List of college athletics championship game outcomes explained

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), founded in 1906, is the major governing body for intercollegiate athletics in the United States and currently conducts national championships in its sponsored sports, except for the top level of football. Before the NCAA offered a championship for any particular sport, intercollegiate national championships in that sport were determined independently. Although the NCAA sometimes lists these historic championships in its official records, it has not awarded retroactive championship titles.

Prior to NCAA inception of a sport, intercollegiate championships were conducted and usually espoused in advance as competitions for the national championship. Many winners were recognized in contemporary newspapers and other publications as the "national intercollegiate" champions. These are not to be confused with the champions of early 20th-century single-sport alliances of northeastern U.S. colleges that were named "Intercollegiate League" or "Intercollegiate Association." These leagues generally included some of the colleges that later became the Ivy League, as well as an assortment of other northeastern universities.

Even after the NCAA began organizing national championships, some non-NCAA organizations conducted their own national championship tournaments, usually as a supplement to the NCAA events. A notable example is that of NCAA Division III men's volleyball. Although the NCAA Men's National Collegiate Volleyball Championship, established in 1970, was in theory open to D-III schools, none had received a berth in that tournament. As a result, a separate championship event, open only to D-III schools, was created in 1997. That event was discontinued after its 2011 edition once the NCAA announced it would sponsor an official Division III championship starting in 2012.

The historical championship event outcomes included in the primary list section were decided by actual games organized for the purpose of determining a champion on the field of play. Lists of other championships for collegiate athletic organizations are referenced in later sections (see Table of Contents). It does not include Helms Athletic Foundation or Premo-Porretta Power Poll selections, which were awarded retrospectively.[1] [2]

Championship game outcomes prior/concurrent to NCAA inception

Men's teams

Baseball

Tournament was played at the Chicago World's Fair and included Virginia, Illinois, Wisconsin, Vanderbilt, Yale, Amherst, Wesleyan and Vermont.[3] William McKinley attended the opening game.[4] It was organized by the Columbian National Inter-Collegiate Baseball Association, notably by its secretary, Amos Alonzo Stagg, then the new head football coach at the University of Chicago.[5]

NCAA from 1947.

Basketball

NCAA from 1939.

See also: National Invitation Tournament.

Boxing

NCAA from 1932–1960.[47]

Cross country

Inter-Collegiate Cross Country Association (1899–1907)
Inter-Collegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1908–37)[48] [49] [50]

NCAA from 1938.

Fencing

Intercollegiate Fencing Association (1894–1943)

Team Foils

Three-Weapon Championship

† The first IFA three-weapon trophy was awarded in 1923. However, all three weapons (foil, épée, saber) were contested in the IFA tournament as early as 1920.

NCAA 1941–42 and from 1947.

Football

See main article: article and College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS.

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has never conducted a national championship event at the highest level of college football, currently its Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS). Neither has the NCAA ever officially endorsed an FBS national champion. Since 1978, it has held a championship playoff at the next lower level of college play. Prior to 1978, no divisions separated teams, and champions were independently designated by "selectors," composed of individuals and third-party organizations using experts, polls, and mathematical methods.[93] These efforts have continued and thrived for the higher FBS level. From the beginning, the selectors' choices have frequently been at odds with each other.[94] The NCAA has documented both contemporaneous and retroactive choices of several major national selectors in its official NCAA Football Records Book.[93] These selections are often claimed as championships by individual schools.

Golf

1897–1938

See Pre-NCAA college golf champions

NCAA from 1939.

Gymnastics

In 1903, the Western Conference instituted an annual conference championship meet.[99] Although early interest was expressed by the Intercollegiate Association in establishing a recognized national championship event with the Western Conference,[100] that interest did not reach fruition. In later years, the University of Chicago, a perennial Western Conference power, participated in several of the annual championship meets of the Intercollegiate Association.

"[I]n the twenty year period from 1910 to (the end of 1929) ... Navy has participated in 91 tournaments and dual meets and won 87 of them, including all seven of the intercollegiate championship events entered."[105] (Those seven events were conference, not national, championships.) Navy was so strong that the Intercollegiate Association asked Navy not to participate in the 1926 championship meet.[106] Navy was not a participant in the 1926, 1927 and 1928 meets.

NCAA from 1938.

Ice hockey

NCAA from 1948.

Lacrosse

The first intercollegiate lacrosse tournament was held in 1881 with Harvard beating Princeton in the championship game. New York University and Columbia University also participated. From 1882 through 1970 (excepting 1932–1935), the United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association and the collegiate lacrosse associations from which it evolved chose annual champions based on season records. These associations were the ILA (1882–1905), IULL (1899–1905), USILL (1906–1925) and USILA (1926–1970).[114] [115] In 1912 and 1921, the USILL conducted championship games between the winners of its Northern and Southern Divisions. Efforts to conduct such games in other years during its existence were unsuccessful.[114]

NCAA from 1971.

Rifle

National Rifle Association

National Indoor Intercollegiate Match

1924–79[116]

Men/Coed (year of conversion to Coed undetermined)

In the contemporary press, the type of competition utilized for this match was referred to as "shoulder-to-shoulder." This distinguished it from the "telegraphic" or "postal" form of competition.

NCAA from 1980.

† NRA document[116] states that there was no competition in 1946.

NRA Intercollegiate League

1909–22

Competition was held in telegraphic form using the indoor ranges of each competing school.

NRA Gallery Indoor Championship

1908 – ?

The indoor intercollegiate match was a single annual indoor match open to teams of any college. It was held in telegraphic form using the indoor ranges of each competing school.

National Outdoor Intercollegiate Match

1905 – ?

Matches were initially held at Sea Girt, New Jersey; after several years Camp Perry, Ohio, became the perennial venue.

(This competition is not to be confused with the National ROTC outdoor rifle team championship for the William Randolph Hearst Team Trophy (first awarded circa 1922[157]), which was not open to all students.)

Skiing

1921–53

Beginning in 1921, an intercollegiate winter sports championship was held annually at Lake Placid, New York, and involved colleges from the US and Canada. It combined events from downhill and slalom skiing, cross-country skiing, and ski jumping, as well as speed skating, figure skating, and snowshoeing in some years. The overall winning team received the President Harding Trophy. Prior to the 1940s, in end-of-year accounts of national sporting champions, major newspapers regarded the winning team at Lake Placid as intercollegiate champion.

In the late 1930s, a major annual "four-way" (downhill, slalom, jumping and cross-country) intercollegiate event began in Sun Valley, Idaho.[172] [173] From the start it attracted not only college teams from the West, but also strong teams that traditionally participated in the Lake Placid meet, such as Dartmouth.[174] [175] After interruption by World War II, it usurped the older event.

Newspaper coverage referred to the 1946 and 1947 Sun Valley winners (Utah and Middlebury, respectively) as national champions.[176] A few days earlier than the 1947 Sun Valley meet, a similar skiing competition was held in Aspen, Colorado, overlapping the start date of the Sun Valley event.[177] In 1948 and 1949, Aspen, rather than Sun Valley, hosted the national "four-way" intercollegiate ski championships.[178] [179] [180] [181]

All of these competitions were held in the middle of the ski season rather than at the end. Then in 1950, an official annual post-season national championship event was established.[182] This event served to influence the NCAA to add skiing as a sponsored sport, with the first NCAA title event occurring in 1954.[183]

The Intercollegiate Ski Union (ISU), a conference of schools primarily in the Northeast, also conducted annual championship events for its members.[184] However, its geographic reach was more limited than the other competitions described.

Lake Placid, New York

† curtailed by bad weather (jump and snowshoe race held, last two events cancelled)

‡ lack of snow (cross-country and jump held, downhill and slalom cancelled)

  1. competition included non-collegians

♦ lack of snow (jump held, other events cancelled)

§ not regarded as national champion; included for completeness

Sun Valley, Idaho

Aspen, Colorado

Post-Season National Championship

NCAA from 1954.

Soccer

During the periods 1926–35 and 1946–58, annual champions were selected by collegiate soccer associations based on regular season records. All are considered unofficial. For the period of 1936–45, each year's outstanding teams claim unofficial national championships. See also Intercollegiate Soccer Football Association.

The Soccer Bowl[255] (played in 1950–52) attempted to settle the national championship on the field for the 1949, 1950 and 1951 seasons. The Soccer Bowl championship games were played in January, 1950; December, 1950; and February, 1952, respectively.

NCAA from 1959.

Tennis

1883–1945[256]

See Collegiate individual tennis champions

NCAA from 1946.

Tennis (indoor)

Intercollegiate Tennis Association (1973–)

Track and field (indoor)

Amateur Athletic Union (1918)

Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1923–64)[257]

NCAA from 1965.

Track and field (outdoor)

Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America (1876–1920)[49] [260] [261]

* University of Chicago won the 1904 Olympic Games collegiate championship meet, defeating Princeton, Illinois, Michigan State and Colgate.[262]

† A contemporary source[263] states, as part of an "international athletic games" (similar to the Olympics) in Chicago on June 28 – July 6, 1913, "The national intercollegiate track and field meet was won by the University of Michigan," with Southern California second and Chicago third.

