List of compositions by Borys Lyatoshynsky explained

This is an incomplete list of compositions by the Ukrainian composer Borys Lyatoshynsky.

Lyatoshynsky wrote a variety of works, including five symphonies, symphonic poems, and several shorter orchestral and vocal works, two operas, chamber music, and a number of works for solo piano. He wrote music with a modern European style and technique, skilfully combining it with Ukrainian folk music themes. His musical style later developed in a direction favoured by the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich, which caused significant problems with Soviet critics of the time, and as a result Lyatoshynsky was accused of formalism and the creation of degenerative art.[1]

Lyatoshynsky’s main works are his operas The Golden Ring and Shchors, the five symphonies, the Overture on Four Ukrainian Folk Themes (1926), the suites Taras Shevchenko (1952) and Romeo and Juliet (1955), the symphonic poem Grazhyna (1955), his "Slavic" concerto for piano and orchestra (1953), and the completion and orchestration of Reinhold Glière’s violin concerto (1956).[2] He composed film scores for such films as  (1931), Ivan (1932, with Yuliy Meitus), Taras Shevchenko (1951),  (1956, with Mykola Kolessa), and  (1959). Many of his compositions were rarely or never performed during his lifetime.

List of works by genre

Orchestral

Genre Sub-genre Opus Title Song/movement titles Composition date Notes/References
orchestral symphony2 1 Allegro; 2 Allegro scherzando e leggiero; 3 Lento ma non troppo; 4 Allegro energico.19181919; Premiered in June 1926 (conducted by Reinhold Glière, Lyatoshynsky's teacher); second edition 1967[3]
orchestral 3 Fantastic March (Ukrainian: Фантастичний марш, )1920; Also referred to as the Marche fantastique.[4]
orchestral overture20 Overture on Four Ukrainian Folk Themes1927;
orchestral suite23 Suite from The Golden Ring (Ukrainian: Золотий обруч, )1 Overture; 2 Galician Dance; 3 Persian Dance; 4 Chinese Dance; 5 Indian Dance; 6 Coda.1928; [5]
orchestral symphony 26 Symphony No. 2, B minor1 Lento tenebroso e con maesta; Allegro deciso ed impetuoso; 2 Lento e tranquililo (alla ballata); 3 Allegro tumultuoso19351936; premiered in 1964.Revised in 1940[6]
orchestral symphonic poem49 Reunification (Ukrainian: Возз’єднання, )19491950;
orchestral symphony 50 Symphony No. 3, B minor1 Prelude; 2 Nocturne; 3 Scherzo; 4 Intermezzo; 5 Postlude.1951; First conducted in public by Natan Rakhlin during an open rehearsal on was 23 October 1951; the revised symphony was premiered in Leningrad on 23 December 1955.[7]
orchestral suite 51 Suite from the film Taras Shevchenko1 Introduction; 2 Shevchenko in Ukraine; 3 Execution; 4 The Parting of Friends; 5 Finale.1952; [8]
orchestral piano concerto54 Slavonic Concerto 1 Allegro; 2 Lento ma non troppo; 3 Allegro risoluto1953; Also called the Slavic Concerto.
orchestral suite 56 Suite from Romeo and Juliet1 La valse de carnaval; 2 La pavane; 3 le jardin de Juliette; 4 Le duel de Romeo et Tybalt; 5 On port Juliette dans la chambre funéraire; 6 Dans la chambre funéraire de Capulet; 7 L’apethéose1955’
