List of conflicts in the Americas explained
This is a list of conflicts in The Americas. This list includes all present-day countries starting northward first from Northern America (Canada, Greenland, and the United States of America), southward to Middle America (Aridoamerica, Oasisamerica, and Mesoamerica in Mexico; and Central America over Panama, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua), eastward to the Caribbean (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Grenada, Saint Martin, the Dominican Republic, and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago) and South America, in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela. Conflicts are also arranged chronologically starting from the Pre-Columbian era (the Lithic, Archaic, Formative, Classic, Post-Classic, and Colonial periods/stages of North America and Mesoamerica;) up to the post-colonial period (–). This list includes any raid, strike, skirmish, siege, sacking, and/or battle (land, naval, and air) that occurred on the territories of what may today be referred to as falling within any of the aforementioned modern nations; however, in which the conflict itself may have only been part of an operation of a campaign in a theater of a greater war (e.g. any and/or all border, undeclared, colonial, proxy, liberation, global, Indian wars, etc.). There may also be periods of violent, civil unrest listed; such as, shootouts, spree killings, massacres, terrorist attacks, coups, assassinations, regicides, riots, rebellions, revolutions, and civil wars (as well as wars of succession and/or independence). The list might also contain episodes of human sacrifice, mass suicide, and ethnic cleansing/genocide.
As a British Colony Bermuda served as a staging point for Great Britain during the American Revolution and War of 1812. During the Battle of the Atlantic the island served as an allied airbase for Anti-submarine warfare submarine hunters. NATO also used Bermuda as a base during the Cold War.
See main article: Terrorism in Canada and Military history of Canada.
11th century
16th century
17th century
18th century
- 1745 Siege of Port Toulouse
19th century
- 1812 Naval action off Kingston
- 1813 Capture of the Growler and the Julia
- 1813 The "Burlington Races"
- 1814 Action at Nottawasaga
- 1814 Capture of the Tigress and the Scorpion
- 1866 Battle of Pigeon Hill
20th century
21st century
This includes all conflicts that have taken place within the modern territory of the United States.See also
Puerto Rico is geographically located within the Caribbean; however, because Puerto Rico territory of the United States the island's conflicts are listed here.
Precolonial
This includes all known conflicts that occurred within the territory of the United States of America prior to European exploration.
This list covers all wars regarding Native Americans and First Nations within the 49 continental states of the United States (does not include territories) and the 10 provinces and 3 territories of Canada. This includes conflicts fought between American Indian and First Nation tribes and wars against encroachment from European Colonial Powers or the United States and Canada. Generally American Indian Wars classifies all conflicts for Native Americans and First Nations between 1540 and 1924 however this list also includes 20th century incidents on Indian Reservations.
- 1540-1542 Herando de Soto's Expedition
- 1610–1614 First Anglo-Powhatan War
- 1644–1646 Third Anglo-Powhatan War
- June 26, 1975 Pine Ridge Shootout
17th century
This covers all conflicts in the 1600s that occurred between rival European Colonial Powers, or between Colonists and their Colonial Administration. This section does not include conflicts regarding Native Americans.
18th century
This covers all conflicts in the 1700s that occurred between rival European Colonial Powers, or between the early United States against European Colonial Powers. Many of the wars in this period were extensions of wars from continental Europe. This section does not include conflicts regarding Native Americans.
Was fought within both Canada and the United States
1775–1783 American Revolutionary War
- September 19, 1777 Battle of Freeman's Farm
- October 7, 1777 Battle of Bemis Heights
19th century
This covers all conflicts in the 1800s that occurred between the governments of North America that took place within the modern territory of the United States of America and conflicts between North American and European states. This does not include conflicts regarding Native Americans.