NCAA from 1921.

Trampoline

Until 1969, men's trampoline was one of the events that comprised the NCAA gymnastics championships. The NCAA continued to bestow a national title in trampoline for two years.[264] [265] [266] For several years, there was an annual membership vote on whether to remove it as an NCAA competition, resulting in removal by 1971.

Discontinued after 1970.

Volleyball

United States Volleyball Association (1949–69)[267]

NCAA from 1970.

Molten Division III Men's Invitational Volleyball Championship Tournament (1997–2011)

This was a championship solely for NCAA Division III schools. It was discontinued after its 2011 edition when the NCAA announced it would organize an official Division III championship starting in 2012.

NCAA from 2012.

Water polo

NCAA from 1969.

Wrestling

NCAA from 1928.

Women's teams

AIAW Champions in 16 NCAA Sports

See AIAW Champions for listings of pre-NCAA champions for most of the current NCAA women's sports.

Basketball

See DGWS/AIAW Basketball Champions (1969–82)

NCAA from 1982.

The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) has since 1926 conducted United States championship tournaments for women's amateur teams. On 28 occasions, small college teams (all from the central U.S.) have won the AAU women's basketball championship:[273]

Bowling

United States Bowling Congress (formerly American Bowling Congress and Women's Intercollegiate Bowling Congress)[274]

Year and ChampionYear and ChampionYear and ChampionYear and ChampionYear and ChampionYear and Champion
1975 Wichita State1984 Indiana State1993 William Paterson (NJ)2002 Morehead State2011 Maryland Eastern Shore2020 cancelled
1976 San Jose State1985 West Texas State1994 Wichita State2003 Central Missouri State2012 Webber International2021 Wichita State
1977 Wichita State1986 Wichita State1995 Nebraska2004 Pikeville (Kentucky)2013 Maryland Eastern Shore2022 Stephen F. Austin
1978 Wichita State1987 West Texas State1996 West Texas State2005 Wichita State2014 Robert Morris-Illinois2023
1979 Penn State1988 West Texas State1997 Nebraska2006 Lindenwood (Missouri)2015 North Carolina A&T2024
1980 Erie Community College (NY)1989 Morehead State (Kentucky)1998 Morehead State2007 Wichita State2016 Webber International2025
1981 Arizona State1990 Wichita State1999 Nebraska2008 Pikeville2017 McKendree (Illinois)2026
1982 Erie Community College1991 Nebraska2000 Morehead State2009 Wichita State2018 Lindenwood 2027
1983 West Texas State1992 West Texas State2001 Nebraska2010 Webber International (Florida)2019 Robert Morris–Illinois2028
The NCAA from 2004 has sponsored a women's team championship, apart from the USBC national championships. There were 80 schools in all divisions participating in NCAA bowling as of April, 2018.

Fencing

Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association (1929–63)

National Intercollegiate Women's Fencing Association (1964–79)[275]

Until 1974, schools from the states of New York and New Jersey won every foil team title.

YearFoil TeamYearFoil TeamYearFoil Team
1929New York University1946Hunter College1963Fairleigh Dickinson
1930New York University1947Hunter College1964Paterson State College
1931New York University1948Hunter College1965Paterson State College
1932New York University1949New York University1966Paterson State College
1933New York University1950New York University1967Cornell
1934Brooklyn College1951New York University1968Cornell
1935Hunter College1952Hunter College1969Cornell
1936Hunter College1953Hunter College1970Hunter College
1937Hunter College1954Elmira College1971New York University
1938New York University1955Rochester Institute of Technology1972Cornell
1939Hofstra University1956Paterson State College1973Cornell
1940Hunter College1957Rochester Institute of Technology1974California State-Fullerton
1941Brooklyn College1958Paterson State College1975San Jose State
1942Jersey City State College1959Paterson State College1976San Jose State
1943Jersey City State College1960Fairleigh Dickinson1977San Jose State
1944Hunter College1961Paterson State College1978San Jose State
1945Brooklyn College1962Paterson State College1979San Jose State
AIAW 1980–82 (3 years). NCAA 1982–89 (8 years). NCAA (Coed) from 1990.

Ice hockey

American Women's College Hockey Alliance

Year and Champion
1998 New Hampshire
1999 Harvard
2000 Minnesota
NCAA from 2001.

Rifle

National Rifle Association

Year and ChampionYear and ChampionYear and Champion
192? unknown start date1928 George Washington[276] 1934 Washington
1923 Washington1929 ?1935 Carnegie Tech
1924 Washington1930 ?1936 Carnegie Tech
1925 Washington1931 ?1937 Carnegie Tech[277]
1926 ?1932 Maryland1938–46?
1947 Penn State[278]
1927 George Washington[279] 1933 Washington1948–53?
1954 Monmouth (IL)[280]

NCAA (Coed) from 1980.

Pre-NCAA Coed Rifle: see above

Rowing

The National Women's Rowing Association (NWRA) sponsored an annual open eights national championship from 1971 to 1979, among college and non-college teams. (There were no eights before 1971.) During this period, only in 1973 and 1975 did a college team win the national eights championship outright. According to US Rowing Association, contemporary news reports in 1976 and 1977 do not mention a national collegiate title.[281] Beginning in 1980, the NWRA sponsored the Women's Collegiate National Championship, including varsity eights. In 1986 the NWRA dissolved after recognizing US Rowing's assuming of responsibility as the national governing body for women's rowing.

NWRA Open National Championship, Eights top college finishers, 1971–1979 (champion in parentheses) :

NWRA / US Rowing Women's Collegiate National Championship, Varsity eights :

Year and ChampionYear and ChampionYear and ChampionYear and Champion
1980 California[285] [286] 1985 Washington1989 Cornell1993 Princeton
1981 Washington1986 Wisconsin1990 Princeton1994 Princeton
1982 Washington *1987 Washington1991 Boston University1995 Princeton
1983 Washington1988 Washington1992 Boston University1996 Brown
1984 Washington

Followed by NCAA from 1997, in which women currently compete in a Varsity 8, a Second Varsity 8, and a Varsity Four.

Beach volleyball

American Volleyball Coaches Association, Collegiate Nationals

YearChampion
2006multi-school pair
2007Nebraska (two-person team)
2008Texas (four pairs per team)
2009USC (four pairs per team)
2010Loyola Marymount (two-person team)
2011multi-school pair
2012Pepperdine
2013Long Beach State
2014Pepperdine
2015USC
NCAA from 2016.

Tennis (indoor)

Intercollegiate Tennis Association

YearChampionYearChampionYearChampionYearChampion
1988Florida 1999Florida 2010Northwestern2021North Carolina
1989Stanford2000Stanford 2011Stanford2022North Carolina
1990Stanford2001Stanford2012UCLA2023
1991Florida2002Georgia 2013North Carolina2024
1992Florida2003Duke 2014Duke2025
1993Stanford 2004Stanford2015North Carolina2026
1994Georgia2005Stanford2016California2027
1995Georgia 2006Stanford 2017Florida2028
1996Florida2007Georgia Tech2018North Carolina2029
1997Florida 2008Georgia Tech2019Georgia2030
1998Stanford2009Northwestern 2020North Carolina2031

Track and field (outdoor)

Women's National Collegiate and Scholastic Track Association

Telegraphic meets conducted during specified dates each May

YearChampion[287]
1922?
1923Winthrop College
1924Iowa
1925Winthrop College
1926Humboldt State College
1927?

Amateur Athletic Union

The AAU conducted senior women's national track and field championships for all athletes, both indoors and outdoors, beginning in the 1920s. Two college teams won numerous championships in each sport against other clubs from throughout the country.

Tuskegee Institute won the AAU national title 14 times in 1937–1942 and 1944–1951. Tennessee State won national outdoors 13 times in 1955–1960, 1962, 1963, 1965–1967, 1969 and 1978.[287]

Track and field (indoor)

Amateur Athletic Union

Tuskegee Institute won the AAU national indoor championships four times in 1941, 1945, 1946 and 1948. Tennessee State won the national title 14 times in 1956–1960, 1962, 1965–1969 and 1978–1980.[287]

Water polo

USA Water Polo[288]

Year and ChampionYear and ChampionYear and Champion
1984 UC Davis1990 UC San Diego1996 UCLA
1985 Stanford1991 UC San Diego1997 UCLA
1986 UC San Diego1992 UC San Diego1998 UCLA
1987 UC Santa Barbara1993 UC Davis 1999 USC
1988 UC Davis1994 UC San Diego 2000 UCLA
1989 UC Santa Barbara1995 Slippery Rock (PA)
NCAA from 2001.

Champions of collegiate athletic organizations

NCAA champions

See main article: NCAA Championships.

NAIA champions

See main article: NAIA Championships.

NJCAA champions

See main article: NJCAA Championships and National Junior College Athletic Association.

USCAA champions

See main article: USCAA Championships and United States Collegiate Athletic Association.

ACCA champions

See main article: ACCA Championships and Association of Christian College Athletics.

Other sports

See main article: Championships exclusively conducted by collegiate single-sport organizations.

