List of tallest chimneys explained

This list of the tallest chimneys in the world ranks chimneys by height.

Use

Although many kinds of industrial facilities have tall chimneys, most of the chimneys with heights of 200m (700feet) or more are part of thermal, especially coal-fired power stations. This is to increase the stack effect and disperse pollutants. Only a few smelters, steel mills, chemical factories and oil refineries use such tall chimneys.

Timeline of world's tallest chimney

Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, tall chimneys were built, at the beginning with bricks, and later also of concrete or steel. Although chimneys never held the absolute height record, they are among the tallest free-standing architectural structures and often hold national records (as tallest free-standing or as overall tallest structures of a country).

Held record		Name and location	Completed	Height (m)	Height (ft)	Notes
From	To
1820	1835	Chimney of North Lotts Glass Bottle Company, Dublin, Ireland	1820	30	95
1835	1842	Adams' Soap Works Chimney, Smethwick, Birmingham, England, UK	September–October 1836	97.5	312
1842	1859	Tennant's Stalk, Glasgow, Scotland, UK^[1]	29 June 1842^[2]	132.7	435.5	Struck by lightning and shortened; demolished in 1922.^[3]
1859	1885	Port Dundas Townsend Chimney, Glasgow, Scotland, UK	6 October 1859	138.3	454	Demolished in 1928.^[4] ^[5]
1885	1889	Langer Emil, Mechernich, Germany	19 September 1885	134.6	442	Demolished on 28 October 1961.^[6]
1889	1908	Halsbrücker Esse, Halsbrücke, Germany	28 October 1889	140	459
1908	1914	The Big Stack, Great Falls, Montana, US	23 November 1908	154.8	508	Demolished in 1982.
1914	1916	Hitachi Smelter and Refinery Stack, Hitachi, Ibaraki, Japan^[7]	13 March 1914	155.7	511	Partially collapsed in 1993.
1916	1917	Saganoseki Smelter and Refinery First Stack, Saganoseki, Ōita, Japan^[8]	November 1916	167.6	550	Demolished in 2013.
1917	1919	Ruston Smelter Stack, Ruston, Washington, US	1917	174.0	571	Demolished on 17 January 1993.
1919	1937	Anaconda Smelter Stack, Anaconda, Montana, US	5 May 1919	178.3	585	Tallest chimney built of bricks.
1937	1951	Lead Smelter Chimney of American Smelting and Refining Co, Selby, California, US^[9]	1937	184.7	606	Possibly demolished in 1972–73.
1951	1954	Lead Smelter Chimney of American Smelting and Refining Co, El Paso, Texas, US	1950–51	183 or 186	600^[10] ^[11] or 611'8"^[12] ^[13] ^[14]	Conflicting information on actual height or the chimney's height may have been subsequently reduced. Demolished in April 2013.
1954	1962	INCO Copper Cliff Nickel Refinery Stack, Sudbury, Ontario,^[15] Canada	1954	194	637
1962	1965	Chimney of Schilling Power Station, Stade, West Germany (now Germany)	1962	220	722	Demolished in 2006.^[16]
1965	1966		1st chimney of ASARCO Copper Smelter, El Paso, Texas, US	1965	248	813	Possibly demolished.
1966	1967	Chimney of Kashira Power Plant, Kashira, USSR (now Russia)	1966^[17] ^[18]	250	820	also used as electricity pylons for a 220 kV-line from the power station to the switchyard
1967	1967	2nd chimney of ASARCO Copper Smelter, El Paso, Texas, US^[19]	30 January 1967	252.5	828	Demolished in April 2013.
1967	1968	Chimney of Lippendorf Power Station, Neukieritzsch, East Germany (now Germany)	1967	300	984	Demolished in 2005.
1968	1971	Chimney of Mitchell Power Plant, Moundsville, West Virginia, US^[20] ^[21]	26 October 1968	367.6	1,206
1971	1987	Vale Superstack, Copper Cliff, Ontario, Canada	1971	380	1,247
1987		GRES-2 Power Station, Ekibastuz, USSR (now Kazakhstan)	1987	419.7	1,377

Hamon Custodis claims to have built a 707feet^[14] stack in 1953,^[22] but there are no references to the location or client of this/these stack(s). Skyscraperpage indicates the 846adj=midNaNadj=mid chimney of Omskaya Cogeneration Plant #4 was built in 1965,^[23] but it is likely that this date is referring to the construction of the first section of the plant with the smaller chimney. No other references or information can be found to corroborate this claim.

Current

Indicates a structure that is no longer standing.