orchestral symphonic poem 58 Grazyna1955; Written for the centenary of the death of the Polish poet Adam Mickiewicz.
orchestral symphonic poem 59 On the Banks of the Vistula (Ukrainian: На берегах Вислы, ) 1958;
orchestral suite60 Polish Suite 1 Intrada; 2 Notturno; 3 Danza; 4 Intermezzo funebre; 5 Variazione piccoli 1961; [9]
orchestral overture 61 Slavonic Overture1961;
orchestral symphony 63 Symphony No. 4, B♭ minor1 Andante sostenuto e maestoso – Allegro moderato ma risoluto assai; 2 Lento tenebroso – Andante; 3 Allegro molto risoluto.1963; [10] [11]
orchestral symphonic poem 66 Lyric poem To the Memory of Gliere1964;
orchestral symphony 67 1 Andante maestoso – Allegro molto; 2 Lento e mesto – Andante tranquillo – Grave – Andante tranquillo – Lento e mesto; 3 Moderato – Allegro energico19651966;
orchestral suite 68 Slavonic Suite 1966;
orchestral overture 70 Festive Overture1967; Also Solemn Overture[12]
orchestral Fourths Prelude (Ukrainian: квартах, )19151916, 1919; [13]
orchestral film music 1931;
orchestral film musicFires over the Shores (Ukrainian: Вогні над берегами, )1931;
orchestral film musicMiners’ March (Ukrainian: Марш шахтарів, ) 1932;
orchestral music for theatreOptimistic Tragedy 1932; By Sun. Vyshnevsky (directed in 1932 by V. Nellie)
orchestral film music Ivan1932;
orchestral film musicTwo Days (Ukrainian: Два дні, )1933;Alternative title: Father and Son (Ukrainian: Батько і син, ).
orchestral film music Love (Ukrainian: Любов, )1933;
orchestral film music (Ukrainian: Кришталевий палац, )1934; In collaboration with Ivan Belza
orchestral film musicHappy Finish (Ukrainian: Щасливий фініш, )1934;
orchestral film music The Red Handkerchief (Ukrainian: Червона хустина, )1934;
orchestral film music Short stories about hero-pilots (Ukrainian: Новели про героїв-льотчиків, )1938;
orchestral film music (Ukrainian: Визволення, )1940; Originally Western Ukraine
orchestral music for theatreForever Together1949;by L. Dmiterko (directed by V. Nellie)
orchestral film music Taras Shevchenko 1950–1951;
orchestral music for theatreGolden Plague1953; (directed by K. Khokhlov)
orchestral film music Romeo and Juliet1954;
orchestral music for theatreMusic for the play Romeo and Juliet1 Carnival March; 2 Pavana; 3 Juliet's Garden; 4 Duel of Romeo and Tibald; 5 Juliet is carried to the crypt; 6 In the crypt of Capulet; 7 Apotheosis1954;(directed by B. Nord)
orchestral film music (Ukrainian: Полум'я гніву, )1955;
orchestral music for theatre In the Forest1955;by Lesya Ukrainka (directed by M. Sokolov)
orchestral film music (Ukrainian: Кривавий світанок), )1956; In collaboration with M. Kolessa
orchestral film music 1956;
orchestral film music The Hooked Pig's Snout1956;
orchestral film music 1959;
orchestral film music Airship (Ukrainian: Летючий корабель, )1960;
orchestral orchestral arrangement Intermezzo1960; Orchestration of the second movement of the String Quartet No. 2, Op. 4.
orchestral film music Walking (Ukrainian: Гулящая, ) or Prostitute (Ukrainian: Повія, )1961; [14]
orchestral music for theatreField Marshal Kutuzovby V. Solovyov

