List of conflicts in the southern Levant explained

This is a list of conflicts in the southern Levant arranged chronologically from ancient to modern times. This region has also been referred to historically as the Land of Canaan, the Land of Israel, the Holy Land, the Promised Land, and Palestine. This region has been ruled over by many nations, including the Canaanites, Israelites, Judeans, Romans, Rashidun Caliphates, Crusaders, Ottoman Empire, British Empire, and today, Israel and Palestine. In addition to wars and battles, there may also be periods of violent, civil unrest included in this list, such as: massacres, riots, rebellions, and revolutions.

1050 BCE–551 BCE

Started	Ended	Name of conflict	Belligerents
			Victorious party (if applicable)	Defeated party (if applicable)
c. 1025	c. 1025	Battle of Michmas	Kingdom of Israel	Philistia
c. 1010 BCE	c. 1010 BCE	Siege of Jebus	Kingdom of Israel	Jebus
c. 900	c. 900	Battle of Zephath	Kingdom of Judah	Kingdom of EgyptKushite contingents
874 BCE	874 BCE	Israelite–Aramean War	Kingdom of Israel	Kingdom of Aram-DamascusAmorites of Bashan
736 BCE	732 BCE	Syro-Ephraimite War	Kingdom of JudahAssyria	Kingdom of IsraelAram
701 BCE	701 BCE	Sennacherib's campaign in Judah	Kingdom of Judah	Neo-Assyrian Empire
701 BCE	701 BCE	Siege of Azekah	Neo-Assyrian Empire	Kingdom of Judah
701 BCE	701 BCE	Siege of Lachish	Neo-Assyrian Empire	Kingdom of Judah
701 BCE	701 BCE	Assyrian siege of Jerusalem	Kingdom of Judah	Neo-Assyrian Empire
c. 655 BCE	c. 655 BCE	Fall of AshdodPart of the Wars of Neo-Assyria	Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt	Neo-Assyrian Empire
609 BCE	609 BCE	Battle of Megiddo (609 BC)	Twenty-sixth Egyptian dynasty	Kingdom of Judah
601 BCE	586 BCE	Judah's revolts against Babylon	Neo-Babylonian EmpireSupported by: Moab Ammon Chaldea	Kingdom of JudahSupported by: Twenty-sixth Egyptian dynasty
597 BCE	597 BCE	Siege of Jerusalem (597 BCE)	Neo-Babylonian Empire	Kingdom of Judah
587 BCE	587 BCE	Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)	Neo-Babylonian Empire	Kingdom of Judah

