced as /[ʎ̯]/
uvular flap pronounced as /[ɢ̆]/
velar lateral flap pronounced as /[ʟ̆]/
epiglottal flap pronounced as /[ʡ̯]/

Trill consonants

bilabial trill pronounced as /[ʙ]/
alveolar trill pronounced as /[r]/
alveolar fricative trill pronounced as /[r̝]/
retroflex trill
uvular trill pronounced as /[ʀ]/
epiglottal trill

Lateral consonants

Approximants

Alveolar lateral approximant pronounced as /[l]/
Velarized alveolar lateral approximant pronounced as /[ɫ]/
Retroflex lateral approximant pronounced as /[ɭ ]/
Palatal lateral approximant pronounced as /[ʎ]/
Velar lateral approximant pronounced as /[ʟ]/

Fricatives

Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ɬ]/
Voiced alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ɮ]/
Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative pronounced as /[ꞎ ]/
Voiceless palatal lateral fricative pronounced as /[]/
Voiced velar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ʟ̝]/
Voiceless velar lateral fricative pronounced as /[]/

Affricates

Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate pronounced as /[tɬ]/
Voiced alveolar lateral affricate pronounced as /[dɮ]/
Voiceless palatal lateral affricate pronounced as /[c]/
Ejective palatal lateral affricate pronounced as /[cʼ]/
Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate pronounced as /[tꞎ ]/
Ejective retroflex lateral affricate pronounced as /[tꞎʼ]/
Voiced velar lateral affricate pronounced as /[ɡʟ̝]/
Voiceless velar lateral affricate pronounced as /[k]/
Ejective velar lateral affricate pronounced as /[kʼ]/

Flaps

Alveolar lateral flap pronounced as /[ɺ]/
Retroflex lateral flap pronounced as /[ ]/
Palatal lateral flap pronounced as /[ʎ̯]/

Ejective

Alveolar lateral ejective fricative pronounced as /[ɬʼ]/

Clicks

Dental lateral clicks pronounced as /[ǁ̪]/ etc.
Alveolar lateral clicks pronounced as /[ǁ]/ etc.

Ejective consonants

Plosives

bilabial ejective pronounced as /[pʼ]/
dental ejective pronounced as /[t̪ʼ]/
alveolar ejective pronounced as /[tʼ]/
retroflex ejective pronounced as /[ʈʼ]/
palatal ejective pronounced as /[cʼ]/
velar ejective pronounced as /[kʼ]/
uvular ejective pronounced as /[qʼ]/

Affricates

alveolar ejective affricate pronounced as /[t͜sʼ]/
palato-alveolar ejective affricate pronounced as /[t͜ʃʼ]/
retroflex ejective affricate pronounced as /[t͜ʂʼ]/
alveolo-palatal ejective affricate pronounced as /[t͜ɕʼ]/
dental ejective affricate pronounced as /[t͜θʼ]/
palatal lateral ejective affricate pronounced as /[c͜ʼ]/
velar ejective affricate pronounced as /[k͜xʼ]/
uvular ejective affricate pronounced as /[q͜χʼ]/
alveolar lateral ejective affricate pronounced as /[t͜ɬʼ]/
velar lateral ejective affricate pronounced as /[k͜ʼ]/

Fricatives

bilabial ejective fricative pronounced as /[ɸʼ]/
labiodental ejective fricative pronounced as /[fʼ]/
dental ejective fricative pronounced as /[θʼ]/
alveolar ejective fricative pronounced as /[sʼ]/
palato-alveolar ejective fricative pronounced as /[ ʃʼ]/
alveolo-palatal ejective fricative pronounced as /[ɕʼ]/
retroflex ejective fricative pronounced as /[ʂʼ]/
palatal ejective fricative pronounced as /[çʼ]/
velar ejective fricative pronounced as /[xʼ]/
uvular ejective fricative pronounced as /[χʼ]/
pharyngeal ejective fricative pronounced as /[ħʼ]/
alveolar lateral ejective fricative pronounced as /[ɬʼ]/
velar lateral ejective fricative pronounced as /[ʼ]/

Implosive consonants

voiced bilabial implosive pronounced as /[ɓ]/
voiceless bilabial implosive pronounced as /[ƥ]/
voiced dental implosive pronounced as /[ɗ̪ ]/
voiced alveolar implosive pronounced as /[ɗ ]/
voiceless alveolar implosive pronounced as /[ƭ]/
voiced retroflex implosive pronounced as /[ᶑ ]/
voiced palatal implosive pronounced as /[ ʄ ]/
voiceless palatal implosive pronounced as /[ƈ ]/
voiced velar implosive pronounced as /[ɠ ]/
voiceless velar implosive pronounced as /[ƙ]/
voiced uvular implosive pronounced as /[ʛ ]/
voiceless uvular implosive pronounced as /[ʠ ]/

