List of members of the Federal Trade Commission explained

The following is a list of individuals who have served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) beginning in 1949.^[1]

Current commissioners

The commission is headed by five commissioners, who each serve seven-year terms. Commissioners are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate. No more than three commissioners can be of the same political party. In practice, this means that two commissions are of the opposition party. However, three members of the FTC throughout its history have been without party affiliation, with the most recent independent, Pamela Jones Harbour, serving from 2003 to 2009.^[2]

Portrait	Name	Party	Prior experience	Education	Term began
	Lina Khan(Chair)		Democratic	Legal scholar	Williams College (BA)Yale Law School (JD)
	Rebecca Slaughter		Democratic	Legal advisor to Senator Chuck Schumer	Yale University (BA)Yale Law School (JD)
	Alvaro Bedoya		Democratic	Director of the Center on Privacy and Technology at the Georgetown University Law Center	Harvard College (BA)Yale Law School (JD)
	Melissa Holyoak		Republican	Solicitor general of Utah	University of Utah (BA)University of Utah (JD)
	Andrew Ferguson		Republican	Solicitor general of the Commonwealth of Virginia	University of Virginia (BA)University of Virginia (JD)

Former commissioners

The following is a list of individuals who have served as a member of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) beginning in 1949, including party affiliation.

Commissioners	Party	Years in office	Prior experience
John J. Carson		Republican^[3]	September 28, 1948 – March 31, 1953	Journalist, The Baltimore Sun^[4]
Stephen J. Spingarn		Democratic	October 25, 1950 – September 25, 1953	Assistant General Counsel, Department of the Treasury^[5]
Caspar Weinberger		Republican	December 31, 1969 – August 6, 1970	California State Assemblyman for the 21st district^[6]
Philip Elman		Independent	April 21, 1961 – October 18, 1970	Assistant to the Solicitor General^[7]
Miles Kirkpatrick		Republican	September 14, 1970 – February 20, 1973	Head of the Antitrust Section, American Bar Association (ABA)^[8]
Everette MacIntyre		Democratic	September 26, 1961 – August 30, 1973	FTC trial lawyer^[9]
Mary Gardiner Jones		Republican^[10]	October 29, 1964 – November 2, 1973	Staff attorney, DOJ Antitrust Division^[11]
David S. Dennison Jr.		Republican	October 18, 1970 – December 31, 1973	Congressman from Ohio's 11th district^[12]
Mayo J. Thompson		Democratic	July 8, 1973 – September 26, 1975	Antitrust attorney in private practice^[13]
Lewis A. Engman		Democratic	February 20, 1973 – December 31, 1975	Assistant Director, White House Domestic Council^[14]
Calvin J. Collier		Republican	March 24, 1976 – December 31, 1977	Director of Urban Program Coordination, Department of Housing and Urban Development^[15]
Stephen A. Nye		Republican	May 5, 1974 – May 5, 1978	Partner at Sullivan, Jones and Archer LLP^[16]
Elizabeth Hanford Dole		Democratic (1973-1975)Republican (1975-1979)^[17]	December 4, 1973 – March 9, 1979	Director, White House Office of Consumer Affairs^[18]
Paul Rand Dixon		Democratic	March 21, 1961 – September 25, 1981	FTC trial attorney^[19]
David A. Clanton		Republican	August 26, 1975 – October 14, 1983	Minority Staff Counsel, Senate Committee on Commerce^[20]
Michael Pertschuk		Democratic	April 21, 1977 – October 15, 1984	Chief Counsel, Senate Committee on Commerce^[21]
George W. Douglas		Democratic	December 27, 1982 – September 18, 1985	President, Southwest Econometrics Inc. (private economic research firm)^[22]