Transcriptions

Chamber

Genre Sub-genre Opus Title Song/movement titles Composition date Notes
chamber 1 String Quartet No. 1, D minor 1 Allegro; 2 Allegro scherzando e legiero; 3 Lento ma non troppo; 4 Allegro energico 1915;
chamber string quartet 4 String Quartet No. 2, A major I 1 Allegro non troppo; 2 Intermezzo. Molto lento; 3 Allegro vivace a leggiero; 4 Allegro molto 1922; Published Moscow, Leipzig, Vienna 1934.[15]
chamber piano trio7 Piano Trio No. 1 1 Allegro non troppo; 2 Lento con freddezza; 3 Allegro fermamente 1922; Score with parts available
chamber violin sonata19 Violin Sonata 1 Allegro impetuoso; 2 Tempo precedente; 3 Allegro molto risoluto 1926; published Muzgiz (State Publishing House) and Universal Edition, 1928 [16]
chamber string quartet 21 String Quartet No. 3, A major 1 Prelude; 2 Nocturne; 3 Scherzo; 4 Intermezzo; 5 Postlude1928;
chamber violin and piano 25 Three Pieces after Folksong Themes 1 Pamir Melody; 2 Quiet Melody; 3 Dance 1932; Also Three Songs on Tajik Themes
chamber piano trio 41 Piano Trio No. 21 Introduction (Maestoso); 2 In Character Ballad (Andante sostenuto); 3 Intermezzo (Allegretto pastorale, quasi allegro); 4 Theme and Variations (Andante sostenuto)1942;
chamber piano quintet42 "Ukrainian Quintet", G minor 1 Allegro e poco agitato; 2 Lento e tranquillo; 3 Allegro; 4 Allegro risoluto1942;
chamber string quartet 43 String Quartet No. 4, D minor 1 Lento’ 2 Allegretto semplice; 3 Allegro ben ritmico; 4 Andante sostenuto; 5 Allegro scherzando 1943;
chamber string quartet 45 Suite on Ukrainian Folksong Themes1 Andante; 2 Andantino; 3 Andante non tanto; 4 Allegro scherzando 1944 (also 1951);
chamber wind quartet46 Suite for Wind Quartet 1 Moderato; 2 Andante; 3 Allegretto scherzando; 4 Lento ma non troppo; 5 Allegro 1944;
chamber cello and piano 55 Two Mazurkas on Polish Themes Mazurka No 1 in D minor; Mazurka No. 2, A minor 1953; [17]
chamber viola and piano 65 Two Pieces for viola and piano 1 Nocturne; 2 Scherzino1963;
chamber piano quartet Youth Quartet in D minor 1 Allegro agitato; 2 Andante expressivo; 3 Allegro appassionato 1913; Score includes parts.
chamber quartet Youth Quartet 1 Allegro energico assai; 2 Allegro scherzando; 3 Adagio 1914;
chamber piano, violin and cello Preludes 1942, 1943;
chamber cello and piano Melody on a Ukrainian Folk Theme1947; [18]
chamber violin and piano Two Pieces
chamber violin and piano Ukrainian Dance
chamber flute and piano Old-fashioned Dance (Старовинний танець)

Solo piano

Genre Sub-genre Opus Title Song/movement titles Composition date Notes
piano piano sonata13 Piano Sonata No. 1 1924; Also known as the Slavic.
piano 16 Reflections 1 Maestoso e con fermezza; 2 Velutatu assai; 3 Tempestoso; 4 Disperato e lugubre; 5 Come di lontananza; 6 Ironicamente, misurato assai; 7 Con agitazione 1925;
piano piano sonata 18 Piano Sonata No. 2 1925; Also Sonata Ballade.
piano 24 Ballade 1929;
piano 38 Three Preludes 1 Andante sostenuto; 2 Lente tenebroso; 3 Moderato con moto e sempre ben ritmico 1942; Also called the Shevchenko Suite.
piano 44 Five Preludes 1 Poco lento e lugubre; 2 Lento e tranquillo; 3 Allegro agitato; 4 Andante sostenuto; 5 Impetuoso 1943; published 1947
piano 38b Two Preludes 1 Allegro tumultuoso; 2 Allegro risoluto1942;
piano Mazurka No. 11910; Dated 20 January 1910.
piano Waltz No. 1 1910;
piano Mazurka No. 2 1912;
piano Scherzo 1912;
piano Mazurka No. 3 1913;
piano Prelude in G minor 1914;
piano Autumn Fantasy1914;
piano Waltz No. 2 1914;
piano Mourning Prelude in E♭ minor 1920; Also known as the Elergy or Tragic Prelude.
piano Suite 1941;
piano Funeral Prelude
piano Prelude in F♯ minor
piano Concerto Etude-Rondo 1962; revised 1967; [19]

