List of communist states explained

The following are lists of current and former states that claimed to be communist states.

Current communist states

The following countries are one-party states in which the institutions of the ruling communist party and the state have become intertwined. They are adherents of Marxism–Leninism. They are listed here together with the year of their founding and their respective ruling parties.[1]

Country!scope="col"
Local nameSinceRuling partyIdeology
Chinese: s=中华人民共和国
Pinyin		data-sort-value="1949-10-01" Communist Party of ChinaSocialism with Chinese characteristics
Cubaes|República de Cubadata-sort-value="1959-01-01"
(communist constitution adopted)		 Communist Party of Cuba
lo|ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ
data-sort-value="1975-12-02"Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
data-sort-value="1945-09-02")
30 April 1975 (South Vietnam)
2 July 1976 (unified)		 Communist Party of VietnamHo Chi Minh Thought

Disputed

Although founded as a Marxist–Leninist state, North Korea began moving away from orthodox Marxism–Leninism and replaced all references to Marxism–Leninism in the Constitution of North Korea with Juche in 1992.[2] In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to communism.[3] According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of de-Stalinisation in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.[4] The government's official ideology is now the Juche part of Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism policy of Kim Il Sung as opposed to orthodox Marxism–Leninism. The ruling Workers' Party of Korea reinstated its goal towards communism in 2021.[5] Some communists, especially the anti revisionists, call the DPRK a non marxist socialist state.

Country! scope="col"
Local nameSinceRuling partyIdeology
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
MR		data-sort-value="1949-10-01" Workers' Party of KoreaKimilsungism–Kimjongilism

Multi-party states with governing communist parties

See also: Socialism in liberal democratic constitutions. There are multi-party states with communist parties leading the government. Such states are not considered to be communist states because the countries themselves allow for multiple parties and do not provide a constitutional role for their communist parties. Nepal was previously ruled by the Nepal Communist Party, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), and the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) between 1994 and 1998 and then again between 2008 and 2018 while states formerly ruled by one or more communist parties include San Marino (1945–1957 and 1978-1990), Moldova (2001–2009), Cyprus (2008–2013), and Guyana (1992–2015).

Nicaragua has been ruled by a socialist party from 1984–1990, and from 2007 on by Daniel Ortega, who is a Sandinista.

Venezuela is currently ruled by Nicolás Maduro, who has been President since 2013 (disputed since 2019). Maduro is the leader of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which is considered far-left and Marxist.[6]

During the socialist Free Peru party's rule over Peru, many international observers described the party as being somewhat Marxist[7] [8] [9] or even Marxist–Leninist.[10] [11]

In 2024, Anura Kumara Dissanayake of the Marxist-Leninist Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) was elected President of Sri Lanka, and the JVP's broader coalition, National People's Power won a landslide in parliamentary elections shortly thereafter. This represents the first time a communist party has been the ruling party of Sri Lanka.[12]

Former communist states

See also: People's republic.

The following communist states were socialist states committed to communism. Some were short-lived and preceded the widespread adoption of Marxism–Leninism by most communist states.

Bibliography

General

References for when the individuals were elected to the office of CCP leader, the name of the offices and when they established and were abolished are found below.