Name	Pinnacle height		Year	Country	Town	Remarks
	1,377 ft	419.7 m	1987			Tallest chimney in the world.^[24]
	1,250 ft	380.1 m	1971			Tallest chimney in the Western Hemisphere.^[25] Scheduled for demolition.^[26]
	1,217 ft	371 m	1977			Tallest chimney in the United States. This chimney is no longer in service, being replaced by one of 860feet that serves the flue gas scrubber retro-fitted to Unit 3 in 2001.
	1,215 ft	370.4 m	1974			Tallest chimney west of the Mississippi.
	1,214 ft	370 m	1985			Tallest chimney in Russia.
	1,206 ft	367.6 m	1968			Tallest chimney in the world from 1968 to 1971. No longer in service, having been replaced by a 1000feet 2 flue chimney serving the scrubber that was retrofitted to the plant in 2006.
	1,181 ft	360 m	1976 (1 June)			Tallest chimney in Europe.^[27]
	1,168 ft	356 m	1974			^[28] The tallest multi-flue chimney in the world, and also the most massive chimney in the world by volume of materials used in construction.
	1,153 ft	351.5 m	1995			Tallest structure in Romania.^[29]
	1,148 ft^[30]	350 m	1980
	1,125 ft	343 m	1981			Demolished by explosives on 16 February 2023. Created a new world record as the tallest freestanding structure ever demolished by explosives.
	1,116 ft^[31]	340 m	1999
	984 ft	300 m	1981			Demolished on 3 December 2006. Height confirmed as 300m (1,000feet) rather than 337m (1,106feet).
	1103 ft	336.2 m	1980			This chimney is no longer in service, having been replaced by one of 1000feet that serves the flue gas scrubbers retrofitted to the plant.
	1,083 ft	330 m	1991
3rd chimney of Primorskaya GRES	1,083 ft	330 m	1990
2nd chimney of Gusinoozyorskaya GRES	1,083 ft	330 m^[32]	1988
	1,083 ft	330 m^[33]	1987^[34]		Dnestrovsc^[35]
Chimney of Novo-Angrenskaya Power Plant	1,083 ft	330 m^[36]	1985
2 chimneys of Permskaya GRES	1,083 ft	330 m	1982^[37] /1992^[38]
	1,083 ft	330 m	1982
	1083 ft	330 m	1981		Zuhres, Donetsk Oblast^[39]
	1,083 ft	330 m	1979
	1,066 ft	325 m	1987
	1,065 ft	324.6 m	1980^[40]
	1,065 ft	324.6 m	1977^[41] /1980^[42]			No.2, No.3
	1,050 ft	320 m	1984/1986
	1,050 ft	320 m^[43]	1981/1990			Tallest free-standing structure west of the South Caucasus.
	1,050 ft	320 m	1980
	1,050 ft	320 m	1973/1980
	1,050 ft	320 m	1972/1975^[44] /1975
	1,050 ft	320 m	1972/1977^[45]		Enerhodar^[46]
	1,038 ft	316.4 m	1984
	1,017 ft	310 m	1985
	1,011 ft	308.15 m	1982
	1,007 ft	307 m	1978			Demolished on 15 October 2016 by explosives.
	1,007 ft	307 m	1984
	1,004 ft	306 m	1977
	1,004 ft	306 m	1972			^[47]
	1,001 ft	305 m	1983/1985
	1,001 ft	305 m	1983
	1,001 ft	305 m	1980
	1,001 ft	305 m	1980
	1,001 ft	305 m	1977			Demolished on 3 December 2020 by explosives.
	1,001 ft	305 m	1977
	1,001 ft	305 m	1976
	1,001 ft	305 m	1976^[48] ^[49]			Units 1–5 & 6–9
	1,001 ft	305 m	1975^[50] ^[51]
	1,001 ft	305 m	1972/1973/1994^[52] ^[53]			Units 1+2 & 2+3
	1,001 ft	305 m	1970/1971^[54] ^[55]			Units 1&2
	1,001 ft	305 m	1970^[56] ^[57]			Units 1&2
	1,001 ft	305 m	1970			Unit 7
	1,001 ft	305 m	197?
	1,000 ft	304.8 m	1979/1980^[58] ^[59]
	1,000 ft	304.8 m	1977			Unit 3
	1,000 ft	304.8 m	2006^[60]
	990 ft	301.8 m	1984
	988 ft	301 m	1979			Tallest chimney in the Southern Hemisphere.
Chimney of Volzhskaya TEC-2	986 ft	300.7 m	1988
	984 ft	300 m	1967			Briefly the tallest chimney in the world. Demolished in 2005.
	984 ft	300 m	1968			Demolished in 2002.
	984 ft	300 m	1968			also used as electricity pylon for the 220 kV-line leaving Unit D
	984 ft	300 m	1974
	984 ft	300 m	197?			Demolished in 1995.
Chimney of Vojany Power Station, EVO 2	984 ft	300 m	1974			Height was reduced to 175m (574feet) in 1998.
	984 ft	300 m	1974			Demolished in 2011–2012.
	984 ft	300 m	1974
	984 ft	300 m	1976
	984 ft	300 m	1978
	984 ft	300 m	1978
	984 ft	300 m	1979/1982
	984 ft	300 m	1979			Demolished in 2000, 2009^[61] ^[62] and 2012.^[63] ^[64]
	984 ft	300 m	1980
	984 ft	300 m	1981			Unit 2
	984 ft	300 m	1981
	984 ft	300 m	1981			Demolished in 2002–2007.
	984 ft	300 m	1982
	984 ft	300 m	1983
	984 ft	300 m	1983
Chimney of Kakanj Power Plant^[65]	984 ft	300 m	1987
	984 ft	300 m	1988
Chimney of Bishkek TEC	984 ft	300 m^[66]	1989
	984 ft	300 m	1989
	984 ft	300 m	1997
Litvínov Chimney	984 ft	300 m	?			Under construction.
Stružnice Chimney	984 ft	300 m	?
	974 ft	297 m	1984
Chimney of Kostolac Power Station, Unit B	968 ft	295 m	1987
2nd chimney of	951 ft	290 m	1984
Chimney of Bruce Mansfield Power Plant, Unit 1 + 2	950 ft	289.6 m	1976
	932 ft	284 m	1981
3rd chimney of Krasnoyarskaya TEC-3	929 ft	283.2 m	1991
	925 ft	282 m	1982
Chimney of Fundidora Mexicana de Cobre	919 ft	280 m	1988
Chimney of Nikola Tesla Power Station, Unit B	918 ft	280 m	1983
Chimney of CET Brașov	918 ft	280 m	?
	918 ft	280 m	1978/1980/1983/1987
Chimney of CET Rovinari	918 ft	280 m	?
Chimney of CET Pitești	918 ft	280 m	?
2nd chimney of TEC-5	910 ft	277.5 m	1983
3rd chimney of Matla Power Station Smokestack	906 ft	276 m	1982			Destroyed
Chimney of TEC-6	906 ft	276 m	1982
	904 ft	275.4 m	1971/1973
	903 ft	275.3 m	1995			Tallest in India.
4th chimney of Krasnoyarskaya TEC-1	902 ft	275 m	2020^[67]
Chimney of Adhunik Power & Natural Resource Ltd	902 ft	275 m	2012		Padampur, Jharkhand
	902 ft	275 m	2009
	902 ft	275 m	2008
Chimneys of Captive Power Plant, Vedanta Aluminium Ltd	902 ft	275 m	2007
	902 ft	275 m	2004
	902 ft	275 m	1988/2005/2012
	902 ft	275 m	1988/1991
	902 ft	275 m	1985/1988
	902 ft	275 m	1985/1988
Chimney of Ibbenbüren Power Station	902 ft	275 m	1985
	902 ft	275 m	1984			One stack is a replacement. Original stack was demolished after partial collapse of internal structure during construction.
	902 ft	275 m	1976
Chimney of Orhaneli Power Plant	902 ft	275 m	?
	901 ft	274.5 m	1982			In January 2017, DP&L announced plans to close Killen Station in an agreement with the Sierra Club and several unnamed parties. The closure was planned for mid-2018.^[68]
Chimney of Kammer Power Plant	901 ft	274.5 m	1978
2nd chimney of TEC-2	899 ft	274 m^[69]	1989
	899 ft	274 m	1977
Dětmarovice Chimney	899 ft	274 m	?
Chimney of Talimarjan Power Plant	896 ft	273 m^[70]	1989
	895 ft	272.8 m	1977			Unit 3
	886 ft	270 m^[71]	1990			Unit 5
3rd chimney of Tbilisi GRES	886 ft	270 m^[72]	1990
2nd chimney of TEC-1	886 ft	270 m^[73]	1987
	896 ft	270 m^[74]	1985/1986/1991		Surgut