- December 13, 1814 Action of 13 December 1814 (Louisiana Campaign)
- 1861–1865 American Civil War
- February 11–16, 1862 Battle of Fort Donelson
- April 6–7, 1862 Battle of Shiloh
- August 28–30, 1862 Second Battle of Bull Run
- September 17, 1862 Battle of Antietam
- December 31, 1862 – January 2, 1863 Battle of Stones River
- April 30 – May 6, 1863 Battle of Chancellorsville
- July 1–3, 1863 Battle of Gettysburg
- July 13–16, 1863 New York City draft riots
- September 19–20, 1863 Battle of Chickamauga
- May 5–7, 1864 Battle of the Wilderness
- May 8–21, 1864 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House
- April 7, 1864 Battle of Appomattox Court House
- November 15, 1864 - December 21, 1865 Sherman's March to the Sea
- June 9, 1864 - March 25, 1865 Siege of Petersburg
- 1865–1866 Fenian Raids
- 1878 Lincoln County War
- 1881 Gunfight at the O.K. Corral
- 1887-1894 Hatfield-McCoy Feud
- 1892 Homestead Strike
20th Century
This covers all conflicts and terrorist attacks in the 1900s that occurred within the modern territory of the United States of America. This also includes attacks upon the United States from Eurasian powers.
- October 16, 1940 – May 21, 1941 Machita Incident
- December 7, 1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor (Not in North America)
- February 23, 1942 Bombardment of Ellwood
- February 24–25, 1942 Battle of Los Angeles
- June 3, 1942 – August 15, 1943 Battle of the Aleutian Islands
- June 21, 1942 Bombardment of Fort Stevens
- July 27, 1942 Lordsburg Killings
- September 9–29, 1942 Lookout Air Raids
- May 30, 1943 Zoot Suit Riots
- August 14, 1944 Fort Lawton Riot
- March 12, 1945 Santa Fe Riot
- April 16, – September 17, 1945 Project Hula
- July 8, 1945 Midnight Massacre
- May 2–4, 1946 Battle of Alcatraz
- August 1–3 Battle of Athens (1946)
- August 11–17, 1965 Watts Rebellion
- July 23–27, 1967 1967 Detroit riot
- May 4, 1970 Kent State shootings
- September 9, 1971 Attica Prison riot
- May 13, 1985 MOVE bombing in Philadelphia
- April 29, 1992 Los Angeles riots
- August 21–31, 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff
- February 28 – April 19, 1993 Waco siege
- April 11–21, 1993 Lucasville Prison Riot
- April 19, 1995 Oklahoma City bombing
- February 28, 1997 North Hollywood shootout
- March 19 – 20, 1997 Heaven's Gate mass suicide
21st century
This includes domestic conflicts and terrorist attacks that took place within the United States. Note that actions of terrorism and domestic conflict are distinguished from one another.
- April 2, 2014 2014 Fort Hood shootings
- April 5, 2014 – May 2014 Bundy standoff
- August 10, 2014 – August 11, 2015
- January, 1 – February 16, 2016 Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge
- May 25, 2020 – September 26, 2023 United States racial unrest (2020–2023)
- January 6, 2021 January 6 United States Capitol attack
- July 3, 2021 Wakefield standoff
Pre-Columbian
- 537 – 838 Tikal–Calakmul wars
- circa 1250–1325 Conflict between the city-states of Tizaapan and Culhuacán ending with the Mexica driven away from Tizaapan to form Tenochtitlan in Lake Texcoco in 1325
- circa 1325–1426 Conflict between the alliance of Tenochtitlan and Azcapotzalco against the city-state of Texcoco, ending in victory for the Tepanec empire
- 1376–1395 Acamapichtli, the first tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, sent expeditions to fight for Azcapotzalco against various city states, notably Chalco, Cuahnahuac, Xochimilco
- 1396–1417 Huitzilihuitl, the second tlatoani of Tenochtitlan, assisted in the conquest and sacking of the cities of Tultitlan, Cuauhtitlan, Chalco, Tollantzingo, Xaltocan, Otompa and Acolman
- 1418 Tezozomoc's war with Ixtlilxochitl I of Texcoco
- 1426 Tepanec Civil War
- 1480 – 1510 Saltpeter War
- 1428–1521 Formation and expansion of the Aztec Triple Alliance.
