List of compositions by Percy Grainger explained

The published musical compositions of Percy Grainger (1882–1961) fall into two main categories: (a) original works and (b) folksong settings. There are also numerous unpublished works, sketches and juvenilia. Grainger's compositional career lasted for more than half a century, from the end of the 19th century until the middle 1950s. Works tended to be written concurrently, and were often developed over very long periods of time—in some cases extending to several decades—before eventual publication. Many of the compositions exist in a number of different versions, some of which refer to "elastic scoring", a means which permits performances by undefined musical forces ranging from small instrumental groups to full orchestra.

Publication dates refer to the first publications of individual works, although Grainger often continued to revise and prepare new versions of works long after their initial publication. The lists below do not represent a full record of Grainger's compositional work. Grainger's biographer John Bird has referred to the near-impossibility of cataloguing all of the composer's work, bearing in mind that "[h]is original compositions are scattered to the four corners of the earth".[1] In the mid-1970s the Grainger Museum in Melbourne began the work of rationalising and cataloguing its large collection of Grainger manuscripts, and published its initial results in 1978. Grainger also made many arrangements of other composers' works, which are not listed here.[2]

Collections

Grainger assembled many of his works under generic collection headings:[3]

Original works

TitleCollection ref.Musical forcesDate(s) composedYear of publicationCommentRefs.
"Anchor Song"KS 6Solo baritone, male choir or 4 voices, piano or orchestra1899–211922Verses by Rudyard Kipling[4]
"Arrival Platform Humlet"RMTB 7Viola, solo or ensemble1908–121916Other versions within the suite In a Nutshell
"At Twilight"Unaccompanied tenor and mixed chorus1900–091913Words by Grainger
"Australian Up-country Song"Unaccompanied mixed chorus1905–281930
"The Beaches of Lukannon"KS 20 and KJBC 5Mixed chorus, strings ensemble, harmonium ad lib1898–411958Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"Blithe Bells"2 flutes (2nd also piccolo), oboe, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons (bassoon 1 ad lib.), horn (or alto saxophone), 2 trumpets (or soprano saxophones, trp.2 ad lib), trombone ad lib, harmonium ad lib., glockenspiel, vibraphone ad lib., marimba ad lib., celesta ad lib., piano 4-hands, harp ad lib., strings19311932
"The Bride's Tragedy"Chorus and orchestra or piano1908–131914Verses by Algernon Swinburne
""RMTB 4(a) Solo piano (excerpt)
(b) Military band, pianos
(c) Two pianos, four hands
1916–181918
1919
1920
[5] [6]
Colonial SongS 1(a) Solo piano
(b) Piano trio
(c) Soprano, tenor, violin, cello, piano
(d) Soprano, tenor, harp and orchestra
(e) Military band
1905–211913
1913
1913
1918
1921
[7]
"Danny Deever"Male chorus and orchestra, or baritone, male chorus, orchestra or piano1903–221924
"Dedication"KS 1Tenor, piano19011912Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"Eastern Intermezzo"RMTB 5(a) Solo piano
(b) Two pianos, four hands
1899–19451922
1922
Other version within Youthful Suite
"English Dance"(a) Two pianos, six hands
(b) Chamber group (nine instruments)
(c) Orchestra and organ
1899–211924
1924
1929
"English Waltz"Two pianos, four hands1899–471947Other version within Youthful Suite
"The Fall of the Stone"KS 16 and KJBC 1Chorus, with brass, woodwind, strings, harmonium, piano ad lib1901–231924Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"Handel in the Strand" (clog dance)RMTB 2(a) Piano trio and viola ad lib
(b) Solo piano
(c) String orchestra
(d) Two pianos, four hands
1911–471912
1930
1932
1947
[8]
"Harvest Hymn"(a) Chamber or full orchestra, voices ad lib
(b) Violin and piano
(c) Unaccompanied chorus
(d) Solo piano
(e) Piano, four hands with voices ad lib
(f) Strings with piano, harmonium or organ
(g) Violin, cello, with organ or piano
1905–381940
1940
1940
1940
1940
1942
unknown
[9]
Hassan: General DanceOrchestra19231923Contribution to the revised version of Delius's incidental music to Hassan[10]
"Hill Song No. 1"(a) Two pianos, four hands
(b) Two piccolos, six oboes, six English horns, six bassoons, contrabassoon
(c) flute, piccolo, six double reeds, trumpet, euphonium, saxophones, harmonium, piano, percussion, six strings
1901–2319221922, 1924