2 chimneys of Tobolskaya TEC	886 ft	270 m	1983/1986
4th chimney of Krasnoyarskaya GRES-2	787 ft	270 m^[75]	1983
2nd chimney of Stavropolskaya GRES	886 ft	270 m	1983
Chimney of MIM Smelter (MIM Smelter Stack)	886 ft	270 m	1978
3rd chimney of Karmanovskaya GRES	886 ft	270 m^[76]	1973
Chimney of Mělník Power Station	886 ft	270 m	1971
	886 ft	270 m	1970
1st chimney of	886 ft	270 m	1972
Chimneys of Shengtou Power Station 2	886 ft	270 m				together with Chimney South of Suizhong Power Station the tallest chimneyd of China https://m.iask.sina.com.cn/b/13306748.html
Suizhong Power Station, Chimney South	886 ft	270 m				together with chimneys of Shengtou Power Station 2 the tallest chimney of China https://m.iask.sina.com.cn/b/13306748.html
3rd chimney of Naberezhnochelninskaya TEC	869 ft	265 m^[77]	1976
Chimney of Power Plant Kraków-Leg	853 ft	262 m	1970
	853 ft	262 m	1970
Chimney of TEC-5	853 ft	260 m	1985
Chimney of Loy Yang Power Station, Unit B	853 ft	260 m	1993
	853 ft	260 m	1972
Chimney of Dětmarovice Power Station	850 ft	259 m	1975
Chimney of Shawville Generating Station	850 ft	259 m	1976
Chimney of R. E. Burger Power Plant	850 ft	259 m	1972			Demolished on 29 July 2016.
2 chimneys of W. H. Sammis Power Plant, Unit 5 + 6	850 ft	259 m	1967
	850 ft	259 m	1969^[78]		Drax, North Yorkshire, England	Tallest industrial chimney in the UK.^[79]
2nd chimney of TEC-4	848 ft	258.5 m	198?
Chimney of Robert W Scherer Power Plant New Units 3&4	847 ft	258 m	2010
2nd chimney of Zapadno-Sibirskaya TEC	843 ft	257 m	198?
Chimney of Unit 6 of Bremen-Hafen Power Station	840 ft	256 m	1979
Chimney Hamburg-Port	840 ft	256 m	?			Demolished. During its demolition by explosives in April 2004, further damage occurred caused by miscalculation of debris trajectories.
Chimney of Pruszków Power Plant	830 ft	256 m	?			Power plant was never commissioned.
	838 ft	255.4 m^[80]	1972
2 сhimneys of Loy Yang Power Station, Unit A	853 ft	255 m	1984/1988
	830 ft	253 m	1994
2 chimneys of Yates Power Plant	830 ft	253 m	1974			One of the chimneys was demolished on 21 January 2017.
2nd chimney of ASARCO El Paso Smelter	828 ft	252.5 m	1967			Very briefly the tallest chimney in the world. Demolished in April 2013.
Chimney of Aramon Power Plant	826.5 ft	252 m	1977
	825 ft	251.5 m	1973
3rd chimney of Aksu GRES	825 ft	251.5 m^[81]	1973^[82]
New Chimney of Kuznetskaya TEC	823.5 ft	251 m	198?
Chimney of Hudbay Minerals Flin Flon Smelter	823.5 ft	251 m	1973			No longer in operation after smelter was shut down in 2010
2nd chimney of Volzhskaya TEC-1	823.5 ft	251 m	197?
	821 ft	250.2 m	1992
	820 ft	250 m	1996/2000
	820 ft	250 m	1993			No.1, No.2
Chimney of Nizhnevartovsk GRES	820 ft	250 m	1992
2nd chimney of Novo-Ziminskaya TEC	820 ft	250 m^[83]	1990			Never entered in service^[84]
	820 ft	250 m	1990/2000
	820 ft	250 m	1987/1990
	820 ft	250 m	1991/1992/1996/1997			Tallest industrial chimney in Taiwan.
	820 ft	250 m	1985/1986
	820 ft	250 m	1993
2nd chimney of Voerde Power Station	820 ft	250 m	1982
	820 ft	250 m	1981
Chimney of Stráž pod Ralskem	820 ft	250 m	1979
	820 ft	250 m	1978
	820 ft	250 m	1978			Demolished in 2005.
	820 ft	250 m	1992
	820 ft	250 m	1984
	820 ft	250 m	1985/1997
	820 ft	250 m	1986
2 chimneys of Duisburg-Schwelgern Sinterplant	820 ft	250 m	?
Chimney of Fina Refinery of Duisburg	820 ft	250 m	1981
Chimney of DK Recycling und Roheisen GmbH	820 ft	250 m	?
	820 ft	250 m	1979
Chimney of AES Tisza 2 Power Plant	820 ft	250 m	1974
Chimneys of Porto Tolle Power Station	820 ft	250 m	1977
	820 ft	250 m	1979/1983
	820 ft	250 m	1975
	820 ft	250 m	1973/1976			One 250m (820feet) chimney was demolished after construction of a smoke cleaning facility.
Chimney of Power Plant Opole	820 ft	250 m	1993
Chimney of artificial fibre factory "WISKORD"	820 ft	250 m	1979
3rd chimney of TEC-2	820 ft	250 m^[85]	1986
2nd chimney of Ust-Ilimskaya TEC	820 ft	250 m^[86]	1984
	820 ft	250 m	1983
4th chimney of Krasnoyarsk GRES-2	820 ft	250 m	1981
Chimney of Novo-Sterlitamakskaya TEC	820 ft	250 m	1981
2nd chimney of TEC-3	820 ft	250 m	1980
3rd chimney of Iriklinskaya Power Plant	820 ft	250 m^[87]	1979		Energetik, Orenburg Oblast
2 chimneys of TEC-2	820 ft	250 m	1978/1982^[88]
Chimney of TEC-2	820 ft	250 m	1978^[89]
3rd chimney of TEC-1	820 ft	250 m	1977^[90]
Chimney of Cherepovetskaya GRES	820 ft	250 m	1976
4th chimney of Troitskaya GRES	820 ft	250 m	1976
2 chimneys of Northern TEC	820 ft	250 m	1975/1980
1st chimney of Stavropolskaya GRES	820 ft	250 m	1974
2 chimneys of Naberezhnochelninskaya TEC	820 ft	250 m	1973/1976			No.1, No.2
2nd chimney of Karmanovskaya GRES	820 ft	250 m	1973
	820 ft	250 m	1972/1975			No.2, No.3
	820 ft	250 m	1972			No.5, No.6
3 chimneys of Novocherkassk Power Plant	820 ft	250 m	1970/1971/1972			No.2, No.3, No.4
2 chimneys of TEC-2	820 ft	250 m^[91]	198?			Other sources gives 253m^[92]
	820 ft	250 m	1969/1971/1973			also used as electricity pylons for the 330 kV-lines from the power station to the switchyard
	820 ft	250 m	1970^[93]
	820 ft	250 m	1968/1973			No.2, No.3, No.2 is used as electricity pylons for a 330 kV-line from the power station to the switchyard
	820 ft	250 m	1968
	820 ft	250 m	1966/1983			Briefly the tallest chimney in the world, also used as electricity pylons for a 220 kV-line from the power station to the switchyard
	819 ft	249.6 m	1992		Chelobityevo
Chimney of Severstal Power Plant	817 ft	249 m	1985
Chimney of TEC-2	815 ft	248.5 m^[94]	1980^[95]
1st chimney of ASARCO El Paso Smelter	814 ft	248 m	1965			Briefly the tallest chimney in the world. Possibly demolished.
2nd chimney of TEC-23	811 ft	247.3 m	1980		Moscow
1st chimney of TEC-23	806 ft	245.6 m	1975		Moscow
Chimney of Yates Power Plant	805 ft	245.4 m	1971/1973
	801 ft	244.1 m	1974
	801 ft	244 m	1979^[96]		Isle of Grain, England	Demolished on September 7, 2016, by explosives.^[97]
	801 ft	244 m	1979/1980
	801 ft	244 m	1975/1978
	801 ft	244 m	1970/1971/1972/1974
	801 ft	244 m	1970
	801 ft	244 m	1969			Units 1&2
	801 ft	244 m	1967/68			Units 1&2
	801 ft	244 m	1967
Stack#1 of New Madrid Powerplant	800 ft	243.8 m	?
	791 ft	241 m	?
Chimney of Scholven A Power Station	789 ft	240.5 m	?
Chimney of Duslo Šaľa	788 ft	240.4 m	1992
5th chimney of Troitskaya GRES	787 ft	240 m	2013^[98]
Chimney of Minskaya TEC-5	787 ft	240 m^[99]	1992