16th century
17th century
18th century
19th century
20th century
21st century
- 2004 – 2010 Sinaloa Cartel–Gulf Cartel conflict
- December 11, 2006 – present Mexican Drug War
- December 11, 2006 – present Operation Michoacán
- January 2, 2007 – present Operation Baja California
- 2008 – present Operation Sinaloa
- 2007 – December 2013 Joint Operation Nuevo León-Tamaulipas
- March 27, 2008 – present Operation Chihuahua
- February 2009 – present Operation Quintana Roo
- 2010 – 2011 Piracy on Falcon Lake
- July 1, 2010 2010 Saric shootout
- July 16 – August 4, 2011 Operación Lince Norte
- August 28 – October 31, 2011 Operación Escorpión
- September 2, 2011 – present Infighting in the Gulf Cartel
- June 1, 2012 Infighting in Los Zetas
- March 19, 2015 2015 Ocotlán ambush
- April 6, 2015 2015 San Sebastián del Oeste ambush
- May 1, 2015 1 May 2015 Jalisco attacks
- May 22, 2015 2015 Tanhuato–Ecuandureo shootout
- January 8, 2016 Operation Black Swan
- January 29, 2016 Operation Diablo Express
- February 10 – 11, 2016 Topo Chico prison riot
- August 30, 2019 2019 Western Michoacán clashes
- October 17, 2019 Battle of Culiacán
- November 30, 2019 2019 Villa Unión shootout
- April 3, 2020 Madera ambush
- April 6 – 28, 2021 Capture of Aguililla
- October 14 – 15, 2021 Battle of Doctor Coss
- December 1, 2021 Tula prison break
- August 24, 2022 Tuzantla shooutout
- January 5 – 13, 2023 2023 Sinaloa unrest
- September 9, 2024 – present Infighting in the Sinaloa Cartel
Nicaragua
- 1844–1845 Malespín's War
- 1855–1857 Filibuster War
- 1894–1895 Nicaragua Crisis of 1894–1895
- 1898–1934 Banana Wars
- September 19, 1912 Battle of Masaya
- October 3–4, 1912 Battle of Coyotepe Hill
- May 16, 1927 Battle of La Paz Centro
- July 16, 1927 Battle of Ocotal
- July 25, 1927 Battle of San Fernando
- July 27, 1927 Battle of Santa Clara
- September 19, 1927 Battle of Telpaneca
- October 9, 1927 Battle of Sapotillal
- January 1, 1928 Battle of Las Cruces
- February 27–28, 1928 Battle of El Bramadero
- May 13–14, 1928 Battle of La Flor
- December 31, 1930 Battle of Achuapa
- September 16, 1932 Battle of Agua Carta
- December 26, 1932 Battle of El Sauce
- 1926–1927 Nicaraguan civil war
- 1936 1936 Nicaraguan coup d'état
- 1947 1947 Nicaraguan coup d'état
- 1961 – 1990 Nicaraguan Revolution
El Salvador
Honduras
All conflicts which occurred on the islands in the Caribbean Sea are listed here. US Territories such as Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands are exceptions to this rule as they included in the United States' Section.
