List of chemistry mnemonics explained

A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long-term memory and make the process of consolidation easier. Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds, sequences of elements, their reactivity, etc., can be easily and efficiently memorized with the help of mnemonics. This article contains the list of certain mnemonics in chemistry.

Orbitals

Sequence of orbitals

See main article: Spectroscopic notation.

s p d f g h i k

• Sober Physicists Don't Find Giraffes Hiding In Kitchens.

Note: After the k shell, they follow alphabetical order (skipping s and p as they came earlier).^[1]

Aufbau principle

See main article: Aufbau principle.

1s^2 2s^2 2p^6 3s^2 3p^6 4s^2 3d^10 ...

The order of sequence of atomic orbitals (according to Madelung rule or Klechkowski rule) can be remembered by the following.^[2]

Periodic table

See main article: Periodic table.

Periods

See main article: Period (periodic table).

Periods 1, 2 and 3

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na (Sodium) Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

• Happy Henry Likes Beans Brownies and Chocolate Nuts Over Friday's News. Naughty Margaret Always Sighs, "Please Stop Clowning Around." Kind Cats Scare Tiny Vicious Creatures, Might Fear Cows and Nice Cute Zebras. first 30 elements :)
• Happy Henry Likes Beans Brownies and Chocolate Nuts Over Friday's News.
• Happy Harry Listens B B C Network Over France Nevertheless Nothing More Arose So Peter Stopped Cleaning Airgun K Ca.^[3] (also Happy Henry Listens B B C Network Over France Nevertheless Nothing More Arose So Peter Stopped Cleaning Airgun K Ca.)
• Ha. Healthy Little Beggar Boys Catching Newts Or Fish.^[4]
• Hi, Here Little Beatniks Brandish Countless Number Of Flick kNives.^[5] Nagging Maggie Always Sighs, "Please Stop Clowning Around." (adapted)
• Hi Helium." Little Berries Borrow Carbs, NO Fight Needed.
• Hi Hello! Lion Beneath the Burning Car Needs Oxygen For New life.
• Native Magpies Always Sit Peacefully Searching Clear Areas.^[6]
• Naval Magistrates Always Signal Per Siren, Claiming Adequacy.^[7]
• Naughty Margaret Always Sighs, "Please Stop Clowning Around."^[8]
• Nellie's Naughty Magpie Always Sings Pop Songs Clearly After Killing Cathy.^[8]
• Shoddy Magician Aligned Six Phones Successfully, Classic Art!
• All Silicon Ports. Superman Clean Argon's K-Capture.^[9]

Period 4

K (Potassium) Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

• Kindly Cannibals Scare Timid Visitors, 'n' Cruelly Menace Female Communist Nitwits Cuddling Zany Gabbling Geese Astride Several Brutal Kangaroos.^[7]
• In reverse order: Kry Brother! SeAs of Germany and Gaul sink copper ships Nice and Cold From Manx to Crimea, Vancouver to Timor, and Scandinavia to the California Koast.^[10]
• Kind Cats Scare Tiny Vicious Creatures, Maintaining Feline Connections Nice, Cute & Zen. Gallium Germinates As Selene Brings Krypton.

Period 5

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag (Silver) Cd In Sn (Tin) Sb (Antimony) Te I Xe

• Ruby, Sir, Yells "Zircon Nebulas !". Most Technicians Rule Rhodes and Paddle Against Cadence". India Sent Sebastian to Tell "Io Xe.
• Ruby Stuck in Yuck Zoo, Nice Monk Tackled Rude Rhino. Pay Silver Coin In Tin And Tell I eXeed.

Transition metals

See main article: Transition metals.

First

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

• Scary Tiny Vicious Creatures are Mean; Females Come to NightClub Zen.
• Scary Tiny Vicious Creatures Might Fear Cows and Nice Cute Zebras.
• SucTion VelCro Man Fears CoNiC uZi.
• ScienTist ViCroMan Iron(Fe) Comes from NiCuZan.

Second

Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd

• Yes S(Z)ir, Nob. Most Technicians Ruin Rob's Pale Silver Cadillac.

Third

La ... Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

• Larry's Half Taken, Wendy Reached Out H(I)er Plate Audibly, Helga.
• Late Harry Took Walk, Reached Office In Pants, After an Hour.
• Lame Horned-Fox's Tail got Wet. Restless Ostrich Irrelevantly Painted Gold(AU) on Mercury(HG).