[11]
"Hill Song No. 2"(a) Two pianos, four hands
(b) Wind instruments and cymbals
(c) Large wind ensemble
1907–461922
1950
1950
"Hunting-song of the Seonee Pack"KS 8 and KJBC 8(a) Male voice choir
(b) Male voice choir with optional wind and plucked strings
1899–19221922 
1958
Verses by Rudyard Kipling[12]
"The Immovable Do"(a) Organ
(b) Solo piano
(c) Clarinet or woodwind choir
(d) Chorus with various orch. or instrumental combinations
(e) String or full orchestra
1933–421941
1941
1941
1941
1942
In a Nutshell (suite): "Arrival Platform Humlet"; "Gay but Wistful"; "Pastoral"; "The Gumsuckers March"(a) Solo piano
(b) Two pianos, four hands
(c) Orchestra, tuneful percussion, piano
1908–161916
1916
1916
[13]
"The Inuit"KS 5 and KJBC 4Unaccompanied chorus19021912Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"The Lads of Wamphray"(a) Male chorus with small orch. or piano
(b) Wind Band
1904–381925
1941
Words by Sir Walter Scott[14]
"The Love Song of Har Dyal"KS 11Soprano, piano19011923Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"Love Verses from The Song of Solomon"Soloists, chorus, instrumental or piano accompaniment1899–19311931
"Lullaby" from Tribute to FosterSolo piano19151917
"Marching Song of Democracy"(a) Chorus; orchestra, organ
(b) Brass band
1901–481917
uncertain
"The Men of the Sea"KS 10Unspecified voice, piano18991923Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"The Merry Wedding (Bridal Dance)"Nine solo voices, chorus and orchestra or piano1912–151916Traditional Faeroese verses
"Mock Morris"RMTB 1(a) Three violins, two cellos, viola
(b) String orchestra
(c) Solo pano (concert version)
(d) Solo piano (popular version)
(e) Violin and piano
(f) Orchestra
1910–141911
1911
1912
1912
1914
1937
"Morning Song in the Jungle"KS 3 and KJBC 2Unaccompanied chorus19051912Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"Mowgli's Song Against People"KS 15 and KJBC 11Chorus with oboe, harmonium, piano, violin, two violas, three cellos, double bass (instrumentation revised 1941–56)1903–561924, 1958Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"Night Song in the Jungle"KS 17 and KJBC 3Unaccompanied male chorus1899–19241925Verses by Rudyard Kipling[15]
"The Only Son"KS 21 and KJBC 10Soprano and tenor, with harmonium, piano, two violins, viola, two cellos, double bass (wind, timpani and harp ad lib)1945–471958Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"The Peora Hunt"KS 14 and KJBC 7Chorus with various optional accompaniments; harmonium, strings, woodwind, piano or harmonium1901–061924
"The Power of Rome and the Christian Heart"(a) Brass band, organ, with percussion and strings optional
(b) Orchestra, organ, with percussion and strings optional
1918–431953
1953
[16]
"Recessional"KS 18Chorus with optional accompaniment1905–291930Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"Red Dog"KS 19 and KJBC 6Unaccompanied male chorus19411958Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"A Reiver's Neck-verse"Tenor, piano19081911Verses by Algernon Swinburne
"The Running of Shindand"KS 9Unaccompanied male chorus1901–041922Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"The Sea Wife"KS 22Chorus with brass ensemble or strings with piano1898–19471948Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"Soldier, Soldier"KS 13Six solo voices and chorus1899–19081925Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"A Song of Autumn"Unspecified voice, piano18991923Verses by A.L. Gordon
"The Two Ravens" ("The Twa Corbies")Baritone solo, with piano, two violins, two violas, two cellos, double bass1903–091924Traditional Scots ballad
"Tiger, Tiger"KS 4 and KJBC 9Male chorus, optional tenor solo19051912Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"To a Nordic Princess"(a) Solo piano
(b) Orchestral
1927–281929
"Tribute to Foster"Soloists and chorus; musical glasses, pianos or orchestra, tuneful percussion1913–311932Verses by Grainger and Stephen Foster
"Walking Tune"RMTB 3(a) Solo piano
(b) Wind quintet
1900–051912
"The Warriors"(a) Two pianos, six hands
(b) Orchestra, three pianos (tuneful percussion ad lib)
1913–161926
1926
"We Have Fed Our Seas"KS 2Chorus with brass ensemble, ad lib strings1900–111911Verses by Rudyard Kipling
"The Widow's Party"KS 7(a) Male chorus with orchestra or pianos
(b) Male chorus with brass band or pianos
1906–261923
1929
Verses by Rudyard Kipling[17]
"Youthful Rapture"(a) Cello and piano
(b) Cello, violin, piano, harmonium and other instruments ad lib
1901–291930
1930
[18]
Youthful Suite: "Northern March"; "Rustic Dance"; "Norse Dirge"; "Eastern Intermezzo"; "English Waltz"Orchestra, with percussion, celesta, harmonium and piano ad lib1899–19451950
"Zanzibar Boat Song"RMTB 6Piano, six hands19021923