2nd chimney of Sosnovoborsk TEC	787 ft	240 m^[100] ^[101]	1990
Chimney of Kharanorskaya Power Station	821 ft	240 m^[102]	1991
2 chimneys of Luohuang Power Station	787 ft	240 m	1989/2005
Chimney of TEC-2	821 ft	240 m^[103]	1986
	787 ft	240 m	1983
2nd chimney of TEC-3	787 ft	240 m	1983
2nd chimney of Samarskaya TEC	787 ft	240 m^[104]	1972
	787.4 ft	240 m	1969/1984
Chimney of Allen S King Generating Station	786 ft	239.5 m	1968^[105]
3rd chimney of Novo-gorkovskaya TEC	781 ft	238 m^[106]	1988
4th chimney of TEC-3	780 ft	237.3 m	198?
	775 ft	236.2 m	1997/1998/1999			The three smokestacks were demolished on 18 December 2020.
Chimney of Mažeikių Nafta Power Plant	820 ft	236 m	1979
	774 ft	236 m	1976^[107]			Demolished on July 28, 2013.^[108]
	771 ft	235 m	1991
Chimney of Power Station Schwandorf	771 ft	235 m	?			Demolished in 2005.
Chimney of Petrogal Sines	768 ft	234 m	?
3rd chimney of Balakovo TEC	766 ft	233.5 m	1983
Chimney Heating Power Station Karlsruhe	764 ft	233 m	1985			Block 7
Chimneys Weiher Power Station	761 ft	232 m	1976
Chimneys of Kashima Thermal power station	758 ft	231 m	1971
	755 ft	230 m	2009
Chimney of W. C. Gorgas	755 ft	230 m	2007
Chimney of Callide Power Station, Unit 'C'	755 ft	230 m	2000
2nd chimney of TEC-3	755 ft	230 m	1980
Chimney of Cheswick Power Station	755 ft	230 m	1970		Springdale, Pennsylvania
Chimney of Castrop-Rauxel Power Station	755 ft	230 m	1966			Demolished in 2008
3rd chimney of Voerde Power Station	755 ft	230 m	2005
Chimney of Power Plant Lubin	755 ft	230 m	?
Chimney of Šoštanj Power Station	755 ft	230 m	1977
Chimney Heating Power Station Karlsruhe	689 ft	230 m	2008			Block 8
Chimney of New Castle Power Plant	750 ft	228.6 m	1977
	745 ft	227 m	1987
Chimneys of Heating Power Station Gera-Nord	738 ft	225 m	1984/1986			Demolished 2008–2010.
Chimney Power Station Jena	738 ft	225 m	1981
	738 ft	225 m	1975
Chimney of Power Plant Kraków-Leg	738 ft	225 m	1970
Počerady Chimney	735 ft	224 m	?
Kunčice Chimney	728 ft	222 m	?
Chimney of Power Plant Głogów	728 ft	222 m	?
	723 ft	220.1 m	1981
Chimney of TEC-2	723 ft	220 m^[109]	1977^[110]
	722 ft	220 m	1985			Designed to have a height of 225m (738feet), but built to a height of 220m (720feet) after changes during construction. Tallest freestanding structure in Ireland.
Chimney of Cuno Power Station	787 ft	220 m	1982
Chimney of Počerady Power Station	722 ft	220 m	1977
2 chimneys of Trmice Power Plant	722 ft	220 m	?
	722 ft	220 m	1962			Tallest chimney in the world upon completion in 1962 until 1966. Demolished.
Chimney of Chita Power Station Units 1–4	722 ft	220 m	1966
Chimney of Mittal Steel Ostrava	722 ft	220 m	?
Chimney of Power Plant Polkowice	722 ft	220 m	?
Chimney of Power Plant Toruń	722 ft	220 m	?
	720 ft	220 m	?			^[111] ^[112]
Chimney of Nikola Tesla Power Station, Unit A	718 ft	220 m	1970
	718 ft	220 m	1976/1983
2 chimneys of Porcheville Power Station	718 ft	220 m	1968/1975			Stopped since 1 January 2017.
	718 ft	218.85 m	1970/1971
1st Chimney of Voerde Power Station	715 ft	218 m	1970
Chimney of Teplárny Brno-sever	714 ft	217.5 m	1982			Crooked chimney due to problem during erection in winter 1981.
	713 ft	217.3 m	1968^[113]			Demolished on 25 November 2000.^[114]
Chimney of Shell Pernis	712 ft	216 m	1974
Chimney of Littlebrook Power Station, Unit 'D'	705 ft	215 m	1981^[115]			Demolished on 15 December 2019.^[116]
	705 ft	215 m	1982			^[117]
	705 ft	214.9 m	1971
	701 ft	213.67 m	1987
	700 ft	213.5 m	1979
	700 ft	213.5 m	2010/2009			Units 1&2 + Units 3&4
Chimney of Rush Island Power Station	700 ft	213.5 m	1975
2 сhimneys of Lacygne Power Plant	700 ft	213.5 m	1973/1977
Chimney of Iatan Power Plant	700 ft	213.5 m	1980
Chimney of Oswego Generating Station	700 ft	213.5 m	1980
Chimney of Nebraska City Power Station	700 ft	213.5 m	1978
Chimney of Oswego Generating Station, Unit 5	700 ft	213.5 m	1976
Chimneys of Labadie Power Station	700 ft	213.5 m	1970/1972
	700 ft	213.5 m	1960^[118]			Demolished on October 1, 2018, by explosives^[119]
Chimney of Sibley Generating Station	700 ft	213.3 m	1967
	699 ft	213 m	1992
	689 ft	210 m	2001
	689 ft	210 m	1993
Chimney of Callide Power Station, Unit 'B'	689 ft	210 m	1988
	689 ft	210 m	1986
	689 ft	210 m	1999		Ikebukuro, Tokyo
Chimney of Guangdong Yudean Jinghai Power Generation Station	689 ft	210 m	2007
Chimney of Guangdong Red Bay Generation Powerplant	689 ft	210 m	2006
Chimney of Zhanjiang Aoliyou Powerplant	689 ft	210 m	2005
Chimney of Huaneng Shantou Powerplant	689 ft	210 m	1996
Chimney Power Station Moers-Meerbeck	689 ft	210 m	?			Demolished early 1990s.
Chimney Power Station Dortmund-Derne	689 ft	210 m	?
Chimney Heating Power Station Karlsruhe	689 ft	210 m	1978			Block 5
Main chimney of the MiRO refinery	689 ft	210 m	?
	689 ft	210 m	1971
Chimney of CET Bacău	689 ft	210 m	1990
Chimney of Wesleyville Power Station	682 ft	208 m				Power plant idled, unused stack.
	680 ft	207.3 m	1970/1978
Vřesová Chimney	676 ft	206 m	?
Chimney of Plant Hammond	675 ft	205.8 m	2008		Coosa, Georgia
Chimney of Plant Bowen Units 1&2	675 ft	205.8 m	2008
Chimney of Plant Bowen Units 3&4	675 ft	205.8 m	2007
	675 ft	205.8 m	2007
Chimney of Zinifex Smelter (Zinifex Smelter Stack)	673 ft	205 m	?
Stahl- und Hartgusswerk Bösdorf	673 ft	205 m	?
	673 ft	205 m	1969^[120]			Demolished on 3 September 2021.^[121]
Chimney of Počerady Power Station	673 ft	205 m	?
	669 ft	204 m	?
Chimney of Mondi Business Paper SCP	669 ft	204 m
Chimney of MVM Észak-Buda Power Station	666 ft	203 m	1974
	664 ft	202.4 m	1978
Chimney of Savica Power Plant	663 ft	202 m	?
Chimney Power Station Franken II	663 ft	202 m	1963/1964			Demolished in 2001.
Chimney of Považská Bystrica Old Power Station	659 ft	201 m				Demolished in 2016.^[122]
Křivenice Chimney	659 ft	201 m			Křivenice
Neratovice Chimney	659 ft	201 m
	656 ft	200 m	?
Chimney of Tresnjevka Power Plant	656 ft	200 m
	656 ft	200 m	1987
	656 ft	200 m	1982/1983
3 chimneys of Manjung Coal Fired Power Plant	656 ft	200 m	2002/2015/2017			Tallest chimneys in Malaysia.
Chimney of Simmering Power Station	656 ft	200 m	1990			Unit 3
Chimney of TEC-3	659 ft	200 m^[123]	1979
	656 ft	200 m
Chimney of Mělník Power Station	656 ft	200 m	1980
Chimney of Ledvice Power Station	656 ft	200 m	1969