550 BCE–1 BCE

Started	Ended	Name of conflict	Belligerents
			Victorious party (if applicable)	Defeated party (if applicable)
336 BCE	323 BCE	Wars of Alexander the Great	Macedonian Empire League of Corinth	Achaemenid Empire
332 BCE	332 BCE	Siege of GazaPart of the Wars of Alexander the Great	Macedon	Achaemenid Empire
322 BCE	281 BCE	Wars of the Diadochi	First War (321–319 BC): Antipatrid dynasty Antigonid dynasty Ptolemaic Dynasty Second War (318–316 BC): Antigonid dynasty Antipatrid dynasty Ptolemaic Dynasty Thrace Third War (315-311BC): Antigonid dynasty Polyperchon Fourth War (307–301 BC): Antigonid dynasty	First War (321–319 BC): Perdiccas's faction Second War (318–316 BC): Polyperchon's faction Epirus Third War (315-311 BC): Ptolemaic Egypt Antipatrid Macedon Thrace Caria Fourth War (307–301 BC): Ptolemaic Egypt Antipatrid Macedon Thrace Seleucid Empire
312 BCE	312 BCE	Battle of Gaza (312 BCE)	PtolemiesSeleucids	Antigonids
167 BCE	141 BCE	Maccabean Revolt	Maccabees	Seleucid Empire
167 BCE	167 BCE	Battle of the Ascent of LebonahPart of the Maccabean Revolt	Judean rebels	Seleucid Empire
166 BCE	166 BCE	Battle of Beth Horon (166 BCE)Part of the Maccabean Revolt	Judean rebels	Seleucid Empire
165 BCE	165 BCE	Battle of EmmausPart of the Maccabean Revolt	Maccabees	Seleucid Empire
164 BCE	164 BCE	Battle of Beth ZurPart of the Maccabean Revolt	Maccabees	Seleucid Empire
163 BCE	163 BCE	Maccabee campaigns of 163 BCPart of the Maccabean Revolt	Maccabees	Seleucid Empire
163 BCE	163 BCE	Battle of DathemaPart of the Maccabean Revolt	Maccabees	Seleucid Empire
162 BCE	162 BCE	Battle of Beth ZechariahPart of the Maccabean Revolt	Maccabees	Seleucid Empire
161 BCE	161 BCE	Battle of AdasaPart of the Maccabean Revolt	Maccabees	Seleucid Empire
160 BCE	160 BCE	Battle of ElasaPart of the Maccabean Revolt	Seleucid Empire	Maccabees
107 BCE	88 BCE	Civil War of Ptolemy Lathyros	Egypt (Ptolemy IX Soter)CyprusPhoenicia	Egypt (Cleopatra III)Judea (103–93)Nabatea (103–93)
93 BCE	93 BCE	Battle of Gadara	Nabataean Kingdom	Hasmonean dynasty
93 BCE	87 BCE	Judean Civil WarPart of the Pharisee-Sadducee conflict	Sadducees	PhariseesSeleucid Empire (89-88 BCE)
67 BCE	63 BCE	Hasmonean Civil WarPart of the Pharisee-Sadducee conflictPart of the Third Mithridatic War	Hyrcanus II Pharisees Nabataean kingdom ---- Roman Republic	Aristobulus II Sadducees Mercenaries ---- Roman Republic
63 BCE	63 BCE	Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE)Part of the Hasmonean Civil War	Roman Republic	Hasmonean dynasty
37 BCE	37 BCE	Siege of Jerusalem (37 BCE)	Herodian dynastyRoman Republic	Hasmonean dynasty

1–999

Started	Ended	Name of conflict	Belligerents
			Victorious party (if applicable)	Defeated party (if applicable)
66	66	Jerusalem riots of 66First Jewish–Roman WarPart of Jewish–Roman wars	Roman Empire	Jews of Judaea
66	74	First Jewish–Roman WarPart of Jewish–Roman wars	Roman Empire	Judaea Judean provisional government Sadducees Pharisees Peasantry faction Edomites (69–70) Supported by: Adiabene volunteers ----Radical factions: Zealots Edomites (68) Sicarii
70	70	Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)Part of the First Jewish–Roman WarPart of Jewish–Roman wars	Roman Empire	Remnants of the Judean provisional government Sadducees Pharisees Peasantry faction Edomites----Zealots
115	117	Kitos WarPart of Trajan's Parthian CampaignPart of Jewish–Roman wars	Roman Empire	Jews of Judaea, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Aegyptus, and Mesopotamia
132	136	Bar Kokhba revoltPart of Jewish–Roman wars	Roman Empire	Jews of Judaea under Simon Bar Kokhba
351	352	Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus	Byzantine Empire	Jews of Syria Palaestina
484	573	Samaritan revolts	Byzantine Empire Dux Palaestinae troops Arcadiani Ghassanid Arabs	Samaritan rebelsJewish rebels (556, 572 and 573/578 revolts)
602	628	Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628	Byzantine EmpireWestern Turkic KhaganateGhassanids	Sasanian EmpireAvars (and Slavic allies)Sasanian IberiaJewish and Samaritan rebels (c. 614)Lakhmids
614	614	Siege of Caesarea Maritima (614)Part of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628	Byzantine Empire	Sasanian Empire
614	617/625	Jewish revolt against HeracliusPart of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628	Byzantine Empire	Sasanian Empire Jewish allies
614	614	Sasanian conquest of JerusalemPart of the Jewish revolt against HeracliusPart of the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628	Byzantine Empire	Sasanian Empire Jewish allies
634	638	Muslim conquest of the LevantPart of the Arab–Byzantine wars	Rashidun Caliphate	Byzantine EmpireGhassanidsTanukhids