Lanthanides and actinides

See main article: Lanthanides and actinides.

Lanthanides

(La) Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

• Last Century Presented New Democratic Prime Minister. European Government Decided To Ban Dirty Hotels Entirely To Make Yellow Buildings Luxurious.
• Ladies Can't Put Needles Properly in Slot-machines. Every Girl Tries Daily, However, Every Time You'd Lose.^[11]
• Languid Centaurs Praise Ned's Promise of Small European Garden Tubs; Dinosaurs Hobble Erratically Thrumming Yellow Lutes.^[12]
• Lately, Central Park Needed Primroses. Small Entire Golden Tassels Dyeing the Hollow Earth, Tempting Your Love.

Actinides

(Ac) Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

• Radiant Acting Thoroughly Protects yoUr Nepotism, Plutocratic America Cures-me & Berkeley California, Einstein Firmly Mended Noble Lawreins.^[13]
• Ace Thor Protects Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Army Cured Bark. In California Einstein and Fermi Made Noble Laws.
• Actually Thor Protects Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Army Cured Bark. In California Einstein and Fermi Made Noble Laws.

56 elements in sequence

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba

Here Lies Benjamin Bones. Cry Not Oh Friend Needlessly. Nature Magnifies All Simple People Sometimes Clowns And Kings Can Scream Till Vast Crowds Moan. Fear Conquers Neither Courageous Zealous Gallant Gents. As Seen Brown Karate Robes Strip Yobs. Zurich Noble Mortals Track Ruddy Rhubarb. Paid Silver Candid Indian Sons Sobbing Tears In Xcess Cease Bawling.^[9]

Groups

See main article: Group (periodic table).

Group 1 (alkali metals)

Li Na K Rb Cs Fr

Lithium, Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium, Caesium, Francium

• Little Nasty Kids Rub Cats Fur
• Little Naughty Kids Robs Cents From (me)
• Little Naughty Kids Ruin Ben's Convenient Store Forever
• Little Nathan Knew Rubies Cost Fortunes
• Little Naughty Kids Rob Crispy Fries

Group 2 (alkaline earth metals)

Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra

Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, Radium

• Bearded Muggers Came Straight Back Rapidly.
• Beer Mugs Can Serve Bar Rats.
• Ben Meg & Casia Stroll away to Bar of Radium

Group 13

B Al Ga In Tl Nh

Boron, Aluminium, Gallium, Indium, Thallium, Nihonium

• BAlm Game In Tail
• Bowler Ali Gave Instant Tea
• BAG IT
• Bears Always Gave Indians Trouble

Group 14

C Si Ge Sn Pb

Carbon, Silicon, Germanium, Tin (stannum in Latin), Lead (plumbum in Latin)

• CSI Gets Stan Plums (comment: plum and plumb are homophones)
• Can Simple Germans Snare (Tiny) Public (Lead)?
• Chemistry Sir Gets Snacks Publicly
• Can Someone Get Some Peanutbutter ?

Group 15 (Pnictogens)

N P As Sb Bi Mc

Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth, Moscovium.

• No Person can Assassinate Sebastian Billy in Moscow (place).

Group 16 (Chalcogens)

O S Se Te Po Lv

Oxygen, Sulphur, Selenium, Tellurium, Polonium

• Old Style Sets TemPo
• Old TSangpo Seems Terribly Polluted Lately.
• Ottoman Sultan Sends Textiles to Poor Ladies.

Group 17 (Halogens)

F Cl Br I At Ts

Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine, Tennessine

• Funny Clowns Broil Innocent Ants.
• Fast Clouds Break In Atlantis.
• Father Clark B(r)lesses Ivan A(s)tlast.
• First Class Briyani In Australia^[14]

Group 18 (noble gases)

He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn

Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon.

• Hero Never Argues, Kryptonite Xterminates Rao
• Hero Needs Arguable Kryptic Xes. Right-on.
• He Never Arrived; Karen eXited with Ron.
• He Needs A Kickin', Xylophone-playin' Racehorse! (And... Oh, gee, now we need to add Oganesson (Og)!)
• Hey, N(e)ArK(r)s, Run, O.g!