Notes and References

  1. This Year The Fight Will Be In The Open . Jenkins, Dan . . September 11, 1967 . May 3, 2015.
  2. Book: ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia: The Complete History of the Men's Game. ESPN. ESPN Books. New York, NY. 2009. 526, 529–87. 978-0-345-51392-2.
  3. News: Monthly Record . Outing, an Illustrated Monthly Magazine of Sport, Travel and Recreation.. XXII . 115–116. September 1893 . 2010-04-12 .
  4. News: Will See The Opening Game . Chicago Tribune . June 24, 1893 . 6 . 2010-04-15 . 2012-10-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121026123706/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/432628752.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+24,+1893&author=&pub=Chicago+Daily+Tribune+(1872-1922)&edition=&startpage=6&desc=WILL+SEE+THE+OPENING+GAME. . dead .
  5. News: Baseball Notes . New York Times . February 13, 1893 . 2010-04-13.
  6. Web site: 1904 Olympic Gold Medal. 2013-03-14. 2012-09-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20120904080143/http://www.hiramterriers.com/athletics/olympicgold. dead.
  7. Could Be the Start of Something Big. Jack. McCallum. Sports Illustrated. November 29, 1999. 2013-03-14. 2014-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20140204042812/http://www.hiramterriers.com/athletics/siaccount. dead.
  8. Web site: What Happened at St. Louis. W.H.. Harmon. 1904. 2013-03-14. 2014-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20140204035227/http://www.hiramterriers.com/athletics/harmonaccount. dead.
  9. Web site: Going for the Gold: Hiram's Glory. Tom. Cammett. Hiram Magazine. 2013-03-14. 2014-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20140204050152/http://www.hiramterriers.com/athletics/cammett. dead.
  10. Web site: Terriers World Champions. St. Louis Dispatch. July 13, 1904. 2013-03-14. 2014-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20140204052627/http://www.hiramterriers.com/athletics/stlouis. dead.
  11. Web site: Basketball Anniversary has Local Tie. Warren Tribune Chronicle. Aug 15, 2004. Dave. Burcham. 2013-03-14. 2014-02-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20140204050146/http://www.hiramterriers.com/athletics/tribune. dead.
  12. Book: Spalding's Official Basket Ball Guide 1908-9 . September 1908 . 27, 45 . 2010-04-12 .
  13. News: Athletics . The Chicago Alumni Magazine . April 1908. 2 . 45, 89, 94–95 . 2010-04-12 .
  14. Web site: AAU Men's National Champions . 2010-04-12 .
  15. Book: 2009–10 Penn Men's Basketball Media Guide . 93 . 2010-04-12 . 2012-11-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121106223345/https://www.nmnathletics.com//pdf4/656525.pdf?ATCLID=204830235&SPSID=19817&SPID=539&DB_OEM_ID=1700 . dead .
  16. News: Wesleyan and Wabash Fives to Open Tourney . Chicago Tribune . March 9, 1922 . 10 . 2010-04-14 . 2012-03-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120302045927/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/358215622.html?dids=358215622:358215622&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+09,+1922&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=WESLEYAN+AND+WABASH+FIVES+TO+OPEN+TOURNEY&pqatl=google . dead .
  17. News: Wabash Wins Easily . New York Times . March 10, 1922 . 12 . 2010-04-12 .
  18. News: Wabash Takes Title . New York Times. March 12, 1922. 27 . 2010-04-12 .
  19. Web site: Kalamazoo College Basketball, Men's Basketball All-Time Scores . 2010-04-12 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100527183630/https://www.kzoo.edu/sports/mb/mbhistory/mball-time-scores.html . 2010-05-27 .
  20. Book: Wabash College Basketball 2008–09 Media Guide . 40 . 2010-04-12 .
  21. The Caduceus of Kappa Sigma . Alpha-Pi – Wabash College . Kappa Sigma Fraternity. XXXVII . April 1922 . 521 . 2010-04-12 .
  22. The Phi Gamma Delta . Psi – Wabash . Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity . May 1922 . XLIV . 663, 761 . 2010-04-12 .
  23. Web site: Wabash Hoops: The Wonder Fives; The Early Champions . 2010-04-12 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090226200403/https://www2.wabash.edu/blog/wabash_hoops_53_65/2006/12/ . 2009-02-26 .
  24. Web site: History of the Early S.I.A.A. Atlanta Basketball Tournament. Jon. Scott. 2015-12-14.
  25. News: Tourney for Colleges . New York Times. January 24, 1922 . 12 . 2010-04-12 .
  26. Web site: Hall of Famers: Charles D. "Chuck" Hyatt . Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame . 2009 . 2012-01-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120214003327/http://www.hoophall.com/hall-of-famers/tag/charles-d-chuck-hyatt . 2012-02-14 .
  27. Web site: Temple Owls . 2010-04-12 .
  28. Web site: NCAA Tournament History. 2013-02-12. "The tournament now determines the national champion, but that wasn't always the case. Until the 1950s, the NIT was just as big a tournament as the NCAA, and teams often chose to enter the NIT and bypass the NCAA tourney.". 2013-05-14. https://web.archive.org/web/20130514220356/http://www.tourneytravel.com/history/index.htm. dead.
  29. Davies, Richard O. (2007). "Sports in American Life: A History." Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. p. 155. . "In 1938, [Ned] Irish invited 16 teams to compete in a new tournament that he called the National Invitation Tournament ..., and it would be the premiere college basketball event for more than a decade. The following year, the NCAA responded by creating its own tournament, but it did not surpass the NIT as the premier postseason tournament until the 1950s."
  30. Augustyn, Adam, ed. (2011). "The Britannica Guide to Basketball." Rosen Education Service. p. 17. . "New York City basketball writers organized the first National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 1938, but a year later the New York City colleges took control of the event. Until the early 1950s, the NIT was considered the most prestigious U.S. tournament ..."
  31. Roth, John (2006). "The Encyclopedia of Duke Basketball." Duke University Press. p. 272. "During its early years the [NCAA] tourney was overshadowed by the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in New York."
  32. Glickman, Marty (1999). "The Fastest Kid on the Block: The Marty Glickman Story." Syracuse University Press. p. 75. . "The first big tournament I covered was the 1946 National Invitation Tournament, the NIT, at Madison Square Garden. It, not the NCAA, was the big college basketball tournament in those days. Later the NCAA flexed its muscles to dominate college basketball, and the NIT became little more than an also-ran tourney. In its time, though, the NIT was enormous."
  33. McPhee, John (1999). "A Sense of Where You Are: Bill Bradley at Princeton." Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p. 114-115. . "In the 1940s, when the N.C.A.A. tournament was less than 10 years old, the National Invitation Tournament ... was the most glamorous of the post-season tournaments and generally had the better teams. The winner of the National Invitation Tournament was regarded as more of a national champion than the actual, titular, national champion, or winner of the N.C.A.A. tournament."
  34. Web site: National Championship Teams. July 2009 . Holy Cross Athletics. 2018-03-13.
  35. Web site: 2008 NCAA Basketball Records Book . 256. NCAA . 2009-04-02.
  36. Book: ESPN College Basketball Encyclopedia . ESPN Books . Ballantine Books . New York . 2009 . 564 . 978-0-345-51392-2 . 2012-01-29.
  37. News: New York Times. March 23, 1924 . S1 . COLLEGE RING TITLE WON BY PENN STATE; Victors Take Four Firsts and One Second in Boxing League's First Tourney. . 2010-04-28.
  38. News: New York Times. March 29, 1925 . S1 . NAVY BOXERS WIN; CAPTURE 4 TITLES; Take Intercollegiate Tourney. 2010-04-27.
  39. Web site: NAVY's GREATEST SPORT. 2010-04-27. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110717180415/http://www.usnaboxing.com/History/NavysGreatest.htm. 2011-07-17.
  40. News: Navy Boxers Retain Intercollegiate Title. Reading Eagle. March 28, 1926. 19. 2010-04-28.
  41. News: New York Times. March 27, 1927 . S5 . PENN STATE BOXERS WIN COLLEGE TITLE; Score 22 Points to Navy's 21, Midshipmen Losing Chance by Dropping Extra Bout. EACH GAINS THREE CROWNS Flynn, M.I.T. 160-Pounder, Beaten by Wolff in Final, Later Prevents Navy Victory. 2010-04-27.
  42. News: New York Times. March 18, 1928 . 163 . NAVY WINS CROWN IN COLLEGE BOXING; Tallies 19 Points, One More Than Penn State, to Capture Team Championship. WOLFF STOPS MAZZOTTE Defends 160-Pound Title, Scoring Knockout in Third—Grant Victor in Extra Round. Grant Wins Title. Levy Collapses at Finish.. 2010-04-28.