1000–1499

Started	Ended	Name of conflict	Belligerents
			Victorious party (if applicable)	Defeated party (if applicable)
1096	1099	First CrusadePart of the Crusades	CrusadersKingdom of France County of Auvergne Counts of Blois County of Boulogne County of Flanders Duchy of Normandy Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay Duchy of Brittany Vermandois County of Sicily Principality of Taranto County of Apulia and Calabria Eastern Christian Allies Byzantine Empire	Muslim forcesFatimid Caliphate Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum Danishmendids Seljuk Emirate of Aleppo Seljuk Emirate of Damascus Abbasid Caliphate
1099	1099	Siege of Jerusalem (1099)	Crusaders	Fatimid Caliphate
1101	1101	Battle of Ramla (1101)Part of the Crusades		Fatimid Caliphate
1102	1102	Battle of Ramla (1102)Part of the Crusades	Fatimids of Egypt
1104	1104	Siege of Acre (1104)	Republic of Genoa	Fatimid Caliphate
1122	1124	Venetian CrusadePart of the Crusades		Fatimid CaliphateSeljuqs
1145	1149	Second CrusadePart of the Crusades	Sultanate of Rûm Almoravid DynastyZengid Dynasty Abbasid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate	County of Barcelona Byzantine Empire
1177	1177	Battle of MontgisardPart of the Crusades		Ayyubid Dynasty
1179	1179	Battle of Marj AyyunPart of the Crusades	Ayyubid Dynasty
1179	1179	Battle of Jacob's FordPart of the Crusades	Ayyubid Dynasty
1182	1182	Battle of Belvoir CastlePart of the Crusades		Ayyubid Dynasty
1183	1183	Battle of Al-FulePart of the Crusades		Ayyubid Dynasty
1187	1187	Battle of CressonPart of the Crusades	Ayyubid Dynasty
1187	1187	Battle of HattinPart of the Crusades	Ayyubid Dynasty
1187	1187	1187 Siege of Jerusalem	Ayyubid Dynasty
1189	1192	Third CrusadePart of the Crusades		Ayyubid Dynasty Zengid Dynasty Byzantine Empire
1197	1198	Crusade of 1197Part of the Crusades		Ayyubid Dynasty
1202	1204	Fourth CrusadePart of the Crusades	Monferrat	Byzantine Empire
1228	1229	Sixth CrusadePart of the Crusades	Teutonic Knights	House of Ibelin Ayyubid Dynasty
1228	1243	War of the Lombards	Knights Templar Papacy	Holy Roman Empire Pro-Imperial faction in the Kingdom of Jerusalem Principality of Antioch and County of Tripoli Republic of Pisa Knights Hospitaller Teutonic Knights
1244	1244	Siege of Jerusalem (1244)	Ayyubid DynastyKhwarazmians
1248	1254	Seventh CrusadePart of the Crusades	Ayyubid Dynasty Bahris	Kingdom of France
1256	1270	War of Saint Sabas	Count of Jaffa Knights Templar	Republic of GenoaPhilip of Monfort John of Arsuf Knights Hospitaller
1271	1272	Ninth CrusadePart of the Crusades	Bahris	Anjou Kingdom of Cyprus Principality of Antioch Ilkhanate
1291	1291	Siege of Acre (1291)	Mamluk Sultanate Ayyubid remnant emirate of Hama	(in union with Cyprus) Knights Templar Knights Hospitaller Teutonic Order Order of St. Thomas Order of St. Lazarus