Folksong adaptations and arrangements

TitleCollection ref.Musical forcesDate(s) composedYear of publicationCommentRef.
"As Sally Sat A-weeping"Two pianos, four hands1905–121924One of "Two Musical Relics of my Mother" (see also "Hermundur Illi")
"Bold William Taylor"BFMS 47Unspecified voice; piano or instrumental accompaniment19081952[19]
"Brigg Fair"BFMS 7Tenor and chorus1906–111911
"British Waterside"BFMS 26High or low voice and piano19201921
"The Camp"Male chorus with small mixed chorus and brass band19041904One of "Two Welsh Fighting Songs" (see also "The March of the Men of Harlech")[20]
"Country Gardens"BFMS 22(a) Solo piano
(b) Two pianos, four hands
(c) One piano, four hands
(d) Two pianos, eight hands
(e) Solo piano (easy version)
(f) Solo piano (especially easy version)
1908–361919
1932
1937
1937
1943
1943
Danish Folksongs Suite:"The Power of Love"; "Lord Peter's Stable-boy"; "The Nightingale and the Two Sisters"; "Jutish Medley"DFMS 2, 1, 10 and 9(a) Elastic scoring, from 2–4 instruments to orchestra
(b) Orchestra, organ and piano
1926–411930–31, 1950Other versions of individual numbers[21]
"David of the White Rock"Unspecified voice, piano19541963
"Der Rosenkavalier"UnknownSolo piano1927?Played during an audition at 2022 Van Cliburn International Piano Competition[22]
"Died for Love"BFMS 10(a) Solo piano
(b) Female voice, with piano or small instrumental groups
1906–071912[23]
"Dollar and a Half a Day"SCS 2Unaccompanied male soloists and choir1908–091922–23
"The Duke of Marlborough Fanfare"BFMS 36Brass band or brass choir, cymbal1905–391949
"Father and Daughter"SDFFI 13 tenors, baritone, bass, chorus; brass, percussion and strings accompaniment, mandolin and guitar ad lib1908–091913
"Green Bushes"BFMS 12 and 25(a) Various instrumental combinations
(b) Two pianos, six hands
1905–211921
1931
"Hermundur Illi" (Hurmund the Evil)Two pianos, four hands1905–121924One of "Two Musical Relics of my Mother" (see also "As Sally Sat A'weeping")
"The Hunter in his Career"OEPM 3 and 4(a) Men's chorus and orchestra
(b) Men's chorus, two pianos
(c) Piano solo
1904–301904
1930
1930
"Husband and wife"DMFS 5Two voices; instrumental accompaniment with timpani ad lib19231930Other versions in "Jutish Medley" and Danish Folksongs Suite
"I'm Seventeen Come Sunday"BFMS 8Chorus, brass accompaniment1905–121906, 1913
"Irish Tune from County Derry"BFMS 6, 5, 15, 20 and 29(a) Solo piano
(b) Unaccompanied wordless chorus
(c) Strings with horns ad lib
(d) Band, organ, choruses ad lib
(e) Orchestra (elastic scoring)
1902–201911
1912
1913
1918
1920
[24]
Jutish Medley: "Choosing the Bride"; The Dragon's Farewell; Husband and Wife; The Shoemaker from Jerusalem; Lord Peter's Stable-boyDFMS 8 and DFMS 9(a) Solo piano
(b) Two pianos, six hands (elastic)
1923–291928
1930
Other versions within Danish Folksongs Suite and for individual numbers[25]
"Knight and Shepherds Daughter"BFMS 18Solo piano19181919
"Lets Dance Gay in Green Meadow"SDFFI(a) Piano, four hands
(b) Wind Ensemble, 1954
1905–541967
1969
Also known as "Faeroe Island Dance"
Lincolnshire Posy