  43. News: New York Times. March 24, 1929 . 177 . PENN STATE BOXERS WIN COLLEGE TITLE; Win 3 Finals for 23 Points as Navy, Second, Gets 13-- Western Maryland 11. WOLFF AGAIN WINS CROWN Penn State Boxer Takes 160 Pound Title 3d Year in Row Only Champion to Survive. EPSTEIN OUTPOINTS FRY Penn State 115-Pounder Scores With Left—Hamas Beats Livoti to Regain Heavyweight Title. Penn State Gets 23 Points. Epstein Is Victor. Fish Defeats Davis.. 2010-04-28.
  44. News: Lewiston Daily Sun. March 24, 1930 . Minister's Son One of Winners in College Ring. 6 . 2010-04-27.
  45. News: Hartford Courant. March 23, 1930. C3. Penn State Boxers Win Second Straight Intercollegiate Title. 2010-04-27. 2012-10-26. https://web.archive.org/web/20121026124556/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/851488692.html?dids=851488692:851488692&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+23,+1930&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Penn+State+Boxers+Win+Second+Straight+Intercollegiate+Title&pqatl=google. dead.
  46. News: New York Times. March 22, 1931 . S1 . NAVY'S BOXING TEAM WINS COLLEGE CROWN; Crinkley's Victory in Final Bout Gives Middies Title With Twenty Points. WESTERN MARYLAND SECOND Penn State, Defending Champion, Ties for Third With Syracuse Ringmen. Heavyweight Bout Decisive. BOXING TITLE WON BY NAVAL ACADEMY Drops Rival With Right. M.I.T. Cantain Victor.. 2010-04-27 . Joseph C. . Nichols.
  47. Web site: NCAA Discontinued Championships. 2010-04-23.
  48. News: Annual Report of Advisory Council on Athletics . The Technology Review . 23. January 1921 . 360 . 2010-04-12 .
  49. Book: Official Souvenir Volume, Forty-first Annual Field Meeting, Intercollegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America, Held at Soldiers' Field, Cambridge, Mass., May 26 and May 27, 1916 . 1916. 88, 109–110. 2010-04-25.
  50. Web site: Inter-Collegiate Association of Amateur Athletes of America All-Time Champions. 2021-08-31. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100828231427/http://www.ecac.org/affiliates/IC4A/xcountry/history/all-time. 2010-08-28.
  51. News: United States Sporting Champions, 1918. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1918. 10. 2010-05-14.
  52. Book: The New International Year Book for the Year 1919 . 183. Frank Moore Colby. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1920. 2010-05-13.
  53. News: United States Sporting Champions for 1919. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1919. 10. 2010-05-14.
  54. News: United States Sporting Champions for 1920. The Christian Science Monitor. Jan 1, 1921. 10. 2010-05-14.
  55. News: United States Champions for 1923. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1923. 16. 2010-05-14.
  56. News: United States Champions for 1925. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1925. 6. 2010-05-14.
  57. News: United States Champions for 1926. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1926. 6. 2010-05-14.
  58. News: United States Champions for 1927. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1927. 8. 2010-05-14.
  59. News: United States Sports Champions for the Year 1928. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1928. 8. 2010-05-14.
  60. News: United States Champions for the Year 1929. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1929. 10. 2010-05-14.
  61. News: United States Champions for the Year 1930. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1930. 8. 2010-05-14.
  62. News: United States Sporting Champions for 1931. The Christian Science Monitor. Jan 7, 1932. 20. 2010-05-14.
  63. News: United States Sporting Champions for 1932. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1932. 4. 2010-05-14.
  64. News: United States Sporting Champions for 1933. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1933. 4. 2010-05-14.
  65. News: United States Sporting Champions for 1934. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1934. 12. 2010-05-14.
  66. News: United States Sporting Champions for 1935. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1935. 8. 2010-05-14.
  67. News: United States Champions for the Year 1936. The Christian Science Monitor. Dec 31, 1936. 6. 2010-05-14.
  68. News: United States Sports Champions for 1937. The Christian Science Monitor. Jan 4, 1938. 14. 2010-05-14.
  69. News: 2010-05-29. April 12, 1897 . New York Times. 5. Good Fencing Bouts.
  70. News: 2010-05-30. April 3, 1898 . New York Times. 8. Columbia Fencing Team Wins.; Harvard Loses After Victory for Four Successive Years..
  71. Book: 2010-05-30. The Daily news almanac and political register for 1929. Chicago Daily News Co. . 1929 .
  72. News: 2010-05-30. April 2, 1900 . New York Times. 5. Intercollegiate Fencing; Harvard the Winner in a Well-Contested Tournament. Naval Cadets a Point Behind the Leaders and a Point Ahead of Cornell – Columbia Ranks Fourth..
  73. News: 2010-05-29. March 22, 1903 . New York Times. 16. College Fencing Meet.
  74. Book: Annual report of the Secretary of War for fiscal year ended June 30, 1904, Volume 12. United States. War Dept.. 253. 1904.
  75. Book: 2010-05-29. The World almanac and encyclopedia (1905) . Press Publishing Co.. 263 .
  76. Book: The World almanac and encyclopedia (1906). Press Publishing Co.. 1906. 271. 2010-05-29.
  77. News: 2010-05-29. March 18, 1906. New York Times. 13. West Point Fencers Lead; Harvard Second and Annapolis Third in Intercollegiate Meet..
  78. Book: Army & Navy Life and the United Service . West Point Sports . April 1907. 10 . 2010-04-12 . 408 . https://books.google.com/books?id=t4ADAAAAYAAJ&q=%22intercollegiate+champion%22&pg=PA408 .
  79. Book: 2010-05-29. The History of Athletics at the University of Pennsylvania, Vol II, 1896-97–1907-08. Edward Rogers Bushnell . 1909 . John C. Winton Co. . 153 .
  80. Book: Brooklyn daily eagle almanac (1909) . 541 . 1909 . Brooklyn Daily Eagle . 2010-05-29.
  81. News: 2010-05-29. April 1, 1910 . New York Times. 9. Navy Fencers Congratulated..
  82. News: 2010-05-29. April 2, 1911 . New York Times. C5. Cornell Fencers First All Around; Win Intercollegiate Tournament and Roos Takes Individual Honors. .
  83. News: 2010-05-29 . April 24, 1916 . Christian Science Monitor . Annapolis Wins Fencing Title; Yale Is Second Louis Mouquin, Captain of Columbia University Team, Takes the Individual Honors . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102105509/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/210958242.html?dids=210958242:210958242&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Apr+24,+1916&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=ANNAPOLIS+WINS+FENCING+TITLE;+YALE+IS+SECOND&pqatl=google . dead .
  84. Book: 2010-05-30. The Chicago Daily news almanac and yearbook for 1924. 1923 . Chicago Daily News Co. .
  85. Book: 2010-05-30. The Daily news almanac and political register for 1929. Chicago Daily News Co. .
  86. News: Harvard's Fencers Win College Title; Capture Foils Team Championship in Final Round, Winning 17 of 27 Bouts.. April 14, 1923 . 10. 2010-05-29. New York Times . Army, by taking first in the sabres and epee events and fourth in the foils, won the new three weapon trophy offered this year by the Intercollegiate Fencing Association for all-around efficiency..
  87. Book: 2010-05-30. 233 . The New international yearbook for 1925 . Dodd, Mead and Co. .
  88. News: 2010-05-29 . March 31, 1940 . Palm Beach Post . 2C . Navy Fencing Team Holds Slight Edge .
  89. News: 2010-05-29 . March 28, 1941 . Hartford Courant . 17 . Intercollegiate Fencing Event Starts Today . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102105434/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/858621492.html?dids=858621492:858621492&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+28,+1941&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=Intercollegiate+Fencing+Event+Starts+Today&pqatl=google . dead .
  90. News: 2010-05-29. March 30, 1941 . New York Times. S1. N.Y.U. Again Wins 3-Weapon Honors at Fencing Meet; Tauber Retains Epee Title as Violet Also Captures Team Epee and Foil Crowns; Stokes of Navy a Victor; Steinhardt, St. John's, First -Harvard and City College Share Saber Laurels; On a Fencing Strip in Title Event at Princeton N.Y.U. Team Keeps 3-Weapon Laurels. Arthur . Daley.
  91. News: 2010-05-29. March 22, 1942 . New York Times. S1. 3 Team Titles Go to N.Y.U. Fencers; They Win 3-Weapon, Saber and Epee Crowns – Columbia Is Victor in Foils Event . Kingsley . Childs.
  92. News: 2010-05-29. March 21, 1943 . New York Times. 43. Navy Fencers Win 3-Weapon Honors; Cox Leads Team to Its Third Title of Tourney – N.Y.U. Annexes Foils Trophy; Victorious Navy Fencers with the Three-Weapon Trophy - Navy Wins Three-Weapon Title, Dethroning N.Y.U. Fencing Team . John . Rendel.