Chimney of Počerady Power Station	656 ft	200 m
Chimney of Spolana Neratovice	656 ft	200 m
	656 ft	200 m	1967
Chimney Power Station Mannheim-Neckar	656 ft	200 m	198?
Chimney Ludwigshafen	656 ft	200 m				Demolished in November 2002.
Chimneys of Bayer-Power Station Leverkusen	722 ft	200 m	?			Some sources give 220m (720feet).
Chimney of Incineration Plant Essen-Karnap	656 ft	200 m	1987
Chimney Power Station Westfalen	656 ft	200 m	1989
Chimney of Frimmersdorf Power Station, Unit P	656 ft	200 m	1966
	656 ft	200 m	1969/1974
Chimney Power Station Breitungen	656 ft	200 m	1986			Demolished in 2005.
	656 ft	200 m	1995
Chimney of Schwedt PCK-refinery	656 ft	200 m				Demolished in 2003.
Chimney of Hekinan Power Plant, Units 1–3	656 ft	200 m	1990
Chimney of Sakaide Power Plant, Units 2–4	656 ft	200 m	1971
Saganoseki Smelter and Refinery Second Stack	656 ft	200 m	1972
Chimney of Anan Power Plant	656 ft	200 m
Chimney of Atsumi Power Plant	656 ft	200 m
Chimney of Chita Daini Power Plant	656 ft	200 m
Chimney of Chita Power Station Units 5–6	656 ft	200 m
	656 ft	200 m	1972
	656 ft	200 m	?
Chimney of Power Plant Zabrze	656 ft	200 m	?
	656 ft	200 m	?
	656 ft	200 m	?		Będzin–Łagisza
	656 ft	200 m	?			Demolished in 2008.
Chimney of Power Station Poznań-Karolin	656 ft	200 m	?
	656 ft	200 m	?			Chimneys n°2, 3 and 4
	656 ft	200 m
	656 ft	200 m
Chimney of Sant Adrià de Besòs Power Station	656 ft	200 m	1976
Chimney of Strážske Chemko Power Station	656 ft	200 m			Strážske
Chimney of Vojany Power Station, EVO 1	656 ft	200 m
Large Chimney of Krompachy Kovohuty Copper Smelter	656 ft	200 m
Chimney of Power Station Vranov nad Topľou Bukóza Holding Works	656 ft	200 m
	656 ft	200 m	1976			Unit 1.
Chimney of Mělník Power Station III	656 ft	200 m
Manušice Chimney	656 ft	200 m				Demolished ?
Chimney of Skalice u České Lípy	656 ft	200 m				Demolished?
Chimney of	656 ft	200 m	2010
	656 ft	200 m	1971^[124]
	656 ft	200 m	1966^[125]			Demolished on 24 July 2022.^[126]
	656 ft	200 m	Original: 1966^[127] Replacement: 2003^[128] ^[129]			Twin chimneys. Original stacks demolished in 2003.
	655 ft	199.7 m	2005
	654 ft	199.5 m	1968^[130]			Demolished on 9 February 2020.^[131]
	653 ft	199 m	1967^[132]
	650 ft	198 m	1966^[133]			Twin chimneys, demolished on 22 August 2021.^[134]
	650 ft	198 m	1968^[135]
	650 ft	198 m	1970^[136]			Demolished on 22 March 2018.
	650 ft	198 m	1969^[137]			Demolished on 31 October 2021.^[138]
	650 ft	198 m	1981^[139]
Chimney of Consumers Energy B.C. Cobb Plant	650 ft	198 m	?			Ceased operations in 2016. It was completely demolished along with the B.C. Cobb plant in January 2020 after a gradual demolition process over two years.^[140] ^[141]
Chimney of Nanticoke Generating Station Units 1–4	650 ft	198 m				Demolished on February 28, 2018, by explosives
Chimney of Nanticoke Generating Station Units 5–8	650 ft	198 m				Demolished on February 28, 2018, by explosives
Chimney of Lennox Generating Station Units 1–2	650 ft	198 m
Chimney of Lennox Generating Station Units 3–4	650 ft	198 m
Chimney of Thunder Bay Generating Station Units 3–4	650 ft	198 m				Demolished on 9 September 2021 by explosives.
Port Kembla Copper Stack	650 ft	198 m	1965			Demolished on 20 February 2014 by explosives.
	643 ft	196 m	1964			Demolished on 27 November 2005 by explosives.
	626 ft	195.6 m	2006
Large Chimney of Žilina Heat Power Station	640 ft	195 m	1982
Copper Cliff Nickel Refinery smokestack	637 ft	194 m	1954			Tallest chimney in the world upon completion.
Chimney of Jablonec nad Nisou	627 ft	191 m
Chimney of Tepláreň	620 ft	190 m
Chimneys of Otto E. Eckert Power Plant	615 ft	187.5 m	1981
	611"8" ft	186 m	1951			Briefly the tallest chimney in the world from 1951 to 1952. Demolished in April 2013.
Chimney of	611 ft	186 m	1978
Chimney of Doe Run primary lead smelter	610 ft	186 m^[142]	1968			Idle since 2003.
Amercentrale	607 ft^[143]	185 m	1980
	607 ft	185 m	?
	606 ft	184.7 m	1937			Tallest chimney in the world from 1937 to 1951. Demolished in 1972–73.
Chimney of Komořany Power Station	604 ft	184 m	1963		Komořany u Mostu
	600 ft	183 m	1969^[144]			Demolished on 9 December 2021.^[145]
	600 ft	183 m	Original: 1970^[146] Replacement: 2009			Replacement chimney demolished on 24 January 2021.^[147]
Chimney of Plant Barry	600 ft	183 m	2009
Chimney of Brunner Island Power Plant	600 ft	183 m	2008
	600 ft	183 m	2004
Chimney of Seward Power Plant	600 ft	183 m	1921			1921 is the date the power plant was constructed. There is no references to indicate the current 600feet stack was built at that time and the plant itself has been reconstructed multiple times over its history. Furthermore, the stack is built of concrete, which was not known to have been used in chimney construction until the 1930s.
	600 ft	183m
Syncrude Mildred Lake Chimney	600 ft	183 m	1969
	599 ft	182.6 m	1965
	597 ft	182 m	1976
Sokolov Chimney	597 ft	182 m
Chomutov Chimney	594 ft	181 m
Chimney of Tychy CHP Power Plant	591 ft	180 m	1976
3rd Chimney of Svetlogorsk TEC	591 ft	180 m	1991
Chimney of Spalovna Malešice	591 ft	180 m	1996
Chimney of Sezimovo Ústí	591 ft	180 m
Chimney of Česká Lípa	591 ft	180 m
East chimney of the MiRO refinery	591 ft	180 m	?
Chimney of Duck Creek Power Plant	588 ft	179.3 m	2008
Praha Chimney	587 ft	179 m
	585 ft	178.3 m	1919			Tallest brick chimney in the world.
Chimney of Monroe Power Plant	580 ft	176.8 m	2007
	577 ft	176 m	1980
Chimney of EON-centrale Maasvlakte	574 ft	175 m	2010
Chimney of Vojany Power Station, EVO 2	574 ft	175 m	1974			Height reduced from 300m (1,000feet) to 175m (574feet) in 1998.
Chimney of Ruston Copper Smelter	571 ft	174.0 m	1917			Owned by ASARCO. "[O]nce the world's tallest smokestack" Reduced to 562feet after an earthquake in 1937. Demolished on 17 January 1993.^[148] ^[149]
	571 ft	174.0 m
	571 ft	174.0 m
Chimney of Kerncentrale Borssele	570 ft	173 m	1973
	565 ft	172 m	1973			^[150] Owned by AES Indiana.
Plzeň Chimney	561 ft	171 m
	560 ft	170.6 m	1980^[151]
	557 ft	170 m	1962^[152]			Twin chimneys, demolished on 7 December 2003.^[153]
Považská Bystrica Chimney	557 ft	170 m
Otrokovice Chimney	557 ft	170 m
Lambton Generating Station Chimney 1	557 ft	170 m	1969
Lambton Generating Station Chimney 2	557 ft	170 m	1969
St. Lawrence Cement Chimney	556 ft	169.4 m	1956^[154]