- 1524–1530 Guamá led a rebellion against Spanish rule in Cuba
- 1568–1648 Eighty Years' War
- October 10, 1868 – 1878 Ten Years' War
- April 25 – August 12, 1898 Spanish–American War
- April 25, 1898 Action of 25 April 1898
- May 8, 1898 First Battle of Cárdenas
- May 11, 1898 Battle of Cárdenas
- May 11, 1898 Battle of Cienfuegos
- June 6–10, 1898 Battle of Guantánamo Bay
- June 13, 1898 Action of 13 June 1898
- June 24, 1898 Battle of Las Guasimas
- June 30, 1898 First Battle of Manzanillo
- June 30, 1898 Battle of Tayacoba
- July 1, 1898 Battle of the Aguadores
- July 1, 1898 Battle of El Caney
- July 1, 1898 Battle of San Juan Hill
- July 1, 1898 Second Battle of Manzanillo
- July 3, 1898 Battle of Santiago de Cuba
- July 3–17, 1898 Siege of Santiago
- July 18, 1898 Third Battle of Manzanillo
- July 21, 1898 Battle of Nipe Bay
- July 23, 1898 Battle of Rio Manimani
- 1898–1934 Banana Wars
- 1906–1909 United States occupation of Cuba
- 1912 Negro Rebellion
- 1917–1922 Sugar Intervention
- 1952 1952 Cuban coup d'état
- 1953 – 1959 Cuban Revolution
- July 26, 1953 Attack on Moncada Barracks
- November 26 – December 2, 1956 Landing of the Granma
- November 30, 1956 Santiago de Cuba Uprising
- December 5, 1956 Battle of Alegría de Pío
- January 17, 1957 Battle of La Plata (1957)
- March 13, 1957 Havana Presidential Palace attack (1957)
- April 20, 1957 Humboldt 7 massacre
- May 19 – 28, 1957 Corynthia expedition
- May 28, 1957 Attack on El Uvero
- April 9 – 10, 1958 April 9 Cuban strike
- June 28 – August 8, 1958 Operation Verano
- November 20, 1958 Battle of Guisa
- December 19 – 30, 1958 Battle of Yaguajay
- December 28, 1958 – January 1, 1959 Battle of Santa Clara
- January 1, 1959 Triumph of the Revolution
- 1959 – 1965 Escambray Rebellion
- 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion
- 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
Saint Martin
Haiti
- 1807 – 1820 Haitian Civil War of 1807–1820[5]
- Markomannia incident
- 1908
- 1911 – 1915 Cacos revolts (pre–U.S. occupation phase)[8]
Jamaica
- c. 1472–1493 Topa Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, extended the realm northward along the Andes through modern Ecuador, and developed a special fondness for the city of Quito, which he rebuilt with architects from Cuzco. During this time his father Pachacuti reorganized the Kingdom of Cuzco into the Tahuantinsuyu, the "four provinces". He led extensive military conquests to extend the Inca Empire across much of South America, within the boundaries of the nations which are today called Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. He became Inca in his turn upon his father's death in 1471, ruling until his own death in 1493. He conquered Chimor, which occupied the northern coast of what is now Peru, the largest remaining rival to the Incas.
- c. 1493–1527 Huayna Capac, the eleventh Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, extended the Inca Empire significantly to the south into present-day Chile and Argentina and tried to annex territories towards the north, in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia, founding cities like Atuntaqui. Further north, Huayna Capac's forces reached the Chinchipe River Basin but were pushed back by the Shuar in 1527. The Inca Empire reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of present-day Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and southwestern Colombia. The lands conquered in the south within Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile would form the province Qullasuyu of the Inca Empire.
- 1754 — 1757 Spanish-Portuguese invasion of the Jesuit-sponsored "Guarani Nation"
- 1810 — 1818 Argentine War of Independence
- 1814 — 1880 Argentine Civil Wars
- 1837 — 1839 War between Argentina and Peru–Bolivian Confederation
- 1904 — 1984 Beagle conflict
- 1955 Bombing of Plaza de Mayo
- 1955 Revolución Libertadora
- 1963 1963 Argentine Navy revolt
- 1965 Laguna del Desierto incident
- 1966 Argentine Revolution
- 1982 Falklands War
- 1990 – present Mapuche conflict
- c. 500 — c. 1100 Wari Empire
- c. 1472–1493 Topa Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, extended the realm northward along the Andes through modern Ecuador, and developed a special fondness for the city of Quito, which he rebuilt with architects from Cuzco. During this time his father Pachacuti reorganized the Kingdom of Cuzco into the Tahuantinsuyu, the "four provinces". He led extensive military conquests to extend the Inca Empire across much of South America, within the boundaries of the nations which are today called Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. He became Inca in his turn upon his father's death in 1471, ruling until his own death in 1493. He conquered Chimor, which occupied the northern coast of what is now Peru, the largest remaining rival to the Incas. The lands conquered in the south within Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile would form the province Qullasuyu of the Inca Empire.