James C. Miller III		Republican	September 30, 1981 – October 5, 1985	Administrator, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA)^[23]
Patricia P. Bailey		Republican	October 29, 1979 – May 15, 1988	Assistant to the General Counsel, Merit Systems Protection Board^[24]
Daniel Oliver		Republican	April 21, 1986 – August 10, 1989	Executive Editor, National Review^[25]
Terry Calvani		Republican	November 18, 1983 – September 25, 1990	Law professor, Vanderbilt University School of Law^[26]
Andrew Strenio		Democratic	March 17, 1986 – July 15, 1991	Member, Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)^[27]
Deborah K. Owen		Republican	October 25, 1989 – August 26, 1994	Associate White House Counsel^[28]
Dennis A. Yao		Democratic	July 16, 1991 – August 31, 1994	Professor, Wharton School of Business^[29]
Christine A. Varney		Democratic	October 17, 1994 – August 5, 1997	White House Cabinet Secretary^[30]
Janet D. Steiger		Republican	August 11, 1989 – September 28, 1997	Chair of the Postal Rate Commission^[31]
Roscoe B. Starek III		Republican	November 19, 1990 – December 18, 1997	Deputy Director of Presidential Personnel^[32]
Mary Azcuenaga		Independent	November 27, 1984 – June 3, 1998	FTC Assistant General Counsel^[33]
Robert Pitofsky		Democratic	June 29, 1978 – April 30, 1981 April 11, 1995 – May 31, 2001	Director, FTC Bureau of Consumer Protection^[34]
Sheila F. Anthony		Democratic	September 30, 1997 – August 1, 2003	Assistant Attorney General for Legislative Affairs^[35]
Timothy Muris		Republican	June 4, 2001 – August 15, 2004	Law professor, GMU School of Law^[36]
Mozelle W. Thompson		Democratic	December 17, 1997 – August 31, 2004	Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Policy^[37]
Orson Swindle		Republican	December 18, 1997 – June 30, 2005	Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Development^[38]
Thomas B. Leary		Republican	November 17, 1999 – December 31, 2005	Assistant General Counsel, General Motors^[39]
Deborah Platt Majoras		Republican	August 16, 2004 – March 29, 2008	Deputy Assistant Attorney General, DOJ Antitrust Division^[40]
Pamela Jones Harbour		Independent	August 4, 2003 – April 6, 2010	Deputy Attorney General of New York^[41]
William Kovacic		Republican	January 4, 2006 – October 3, 2011	Law professor, The George Washington University Law School^[42]
J. Thomas Rosch		Republican	January 5, 2006 - Sept 2012	Director, FTC Bureau of Competition^[43]
Jon Leibowitz		Democratic	March 2, 2009 – March 7, 2013	Lobbyist, Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)^[44]
Joshua D. Wright		Republican	January 11, 2013 – August 24, 2015	Law professor, GMU Antonin Scalia Law School^[45]
Julie Brill		Democratic	April 6, 2010 – March 31, 2016	Assistant Attorney General of Vermont for Consumer Protection and Antitrust^[46]
Edith Ramirez		Democratic	April 5, 2010 – February 10, 2017	Vice President, LA Department of Water and Power Board of Commissioners^[47]
Terrell McSweeny		Democratic	April 28, 2014 – April 27, 2018	Chief Counsel for Competition Policy and Intergovernmental Relations, DOJ Antitrust Division^[48]
Joseph Simons		Republican	May 1, 2018 – January 29, 2021	Director, FTC Bureau of Competition
Rohit Chopra		Democratic	May 2, 2018 – October 12, 2021	CFPB Assistant Director
Noah J. Phillips		Republican	May 2, 2018 – October 14, 2022	Counsel to Senator John Cornyn^[49]
Christine S. Wilson		Republican	September 26, 2018 – March 31, 2023	Senior Vice President, Delta Air Lines

Chairs

The following is a list of the chairs of the Federal Trade Commission.^[50]