Děčín Chimney	554 ft	169 m
	551 ft	168 m	1968^[155]			Twin chimneys, demolished on 28 September 2017.^[156]
Lambton Generating Station Chimney 3	550 ft	168 m
	548 ft	167 m	1957^[157] ^[158]			Twin chimneys, demolished in 2005.
Kunčice Chimney	548 ft	167 m
La Oroya Smelter Chimney	548 ft	167 m
Chimney of Tepláreň Martin	539 ft	165 m	1980
Chimney of Electriciteitscentrale Gelderland	537 ft	164 m	1980
Štětí Chimney	535 ft	163 m
Chimney of Kralupy nad Vlatvou	531 ft	162 m
České Budějovice Chimney	531 ft	162 m
Praha Chimney	531 ft	162 m
Kopřivnice Chimney	531 ft	162 m
Štúrovo Chimney	528 ft	161 m
Příbram Chimney	528 ft	161 m
Chimney of Jablonec nad Nisou	528 ft	161 m
Snina Chimney	524 ft	160 m
Chimney of Devínska Nová Ves	524 ft	160 m
Chimney of Suginami Incinerator	524 ft	160 m	1982		Suginami, Tokyo
Chimney of Kralupy nad Vlatvou	524 ft	160 m
Chimney of Býnina	524 ft	160 m	1960
Chimney of Praha Heat Power Station	524 ft	160 m	1961
	524 ft	160 m	1971^[159]
Chimney of Petrochema	524 ft	160 m	1989		Dubová
Chimney of Leipzig-North Cogeneration Plant	512 ft	156 m	1929			was at time of completion tallest chimney in Europe, demolished in 1995
Postřelmov Chimney	512 ft	156 m
Štětí Chimney	508 ft	155 m
	508.5 ft	155 m	1929			Chimney built of bricks.
The Big Stack	508 ft	154.8 m	1908			Completed on 23 November 1908. Demolished on 18 September 1982.^[160]
	500 ft	153 m	1964
Praha Chimney	500 ft	152 m
	500 ft	152 m	1966^[161]			Twin chimneys, demolished on 26 September 2015.^[162]
INCO Nickel Smelter Chimney	500 ft	152 m	1929
INCO Copper Smelter Chimney	500 ft	152 m	1936
INCO Nickel Smelter Chimney	500 ft	152 m	1937
INCO Thompson Smelter Chimney	500 ft	152 m	1958
Tema Volca Aluminium Smelter Chimney	500 ft	152 m
Ostrava Chimney	499 ft	152 m
Bridgeport Chimney	498 ft	152 m	1969^[163]			To be discontinued by 1 July 2021,^[164] the last coal fired power plant in Connecticut.
Litvínov Chimney	495 ft	151 m
Křivenice Chimney	495 ft	151 m			Křivenice
Paskov Chimney	495 ft	151 m
Chimney of Bánovce nad Bebravou	495 ft	151 m
Chimney of Västerås Power Plant	494 ft	150.6 m	1963		Västerås
	492 ft	150 m
	492 ft	150 m
	492 ft	150 m
	492 ft	150 m	1998			^[165]
	492 ft	150 m
Chimney of Novaky Power Plant-B, Units 1 + 2	492 ft	150 m	1963
2 Chimneys of Senoko Incineration Plant	492 ft	150 m	1992
492 ft	150 m	?
	492 ft	150 m	1959/1963			Demolished 2005–2011^[166] ^[167]
Příbram Chimney	492 ft	150 m
	492 ft	150 m	2000			Public observation deck at a height of 116m (381feet) and restaurant at a height of 120m (390feet) ^[168]
Kladno Chimney	492 ft	150 m
Chimney of Hranice Cement Works	492 ft	150 m
Chimney of Mělník Power Station	492 ft	150 m
Chimney of Mittal Steel	492 ft	150 m	1986
Přívoz Chimney	492 ft	150 m
Čelechovice Chimney	492 ft	150 m
Neratovice Chimney	492 ft	150 m
Chimney of Skalice u České Lípy	492 ft	150 m
Chimney of Michle Heat Power Station	492 ft	150 m
Chimney of Dolní Jiřetín	492 ft	150 m			Dolní Jiřetín	Under construction.
Chimney of Mondi Štětí	492 ft	150 m
Lakvijaya Power Station Chimney No:1	492 ft	150 m	2010		Norochcholai
Lakvijaya Power Station Chimney No:2	492 ft	150 m	2010		Norochcholai
Lakvijaya Power Station Chimney No:3	492 ft	150 m	2010		Norochcholai
Třeboradice Chimney	492 ft	150 m
	486 ft	148 m	1965		Liverpool, England	built as chimney for the heating system of a nearby mall
Strakonice Chimney	486 ft	148 m
	482 ft	147 m	1991			^[169]
Chimneys of Zouk Power Station	476 ft	145 m
Zlín Chimney	469 ft	143 m
Písek Chimney	466 ft	142 m
Opatovice Chimney	466 ft	142 m
Teplice Chimney	463 ft	141 m
Křivenice Chimney	463 ft	141 m			Křivenice
Michle Chimney	463 ft	141 m
ZDA Chimney	459 ft	140 m	1967
Myjava Chimney	459 ft	140 m
	459 ft	140 m	1889			Chimney built of bricks
Kladno K7 Stack	459 ft	140 m
Nymburk Chimney	459 ft	140 m
DSM-Chimney	459 ft	140 m
Horní Počaply Chimney	459 ft	140 m
Chimney of Zlín Power Station	459 ft	140 m
West chimney of the MiRO refinery	459 ft	140 m	?
	454 ft	138.4 m	1859^[170]			Chimney built of bricks. Tallest in the world from 1859 to 1889. Demolished in 1964.
3 Chimneys of Morro Bay Power Plant^[171]	450 ft	137.1 m	1955
	449 ft	137 m	1959^[172]			Twin chimneys, demolished on 15 December 2004.^[173]
Trebišov Chimney	449 ft	137 m
Reckitt's Chimney	449 ft	137m	Mid 1970s		Hull, England	Not in use now.
Liberec Chimney	436 ft	133 m
	435.5 ft	132.7 m	1842^[174]			Tallest in the world from 1842 to 1859. Destroyed by lightning in 1922.
Trenčín Chimney	433 ft	132 m
	430 ft	131 m
	430 ft	131 m
Litvínov Chimney	430 ft	131 m
Poštorná Chimney	430 ft	131 m
Novosedlice Chimney	427 ft	130 m
Chimney of Komárno	430 ft	130 m	1981
Chimney of Hnúšťa	430 ft	130 m
Chimney of Humenné	430 ft	130 m
Žiar nad Hronom Chimney	430 ft	130 m
Rohožník Chimney	430 ft	130 m
Heleneholmsverket^[175]	427 ft	130 m	1991
	427 ft	130 m	1973		Paris
New Chimney of Borregaard Boilerhouse	427 ft	130 m	2008
Adachi Incineration Plant Chimney	427 ft	130 m	2005		Tokyo
Minato Incineration Plant Chimney	427 ft	130 m	1999		Tokyo
Chinose Incineration Plant Chimney	427 ft	130 m	1996		Tokyo
	427 ft	130 m	1952
Chimney of Otrokovice Heat Power Station	427 ft	130 m
Komin Kotlowni	423 ft	129 m
Milevsko Chimney	420 ft	128 m
Enstedværket Unit 2 Chimney	419 ft	127.7 m	1969
Štětí Chimney	417 ft	127 m
2 chimneys of Fort Howard Paper Mill	415 ft	126.5 m	Stack 10 – 1984, Stack 11 – 1992
	413 ft	126 m
	413 ft	126 m ^[176]	1974^[177]
Čížkovice Chimney	413 ft	126 m
Chimney of České Budějovice	413 ft	126 m
Brno Chimney	413 ft	126 m
Přerov Heating Plant	413 ft	126 m
Chimney of Rožnov pod Radhoštěm	413 ft	126 m
	410 ft	125 m	2014
Polomka Chimney	410 ft	125 m
Chimney of Atherinolakkos Power Station	410 ft	125 m	2004		Goudouras
Chimney of Bay of Biscay Power Plant	410 ft	125 m	2003
Chimney of Šiauliai Power Plant	410 ft	125 m	1966
Chimney of Aqaba Power Plant Units 1+2	410 ft	125 m	1986
Chimney of Aqaba Power Plant Units 3+4	410 ft	125 m	1986
Chimney of Aqaba Power Plant Unit 5	410 ft	125 m	1998
5 Chimneys of Aleppo Thermal Power Station	410 ft	125 m	1997
Es Murterar Power Station Chimney	410 ft	125 m
Kamin der Jura-Zement	410 ft	125 m
KWK Katowice Chimney 2	410 ft	125 m
Vřesová Chimney	410 ft	125 m
Krnov Chimney	410 ft	125 m
Chimneys of Mustamäe Boiler House	410 ft	125 m	?