- 1780 — 1782 Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II by indigenous people, mestizos, blacks, and criollos against the Spanish Empire
- 1836 — 1839 War of the Confederation between the Peru-Bolivian Confederation and Chile
- 1879 — 1884 Bolivia and Peru fight Chile in the War of the Pacific
- 1932 — 1935 Chaco War between Bolivia and Paraguay
- 1946 1946 La Paz riots
- 1952 Bolivian National Revolution
- 1964 1964 Bolivian coup d'état
- 1966 — 1967 Ñancahuazú Guerrilla
- 1969 1969 Bolivian coup d'état
- 1970 Teoponte Guerrilla
- 1978 July 1978 Bolivian coup d'état
- 1979 1979 Bolivian coup d'état
- 1980 1980 Bolivian coup d'état
- 1984 1984 Bolivian coup attempt
- 2008 2008 Bolivian political crisis
- 2024 2024 Bolivian coup attempt
- c. 500 — c. 1100 Wari Empire
- c. 1472–1493 Topa Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, extended the realm northward along the Andes through modern Ecuador, and developed a special fondness for the city of Quito, which he rebuilt with architects from Cuzco. During this time his father Pachacuti reorganized the Kingdom of Cuzco into the Tahuantinsuyu, the "four provinces". He led extensive military conquests to extend the Inca Empire across much of South America, within the boundaries of the nations which are today called Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. He became Inca in his turn upon his father's death in 1471, ruling until his own death in 1493. He conquered Chimor, which occupied the northern coast of what is now Peru, the largest remaining rival to the Incas.
- c. 1493–1527 Huayna Capac, the eleventh Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, extended the Inca Empire significantly to the south into present-day Chile and Argentina and tried to annex territories towards the north, in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia, founding cities like Atuntaqui. Further north, Huayna Capac's forces reached the Chinchipe River Basin but were pushed back by the Shuar in 1527. The Inca Empire reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of present-day Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and southwestern Colombia. The lands conquered in the south within Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile would form the province Qullasuyu of the Inca Empire.
- 1535 — 1537 Expedition to Chile of the Spanish conqueror Diego de Almagro.
- 1655 Mapuche Insurrection
- 1723 The Mapuche Uprising
- 1759, 1766, and 1769 The Mapuche Rebellions
- c. 1493–1527 Huayna Capac, the eleventh Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, extended the Inca Empire significantly to the south into present-day Chile and Argentina and tried to annex territories towards the north, in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia, founding cities like Atuntaqui. Further north, Huayna Capac's forces reached the Chinchipe River Basin but were pushed back by the Shuar in 1527. The Inca Empire reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of present-day Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and southwestern Colombia. The lands conquered in the north within Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia would form the province Chinchay Suyu of the Inca Empire.
- 1470 – 1490 Muisca warfare
- 1499 – 1602 Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations
- 1537 – 1539 Spanish conquest of the Muisca
- 1828 – 1829 Gran Colombia–Peru War
- 1860 – 1862 Colombian Civil War
- 1899 – 1902 Colombian Thousand Days' War
- 1932 – 1933 Colombia–Peru War
- 1948 – 1958 La Violencia
- 1964 – present Colombian conflict
- c. 1471–1493 Topa Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, extended the realm northward along the Andes through modern Ecuador, and developed a special fondness for the city of Quito, and conquered Chimor
- c. 1493–1527 Huayna Capac, the eleventh Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, extended the Inca Empire significantly to the south into present-day Chile and Argentina and tried to annex territories towards the north, in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia, founding cities like Atuntaqui. Further north, Huayna Capac's forces reached the Chinchipe River Basin but were pushed back by the Shuar in 1527. The Inca Empire reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of present-day Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and southwestern Colombia. The lands conquered in the north within Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia would form the province Chinchay Suyu of the Inca Empire.