Chairs selected by the members

Chair	Party	Start	End	Notes
Joseph E. Davies^[51]		Democratic	March 16, 1915	June 30, 1916
Edward N. Hurley		Democratic	July 1, 1916	January 31, 1917
William J. Harris		Democratic	February 1, 1917	May 6, 1918
William Byron Colver		Democratic	May 7, 1918	June 30, 1919
John Franklin Fort		Republican	July 1, 1919	November 30, 1919
Victor Murdock		Progressive	December 1, 1919	November 30, 1920
Samuel Huston Thompson		Democratic	December 1, 1920	November 30, 1921
Nelson B. Gaskill		Republican	December 1, 1921	November 30, 1922
Victor Murdock		Progressive	December 1, 1922	November 30, 1923
Samuel Huston Thompson		Democratic	December 1, 1923	November 30, 1924
Vernon W. Van Fleet		Republican	December 1, 1924	November 30, 1925
John F. Nugent		Democratic	December 1, 1925	November 30, 1926
Charles W. Hunt		Republican	December 1, 1926	November 30, 1927
William E. Humphrey		Republican	December 1, 1927	November 30, 1928
Abram F. Myers		Republican	December 1, 1928	January 15, 1929
Edgar A. McCulloch		Democratic	January 16, 1929	November 30, 1929
Garland S. Ferguson		Democratic	January 1, 1930	December 30, 1930
Charles W. Hunt		Republican	January 1, 1931	December 31, 1931
William E. Humphrey		Republican	February 1, 1932	December 31, 1932
Charles H. March		Republican	January 1, 1933	December 31, 1933
Garland S. Ferguson		Democratic	January 1, 1934	December 31, 1934
Ewin L. Davis		Democratic	January 1, 1935	December 31, 1935
Charles H. March		Republican	January 1, 1936	December 31, 1936
William Augustus Ayres		Democratic	January 1, 1937	December 31, 1937
Garland S. Ferguson		Democratic	January 1, 1938	December 31, 1938
Robert E. Freer		Republican	January 1, 1939	December 31, 1939
Ewin L. Davis		Democratic	January 1, 1940	December 31, 1940
Charles H. March		Republican	January 1, 1941	December 31, 1941
William Augustus Ayres		Democratic	January 1, 1942	December 31, 1942
Garland S. Ferguson		Democratic	January 1, 1943	December 31, 1943
Robert E. Freer		Republican	January 1, 1944	December 31, 1944
Ewin L. Davis		Democratic	January 1, 1945	December 31, 1945
William Augustus Ayres		Democratic	January 1, 1946	December 31, 1946
Garland S. Ferguson		Democratic	January 1, 1947	December 31, 1947
Robert E. Freer		Republican	January 1, 1948	December 31, 1948
Lowell B. Mason		Republican	January 1, 1949	May 23, 1950

Chairs designated by the president

Chair	Party	Start	End	Notes
James M. Mead		Democratic	May 24, 1950	March 31, 1953
Edward F. Howrey		Republican	April 1, 1953	September 12, 1955
John W. Gwynne		Republican	September 12, 1955	May 31, 1959
Earl W. Kintner		Republican	June 11, 1959	March 20, 1961
Paul Rand Dixon		Democratic	March 21, 1961	December 31, 1969
Caspar Weinberger		Republican	January 1, 1970	August 6, 1970
Everette MacIntyre		Democratic	August 8, 1970	September 14, 1970	Acting
Miles W. Kirkpatrick		Republican	September 15, 1970	February 20, 1973
Lewis A. Engman		Republican	February 21, 1973	December 31, 1975
Paul Rand Dixon		Democratic	January 1, 1976	March 25, 1976	Acting
Calvin J. Collier		Republican	March 25, 1976	April 20, 1977
Michael Pertschuk		Democratic	April 21, 1977	March 3, 1981
David A. Clanton		Republican	March 4, 1981	September 25, 1981	Acting
James C. Miller III		Republican	September 26, 1981	October 4, 1985
Terry Calvani		Republican	October 7, 1985	April 20, 1986	Acting
Daniel Oliver		Republican	April 21, 1986	August 10, 1989
Janet Dempsey Steiger		Republican	August 11, 1989	April 11, 1995
Robert Pitofsky		Democratic	April 11, 1995	May 31, 2001
Timothy Muris		Republican	June 4, 2001	August 15, 2004
Deborah Platt Majoras		Republican	August 16, 2004	March 30, 2008
William Kovacic		Republican	March 31, 2008	March 1, 2009	Acting
Jon Leibowitz		Democratic	March 2, 2009	March 4, 2013
Edith Ramirez		Democratic	March 4, 2013	January 25, 2017
Maureen Ohlhausen		Republican	January 25, 2017	May 1, 2018	Acting
Joseph Simons		Republican	May 1, 2018	January 21, 2021
Rebecca Slaughter^[52]		Democratic	January 21, 2021	June 15, 2021	Acting
Lina Khan		Democratic	June 15, 2021	present