Japanese Steel SmokestacksThis is a list of Japanese smokestacks built from large sections of steel pipe. The majority of tall steel chimneys in the world are located in Japan. Unlike other modern developed countries which use reinforced concrete to build tall chimneys, Japan has historically used steel until recently in smokestack construction.

Tower	Year	Country	Town	Height m	Height ft	Remarks
Mitsubishi Chemical Kashima Plant, stack 1^[178] (pg.40)	2001	Japan	Kashima	230 m	755 ft	35.9031°N 140.6897°W
Chita Thermal Power Station, stack 1^[179]		Japan	Chita	220 m	722 ft
Kimitsu Steel Works		Japan	Kimitsu	220 m	722 ft
Kyushudenryoku Shinkokura Power Station, Stack 2		Japan	Kitakyushu	200 m	656 ft
Sakaide Power Plant^[180]	1971	Japan	Sakaide	200 m	656 ft
Hekinan Thermal Power Station, stack 1^[181]		Japan	Hekinan	200 m	656 ft
Hekinan Thermal Power Station, stack 2		Japan	Hekinan	200 m	656 ft
Atsumi Thermal Power Station^[182]		Japan	Atsumi	200 m	656 ft
Chita Thermal Power Station, stack 2^[183]		Japan	Chita	200 m	656 ft
Chita Daini Thermal Power Station^[184]		Japan	Chita	200 m	656 ft
Anan Power Plant^[185]		Japan	Anan	200 m	656 ft
Kawagoe Power Station, stack 1	1983	Japan	Kawagoe	200 m	656 ft
Kawagoe Power Station, stack 2	1983	Japan	Kawagoe	200 m	656 ft
Yokkaichi Power Station, stack 1		Japan	Yokkaichi	200 m	656 ft
Yokkaichi Power Station, stack 2		Japan	Yokkaichi	200 m	656 ft
Showa Yokkaichi Oil Plant		Japan	Yokkaichi	200 m	656 ft
Mitsubishi Chemical Kashima Plant, stack 2		Japan	Kashima	197 m	646 ft	35.9031°N 140.6897°W
Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Kurosaki Plant Site, Stack 1^[186]		Japan	Yahatanishi	190 m	624 ft
Mie Plant of Mitsubishi Chemical		Japan	Yokkaichi	174 m	572 ft
South Processing Factory, Yokosuka City		Japan	Yokosuka City	170 m	558 ft
Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation Kurosaki Plant Site, Stack 2		Japan	Yahatanishi	170 m	558 ft
Mitsubishi Chemical Kashima Plant, stack 3		Japan	Kashima	151 m	495 ft	35.9031°N 140.6897°W
Atsumi Thermal Power Station		Japan	Atsumi	150 m	492 ft