Choral/vocal

Genre Sub-genre Opus Title Song/movement titles Composition date Notes
choral/vocal song(s)5a Three Romances 1 “After the battle” (Ukrainian: После боя,); 2 “Death (at the cemetery)” (Ukrainian: На кладбище,); 3 “There was a king” (or “Ancient song”) (Ukrainian: Був цар,)1922; Words by Ivan Bunin and Heinrich Heine.
choral/vocal song(s)5b Two Romances 1 “Funeral song”; 2 “I dreamed”1922; Words by Percy Bysshe Shelley and Heine.
choral/vocal 6 Three Romances 1 "Accursed Place" (Russian: Проклятое место,); 2 “Autumn leaves rustled” (Ukrainian: Листя осіннє шуміло,); 3 "At the Crossroads" (Russian: Закрыт на дальнем перекрёстке,)1925; [20] [21]
choral/vocal romance(s) 8 Two Romances 1 “Reeds” (Ukrainian: Камиші,); 2 "Underwater Plants" (Ukrainian: Підводні рослини,)1923; For low voice, clarinet, horn, string quartet and harp.
choral/vocal romance(s) 9 Moon Shadows (Ukrainian: Місячні тіні,)“And the Moon Is White”; “Prelude”; “New Moon”; “The Disappearance of the Moon”1924; For high voice and piano; words by Igor Severyanin and Oscar Wilde.
choral/vocal songs 10 Two Songs 1 “My dreams fade alone” (Ukrainian: В’януть мрії мої в самоті ,); 2 “Moon” (Ukrainian: Місяць,)1923; After Shelley.
choral/vocal romance(s) 11 The Seagull (Ukrainian: Чайка,)1924; To words by Konstantin Balmont; for high voice and piano.
choral/vocal romance(s) 12 Two Romances 1 "They loved each other" (Ukrainian: Вони закохались обоє,); 2 “When the groom left” (Ukrainian: Коли жених пішов,) 1924; Words by Maurice Maeterlinck.
choral/vocal romance(s) 14 Four Romances 1 “Although there are no harmonious songs” (Ukrainian: Хоч не звучать гармонійні пісні,); 2 “I am afraid of your caress” (Ukrainian: Я ласк твоїх боюсь,); 3 “Good Night” (Ukrainian: Надобраніч,); 4 "Past days" (Ukrainian: Минулії дні,) 1924; Text by Shelley; for middle voice and piano.
choral/vocal romance(s) 15 Two Romances for bass and piano 1 “Ozymandias”; 2 "When I swam in a stormy sea" (Ukrainian: Коли я в бурхливому морі плавав,)1924; Words by Konstantin Balmont, after Shelley; published 1928.
choral/vocal romance(s) 17 Three Romances for high voice, based on the texts of ancient Chinese poets 1. "Ancient" (Ukrainian: Давнє,) or “In my golden house…”; 2. “I stand on the jasper steps” ((Ukrainian: При яшмових сходах туга,); 3. “The stream where the bird sings” ((Ukrainian: Потік, де співає птах,) or “I live alone”1925; 1934; Words by the Chinese poet Cui Hao; also referred to as Op. 18.
choral/vocal opera23 The Golden Ring (Ukrainian: Золотий обруч, ) Introduction; Act I: Scene 1 (The Polonyna in the Zelemen Mountains); Dance; Scene 2 (Maidan around the old oak); Act II: Scene 3 (The Tatar camp); Dance No 1; Dance No 2; Dance No 3 (Indian); Final Dance; Scene 4 (The estate of Tgar Vovk); Scene 5 (Tatar camp at night); Act III: Scene 6 (Dabot cave (in the Zelemen Mountains); Scene 7 (Tatar camp, the tent of Tugar Vovk); Intermezzo; Scene 8 1929; revised 1970; published 26 March 1930.The libretto by the poet, based on Zachar Berkut, a short story by the Ukrainian writer Ivan Franko.
choral/vocal romance(s) 27 Four Romances 1 “On the Hills of Georgia” (Ukrainian: На холмах Грузии,); 2 “Three Springs” (Ukrainian: Три ключа,); 3 “There on the Shore” (Ukrainian: Там на брегу,); 4 "I know the fight" (Ukrainian: Мне бой знаком,)1936; To words by Alexander Pushkin.