"Lisbon" (also called "Dublin Bay"); "Horkstow Grange"; "Rufford Park Poachers"; "The Brisk Young Sailor"; "Lord Melbourne"; "The Lost Lady Found"

BFMS 34 and 35(a) Two pianos, four hands
(b) Wind ensemble
1905–371940
1940
Other versions for individual numbers
"Lisbon (Dublin Bay)"BFMS 40Wind quintet or saxophone choir19311972Other versions in Lincolnshire Posy[26]
"Lord Peter's Stable-boy"DFMS 1(a) Elastic scoring up to full orchestra
(b) Wind band
(c) Voices with instruments ad lib
1922–271930
1930
1930
Other versions in Danish Folksongs Suite and Jutish Medley
"The Lost Lady Found"BFMS 33Chorus, with brass, timpani and strings or piano and strings1905–101949Other version in Lincolnshire Posy
"The March of the Men of Harlech"Male chorus with small mixed chorus and brass band19041904One of "Two Welsh Fighting Songs" (see also "The Camp")
"Marching Tune"BFMS 9Chorus with brass ensemble or piano1905–061911
"The Merry King"BFMS 38 and 39(a) Solo Piano
(b) Wind and/or strings, piano, organ
1905–391939
1939
"Molly on the Shore"BFMS 1, 19, and 23(a) String quartet or string orchestra
(b) Orchestra
(c) Solo piano
(d) Military band
(e) Two pianos, four hands
1907–471911
1914
1918
1921
1948
[27]
"My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone"OEPM(a) Solo piano
(b) Violin, cello and piano
(c) Strings, flute, English horn
19121912
1912
1912
[28]
"The Nightingale and the Two Sisters"DFMS 10Wind band1923–301931Other versions in Danish Folksong Suite
"Old Irish Tune"Unaccompanied chorus19021904
"One More Day, my John"SCS 1Solo piano19151921
"The Pretty Maid Milkin' her Cow"BFMS 27Unspecified voice, piano (high and low key versions)19201921
La Scandinavie (Scandinavian Suite): "Swedish Air and Dance"; "Song of Vermland"; "Norwegian Polka"; "Danish Melody"; "Air and Finale on Swedish Dances"Cello, piano19021903
"Scotch Strathspey and Reel"BFMS 28, 37(a) Two tenors, two baritones; 20 or 21 instruments ad lib
(b) Solo piano
1901–391924
1939
"Shallow Brown"SCS 3Solo voice(s) and chorus with various combinations of instrumental accompaniment1910–251927
"Shepherd's Hey"BFMS 3, 4, 16, 21(a) 12 instruments (strings, wind)
(b) Orchestra
(c) Solo piano
(d) Simplified piano solo
(e) Wind band
(f) Two pianos, four hands
1908–471911
1913
1914
1918
1948
1967
[29]
"Sir Eglamore"BFMS 13Double chorus; brass, percussion, strings accompanimentharp,1904–121904, 1912
"Six Dukes Went Afishin'"BFMS 11Unspecified voice (high and low versions), piano1905–121913
"A Song of Vermland"Unaccompanied chorus1903–041904Other version in La Scandinavie
"Spoon River"AFMS 1, 3(a) Solo piano
(b) Elastic scoring
(c) Two pianos, four hands
1919–331922
1930
1932
"The Sprig of Thyme"BFMS 24Unspecified voice (high and low versions), piano1907–201920
"The Sussex Mummers' Christmas Carol"BFMS 2, 17(a) Violin or cello and piano
(b) Solo piano
1905–151916
1916
"There Was a Pig Went Out to Dig"BFMS 18(a) Two sopranos, two altos unaccompanied
(b) Female or children's choir
1905–101915
"The Three Ravens"BFMS 41Baritone and chorus; woodwind accompaniment19021905
"Willow Willow"OEPM 1(a) Voice and piano
(b) Voice with guitar or harp and strings
1898–19111912
1912
"Ye Banks and Braes o' Bonnie Doon"BFMS 31(a) Male chorus with whistlers or women's unison voices
(b) Orchestra
(c) Wind band
1901–3219371937