1500–1899

Started	Ended	Name of conflict	Belligerents
			Victorious party (if applicable)	Defeated party (if applicable)
1516	1517	Second Ottoman–Mamluk WarPart of the Ottoman–Mamluk wars	Ottoman Empire	Mamluk Sultanate Abbasids
1658	1667	Druze power struggle (1658–1667)	Ottoman Empire	Ma'ani Druze Rebels
1798	1801	French campaign in Egypt and SyriaPart of the War of the Second Coalition	Ottoman Empire Eyalet of Egypt Mamluks Nablus Tribesman Bedouin Tribesman (1798-1799) Albanian Bashi-bazouks Great Britain (1798–1800) United Kingdom (1801) Regency of AlgiersBedouin Tribesman (1801)	French Republic Armée d'Orient
1799	1799	1799 Siege of JaffaPart of the French campaign in Egypt and Syria Part of the War of the Second Coalition	French Republic	Ottoman Empire Albanian Bashi-bazouks
1799	1799	1799 Siege of AcrePart of the French campaign in Egypt and Syria Part of the War of the Second Coalition	Ottoman Empire Great Britain	French Republic
1799	1799	1799 Battle of Mount Tabor	French Republic	Ottoman Empire Mamluks Nablus Tribesman
1831	1833	First Egyptian–Ottoman War		(from 1833)
1834	1835	Syrian Peasant Revolt	Ottoman Egypt	Alawite clansUrban notables of: Nablus Jerusalem Hebron Safed
1838	1838	1838 Druze revolt	Egypt Eyalet Chehab's forces supported by: Anaza tribe Wuld Ali tribe Sulut tribe of Laja (since March 1838)	Druze clanssupported by: Sulut tribe of Laja (until March 1838) Maydan quarter of Damascus
1839	1841	Second Egyptian–Ottoman War	Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia	Egypt Spain
1860	1860	1860 Syrian Civil War	Rural Druze clans Abu Nakad clan Imad clan Abu Harmouch clan Talhuq clan Jumblatt clan Supported by al-Atrash clan Harfush clan Rural Sunni and Shia Muslim militiamen Sardiyah tribe	Maronites and allies Rural Maronite militiamen Zahalni militiamen Shihab dynasty