choral/vocal songs 28 Arrangements of Ukrainian Folk Songs 1 “Oh sleep and don’t lie down” (Ukrainian: Ой, не спиться й не лежиться,); 2 “Bend down, thick vines” (Ukrainian: Хилітеся, густі лози,); 3 “The Cossack is carried and the horse is led” (Ukrainian: Козака несуть і Коня ведуть,); 4 “She had to have one daughter” (Ukrainian: Мала мати одну дочку,); 5 “Snow is coming, a blizzard is blowing” (Ukrainian: Сніжок іде, метiль мете,); 6 “Oh horse, my horse” (Ukrainian: Ой, коню, мій коню,); 7 “Worlds, worlds, moons” (Ukrainian: Світи, світи, місячень ко,); 8 “Red Christmas tree” (Ukrainian: Червоная калинонька,); 9 “I grow, I grow, I grow green” (Ukrainian: Гаю, гаю, зелен розмаю,); 10 “Oh, if I only knew” (Ukrainian: Ой, коли б я була знала,) 1937;
choral/vocal opera 29 Shchors1937; 5 acts; after and Maksym Rylsky; revised as The Commander in 1948.[22]
choral/vocal canata for choir and soloists, and orchestra 30 Solemn Cantata 1939; Words by Rylsky; now lost.
choral/vocal romance(s) 31 Five romances 1 “Your eyes are like the sea” (Ukrainian: Твої очі, як те море,); 2 “Why do you appear to me? (Ukrainian: Чого з'являешся мені,); 3 “Boundless field” (Ukrainian: Безмежнеє поле,); 4 “Why do you never laugh?” (Ukrainian: Чому не смієшся ніколи?,); 5 “Do not pass by so proudly, my child” (Ukrainian: Не минай з погордою,)1940; To words by Franko.
choral/vocal romance(s) 32 "The Sun" 1 “A seagull flew into the rainbow” (Ukrainian: В райдугу чайка летіла,); 2 “Recurring Dreams” (Ukrainian: Все мені сниться,)1940; Text by Mikhail Lermontov.
choral/vocal songs 33 Arrangements of Ukrainian Folk Songs 1941;
choral/vocal songs 34 Arrangements of Ukrainian Folk Songs 1941;
choral/vocal songs 35 Arrangements of Ukrainian Folk Songs 1942;
choral/vocal a capella song(s) 36 Arrangements of Ukrainian Folk Songs 1942;
choral/vocal romance(s) 37 Two Romances 1 “Star” (Ukrainian: Зоря,); 2 “The Height of Happiness” (Ukrainian: ‘Найвище щастя,)1942;
choral/vocal romance(s) 39 Two Romances 1 “Stork” (Ukrainian: Лелека,); 2 “Lullaby” (Ukrainian: Колискова,)1942; Words by .
choral/vocal songs 40 Songs 1 “In the mist of tears” (Ukrainian: В тумані сліз,); 2 “It will be so”(Ukrainian: Так буде,); 3 “It’s like a dream” Ukrainian: Неначе сон,)1942; Words by Volodymyr Sosiura.
choral/vocal a capella song(s) 47 Seasons“Autumn” (Ukrainian: Осінь,); “Spring” (Ukrainian: Весна,); “Summer” (Ukrainian: Літо,); “Winter” (Ukrainian: Зима,) 1949; Lyrics by Pushkin.
choral/vocal a capella song(s) 48 Five Songs [23]
choral/vocal a capella song(s) 52 Two Songs to words by Pushkin1 "The moon creeps across the sky" (Russian: По небу крадется луна,); 2 "Who, the waves, stopped you" (Russian: Кто, волны, остановил тебя,)1952;
choral/vocal romance(s) 57 Romances for bass and piano 1 “A letter to Siberia” (Russian: Послание в Сибирь,); 2 “Elegy” (Ukrainian: Элегия,)1951;
choral/vocal a capella song(s) 62 Four Songs set to words by A. Fet"By the fireplace"; “In the evening twilight”; "Autumn night"; "At dawn"1963;Lyrics by Afanasy Fet.
choral/vocal a capella song(s) 64 Five unaccompanied mixed songs on the words of M. Rilsky 1 "Autumn" (Ukrainian: Осінь,); 2 "Rain" (Ukrainian: Дощ,); 3 "Wide Field" (Ukrainian: Широке поле,); 4 "Sleep in your white bed!" (Ukrainian: Спи в своїй білій постелі!,); 5 "The rain eased" (Ukrainian: Дощ одшумів,) 1964;The premiere occurred after the poet's death, on November 29, 1964 in Kyiv.
choral/vocal a capella song(s) 69 Four songs From the Past
choral/vocal a capella song(s)65a Four Songs 1 "I love a gloomy day" (Russian: Люблю я хмурый день,); 2 "The leaves whisper thoughtfully" (Russian: Шепчут задумчиво листья,); 3 "I love the darkness of the night" (Russian: Люблю ночную тьму,); 4 "Glory to those who yearn for freedom" (Russian: Слава тем, кто жаждет воли,)Words by Rylsky.[24]