1949

Hitherto unpublished works now published (original composition and arrangements)

TitleCollection ref.Musical forcesDate(s) composedPublisherCommentRef.
"Beautiful Fresh Flower"Solo piano1935Bardic Edition[30]
"Colleen Dhas"Flute, English horn, guitar, violin, viola, cello1904Bardic EditionFolksong setting
"Creepin' Jane"BFMSUnspecified voice, piano1920–21Bardic EditionFolksong setting
"Early One Morning"BFMS(a) Flute, horn, strings, contrabassoon, all ad lib
(b) Soprano with wind and strings accompaniment
1901–40Bardic EditionFolksong setting
"Echo-song Trials"Woodwind instrumentWoodwind, brass, strings, harpsichord or piano1945Grainger Society
Free music(a) String quartet
(b) Theremins
1907–36Bardic Edition
"Gipsy's Wedding Day"BFMSFour voices1906Bardic Edition
"Hard-Hearted Barbara [H]ellen"BFMSVoice and piano1906–46Bardic Edition
"In Bristol Town"BFMS(a) Voice and "room music"
(b) Viola and organ
Solo piano or piano, six hands
1906–51Bardic Editionalign- "center"
"In Dahomey (Cakewalk Smasher)"Solo piano1903–09Peters Edition
"The Lonely Desert-man Sees the Tents of the Happy Tribes"RMTB 9(a) Piano, four hands
(b) Trumpet and woodwind (various combinations)
(c) Soprano, tenor, baritone with piano and various instrumental combinations
1911–54Bardic Edition
"Lord Maxwell's Goodnight"BFMS 14 and BFMS 42Baritone or tenor, strings accompaniment1904–47Bardic EditionFolksong setting
"The Maiden and the Frog"DFMSCello and pianoBardic Edition
"Mary Thomson"Chorus1913Bardic Edition
"Mock Morris" (Always Merry and Bright)RMTB 1Two pianos, four hands1910Bardic Edition
"My Love's in Germany"BFMSMixed voices1903Bardic Edition
"Near Woodstock TownBFMS(a) mixed voices
Solo piano
1903–51Bardic Edition
"The Old Woman at the Christening"DFMS 11Unspecified voice with harmonium and piano1925Bardic Edition
"O Mistress Mine"BFMSMixed chorus1903Bardic Edition
"The Power of Love"DFMS 2, 4Solo soprano, with piano or various instrumental combinations1922–41Bardic EditionOther versions in Danish Folksong Suite
"Pritteling, Pratteling, Pretty Poll Parrot"Two pianos, four hands1911Bardic Edition
"Random Round"(a) Two pianos, 12 hands, maracas
(b) Three soloists, with viola, xylophone, guitar, ukulele, maracas and other combinations
1912–43Bardic Edition
"Rimmer and Goldcastle"DFMS 3Chous and piano soloundatedBardic Edition
"The Rival Brothers"Four soloists with violin, viola, cello1905–43Bardic EditionFaeroese ballad
"Sailor's Song"(a) Orchestra
Bells and tuneful percussion
Solo piano
1900–54Peters Edition (simplified piano) solo Bardic Edition
"Shenandoah"SCSMale voices1907Bardic Edition
Songs of the North: 14 songs including "Skye Boat Song"; "Leeze Lindsay"; "Weaving Song" and 11 othersVoices and piano1900–54Bardic Edition
"Spoon River"Wind ensemble1933Folksong setting
"Stalt Vesselil" (Proud Vesselil)DFMS(a) Voice
Solo piano
1951Bardic Edition
"Stormy (Pumping Chanty)"Male voices1907Peters Edition
"Thanksgiving Song"Five voices and up to 30 instruments1945Bardic Edition
"Thou Gracious Power"Chorus1952Bardic Edition
"Train Music"Orchestra, with simplified piano version1901–57Bardic Edition
"Under a Bridge"DFMS 12Soprano, baritone soloists with flute, trumpet, piano four hands, tuneful percussion1928–46Bardic EditionFolksong setting
"When the World was Young"STwo pianos, four hands1910–11Bardic Edition
"The Wraith of Odin"Two pianos, four hands1903–22Bardic Edition