See also

• List of tallest freestanding structures
• List of tallest towers
• Solar power tower
• List of elevator test towers
• List of tallest cooling towers
• List of tallest oil platforms
• List of tallest industrial buildings

References

1. Book: Bancroft, Robert . Bancroft, Francis . Tall Chimney Construction . 1885 . Farncombe and Co . Lewes . 37 . 2009-01-04 .
2. Book: Jenkins, Moses. Scotland's Tall Chimneys. Pugmill Press. 2021. 9781919617305. 30. October 5, 2021. October 5, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211005132435/https://pugmillpress.com/. dead.
3. https://ahaufstop.blogspot.com/2021/07/tennants-chimney-collapse-and-demolition.html Tennants Chimney Collapse and Demolition 1922
4. https://ahaufstop.blogspot.com/2021/07/when-glasgow-had-tallest-chimneys-in.html When Glasgow had the Tallest Chimney(s) in the World
5. Book: Lynn Pearson . Victorian and Edwardian British Industrial Architecture. 2016. The Crowood Press. 9781785001901. 31.
6. Web site: Die Geschichte vom "Langen Emil" und vom "Kurzen Carl". Anton Könen. de. wisoveg.de. 21 January 2024.
7. Web site: 日立事業所 歴史. JX日鉱日石金属. 20 September 2012. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130728194719/http://www.nmm.jx-group.co.jp/company/establishment/hitachi/history.html. 28 July 2013.
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