Properties of elements

Abundance of elements on Earth's crust

[Oxygen('''O''')] > [Silicon('''Si''')] > [Aluminium('''Al''')] > [Iron('''Fe''')] > [Calcium('''Ca''')] > [Sodium ('''Na''')] > [Potassium('''K''')] > [Magnesium ('''Mg''')]
(The rest makes only 1%)

• Only Strong Athletes In College Study Past Midnight
• Oh, see(Si), Alfie(Fe) Cannot(Na) Kiss Meg(Mg)

As they are present in trace quantities they are measured in parts per million(ppm).

Activity series of metals

Potassium > Sodium > Calcium > Magnesium > Aluminium > (Carbon)* > Zinc> Chromium > Iron > Tin > Lead > (Hydrogen)* > Copper> Mercury > Silver > Gold > Platinum

• Please Stop Calling Me A Cute Zebra Crab I Like Her Call Smart Goat
• Please Stop Calling Me A Carless Zebra Crab Instead Try Learning How Copper Miners Save Gold Pit
• Popular Scientists Can Make A Zoo In Low Humid Climate ...

Note that carbon and hydrogen are non-metals, used as a baseline.

K > Na > Mg > Al > Zn > Cr > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Au

• Kangaroos Naturally Muck About in Zoos For Purple Hippos Chasing Aardvarks.^[15]
• Katty's Naughty Cat Mingled with Alice and Zarina; Fearlessly Plundering Her Cupboard of Gold.^[16]
• Papa Said Call Me After Zinc Interacts Tin Leading Hydrogen Co-operate Mr. Sylvester to Gain Popularity.^[17]

K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Ni > Sn > Pb > Cu > Ag > Au > Pt

• Pretty(Potassium) Sally(Sodium) Could(Calcium) Marry(Magnesium) A(Aluminium) Crazy(Carbon) Zulu(Zinc) IN(Iron/Nickel) Tree(Tin) Lined(Lead) House(Hydrogen) Causing(Copper) Strangely(Silver) Glancing(Gold) People(Platinum).

Li > K > Ba > Sr > Ca > Na > Mg > Al > Mn > Zn > Cr > Fe > Cd > Co > Ni > Sn > Pb

Electronegativity

See main article: Electronegativity.

Fluorine > Oxygen > Chlorine > Nitrogen > Bromine > Iodine > Sulfur > Carbon > Hydrogen ≥ Phosphorus

• Pronounce: FOClN BrIS CHP.^[18]

(F)irst (O)ff, (Cl)ean (N)ow; (Br)ing (I)n (S)ome (C)lothes, (H)ats, and (P)ants. (First off, clean now. Bring in some caps, hats pants.)

Electrochemical series

See main article: Standard electrode potential (data page).

Potassium > Sodium > Calcium > Magnesium > Aluminium > Zinc > Iron > Tin > Lead > Hydrogen > Copper > Silver > Gold

• Paddy Still Could Marry A Zulu In The Lovely Honolulu Causing Strange Gazes.
• Passive Sarcasm Can Mutate Angry Zombies InTo Large Hypocritical Cold Sexy Guys.
• Poor Science Course Makes A Zany Idiot Totally Lose His Composure, Sir! Good!

Reactions and ions

Redox reactions

A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which there is a change in oxidation state of atoms participating in the reaction.

Ions

An atom (or ion) whose oxidation number increases in a redox reaction is said to be oxidized (and is called a reducing agent). It is accomplished by loss of one or more electrons. The atom whose oxidation number decreases gains (receives) one or more electrons and is said to be reduced. This relation can be remembered by the following mnemonics.

• Leo says Ger! or Leo the lion, Ger! can be used to represent Loss of electron is oxidation; Gain of electron is reduction.^{[19] [20]}
• Oil Rig: Oxidation is loss; Reduction is gain (of electrons).^[21]

Cations and anions

Cations are positively (+) charged ions while anions are negatively (−) charged. This can be remembered with the help of the following mnemonics.