Unpublished incomplete sketches and juvenilia (some now published)

TitleCollection ref.Musical forcesDate(s) composedPublisherComment
"Afterword"Mixed chorus and brass1910Bardic Edition
"Afton Water"Voice and piano1898Bardic Edition
"Agincourt song"BFMSMixed chorusundatedBardic Edition
"Ballad of Clampherdown"KSBaritone and piano1899Kipling setting
"Ballad of the 'Bolivar'"KSMale chorus and orchestra1901Kipling setting
"Birthday Gift to Mother"Not stated1893
"The Bridegroom Grat"BFMSvoice and strings (or piano)1902Bardic Edition
Bush MusicNot stated1900–22
"Death Song for Hjalmar Thuren"Not stated1916–17
"Evan Banks"Voice and piano1898Bardic Edition
"The First Chantey"KS(a) Voice and piano (b) Baritone, chorus and instruments1899–1903Bardic EditionKipling setting
"Fisher's Boarding House"KSOrchestra1899Bardic Edition
"Ganges Pilot"KSBaritone and piano1899Bardic EditionKipling setting
"The Hunt is Up"BFMSmale voices and piano duet1901Bardic Edition
"The Keel Row"BFMSmixed chorus and orchestra (realised Ould)1901Bardic Edition
"Land o' the Leal"voice and strings (or piano)1901
"The Merchantmen"KSVoices and instruments1902–09Kipling setting
"Merciful Town"KSvoice and piano1899Bardic EditionKipling setting
"Nornagesti Rima"ChorusundatedSketch based on Faeroe Island ballad
"Northern Ballad"KSVoice and piano1898–99Bardic Edition
"Norwegian Idyll"Not stated1910
"Old Little English Dance"Orchestra1899
"Peace" and "Saxon Twi-play"Piano1898Bardic Edition
"Piano Concerto"Two pianos1896Bardic Edition
"The Rhyme of the Three Sealers"KSFour-part men and boys' chorus1900–01Kipling setting
"Ride with an Idle Whip"KSVoice and piano1899Bardic EditionKipling setting
Rondo for pianoPiano, four hands1897Bardic Edition
"Saga of King Olaf" (with "Thora Von Rimol")Voices and piano1898–99
"Sailor's Chanty"Men's chorus or solo tenor, piano1901Bardic Edition
"Sea song"Strings1907–46Bardic EditionSketches for "beatless music"
"The Secret of the Sea"Voice and pianoundatedBardic Edition
Theme and variationsString quartet1898Bardic Edition
"There Were Three Friends"KSOrchestra1898–99Bardic Edition
"To Walcott Balestier"KSVoices (possibly contralto), organundated
"We be three poor mariners"BFMSNot stated1901
"We Were Dreamers"KS(a) Four-part chorus (b) Orchestra1899Bardic EditionKipling setting
"Who Built De Ark?"Voices and guitar1911
"You Wild and Mossy MountainsVoice and piano1898Bardic Edition
"Young British Soldier"KSVoice and piano1899Bardic EditionKipling setting

References

Sources

Footnotes

Notes and References

  1. Bird, p. 262
  2. See Bird, pp. 278–82, or Foreman (ed.), pp. 229–35
  3. Foreman (ed.), p. 217
  4. Bird, p. 264
  5. Josephson, p. 616
  6. Bird, pp. 264–65
  7. Bird, p. 265
  8. Bird, p. 267
  9. Bird, pp. 267–68
  10. Bird, p. 268
  11. Koch International Classics CD 3-7003-2, liner notes
  12. Bird, p. 269
  13. Bird, pp. 264, 267, 269, 273
  14. Josephson, p. 617
  15. Bird, p. 273
  16. Bird, p. 274
  17. Bird, pp. 277–78
  18. Bird, p. 278
  19. Josephson, p. 618
  20. Bird, p. 277
  21. Bird, p. 276
  22. Foreman, p. 260
  23. Bird, p. 266
  24. Bird, pp. 269–70
  25. Bird, p. 270
  26. Bird, p. 271
  27. Bird, p. 272
  28. Bird, pp. 271–73
  29. Bird, p. 275
  30. Foreman (ed.), pp. 221–28