Labialized consonants

Plosives

voiceless labialized velar plosive pronounced as /[kʷ]/
voiced labialized velar plosive pronounced as /[ɡʷ]/
Voiceless labialized labial-velar plosive pronounced as /[k͜pʷ]/
voiceless labialized uvular plosive pronounced as /[qʷ]/
voiced labialized uvular plosive pronounced as /[ɢʷ]/

Fricatives

voiceless labialized velar fricative pronounced as /[xʷ]/ pronounced as /[ʍ]/
voiced labialized velar fricative pronounced as /[ɣʷ]/
voiceless labialized uvular fricative pronounced as /[χʷ]/
voiced labialized uvular fricative pronounced as /[ʁʷ]/

Approximants

labialized palatal approximant pronounced as /[ɥ]/ pronounced as /[jʷ]/
(voiced) labialized velar approximant pronounced as /[w] [ɰʷ]/
voiceless labialized velar approximant pronounced as /[ʍ] [w̥]/
nasal labialized velar approximant pronounced as /[w̃]/

Palatalized consonants

voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative pronounced as /[ʑ]/
voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative pronounced as /[ɕ]/
voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate pronounced as /[d̠͜ʑ]/
voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate pronounced as /[t̠͜ɕ]/
voiceless palatalized velar plosive pronounced as /[kʲ]/

Pharyngealized consonants

voiceless pharyngealized alveolar sibilant pronounced as /[sˤ]/
voiced pharyngealized alveolar sibilant pronounced as /[zˤ]/
voiceless pharyngealized alveolar plosive pronounced as /[tˤ]/
voiced pharyngealized alveolar plosive pronounced as /[dˤ]/
voiceless pharyngealized dental fricative pronounced as /[θˤ]/
voiced pharyngealized dental fricative pronounced as /[ðˤ]/
voiceless pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ɬˤ]/
voiced pharyngealized alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ɮˤ]/
pharyngealized glottal stop pronounced as /[ʔˤ]/
pharyngealized alveolar lateral approximant pronounced as /[lˤ]/
pharyngealized alveolar nasal pronounced as /[nˤ]/

Velarized consonants

Voiceless velarized alveolar sibilant pronounced as /[sˠ]/
Voiced velarized dental fricative pronounced as /[ðˠ]/
Voiceless velarized alveolar plosive pronounced as /[tˠ]/
Velarized alveolar flap pronounced as /[ɾˠ]/
Voiceless velarized uvular plosive pronounced as /[qˠ]/
Voiceless velarized uvular fricative pronounced as /[χˠ]/
Voiced velarized uvular fricative pronounced as /[ʁˠ]/
Voiceless velarized alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ɬˠ]/
Voiced velarized alveolar lateral fricative pronounced as /[ɮˠ]/
Velarized alveolar lateral approximant pronounced as /[ɫ]/ pronounced as /[lˠ]/

Glottalized consonants

Reinforced airstream

Voiceless labioglottal plosivepronounced as /[ʔᵖ]/
Voiceless alveologlottal plosivepronounced as /[ʔᵗ]/
Voiceless veloglottal plosivepronounced as /[ʔᵏ]/

Blocked airstream

Voiced glottalized alveolar nasal pronounced as /[nˀ]/
Voiced glottalized alveolar plosive pronounced as /[tˀ]/
Voiced glottalized dental fricative pronounced as /[ðˀ]/

Restricted airstream

Creaky-voiced bilabial nasalpronounced as /[m̰]/

Whispery voice

Breathy-voiced bilabial nasal pronounced as /[mʱ]/
Breathy-voiced bilabial plosive pronounced as /[bʱ]/
Breathy-voiced alveolar plosive pronounced as /[dʱ]/
Breathy-voiced velar plosive pronounced as /[gʱ]/

Click consonants

The less common clicks, such as are found in Taa, are not included.