  93. Book: 2011 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records . 70–75 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association . August 2011 . Indianapolis, IN . 2011-10-17.
  94. How many national titles can Alabama really lay claim to? Better yet, why is there more than one answer? (republished with permission from the Birmingham Weekly). The College Football Historian. secsportsfan.com Intercollegiate Football Researchers Association. Tex. Noel. Matt. Hooper . 2009-10-10. 2. 9. 2326-3628.
  95. Book: 394. The International year book: a compendium of the world's progress during the year 1899 . Frank Moore Colby . Dodd, Mead & Company . 1900 . 2010-09-24. In 1899 the first important intercollegiate gymnastic association meeting was held, the result being as follows: Horizontal bar, E. B. Turner, Princeton, and R. G. Clapp, Yale, tied, 12 points; side horse, F. J. Belcher, New York University, 10 5/6; parallel bars, R. G. Clapp, 12⅓; flying rings, R. G. Clapp, 11 1/6; club swinging, R. G. Clapp, 13½; tumbling, W. L. Otis, Yale, 10; all-around championship, R. G. Clapp, Yale, 7 5/6 points..
  96. News: New York Daily Tribune. March 24, 1900. 2010-09-30 . Columbia Wins the Contest. Defeats the Field in Gymnastics with Score of Twenty-Siv Points . 4 .
  97. News: The Times (Washington, DC) . March 24, 1901. 2010-09-30 . The Honors Go to Yale. The University Captures the Intercollegiate Gymnastic Events. . 8 .
  98. Book: Brooklyn daily eagle almanac 1903, Volume 18 . 1903 . 2010-09-24 . 124. Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
  99. News: The alumni quarterly of the University of Illinois, Volume 5, No. 3 . 245 . July 1911 . 2010-09-23.
  100. News: College Gymnasts' Annual Meeting. American gymnasia and athletic record, Volume 1, No. 5 . January 1905. 167 . 2010-09-23 . With a view to bringing about a recognized national championship in collegiate gymnastics, Secretary T. H. Burch, Jr., of Columbia, was authorized to correspond with the Western Intercollegiate Gymnastic Association with the view of an affiliation, arranging for the Western champion team to meet the Eastern champion team in some city of the middle West, the winner of this competition to become known as the national champion. This course was heartily indorsed by all of the collegians present, and is one that has been the object of achievement for some years..
  101. Book: University of Chicago. The Cap and Gown. 1917. XXII. 300. 2010-04-12.
  102. News: Athletics . The University of Chicago Magazine. 9 . 7 . May 1917 . 307 . 2010-04-12 .
  103. News: New York Times. 2010-09-17. March 31, 1917. CHICAGO GYMNASTS WIN.; Easy Victors in Annual Intercollegiate Title Event.. 13 .
  104. News: Navy Gymnasts Beat Chicago; Van Vactor Individual Star. 2010-09-19. March 29, 1925. New York Times.
  105. News: Baltimore Sun . Ideal Conditions Explain Navy Gymnasts' Success . SS1 . December 29, 1929 . 2010-09-17 . https://archive.today/20130131192949/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1661878662.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+29,+1929&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Ideal+Conditions+Explain+Navy+Gymnasts'+Success&pqatl=google . dead . January 31, 2013 . W Wilson . Wingate .
  106. News: New York Times. April 12, 1926. 2010-09-23. NAVY TURNS WEST FOR ATHLETIC FOES; Director McCandless Says Teams Have Trouble Arranging Dates With Eastern Rivals..
  107. curated display. Louis Bordo captained the 1944 undefeated Lion team that won the National AAU team title.. Penn State All-Sports Museum. University Park, Pennsylvania. 5 April 2017.
  108. Olympika: The International Journal of Olympic Studies. VII. 1998. 44, 53. A Colossal Embroglio: Control of Amateur Ice Hockey in the United States and the 1948 Olympic Winter Games. Gordon. MacDonald. 2016-05-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20160825215353/http://library.la84.org/SportsLibrary/Olympika/Olympika_1998/olympika0701d.pdf. 2016-08-25. dead.
  109. Web site: Gopher Hockey History 1939–1940 . Gopher Hockey History. 2010-12-08.
  110. News: National AAU Title Tops Unbeaten Year . Minnesota Daily . Quale . Otto . 1940-03-05 . 2007-11-01 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110516001650/http://www.mndaily.com/archive/archives/1940/03051940.pdf . 2011-05-16 .
  111. Book: Joel A. Rippel. Patrick Reusse. Minnesota Sports Almanac: 125 Glorious Years. 2006. Minnesota Historical Society. 978-0-87351-558-0. 192.
  112. Web site: Year-by-Year Results . 115 . Boston College Hockey Media Guide 2011-12 . 2016-05-17 . 2011 . 2016-10-08 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161008054722/http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/bc/sports/m-hockey/auto_pdf/2011-12/misc_non_event/2011-12-mg-sec7.pdf . dead .
  113. Book: This Day in New York Sports . 2016-05-17 . Jordan. Sprechman. Bill. Shannon. 1998. Sports Publishing LLC. 76 . Champaign, Illinois, US. 9781571672544 .
  114. Book: Scott, Bob. Lacrosse Technique and Tradition. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1976. 0-8018-2060-X. registration.
  115. Book: Fisher, Donald M.. Lacrosse: A History of the Game . The Johns Hopkins University Press. 14 Mar 2002. 64–71. 9780801869389 .
  116. Web site: Intercollegiate rifle team trophy . 2009-09-05 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131203040301/http://compete.nra.org/documents/pdf/compete/nat-trophy/tro-113.pdf . 2013-12-03 . dead.
  117. News: May 19, 1924 . NAVY SHOOTERS WIN TITLE . Christian Science Monitor . 2010-06-05 . Sports 1 . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102212716/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/300115352.html?dids=300115352:300115352&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=May+19,+1924&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=NAVY+SHOOTERS+WIN+TITLE&pqatl=google . dead .
  118. News: Apr 28, 1924 . College Rifle Tourney May 17. New York Times . 12 .
  119. News: May 17, 1925 . NAVY RIFLE TEAM RETAINS ITS TITLE; First Team Scores 1,386 Points in the National Collegiate Championships.. New York Times . S6 . 2010-06-05.
  120. News: Apr 14, 1926 . NAVY HOST TO RIFLE MATCH . Christian Science Monitor . 2010-06-05 . Sports 1 . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102212735/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/302439442.html?dids=302439442:302439442&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Apr+14,+1926&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=NAVY+HOST+TO+RIFLE+MATCH&pqatl=google . dead .
  121. News: Apr 18, 1927 . George Washington Wins Rifle Tourney; Takes Shoulder-to-Shoulder Team Title in Field-of Nine Contestants . Christian Science Monitor . 2010-06-05 . Sports 1 . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102212805/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/300908472.html?dids=300908472:300908472&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Apr+18,+1927&author=Special+from+Monitor+Bureau&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=George+Washington+Wins+Rifle+Tourney&pqatl=google . dead .
  122. News: Apr 17, 1927 . GEORGE WASHINGTON WINS ANNUAL SHOOT; Fourth National Intercollegiate Match Goes to Capital Marksmen With 1,394. . New York Times . S2 . 2010-06-05.
  123. News: Apr 1, 1934 . COLLEGE RIFLE TITLE TAKEN BY NAVY TEAM; Middies and Five Other … . New York Times . S3. 2010-06-05.
  124. News: Tech Rifle Shooters Win National Toga . Pittsburgh Press . Apr 5, 1936 . Sports-4 .
  125. News: Apr 5, 1936 . ... Navy Team Tallies 1,364 Titleholders Top 12 Rivals in Small-Bore Rifle Test at Annapolis.. The New York Times . S4 . 2010-06-05.
  126. News: The New York Times . Jun 12, 1946 . Iowa Sweeps Rifle Meet – Wins Team and Individual High in National Intercollegiate Event . Sports 20 .
  127. News: New York Times . Columbia Wins Special Trophy . Apr 23, 1911 .
  128. Iowa Journal of History and Politics . The rifle team. State Historical Society of Iowa . Benjamin Shambaugh . XXI . 2 . Apr 1923 . 260–264 . 2010-06-05 .
  129. News: New York Times. 8. Mar 28, 1912. Massachusetts Aggies Champions. 2010-06-04.
  130. News: Christian Science Monitor . WEST VIRGINIA TO MEET HARVARD . Apr 22, 1913 . Sports 1 . 2010-06-05 . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102212818/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/221752402.html?dids=221752402:221752402&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Apr+22,+1913&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=WEST+VIRGINIA+TO+MEET+HARVARD&pqatl=google . dead .