• Cats have paws ⇔ Cations are pawsitive.^[22]
• Ca+ion: The letter t in cation looks like a + (plus) sign.^[23]
• An anion is a negative ion. (An

egativeion ⇒ Anion).^[24]

Oxidation vs. reduction: electrochemical cell and electron gain/loss

• AN OIL RIG CAT:
  • At the ANode, Oxidation Involves Loss of electrons.
  • Reduction Involves Gaining electrons at the CAThode.^[25]
• LOAN - Left Anode Oxidation Negative.
  • In written representation of galvanic cell, anode is written on the left. It is the electrode where oxidation takes place. It is the negative electrode. Obviously, the opposite properties (Right/Cathode/Reduction/Positive) are found on the cathode. Hence, by remembering LOAN mnemonic, we can arrive at the corresponding properties for the cathode.
• LEO the lion says GER [grr]:
  • "Loss of Electrons, Oxidation; Gain of Electrons, Reduction".^[26]

Electrodes

An electrode in which oxidation takes place is called an anode while in that which reduction takes place is called cathode. This applies for both electrolytic and electrochemical cells, though the charge on them reverses. The red cat and an ox mnemonics are useful to remember the same.

• Red cat: Reduction at cathode

An ox: Anode for oxidation.^[27]

• The words oxidation and anode, both begin with vowels.

Also, both reduction and cathode begin with consonants.

• Fat Cat: electrons flow From Anode To Cathode
• LOAN: Left side;Oxidation;Anode;Negative.
• ACID: Anode Current Into Device

Compounds

Diatomic molecules

Molecules exhibiting diatomic structures can be remembered through the following mnemonics.

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine

• Have No Fear Of Ice Cold Beer. ^[28]
• Horses Need Oats For Clear Brown Eyes (I's).
• Her Nana's Only Functioning Clicker Broke Instantly.^[29]
• BrINClHOF: say Brinkelhof.^[30]
• I Bring Clay For Our New House.^[31]

Hydrogen bonds

Hydrogen forms hydrogen bonds with three elements which are nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and fluorine (F). The names of these elements can be remembered by the following mnemonic.

• Hydrogen is FON! (fun).

Polyatomic ions: -ate and -ite ions

Sulfite, Phosphite, Carbonate, Chlorate, Bromate, Iodate, Nitrate

• Super Popeye Constantly Clubbed Brutus In Nevada.

Nitrate, Bromate, Carbonate, Iodate, Chlorate, Chromate, Sulfate, Phosphate

• Nick Brit the Camel ate an Inky Clam with Crêpes for Supper in Phoenix.

Number of consonants denotes number of oxygen atoms. Number of vowels denotes negative charge quantity. Inclusion of the word "ate" signifies that each ends with the letters a-t-e. To use this for the -ite ions, simply subtract one oxygen but keep the charge the same.

Organic chemistry

Prefixes for naming carbon chains

The prefixes for naming carbon chains containing one to four carbons. For chains containing five or more carbons, the inorganic prefixes (e.g. pent = 5, hept = 7) are used.

Meth	Eth	Prop	But
1	2	3	4

• Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas

For the first five chains.

• Many Elephants Pee Behind Plants
• Mom Eats Pretty Big Pears

Carboxylic acids

Common names of homogeneous aliphatic carboxylic acids,

Formic, Acetic, Propionic, Butyric, Valeric, Caproic

• Frogs Are Polite, Being Very Courteous.^[32]

Dicarboxylic acids

The sequence of dicarboxylic acids can be remembered with following mnemonics.

Oxalic, Malonic, Succinic, Glutaric, Adipic, Pimelic, Suberic, Azelaic, Sebacic

• Oh My, Such Good Apples.^[33]
• Oh My Stars, Green Apples.
• Oh My, Such Good Apple Pie, Sweet As Sugar.^{[34] [35]}
• Oh My Stars, Go Ahead Please
• OMSGAPS - is a phonetic word for the first letters of the first seven dicarboxylic acids above in sequence can be said as below.
• Oh My Sir, Give A Party Soon.

Aromatic compounds

m-directing groups

Quaternary amino	Ester	Sulfonic acid	Nitro	Carbonyl	Carboxyl	Cyano
(-NR3^+)	(-COOR)	(-SO3H)	(-NO2)	(-CHO)	(-COOH)	(-CN)

• Queen Elizabeth Second's Navy Commands, Controls, Communicates.^[36]

o,p-directing groups

Alkyl	Halogen	Alkoxyl	Amino			Hydroxyl	Amide	Phenyl
(R)	(X)	(OR)	(-NH2	-NHR	-NR2)	(OH)	(NHCOR	(C6H5)

• AHA AHA P.^[36]

Note: -NH₂,-NHR and NR₂ are para directing groups but not -NR₃⁺

E-Z notation for isomers

See main article: E-Z notation. "E" for 'enemies'. i.e. higher priority groups on opposite sides. Z form has higher priority groups on same side.^[25]

"Z" means 'zame zide' (same side) i.e. high priority groups on same side.