Song cycles without an opus number

Individual songs with no opus number

Wind band

References

  1. Web site: Kuchar . Theodore . Borys Lyatoshynsky (1895–1968): Symphony No. 2, Op. 26; Symphony No. 3 in B minor, Op. 50 . Chandos . 26 April 2022 . 1993 . 34.
  2. Web site: Wytwycky. Wasyl . Liatoshynsky, Borys . Internet Encyclopaedia of Ukraine . Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies . 2 May 2022.
  3. News: Kopytsia . Marianna . Revival of a masterpiece . 26 June 2022 . . 21 December 2011 . uk.
  4. Web site: Release by Boris Lyatoshynsky; Young Russia State Symphony Orchestra of Moscow, Virko Baley . Orchestral Music . . 26 June 2022.
  5. Web site: Category:Lyatoshinsky, Boris . . 26 June 2022.
  6. Web site: Cummings . Robert . Boris Lyatoshynsky: Symphonies . ClassicalNet . 26 June 2022 . 2014.
  7. Web site: Buja . Maureen . Winning by Giving In Borys Lyatoshynsky's Symphony No. 3, "Peace Shall Defeat War" . Interlude . 2 July 2022.
  8. Web site: Lyatoshinsky, Boris Nikolaevich . Music archive of Boris Tarakanov . 26 June 2022 . 4. uk.
  9. Web site: Texts to Art Songs and Choral Works by B. Lyatoshynsky . The LiederNet Archive . 3 July 2022.
  10. Web site: Lyatoshinsky, Boris Nikolaevich . Music archive of Boris Tarakanov . 26 June 2022 . uk. 3.
  11. Web site: Symphonies 4 & 5 (Slavonic) . https://archive.today/20120712092834/http://lccn.loc.gov/96701750 . dead . 2012-07-12 . . 26 June 2022.
  12. Web site: Symphonic works by B. Lyatoshynsky . Sheet music by Ukrainian Composers . 26 June 2022 . uk.
  13. Web site: Voices: Ukrainian music of the XX-XXI centuries . Concert.ua . 26 June 2022 . 2022.
  14. Web site: Walking (1961) . kino-teatr.ru . 26 June 2022 . ru.
  15. Web site: Boris Lyatoshynsky (1895–1968) . earsense.org . 27 June 2022.
  16. Web site: Musikalisch-literarischer Monatsbericht . ANNO Historical Newspapers and Magazines . 27 June 2022 . 271 . de.
  17. Web site: Lyatoshinsky, Boris Nikolaevich . Music archive of Boris Tarakanov . 26 June 2022 . 1. uk.
  18. Web site: Музичний інструмент віолончель програма . National Centre of Educational Institutions of Culture and Arts of Ukraine . 27 June 2022 . Cellular Musical Instrument Program . uk . 92. 2017.
  19. Web site: Golynska . Olga . Видано фортепіанні твори Лятошинського . Music Magazine . 28 June 2022 . Lyatoshynsky's piano works were published . uk . 2017.
  20. Web site: Chamber and vocal works based on the texts of poets B. Lyatoshynskyi . Notes of Ukrainian Composers . 4 July 2022.
  21. Web site: Boris Mykolayovych Lyatoshynsky: Romances for low voice and piano . Toccata Classics . 4 July 2022.
  22. Web site: Parkhomenko . L. O. . Borys Mykolayovych Lyatoshynskyi . Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine . Institute of Encyclopedic Research of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine . 7 July 2022.
  23. Web site: Lyatoshinsky, Boris Nikolaevich . Music archive of Boris Tarakanov . 26 June 2022 . 2. uk.
  24. Web site: Лятошинский, Борис Николаевич – Четыре хора без сопровождения : Соч. 65-А . Russian State Library . 10 July 2022 . Lyatoshinsky, Boris Nikolaevich – Four songs without accompaniment: Op. 65-A . ru.
  25. http://irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_ir/cgiirbis_64.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=ELIB&P21DBN=ELIB&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=online_G&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=FF=&S21STR=00000902/07-08 Solemn march of the #99 rifle division – the famous winner of the First All-Ukrainian Musical Olympiad

Sources

Further reading

External links

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