1900–1999

Started	Ended	Name of conflict	Belligerents
			Victorious party (if applicable)	Defeated party (if applicable)
1915	1918	Sinai and Palestine campaignPart of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Part of World War I	British Empire Kingdom of Hejaz France Kingdom of Italy	Germany Austria-Hungary
1916	1918	Arab RevoltPart of the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I Part of World War I	Hashemite Arabs United Kingdom
1918	1918	Battle of Megiddo (1918)	British Empire United Kingdom India Australia New Zealand South Africa Kingdom of Hejaz France
1920	1948	Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine Battle of Tel Hai 1920 Jerusalem riots 1921 Jaffa riots 1929 Palestine riots 1933 Palestine riots 1948 Kfar Etzion massacre	Jewish National Council (Yishuv) Haganah FOSH Peulot Meyuhadot Irgun (1931-48) Lehi (1940-48)	Arab Higher Committee Fasa'il (1936-1939) Army of the Holy War (1947-48) Arab Liberation Army (1947-48) Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine (1937-39)Jihadist groups: Black Hand (1929-35) ---- United Kingdom British Army Palestine Police ForceJewish Settlement PoliceJewish Supernumerary PoliceSpecial Night Squads
1936	1939	1936–1939 Arab revolt in PalestinePart of the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine	United Kingdom British ArmyPalestine Police ForceJewish Settlement PoliceJewish Supernumerary PoliceSpecial Night SquadsPeace Bands----Haganah FOSH Peulot Meyuhadot Irgun	Arab Higher Committee
1940	1941	Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War IIPart of the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Part of World War II		United Kingdom Jewish Yishuv
1944	1948	Jewish insurgency in Mandatory PalestinePart of the Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine	Jewish Resistance Movement Haganah Irgun Lehi	British Army Royal Navy Royal Air Force Palestine Police Force
1947	1948	1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine Part of the 1948 Palestine war	Jews of Palestine Haganah Irgun Lehi	Arabs of Palestine Army of the Holy War Arab Liberation Army
1948	1949	1948 Arab–Israeli War Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict	Israel	Jordan Syria HWA Arab Liberation Army Lebanon Saudi Arabia Foreign volunteers: Muslim Brotherhood Pakistan Sudan
1949	1956	Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency Part of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict	Israel	Palestinian FedayeenSupported by: Egypt Jordan
1951	1966	Reprisal operations (Israel)Part of the Arab–Israeli conflict	Israel	Palestinian Fedayeen Jordan Egypt
1967	1967	Six-Day WarPart of the Arab–Israeli conflict	Israel	Egypt JordanArab Expeditionary Forces: Iraq Saudi Arabia Morocco Algeria Kuwait Tunisia Sudan
1967	1970	War of AttritionPart of the Arab–Israeli conflict		Cuba PLO
1973	1973	Yom Kippur WarPart of the Arab–Israeli conflict		Combat support Iraq ^[1] ^[2] ^[3] ^[4]
1978	1978	1978 South Lebanon conflictPart of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict	Israel SLA
1982	1985	1982 Lebanon WarPart of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict	Israel SLA Lebanese Front	PLO Syria Hezbollah Jammoul Amal Al-Mourabitoun Islamic Amal ASALA Al-Tawhid PKK
1985	Ongoing	Iran–Israel proxy conflict	Iran	Israel
1985	2000	South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)Part of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict	Hezbollah Jammoul Amal	Israel SLA Lebanese Front
1987	1993	First IntifadaPart of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict	Israel	Unified National Leadership of the Uprising Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad

2000–2024

Started	Ended	Name of conflict	Belligerents
			Victorious party (if applicable)	Defeated party (if applicable)
2000	2005	Second IntifadaPart of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict	Israel	Fatah (al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades) PFLP DFLP Hamas Islamic Jihad Popular Resistance Committees Others Supported by: Iraq (until 2003)
2000	2006	2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflictPart of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict	Israel	Hezbollah Supported by: ^[5]
2006	Ongoing	Fatah–Hamas conflict	Hamas	FatahSupported by: United States (allegedly) United Kingdom (covert)
2006	2006	2006 Lebanon WarPart of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict	Israel Supported by: United States	Hezbollah Amal LCP PFLP-GC Supported by: Lebanon
2007	2007	Hamas' takeover of GazaPart of the Fatah–Hamas conflict	Hamas	Fatah
2008	2009	Gaza WarPart of the Gaza–Israel conflict	Israel	Hamas PFLP Palestinian Islamic Jihad Fatah Popular Resistance Councils
2014	2014	2014 Gaza WarPart of the Gaza–Israel conflict		Hamas Islamic Jihad DFLP PFLP PRC al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades Abdullah Azzam Brigades
2018	2018	November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashesPart of the Gaza-Israel conflict	Israel	Hamas Islamic Jihad PFLP al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades PRC
2019	2019	May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashesPart of the Gaza–Israel conflict		Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad National Resistance Brigades Tawhid al-Jihad Supported by:
2019	2019	November 2019 Gaza-Israel clashesPart of the Gaza–Israel conflict	Israel	Palestinian Islamic Jihad
2021	2021	2021 Israel–Palestine crisis	Israel	HamasPalestinian Islamic Jihad
2022	2022	2022 Gaza–Israel clashesPart of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict	Israel	Palestinian Islamic Jihad
2023	2023	May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashesPart of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict	Israel	Palestinian Islamic JihadPopular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
2023	2023	October 7 attack Alumim massacre Be'eri massacre Kfar Aza massacre Netiv HaAsara massacre Nir Oz massacre Nova music festival massacre Psyduck music festival massacre Zikkim attack Israel-Hamas war hostage crisis Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October attack on Israel Part of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict	Germany Austria-Hungary Hamas Palestinian Islamic Jihad Popular Resistance Committees Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine Al-Aqsa Martyrs' BrigadesPalestinian Freedom MovementPalestinian Mujahideen Movement	Israel
2023	Ongoing	2023 Israel–Hamas warPart of the Gaza–Israel conflict	Israel	Gaza Al-Qassam Brigades Al-Quds Brigades^[6] Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades^[7] National Resistance Brigades^[8] West Bank al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades^[9] Lions' Den^[10] Lebanon ^[11] Yemen Houthis^[12] ^[13] Iraq Islamic Front for the Iraqi Resistance^[14] Supported by: Iran North Korea
2023	Ongoing	2023 Israel–Lebanon border clashesPart of the Israeli–Lebanese conflict Part of the spillover of the 2023 Israel–Hamas war	Israel	Hamas PIJ PFLP Lebanese Resistance Brigades
2023	Ongoing	Red Sea crisisPart of the Iran–Israel proxy conflictPart of the Iran–United States proxy conflictPart of the Yemeni crisisPart of the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war	Houthi movement----Axis of Resistance Iran Hezbollah Islamic Resistance in Iraq	Israel
2024	2024	2024 Iran–Israel conflictPart of the Iran–Israel proxy conflict Part of the spillover of the Israel–Hamas war	Iran	IsraelSupported by: United States United Kingdom France Jordan