Cis–trans isomerism

See main article: Cis–trans isomerism.

Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a C.

Trans, therefore is the other one by default.^[25]

Benzene ring: order of substitutes

From R group moving around the ring:^[25]

R group, Ortho, Meta, Para

• Benzene likes to ROMP.

Biochemistry

Nutrients

The four most common elements in living organisms – carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen – may be remembered with the acronym CHON.

To remember the elements necessary for agriculture;

Carbon, Hydrogen, Calcium, Iron (Fe), Magnesium (Mg), Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), Molybdenum, Chlorine (Cl), Boron

• C (see) Hopkins CaFe, Mighty-good Man, Cu (see your) Money, hope they are Closed or out of Business.^[37]

For remembering macronutrients;

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Calcium, and Magnesium

• C. HOPKiN'S Ca Mg (C. Hopkins coffee mug).
• MagiCal CKN SHOP (Magical Chicken SHOP).

To remember the elements comprising the human body;

Iodine, Phosphorus, Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Calcium (Ca), Iron (Fe)

• Chopin's CaFe
• I.P. Cohn's CaFe

Essential amino acids

Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Arginine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Histidine, Valine

• PVT TIM HaLL and TT HALL Very IMPortant.^[38]
• These Ten Valuable Acids Have Long Preserved Life In Men
• MATT HILL, VP
• LIFT HIM KIW(V)I
• TV FILM HW(R)K.
• FM TK HW RIVL
• Any Help In Learning These Little Molecules Proves Truly Valuable.^[39] This method begins with the two amino acids that need some qualifications as to their requirements.

Krebs cycle

To remember the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle):

Citrate → Aconitate → Isocitrate → Oxalosuccinate → α-Ketoglutarate → Succinate → Fumarate → Malate → Oxaloacetate

• Caesar's Armies Invaded Other Kingdoms Searching For Many Oranges.^[18]
• Citric Acid Is One Key Substrate For Mitochondrial Oxidation