  131. News: Rifle Title Goes to West Virginia. San Francisco Call. 11. May 7, 1913 . 2014-03-21.
  132. News: Popular Attractions at Pullman Theater . Pullman Herald . Apr 3, 1914 . 3 . 2010-06-05 .
  133. News: New York Times. S3. Jan 30, 1916. 2010-06-04. Perfect Scores on Range.; Three Teams Score 1,000 in Intercollegiate Rifle Match .
  134. News: Penn wins rifle shooting contest . New York Tribune . May 24, 1919 . 14 . 2010-06-05 .
  135. News: Rifle Team Wins Championship. The Pennsylvania Gazette ...: Weekly Magazine of the University of Pennsylvania . 17. May 23, 1919. 797–798. 2010-04-12.
  136. News: New York Times . NORWICH CAPTURES SHOOT.; Wins Intercollegiate Rifle Championship … . May 7, 1920 . 14 . 2010-06-05.
  137. News: Boston Daily Globe . Jan 6, 1922 . Norwich Marksmen in Search of New Honors . https://archive.today/20120712180806/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/708184552.html?dids=708184552:708184552&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Jan+06,+1922&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe&desc=NORWICH+MARKSMEN+IN+SEARCH+OF+NEW+HONORS&pqatl=google . dead . July 12, 2012 . 19 . 2010-06-05 .
  138. News: Rifle Shooting in Colleges. Eugene Register-Guard . Nov 25, 1922 . 3 . 2010-06-05 .
  139. News: New York Times . COLLEGE MEN IN BIG RIFLE SHOOT; March 15 to 27 Set as Time for the Annual Competition on Local Targets. . Jan 31, 1909 . S3 . 2010-06-05.
  140. News: New York Tribune . Sports at Columbia . Feb 19, 1909 . 8. 2010-06-05 .
  141. News: Norfolk (Neb.) Weekly News-Journal . Colleges Begin Firing, Intercollegiate Match for Rifle Championship Starts Today . Mar 3, 1909 . 3 . 2010-06-05 .
  142. News: New York Times . COLUMBIA TEAM SECOND; State College of Washington Wins First Honors in National Shooting.. Apr 10, 1909 . 10 . 2010-06-05 .
  143. News: New York Tribune . SHOOT FOR INTERCOLLEGIATE PRIZE. Nearly a Score of Colleges Will Take Part in Gallery Championship.. Mar 14, 1909 . 10 . 2010-06-05 .
  144. News: New York Times . ODDS AND ENDS OF SPORT . Mar 16, 1909 . 2010-06-05 . 7 .
  145. Book: July 1, 1909 . Michigan State Board of Agriculture . 48th Annual Report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture of the State of Michigan . 2010-06-05 . 91 .
  146. News: Washington Times . Oct 16, 1908 . 10 . G W U MAKES BID FOR RIFLE HONORS, Crack Shots Will Try for Intercollegiate Championship This Winter. . 2010-06-05.
  147. News: Amherst Aggies Won Rifle Shoot. The Day (New London, CT) . Apr 8, 1910. 14 . 2010-06-05.
  148. News: The Ogden Standard . Massachusetts Wins Rifle Shoot . 1 . Apr 8, 1910 . 2010-06-05.
  149. News: New York Times . Georgetown's Rifle Team Is Intercollegiate Winner. Mar 11, 1923 . 2010-06-05.
  150. News: New York Times . Mar 30, 1924. GEORGE WASHINGTON WINS.; Captures Intercollegiate Rifle Team Gallery Championship.. S1 . 2010-06-05.
  151. News: New York Times . NORWICH WINS RIFLE TITLE.; Gains Seventh Straight League Victory . Mar 29, 1927 . Sports 20 . 2010-06-05.
  152. News: Apr 29, 1927 . NORWICH WINS IN SECTION A, MISSOURI IN SECTION B . Christian Science Monitor . 2010-06-05 . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102212845/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/300936732.html?dids=300936732:300936732&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Apr+29,+1927&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=NORWICH+WINS+IN+SECTION+A,+MISSOURI+IN+SECTION+B&pqatl=google . dead .
  153. News: New York Times . Norwich Riflemen Score. . May 3, 1927 . Sports 33 . 2010-06-05.
  154. News: Christian Science Monitor . WASHINGTON WINS FOUR RIFLE TITLES . Sports 4 . May 20, 1932 . 2010-06-05 . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102231350/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/304250162.html?dids=304250162:304250162&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=May+20,+1932&author=Special+to+The+Christian+Science+Monitor&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=WASHINGTON+WINS+FOUR+RIFLE+TITLES&pqatl=google . dead .
  155. News: . May 12, 1932 . Huskies Win Rifle Crown . . . . June 6, 2024 . University of Washington captured first place in the senior national intercollegiate rifle team matches, Ninth Corps Area Headquarters announced here today. The winning score was 7811. Washington State College won second place with 7732..
  156. News: Cougar Shooters Busy . Spokane Daily Chronicle . Mar 17, 1934 . 10 . 2010-06-05.
  157. News: Ripon Rifle Champs Receive Hearst Trophy . Milwaukee Sentinel . April 24, 1955 . 7 .
  158. News: The Atlanta Journal-Constitution . COLLEGE SHOOT PROVED FROST . Jul 6, 1908 . 7 . 2010-06-05 .
  159. News: New York Tribune . Intercollegiate Shoot on June 19. Rifle Match for Championship to be Decided at Sea Girt – George Washington Holder . May 23, 1909 . 8 . 2010-06-05.
  160. News: Washington Herald . G.W.U. LOSES TROPHY Rifle Championship Won by Massachusetts College . Jun 19, 1910 . Sporting 3 . 2010-06-05.
  161. News: Boston Daily Globe . RECORD SHOOTING SCORE. Massachusetts Agricultural College Wins First in Collegiate Rifle Tournament. . Jun 22, 1913 . 9 . 2010-06-05 . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102215612/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/715294752.html?dids=715294752:715294752&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jun+22,+1913&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe&desc=RECORD+SHOOTING+SCORE.&pqatl=google . dead .
  162. Book: University of Pennsylvania Record Yearbook – Class of 1915 . Philadelphia, PA. University of Pennsylvania. 1915. 337.
  163. Book: World Almanac 1916 . 1914 . 2010-04-12 . 364 .
  164. News: Boston Daily Globe . TECH RIFLE TEAM WINS CHAMPIONSHIP. Best in the Country in the College Division. Score of 838 Out of 900 Convincing Testimony of Preparedeness. . Nov 2, 1915 . 7 . 2010-06-05 . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102212911/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/708747572.html?dids=708747572:708747572&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Nov+02,+1915&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe&desc=TECH+RIFLE+TEAM+WINS+CHAMPIONSHIP&pqatl=google . dead .
  165. News: Hartford Courant . NORWICH UNIVERSITY WINS RIFLE TOURNEY . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102215524/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/courant/access/737861302.html?dids=737861302:737861302&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Jun+28,+1916&author=&pub=Hartford+Courant&desc=NORWICH+UNIVERSITY+WINS+RIFLE+TOURNEY&pqatl=google. dead. November 2, 2012. Jun 28, 1916 . 19 . 2010-06-05.
  166. Book: The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Year-book for 1917, Volume 33 . 1917 . 2010-04-12 .
  167. News: New York Times . Jun 24, 1921 . TITLE SHOOT POSTPONED.; NRA Rifle Championship Not to Start Until Aug. 27. . 2010-06-05.
  168. News: Sep 30, 1921 . NAVY WINS ANOTHER TITLE.; Takes All Three Places in Intercollegiate Rifle Match. . New York Times . Sports 21 . 2010-06-05.
  169. News: Los Angeles Times . SUDS IN BAD SHAPE . Apr 8, 1921 . III 1 . 2010-06-05 . 2012-11-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121102215540/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/338445202.html?dids=338445202:338445202&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+08,+1921&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=SUDS+IN+BAD+SHAPE.&pqatl=google . dead .
  170. News: Boston Daily Globe . UNDERWOOD'S CLOUTS TRIP UP DARTMOUTH . https://archive.today/20130201034911/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/718584402.html?dids=718584402:718584402&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&date=Apr+08,+1921&author=&pub=Boston+Daily+Globe&desc=UNDERWOOD'S+CLOUTS+TRIP+UP+DARTMOUTH&pqatl=google . dead . February 1, 2013 . Apr 8, 1921 . 17 . 2010-06-05 .
  171. News: More than 100 Colleges Now have Rifle Teams. Maryland Conservationist . 2 . 4 . 1924. 16. 2010-04-12.
  172. News: THE NORTH; Holiday Week Races At Lake Placid FRANCONIA SKI TESTS PLANS AT SUN VALLEY. New York Times . December 18, 1938. Travel 168. 2010-09-10.
  173. News: Ice Carnival in San Francisco; Barbara Ann Gingg Coast Star. Christian Science Monitor. December 28, 1938. Sports 7. 2010-09-10. 2012-11-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201414/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/297719492.html?dids=297719492:297719492&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Dec+28,+1938&author=By+a+Staff+Correspondent+of+The+Christian+Science+MonitorRoyal+Arch+Gunnison&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=Ice+Carnival+in+San+Francisco;+Barbara+Ann+Gingg+Coast+Star&pqatl=google. dead.