Notes and References

1. Shazly, p. 278.
2. Book: Perez . Louis A. . Cuba Between Reform And Revolution . 2014 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-930144-7 . Paperback . 300 . Cuba also dispatched combat troops to Syria in 1973 during the Yom Kipur War.
3. Gott, Cuba, A New History, p. 280.
4. Book: Tobji, Mahjoub . Les officiers de Sa Majesté: Les dérives des généraux marocains 1956–2006 . Fayard . 2006 . 978-2-213-63015-1 . 107.
5. A. Kaufman. The Israel-Hezbollah Conflict and the Shebaa Farms. The Joan B. Croc Institute. 2006.
6. News: 9 October 2023 . Palestinian Al Quds Brigades claim responsibility for attack at Lebanon-Israel border . 18 October 2023 . Al Arabiya.
7. Web site: Hamide Rencüs: İsrail ilk defa Gazze sınırındaki kontrolü kaybetmiş durumda . Hamide Rencüs: Israel has lost control of the Gaza border for the first time . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000610/https://bianet.org/haber/hamide-rencus-israil-ilk-defa-gazze-sinirindaki-kontrolu-kaybetmis-durumda-285983 . 9 October 2023 . 18 October 2023 . . tr.
8. Web site: Delalande . Arnaud . 17 April 2017 . AeroHisto - Aviation History: The Libyan National Army Is Running Out of Air Power . 10 April 2019 . aerohisto.blogspot.com.
9. Web site: 17 October 2023 . Iran Update, October 17, 2023 . Institute for the Study of War.
10. News: 7 October 2023 . Qassam Brigades announces control of 'Erez Crossing' . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231007102147/https://en.royanews.tv/news/44975/2023-10-07 . 7 October 2023 . 7 October 2023 . Roya News.
11. News: Israel Army Fires Artillery at Lebanon as Hezbollah Claims Attack . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008055038/https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4591836-israel-army-fires-artillery-lebanon-hezbollah-claims-attack . 8 October 2023 . 8 October 2023 . . en.
12. Web site: كتائب الشهيد عز الدين القسام .
13. Web site: US forces attacked by Iran proxies 27 times in two weeks: Pentagon . 31 October 2023 .
14. Web site: Drone attack on coalition base in Syria results in minor injury to service member from US partner force | CNN Politics . . November 2023 .