See also

• List of medical mnemonics
• List of mnemonics

External links

• "Mnemonics for the Entire Periodic Table"
• Science jokes and mnemonics

Notes and References

1. Web site: Mnemonic devices for: Chemistry . Mnemonic-device.eu . 2012-08-09.
2. Zumdahl, Steven S. and Zumdahl, Susan A. (2000), Chemistry, Houghton Mifflin, 5th ed., p. 324
3. Web site: Chemical formula . Periodic table mnemonic (memory device) . Chemicalformula.org . 2012-07-24.
4. Web site: Kids Tips for Easy Learning - Mnumonics . Betterendings.org . 2012-07-24.
5. Book: New Scientist . Reed Business Information. (Eyre Mithuen) . Martin Berry . A dictionary of mnemonics . 535 . 30 Nov 1972.
6. Hara. Jaclyn R.. Stanger. Gordon R.. Leony. Denisse A.. Renteria. Sandra S.. Carrillo. Alejandro. Michael. Katja. Multilingual Mnemonics for the Periodic Table. Journal of Chemical Education. 84. 12. 2007. 1918. 0021-9584. 10.1021/ed084p1918. 2007JChEd..84.1918H.
7. Web site: Periodic Table of Elements. 2018-02-11.
8. Web site: Mnemonic: Sentences to remember the elements . Ict4us.com . 2012-07-24.
9. Web site: Science Jokes:11. MNEMONICS : 11.5 CHEMISTRY . Jcdverha.home.xs4all.nl . 2012-07-24.
10. Web site: CHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMISTRY A very nice site of Anatomy Mnemonics by John Berger . Img.com.tripod.com . 2012-07-24.
11. Book: Carl C. Gaither. Alma E. Cavazos-Gaither. Chemically Speaking: A Dictionary of Quotations/selected and Arranged by Carl C. Gaither and Alma E. Cavazos-Gaither. 28 December 2012. 2002. CRC Press. 978-0-7503-0682-9. 82–83.
12. Holmium (new). Periodic Videos.
13. Mnemonics for the Entire Periodic Table. The Chemical Educator. 2. 1–7. 10.1007/s00897970109a. 1997. Mezl. Vasek A.. 98333632.
14. Purvesh Mule : This is an Indian Mnemonics
15. Web site: Sprowston Community High School - Specialist School for Performance Arts & Media. 26 February 2016.
16. Book: Chemistry expression: an inquiry approach. 'O' level science (chemistry) [textbook]]. 2007. Panpac Education Pte Ltd. 9789812711656. 243. Oon Hock Leong/ Edmund Ang Joon Aik. 27 January 2012.
17. Book: Syamal, Arun. Living Science Chemistry 10. Ratna Sagar. 9788183322898. https://books.google.com/books?id=UMiO4OHq5YgC&q=mnemonic+for+remember+alkali+metals&pg=PA97. 27 January 2012. 97. Metals, Non-metals and Metallurgy.
18. Web site: Mnemonics for chem 3 2010.ppt . 2012-10-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120915010641/http://www.chem.uic.edu/marek/marek_downloads/documents/Mnemonics%20for%20chem%203%202010.ppt.pdf . 2012-09-15 . dead.
19. Book: Nick Lane. Oxygen: The Molecule that Made the World. 10 August 2012. 26 March 2004. Oxford University Press. 978-0-19-860783-0. 18–.
20. Book: Rene Fester Kratz. Molecular and Cell Biology For Dummies. 10 August 2012. 2 June 2009. John Wiley & Sons. 978-0-470-43066-8. 70–.
21. Web site: Chemistry - Mnemonic . Chemistrydaily.com . 2012-07-24.
22. Book: AP Chemistry For Dummies . John Wiley & Sons, 2008 . Peter J. Mikulecky . Michelle Rose Gilman . Kate Brutlag . 2008 . 30 . 9780470389768 . Illustrated.
23. Book: Kevin M. Dunn. Scientific Soapmaking: The Chemistry of the Cold Process. 10 August 2012. 16 March 2010. Clavicula Press. 978-1-935652-09-0. 386–.
24. Book: Subhash Jain. Improve Your Memory. 28 December 2012. 1 January 2009. Prabhat Prakashan. 978-81-8430-035-2. 117.
25. Web site: MedicalMnemonics Full Abridged . Medicalmnemonics.com . 16 February 2015 . 36.
26. Zumdahl, Steven S. and Zumdahl, Susan A. (2000), Chemistry, Houghton Mifflin, 5th ed., p. 169
27. Book: Mrs Jacqueline Hilary Briggs . Rex M Heyworth . Lcg Ol Chemistry. 10 August 2012. Pearson Education South Asia. 978-981-06-0008-2. 142–.
28. Web site: Chemistry Mnemonics . Bookbuilder.cast.org . 2012-07-24.
29. Zack Ouellette
30. http://www.freechemteacher.org/Recommended_Resources_files/Mnemonics for Chemistry.pdf
31. http://bradley.bradley.edu/~campbell/mnemonic.html Mnemonic
32. Book: Organic and Biological Chemistry. 2009. Cengage Learning. 9780547168043. Jonathan Dee . H. Stephen Stoker . 5. 157.
33. Book: Organic chemistry. 2009. Cengage Learning. 9780495388579. William Henry Brown . Brent L. Iverson . 5, illustrated. 27 January 2012. 621.
34. Web site: Mnemonic: Dicarboxilic Acids . Ict4us.com . 2012-07-24.
35. Web site: Organic Chemistry Nomenclature . Translationjournal.net . 1997-11-24 . 2012-07-24.
36. Web site: MCAT Mnemonics Organic Chemistry Flash Cards . Cram.com . 2008-08-16 . 2012-07-24.
37. Web site: Mnemonic: Elements necessary for agriculture . Ict4us.com . 2012-08-09.

38. MATT VIL PLy Essential amino acids Essential amino acids, Mnemonic.

39. Book: Williams , R.A.D. . Eliot, J.C. . Basic and Applied Dental Biochemistry . Elsevier Health Sciences . 1989 . 149 . 0-443-03144-4.