  174. News: DARTMOUTH'S TEAM SWEEPS SKIING MEET; Adds Downhill Victory to Other Triumphs Against Washington at Sun Valley. New York Times . January 2, 1938. Sports 66. 2010-09-10.
  175. News: Dartmouth Skiers Swamp Washington U. The Deseret News . January 3, 1938. 11. 2010-09-10.
  176. News: OLYMPIC TRYOUTS FEATURE SKI SEASON; Snow Planes Will Carry The Winter-Sport Fan To Distant Slopes. New York Times . December 8, 1946. Winter 241. 2010-09-10. Frank . Elkins.
  177. News: Spokane Scene of College Ski. The (Spokane) Spokesman-Review . November 27, 1947. 13. 2010-08-27.
  178. News: Nation's Colleges Set at Aspen for Ski Tourney. The Deseret News. December 27, 1948. B-2. 2010-08-27.
  179. News: SKI TITLE TO MIDDLEBURY; Vermont College Takes 4-Way Meet – Perry-Smith Victor. New York Times . December 31, 1948. Sports 20. 2010-09-10.
  180. News: DENVER SKIERS TAKE LEAD; Western State College Second in Two-Day Meet at Aspen. New York Times . December 28, 1947. 2010-09-10.
  181. News: Indians En Route To Aspen For National Ski Title Meet. The Deseret News. December 25, 1948. B2. 2010-09-10.
  182. News: DARTMOUTH SKI TEAM CAPTURES NATIONAL MEET. Chicago Daily Tribune. April 3, 1950. C2. 2010-08-27. 2012-11-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201431/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/491089332.html?dids=491089332:491089332&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+03,+1950&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=DARTMOUTH+SKI+TEAM+CAPTURES+NATIONAL+MEET&pqatl=google. dead.
  183. News: NCAA Should get into Ski Sports. Lewiston Evening Journal . March 30, 1950. 25. 2010-08-27.
  184. News: Heavy Schedule of Competitive Events Awaits Winter Sports Enthusiasts. New York Times. December 7, 1947. Travel 339. 2010-08-27.
  185. News: United States College Meet Attracts Large Ottawa Entry . Ottawa Citizen . Dec 26, 1933. 8 . 2010-05-27 .
  186. News: WINTER CARNIVAL TODAY.; Nine Colleges to Compete for Harding Cup at Lake Placid. . New York Times . December 31, 1923. 10. 2010-05-27 .
  187. Web site: Williams Outing Club . 2010-05-27 .
  188. News: WILLIAMS IS WINNER OF HARDING TROPHY; Captures Winter Sports Feature of College Week at Lake Placid With 30 Points . 11 . January 2, 1925 . New York Times. 2010-05-27 .
  189. News: WISCONSIN GETS TIE FOR HARDING TROPHY; Takes Ski Jumping in Lake Placid Sports, Evening New Hampshire Score. FINAL OF 7 EVENTS DECIDES Victory of Dahl in Leap Also Helps to Win Foch and Team Prize for Mid-Westerners. January 2, 1926. 17 . 2010-05-27 . New York Times .
  190. News: HARDING PRIZE WON BY NEW HAMPSHIRE; Pederson of Victors Takes Foch Trophy at Lake Placid Winter Sports Carnival. LEAPS 122 AND 132 FEET Ski Performances Break Tie With Dartmouth – The Green Again Beats Williams Six . January 1, 1927. New York Times . 2010-09-15 . Sports 16 .
  191. News: Wisconsin adds permanent unit to annual card . Jan 11, 1928 . The Daily Illini. 9 .
  192. News: HARDING TROPHY TO NEW HAMPSHIRE; Beats McGill by Three Points When Pederson Is Victor in Ski Jumping Event. WINS WITH 158-FOOT LEAP Intercollegiate Champion Captures Foch Trophy—Williams Takes Hockey Series.. January 2, 1929 . New York Times. 36 . 2010-05-27 .
  193. News: DARTMOUTH WINS HARDING TROPHY; Clinches Honors at Lake Placid Second Year in Row—Leads McGill by 23 Points. SHEA STARS AT SKATING Captures the 440 and Two-Mile Events—Wakefield Triumphs in Figure Skating. Dartmouth Star Shines. Perley Leads Blood. . January 1, 1931 . New York Times. 2010-05-27 .
  194. News: HARDING TROPHY TO NEW HAMPSHIRE; Winter Sports Team Victor at Lake Placid Club With 29 Points – Dartmouth Next. BLOOD WINS FOCH AWARD His Impressive Triumph in Ski-Jumping Event Boosts Total of the Winners. . New York Times . January 3, 1932. S1. 2010-05-27 .
  195. News: Lake Placid Meet Opens Wednesday. 14 Colleges in Canada and U.S. to Compete in Winter Sports Events. . 11. The Montreal Gazette . Dec 26, 1932 . 2010-05-27. Dartmouth has won the Harding Trophy five of the 11 years the competition has been staged. .
  196. News: New Hampshire wins Annual Winter Card . https://archive.today/20130124154653/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cnUyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=qLUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4358,144885&dq=harding+trophy&hl=en . dead . January 24, 2013 . 2 . The Palm Beach Post . Jan 3, 1933 . 2010-05-27 .
  197. News: 14 COLLEGE TEAMS ENTER WINTER MEET; Annual Competition at Lake Placid Club to Get Under Way on Wednesday. . 2010-05-27 . December 25, 1932 . S2 . New York Times .
  198. News: President Harding Trophy Is Retained by Dartmouth as Ski Tourney Ends; DARTMOUTH TEAM KEEPS SKI LAURELS Finishes With 552.7 Points at Lake Placid – McGill Is Runner-Up With 492.4. CHIVERS AGAIN THE STAR Wins the Foch Trophy Jump – LaFleur, Ottawa Ace, Is in Second Place. . January 2, 1935 . New York Times. 19 . 2010-05-27 . Frank . Elkins.
  199. News: Upstate New York Winter Sports Card Starts, Lake Placid . Lewiston Daily Sun. 8. December 29, 1936 . 2010-09-13.
  200. News: New York Times . January 3, 1937. Sports 73. 2010-09-13 . Paul Bietila and Sorensen Show Fine Form To Triumph in Ski Jumping at Lake Placid; PAUL BIETILA WINS LAKE PLACID JUMP Looms as Olympic Hope Jumpers Show Courage Prizes for Each Team Miss Froman Named Queen. Frank . Elkins.
  201. News: McGill Ski Team wins first place in college tournament at Lake Placid . 13 . The Montreal Gazette . Jan 3, 1939 . 2010-05-27 .
  202. News: The Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun . Dec 26, 1940. 8 . 2010-05-27 . Winter Sports Week-End Starts at Lake Placid .
  203. News: New Hampshire Wins College Men's Meet at Lake Placid Club . The Lewiston (ME) Daily Sun . Jan 2, 1941 . 8 . 2010-07-16 .
  204. News: New Hampshire Seeks to Regain Skiing Supremacy . The Lewiston Daily Sun . Jan 1, 1941 . 9 . 2010-05-27 .
  205. News: New York Times . DISTIN, DARTMOUTH, CAPTURES SKI JUMP; Ralph Townsend Takes Meet Honors at Lake Placid – Princeton Hockey Victor DISTIN, DARTMOUTH, ANNEXES SKI JUMP . 2010-07-15 . S1 . Jan 4, 1942 . Robert F. . Kelley.
  206. News: Syracuse Herald-Journal . January 2, 1944. Dartmouth Skiers Win at Lake Placid . 2010-10-15 . 31 .
  207. News: Troy (NY) Record . January 1, 1944. Dartmouth Skiers Win at Lake Placid . 2010-10-15 . 16 .
  208. News: Troy (NY) Record . December 31, 1943 . Kjel Ski Victor At Lake Placid . 2010-10-15 . 12 .
  209. News: Stewart Is Cross-Country Victor As Dartmouth Keeps Skiing Lead; Norwegian Jack Takes Open Class Contest in Fast Time at the Lake Placid Meet-- Hovey-Hewitt Slalom Tie Announced . New York Times . January 1, 1945. 27 . 2010-07-17 . Frank . Elkins.
  210. News: LAKE PLACID RAIN CANCELS SKI JUMP; Downpour Disappoints Strong Field Set for Final—Meet Laurels to Dartmouth Awaited by Service Men Devlin Back in Form Scores in Close Contest . New York Times . Jan 2, 1945. Sports 14 . 2010-07-17 . Frank . Elkins.
  211. News: SKIERS WILL OPEN 3-DAY MEET TODAY; College, School, Women Teams Will Compete in Events at Lake Placid SNOW CONDITIONS SUPERB Army Officials to Cooperate in Staging Races – Section Crowded to Capacity . New York Times . Dec 30, 1944. 17 . 2010-07-17 . Frank . Elkins.
  212. News: Hardy Brothers Win Ski Races . 20 . Syracuse Herald-American . December 30, 1945. 2010-10-14 .
  213. News: M'Gill Skiers Lead Dartmouth Rivals; Middlebury Winter Carnival Royalty . January 20, 1946 . S73 . The New York Times . 2010-07-17 . Frank . Elkins.
  214. News: St. Lawrence University Ski Team Tops College Meet at Lake Placid; Wright, Colby Pace Victors to 486.83 Points --Middlebury Second With 486.04 as New Hampshire, Early Leader, Drops to Third . New York Times . January 2, 1947. 19 .
  215. News: St. Lawrence Skiers Again Take Honors in Lake Placid Tourney; Top College Field as Wright Retains the All-Around Trophy, Placing Second in Jump Won by Broomhall of Maine . Jan 2, 1948 . Sports 19 . New York Times . 2010-07-17 . Frank . Elkins.
  216. News: New York Times . 10 College Ski Teams Seek Honors As Lake Placid Meet Starts Today; St. Lawrence, Defending Champion, Choice to Keep Title in Sno Birds Competition – Wright Is Individual, Favorite . 2010-07-15 . Sports 27 . Dec 30, 1947 . Frank . Elkins.
  217. News: The (Pittsfield) Berkshire Evening Eagle. 12. The Referee's Sporting Chat. Flynn. John. January 4, 1949. 2010-10-14.
  218. News: COMPETING ON SNOW; National and World Meets Will Attract Many Skiers to American Slopes. New York Times . December 5, 1948. XX23. 2010-08-27. Frank . Elkins.