Articles and journal entries

Books

Notes and References

  1. Web site: North Korea . https://web.archive.org/web/20090613152626/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2128.html?countryName=Korea,%20North&countryCode=KN&regionCode=eas&#kn . 13 June 2009 . . CIA.
  2. Dae-Kyu . Yoon . 2003 . The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications . . 27 . 4 . 1289–1305 . 10 August 2020.
  3. News: Park . Seong-Woo . 23 September 2009 . Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi . ko:북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기 . First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution . 10 August 2020 . ko . Radio Free Asia.
  4. Book: Worden, Robert L. . North Korea: A Country Study . . 2008 . 978-0-8444-1188-0 . 5th . Washington, D. C. . 206 .
  5. News: 1 June 2021 . 북한 노동당 규약 주요 개정 내용 . Major revisions to North Korea's Workers' Party rules . 13 August 2022 . Yonhap News Agency.
  6. Web site: psuv.org.ve . Libro Rojo . 10 March 2023 . es . Red Book . December 2014 .
  7. News: Pedro Castillo: The primary school teacher who became Peru's president . 31 July 2021 . . 28 July 2021 . Casting himself as a man of the people, Mr Castillo was rarely seen without the traditional white, broad-rimmed hat of his Cajamarca region, and a huge inflatable pencil, the symbol of his Marxist Free Peru party which also represents his background in education. .
  8. News: 14 October 2021 . Peru president challenged by his own party over Cabinet . 11 November 2021 . . en .
  9. News: Havana-Trained Marxist Pushes Peru's New President to the Left . 11 November 2021 . . 23 August 2021 .
  10. News: 25 October 2021 . Peru's Congress postpones Cabinet confirmation vote to next week . en . . 11 November 2021 .
  11. News: Peru confirms new moderate-left cabinet . 2021-11-15 . . en .
  12. https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/sri-lanka-election-2024-npp-victory-dissanayake-reforms-tamil-support-parliament-majority-economic-agenda/article68871257.ece
  13. Book: Tanner, Väinö . Väinö Tanner . The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312 . Palo Alto . . 1956 . 114.
  14. Book: Trotter, William . A Frozen Hell: The Russo-Finnish Winter War of 1939–1940 . . 2013 . 58, 61.
  15. Book: Kokoshin, Andrei . Soviet Strategic Thought, 1917–91 . . 1998 . 93.
  16. Book: Tarnas, R. . Cosmos and Psyche: Intimations of a New World View . Viking . 2006 . 978-0-670-03292-1 . 6 February 2023 . 158 . Google Books.
  17. Book: Gallardo . P. . Russell . E. . Yesterday's Tomorrows: On Utopia and Dystopia . Cambridge Scholars Publisher . 2014 . 978-1-4438-5877-9 . 6 February 2023 . 26 . Google Books.
  18. Book: Hoffrogge, Ralf . Working-Class Politics in the German Revolution . Richard . Müller . The Revolutionary Shop Stewards and the Origins of the Council Movement . . 2014 . Leiden . 978-90-04-21921-2.
  19. Web site: Till Schelze-Brandenburg . Till . 2008 . Die Bremer Räterepublik . The Bremen Soviet Republic . . https://web.archive.org/web/20080628230409/http://www-user.uni-bremen.de/~bremhist/Raeterepublik.html . 28 June 2008.
  20. Book: Hooglund, Eric James . 1966 . The Munich Soviet Republic of April, 1919 . Orono, Maine . . Google Books.
  21. Book: Mitchell, Allan . 1965 . Revolution in Bavaria, 1918–1919: The Eisner Regime and the Soviet Republic . Princeton, New Jersey . . 346 . 978-1400878802.
  22. Book: Gaab . Jeffrey S. . Munich: Hofbräuhaus & History: Beer, Culture, and Politics . Peter Lang / International Academic Publishers . 2006 . 58 . 978-0820486062.
  23. Book: Kletzin, Jochen . Die Würzburger Sozialdemokratie in der Weimarer Republik . The Würzburg Social Democracy in the Weimar Republic . Würzburgs Sozialdemokraten: vom Arbeiterverein zur Sozialdemokratischen Volkspartei . Stürtz . 1978 . Loew . Hans Werner . Schönhoven . Klaus. Würzburg . 60–64 . de . Würzburg's Social Democrats. From the Workers' Association to the Social Democratic People's Party.
  24. Book: Stickler, Matthias . Geschichte der Stadt Würzburg . Theiss . 2007 . 978-3-8062-1478-9 . Wagner . Ulrich . Stuttgart . 1269 note 18 . de . History of the City of Würzburg . Neuanfang und Kontinuität: Würzburg in der Weimarer Republik. . New Beginnings and Continuity: Würzburg in the Weimar Republic..
  25. Book: Evans, Richard J. . Richard J. Evans . 2003 . The Coming of the Third Reich . New York . . 158–161 . 0-14-303469-3.
  26. Book: Evans, Richard J. . Richard J. Evans . 2003 . The Coming of the Third Reich . New York . . 158–161 . 0-14-303469-3.
  27. Book: Patrick . Major . Patrick Major . Jonathan . Osmond . The Workers' and Peasants' State: Communism and Society in East Germany Under Ulbricht 1945–71 . . 2002 . 978-0-7190-6289-6.
  28. Book: Milza, Pierre . L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871) . fr . The terrible year: La Commune (March–June 1871) . 2009 . Perrin . Paris . 978-2-262-03073-5.
  29. Book: Rougerie, Jacques . La Commune de 1871. 2014 . . Paris . 978-2-13-062078-5.
  30. Book: Gluckstein . Donny . The Paris Commune: A Revolutionary Democracy . 2006 . en . 978-1-905192-14-4 . Bookmarks . mdy-all.
  31. Archer . Julian P. W. . The Crowd in the Lyon Commune and the Insurrection of La Guillotiere . . 17 . 1 . 183–188 . April 1972 . en . 10.1017/S0020859000006489 . 0020-8590 . 44594905 . mdy-all . free.
  32. Book: Moissonnier . Maurice . La premiere internationale et la commune a Lyon (1865–1871) . The international premiere and the commune in Lyon (1865–1871) . 1972 . fr . Editions sociales . Paris . 902707001 . mdy-all.
  33. Book: Eesti ajalugu . et . History of Estonia . Küllo Arjakas . Küllo . Arjakas . Mati Laur . Mati . Laur . Tõnis Lukas . Tõnis . Lukas . Ain Mäesalu . Ain . Mäesalu . . . 1991 . 261.
  34. Book: Attitudes of Major Soviet Nationalities . II. The Baltics . . 1973 . 22 January 2020.
  35. Book: Swanson, John C. . Tangible Belonging: Negotiating Germanness in Twentieth-Century Hungary . . 2017 . 80 . 978-0-8229-8199-2.
  36. Völgyes . Iván . 1970 . The Hungarian Dictatorship of 1919: Russian Example versus Hungarian Reality . . 1 . 4 . 58 . 0012-8449.
  37. Book: Layne, Joseph Ewart . We Move Tonight: The Making of the Grenada Revolution . Grenada Revolution Memorial Foundation . 2014.
  38. Book: Khadzhiev . Georgi . Firth . Will . The Transfiguration Uprising and the 'Strandzha Commune': The First Libertarian Commune in Bulgaria . Nat︠s︡ionalnoto osvobozhdenie i bezvlastnii︠a︡t federalizŭm . National Liberation and Libertarian Federalism . bg . 99–148 . 1992 . Artizdat-5 . Sofia . http://www.savanne.ch/tusovka/en/will-firth/bulgaria.html#strandzha . 27030696 . mdy-all . https://web.archive.org/web/20200507010205/http://www.savanne.ch/tusovka/en/will-firth/bulgaria.html#strandzha . 7 May 2020.
  39. News: fr . Sonia . Vasséva . 2 août: Insurrection de la Saint Elie et de la Transfiguration . August 2: Insurrection of Saint Elijah and the Transfiguration . . 2 August 2013 . 12 December 2016.

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