- 1809 — 1812 Quito Revolution (1809–1812)
- 1820 — 1822 Ecuadorian War of Independence
- 1925 July Revolution (Ecuador)
- 1941 Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
- 1963 1963 Ecuadorian coup d'état
- 1972 1972 Ecuadorian coup d'état
- 1975 1975 Ecuadorian coup attempt
- 1981 Paquisha War
- 1995 Cenepa War
- 2000 2000 Ecuadorian coup d'état
- 2018 – present War on drugs in Ecuador
- 2024 2024 raid on the Mexican embassy in Ecuador
- c. 1230 Sinchi Roca, the second Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cuzco, waged war against a nearby kingdom after the killing of the Inca diplomat Teuotihi
- c. 1290 Mayta Cápac, the fourth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cuzco, put the regions of Arequipa and Moquegua under the control of the Inca empire
- c. 1320 Cápac Yupanqui, the fifth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cuzco, was the first Inca to conquer territory outside the valley of Cuzco
- c. 1350 — c. 1380 Inca Roca, the sixth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cuzco, is said to have conquered the Chancas
- c. 1380 Yáhuar Huácac, the seventh Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cuzco, abandoned the capital in an attack by the Chancas
- c. 1410 — c. 1438 Viracocha Inca, the eighth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cuzco, defended the capital against the attack by the Chancas
- c. 1438 — c. 1472 Pachacuti, the ninth Sapa Inca of the Kingdom of Cuzco, defeated the Chancas and the Chimú
- c. 1472 — c. 1493 Topa Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, extended the realm northward along the Andes through modern Ecuador, and developed a special fondness for the city of Quito, which he rebuilt with architects from Cuzco. During this time his father Pachacuti reorganized the Kingdom of Cuzco into the Tahuantinsuyu, the "four provinces". He led extensive military conquests to extend the Inca Empire across much of South America, within the boundaries of the nations which are today called Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina. He became Inca in his turn upon his father's death in 1471, ruling until his own death in 1493. He conquered Chimor, which occupied the northern coast of what is now Peru, the largest remaining rival to the Incas.
- c. 1493 — c. 1527 Huayna Capac, the eleventh Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire, extended the Inca Empire significantly to the south into present-day Chile and Argentina and tried to annex territories towards the north, in what is now Ecuador and southern Colombia, founding cities like Atuntaqui. Further north, Huayna Capac's forces reached the Chinchipe River Basin but were pushed back by the Shuar in 1527. The Inca Empire reached the height of its size and power under his rule, stretching over much of present-day Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador and southwestern Colombia.
Uruguay
See also
Notes and References
- Working people By Desmond Morton, page 72
- https://cdnapisec.kaltura.com/index.php/extwidget/preview/partner_id/1454421/uiconf_id/23062492/entry_id/0_2xak8sfj/embed/dynamic Knowledge "Vancouver Island War"
- Web site: Trucker Protest: Day 24 — 'Businesses should feel safe to reopen', police say; 191 arrested .
- Book: Omar Sanchez-Sibony . State–Society Relations in Guatemala: Theory and Practice . Rowman & Littlefield . 2023 . 9781666910100 . 104 . 2024-10-15.
- Book: Édouard , Roberson . Violences et ordre social en Haïti . Presses de l'Université du Québec . 2013 . 9782760538924 . fr . 2024-10-12.
- Web site: Charles Dupuy . Quand le Bulldog bombardait la ville du Cap . 2024-10-12 . villeducaphaitien.com . fr.
- Book: Péan, Leslie Jean-Robert . Haïti, économie politique de la corruption - Le saccage (1915-1956) . Maisonneuve et Larose . 2003 . 9782706819377 . 24 . fr . 2024-10-12.
- Book: Robert Debs Heinl . Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People, 1492-1995 . Nancy Gordon Heinl . University Press of America . 1996 . A Public Nuisance: 1911 - 1915.