  219. News: Syracuse Herald-Journal . 2010-10-14 . Ski Meet Off . 22 . December 30, 1949 .
  220. News: Syracuse Herald-Journal . 2010-10-14 . College Ski Week Halted. 62 . December 14, 1950 .
  221. News: YALE STAR VICTOR IN DOWNHILL RACE; Garrett Wins Sun Valley Ski Test—Bradley of Dartmouth Takes All-Around Honors. New York Times . January 2, 1939. Sports 31. 2010-09-10.
  222. News: The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Bradley Takes Title in 1939 Winter Program. Seattle Star Finishes First in Downhill Ski Headliner.. January 2, 1939. 9 . 2010-10-13.
  223. News: Eastern Youth Wins Ski Event. Steve Bradley is High Point Scorer at Sun Valley. The Billings Gazette . January 3, 1939 . 2010-10-14 . 7 .
  224. News: Here and There. Christian Science Monitor. December 10, 1939. Sports 12. 2010-08-27. https://archive.today/20130131210017/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/csmonitor_historic/access/314292032.html?dids=314292032:314292032&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Dec+30,+1939&author=&pub=Christian+Science+Monitor&desc=Here+and+There&pqatl=google. dead. January 31, 2013.
  225. Book: Reid . Walter . 1940 . 41 . 1940 Tyee . . 216 . Athletics — Minor Sports — Skiing . National Inter-Collegiate Champions: The Husky ski team is the National Intercollegiate champion as the result of the National Collegiate Ski meet held at Sun Valley during Christmas vacation..
  226. News: The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Huskies Take Ski Gonfalon at Sun Valley. William. McMenamin. January 2, 1940. 6. 2010-10-13.
  227. News: TIPS TO TOURISTS. Chicago Daily Tribune. September 24, 1939. Part 8, F6. 2010-08-27. https://archive.today/20130131182247/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/493748272.html?dids=493748272:493748272&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Sep+24,+1939&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=TIPS+TO+TOURISTS&pqatl=google. dead. January 31, 2013.
  228. Book: Richards . Janice . 1941 . 42 . 1941 Tyee . . 268 . Athletics — Minor Sports — Skiing . Starting the season by capping the Intercollegiate meet at Sun Valley [...] Next year will see everyone back. According to Coach Cotton Wilcox, the Huskies will challenge Dartmouth to determine U.S. Collegiate supremacy..
  229. News: The Ogden Standard-Examiner. Huskies Win Ski Title in Idaho Tourney; Bobby Blatt is Standout of Sun Valley College Sports Program. January 2, 1941. 8. 2010-10-13.
  230. News: SUN VALLEY; Many Improvements At Ski Center AT SHARON SPRINGS NEW PITTSBURGH MUSEUM. New York Times . November 24, 1940. Travel XX2. 2010-08-27.
  231. News: SKI SLOPES AND TRAILS; Friendly Sports Rivals. New York Times . December 26, 1940. Sports 25. 2010-08-27. Frank . Elkins.
  232. News: BLATT CAPTURES SKI RACE; Stanford Star Wins Downhill in Sun Valley College Meet. New York Times . December 31, 1941. Sports 25. 2010-08-27.
  233. News: Limited Skiing Will Be Possible In Some Areas Over the Week-End; Light Snow Falls on Trails and Slopes of Saranac, Lake Placid and Stowe Regions – Lift to Operate on Sunday. New York Times . December 12, 1941. Sports 37. 2010-08-27. Frank . Elkins.
  234. Web site: Hoofer History Review, 1959 version . 2010-09-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726153331/http://hoofers.org/hisotryreview1959 . 2011-07-26 . dead .
  235. Book: Smith . Edwin . 1942 . 43 . 1942 Tyee . . 204 . Athletics — Minor Sports — Skiing . led the Huskies to victory in the Sun Valley Intercollegiates [...] Washington's second squad finished second..
  236. News: Washington Wins Ski Meet in Sun Valley. The Fresno Bee . 3-B . January 2, 1942 . 2010-10-14 .
  237. News: IN THE FIELD OF TRAVEL; SUN VALLEY OPENING. New York Times . November 10, 1946. 2010-08-27.
  238. News: Winter Sport Fans, Coast to Coast, Await Snow and Cold. The Milwaukee Journal. December 8, 1946. 10. 2010-09-10.
  239. News: UTAH TAKES SKI LAURELS; Washington 2d at Sun Valley-- Perry-Smith Jump Victor. New York Times . January 1, 1947. Sports 29. 2010-09-10.
  240. News: College Skiers Ready to Start Tournament. Eugene Register-Guard. December 27, 1947. 21. 2010-08-27.
  241. News: MIDDLEBURY SKI VICTOR; Annexes Team Award in Sun Valley College Meet. New York Times . January 1, 1948. Sports 30. 2010-09-10.
  242. News: Huskies Annex Ski Lead at Sun Valley. The Deseret News . December 29, 1947. 14. 2010-09-10.
  243. News: Middlebury Ski Team is Champ, Utah Trails Huskies & Dartmouth. The Deseret News . January 1, 1948. 16. 2010-09-10.
  244. News: SKI SLANTS... . Los Angeles Times . December 16, 1949 . C3 . 2010-08-27 . Ethel . Van Degrift . 2012-11-03 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201443/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/420875351.html?dids=420875351:420875351&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+16,+1949&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=SKI+SLANTS...&pqatl=google . dead .
  245. News: Western State Ski Victor. New York Times . December 29, 1947. 2010-09-10.
  246. Web site: Skiing At Middlebury . 2010-08-27.
  247. News: Sanderson Leads in College Ski Event. The Lewiston Daily Sun . December 23, 1949. 12. 2010-08-27.
  248. News: New Starting Time. Los Angeles Times. December 25, 1949. 13. 2010-08-27. 2012-11-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201510/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/420907261.html?dids=420907261:420907261&FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Dec+25,+1949&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=New+Starting+Time&pqatl=google. dead.
  249. News: Denver Leading College Skiers. Eugene Register-Guard . April 1, 1951. 10. 2010-08-27. https://archive.today/20130124143143/http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Y5sVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=wQsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4488,1053751&dq=national+ski+college&hl=en. dead. January 24, 2013.
  250. News: Nevada's Ski Carnival this Weekend. The Deseret News . February 14, 1951. A9. 2010-08-27.
  251. News: Bradley Tourney Termed Success. The Baltimore Sun. April 2, 1951. 16. 2010-08-27. 2012-11-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201713/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/1681208652.html?FMT=CITE&FMTS=CITE:AI&type=historic&date=Apr+02,+1951&author=&pub=The+Sun+(1837-1985)&desc=Bradley+Tourney+Termed+Success&pqatl=google. dead.
  252. News: DENVER WINS 2D NATIONAL SKI CROWN IN ROW. Chicago Daily Tribune. March 31, 1952. C2. 2010-08-27. 2012-11-03. https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201739/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/499610892.html?dids=499610892:499610892&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Mar+31,+1952&author=&pub=Chicago+Tribune&desc=DENVER+WINS+2D+NATIONAL+SKI+CROWN+IN+ROW&pqatl=google. dead.
  253. News: Washington State Skiers Win. New York Times . March 30, 1953. 2010-08-27.
  254. News: Colleges map Ski Meet at snow Basin. The Deseret News . March 20, 1953. 6B. 2010-08-27.
  255. Web site: NCAA College Soccer Championships . 2010-04-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091126015135/http://homepages.sover.net/~spectrum/ncaa.html#isfa . 2009-11-26 . dead .
  256. Book: The USTA. Part Three Historical Records, U.S. Adult & Senior National Championships. United States Tennis Association. 2004. 459–460. 2021-05-23.
  257. Web site: Men's Indoor Track and Field Past Champions. 2010-06-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20150204023219/http://ecacsports.com/sports/mtrack-ind/Championships/PastChampions. 2015-02-04. dead.
  258. News: United States Champions for the Year 1938. The Christian Science Monitor. Jan 5, 1939. 12. 2010-05-14.
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  266. Web site: Iowa's First National Championship. 2010-09-14. Keith McCanless. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20090205104955/http://iowagymnast.com/Forum_Items/IowasFirstChampionship.pdf. 2009-02-05. The Wolverines [in 1969] possessed the very best trampolinists in the world, two of which had previously each won individual world trampoline titles in consecutive years. ... The Wolverine’s trampoline team [was] the strongest in the world[.].
  267. The History of Intercollegiate Volleyball in the United States from 1895 to the Present Day . Arambawattage Rodrigo . The Ohio State University . 1981 . 51-74 . 2010-04-30 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716153717/http://etd.ohiolink.edu/send-pdf.cgi/Rodrigo%20Arambawattage%20D.pdf?osu1263043440 . July 16, 2011 .
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