Simple clicks

bilabial clicks pronounced as /[ʘ]/
- either velar:
- voiceless bilabial click pronounced as /[ᵏʘ]/
- voiced bilabial click pronounced as /[ᶢʘ]/
- bilabial nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑʘ]/
- or uvular:
- pronounced as /[ʘ], [ʘ], [ᶰʘ]/
dental clicks pronounced as /[ǀ]/ (= (IPA|ʇ))
- either velar:
- voiceless dental click pronounced as /[ᵏǀ]/
- voiced dental click pronounced as /[ᶢǀ]/
- dental nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑǀ]/
- or uvular:
- pronounced as /[ǀ], [ǀ], [ᶰǀ]/
(post)alveolar click pronounced as /[ǃ]/ (= (IPA|ʗ))
- either velar:
- voiceless alveolar click pronounced as /[ᵏǃ]/
- voiced alveolar click pronounced as /[ᶢǃ]/
- alveolar nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑǃ]/
- or uvular:
- pronounced as /[ǃ], [ǃ], [ᶰǃ]/
alveolar lateral clicks pronounced as /[ǁ]/ (= (IPA|ʖ))
- either velar:
- voiceless alveolar lateral click pronounced as /[ᵏǁ]/
- voiced alveolar lateral click pronounced as /[ᶢǁ]/
- alveolar lateral nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑǁ]/
- or uvular:
- pronounced as /[ǁ], [ǁ], [ᶰǁ]/
retroflex clicks pronounced as /[ ]/ (= (IPA|‼))
- either velar:
- voiceless retroflex click pronounced as /[ᵏ ]/
- voiced retroflex click pronounced as /[ᶢ ]/
- retroflex nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑ ]/
- or uvular:
- pronounced as /[ ], [ ], [ᶰ ]/
palatal clicks pronounced as /[ǂ]/ (= (IPA|  ))
- either velar:
- voiceless palatal click pronounced as /[ᵏǂ]/
- voiced palatal click pronounced as /[ᶢǂ]/
- palatal nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑǂ]/
- or uvular:
- pronounced as /[ǂ], [ǂ], [ᶰǂ]/

Glottalized clicks

velar (uvular clicks not shown):
glottalized bilabial nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑ̊ʘˀ]/
glottalized dental nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑ̊ǀˀ]/
glottalized alveolar nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑ̊ǃˀ]/
glottalized alveolar lateral nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑ̊ǁˀ]/
glottalized retroflex nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑ̊ˀ]/
glottalized palatal nasal click pronounced as /[ᵑ̊ǂˀ]/

Pulmonic-contour clicks

voiceless bilabial linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[ʘ͡q]/
voiced bilabial linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[ʘ͡ɢ]/
voiceless dental linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[ǀ͡q]/
voiced dental linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[ǀ͡ɢ]/
voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[ǃ͡q]/
voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[ǃ͡ɢ]/
voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[ǁ͡q]/
voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[ǁ͡ɢ]/
voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[͡q]/
voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[͡ɢ]/
voiceless palatal linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[ǂ͡q]/
voiced palatal linguo-pulmonic stop pronounced as /[ǂ͡ɢ]/
voiceless bilabial linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[ʘ͡χ]/
voiced bilabial linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[ʘ͡ʁ]/
voiceless dental linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[ǀ͡χ]/
voiced dental linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[ǀ͡ʁ]/
voiceless alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[ǃ͡χ]/
voiced alveolar linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[ǃ͡ʁ]/
voiceless alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[ǁ͡χ]/
voiced alveolar lateral linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[ǁ͡ʁ]/
voiceless retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[͡χ]/
voiced retroflex linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[͡ʁ]/
voiceless palatal linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[ǂ͡χ]/
voiced palatal linguo-pulmonic affricate pronounced as /[ǂ͡ʁ]/

Ejective-contour clicks

bilabial linguo-glottalic stop pronounced as /[ʘ͡qʼ]/
dental linguo-glottalic stop pronounced as /[ǀ͡qʼ]/
alveolar linguo-glottalic stop pronounced as /[ǃ͡qʼ]/
alveolar lateral linguo-glottalic stop pronounced as /[ǁ͡qʼ]/
retroflex linguo-glottalic stop pronounced as /[͡qʼ]/
palatal linguo-glottalic stop pronounced as /[ǂ͡qʼ]/
bilabial linguo-glottalic affricate pronounced as /[ʘ͡χʼ]/
dental linguo-glottalic affricate pronounced as /[ǀ͡χʼ]/
alveolar linguo-glottalic affricate pronounced as /[ǃ͡χʼ]/
alveolar lateral linguo-glottalic affricate pronounced as /[ǁ͡χʼ]/
retroflex linguo-glottalic affricate pronounced as /[͡χʼ]/
palatal linguo-glottalic affricate pronounced as /[ǂ͡χʼ]/

Percussive consonants

These are not found in any language, but occur as phonetic detail or through speech defects.

bilabial percussive pronounced as /[ʬ]/
bidental percussive pronounced as /[ʭ]/
Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive pronounced as /[¡]/