Backgrounds of commissioners

Demographics

As of 2021, there have been:

• Three African-Americans to serve on the FTC: A. Leon Higginbotham Jr. (served from 1962 to 1964), Mozelle W. Thompson (served from 1997 to 2004), Pamela Jones Harbour (served from 2003 to 2009).
• Three Asian-Americans to serve on the FTC: Dennis Yao (served from 1991 to 1994), Rohit Chopra (served since 2018), and Lina Khan (served since 2021); Khan is the first Asian-American to serve as FTC Chair.
• Three independents to serve on the FTC: Philip Elman (served from 1961 to 1970), Mary Azcuenaga (served from 1984 to 1998), and Pamela Jones Harbour (served from 2003 to 2009)

Career backgrounds

The vast majority of FTC members have been individuals with legal backgrounds, with notable exceptions. President Ronald Reagan appointed the first two professional economists, James C. Miller III^[53] and George W. Douglas,^[54] to serve on the body. Dennis Yao, a Democrat who served from 1991 to 1994, held a Ph.D in economics, and Joshua D. Wright, a Republican who served from 2013 to 2015, held a both a J.D. and a Ph.D. in economics.^[55]

References

1. Web site: Commissioners and Chairmen of the Federal Trade Commission. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130512031437/http://www.ftc.gov/ftc/history/commisionerchartlegal.pdf. May 12, 2013. Federal Trade Commission. mdy-all.
2. Web site: Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch. 2021-09-11. www.mlexwatch.com.
3. Web site: Khan unlikely to face confirmation fight for FTC post - FTCWatch. 2021-09-12. www.mlexwatch.com.
4. Web site: Carson. John J.. Hess. Jerry N.. 8 November 1971. Oral History Interview with John J. Carson. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. John J. Carson. Jerry N. Hess. 19 August 2017.
5. Web site: 4 March 1975. Stephen J. Spingarn Papers, 1943-1969. Marist University]: FDR Library Digital Collection. 20 August 2017.
6. Web site: Caspar Weinberger (1981–1987). dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160923174615/http://millercenter.org/president/essays/weinberger-1981-secretary-of-defense. 2016-09-23. Miller Center, University of Virginia.
7. Web site: 1999-12-07. Philip Elman. 2021-09-16. SFGATE. en-US.
8. Web site: 2016-01-21. Miles Wells Kirkpatrick '40. 2021-09-16. Princeton Alumni Weekly. en.
9. News: Canedy. Dana. 1997-06-12. A. Everette MacIntyre, 96; Served on F.T.C.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-09-16. 0362-4331.
10. News: Fox. Margalit. 2010-01-08. Mary Gardiner Jones, Consumer Advocate, Dies at 89. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-09-12. 0362-4331.
11. "Choice for FTC", The New York Daily News (September 29, 1964), p. 8.
12. Web site: David Short Dennison. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. 2012-07-28.
13. Web site: Turner. Allan. 2007-07-18. Mayo Thompson, 88, lawyer, faithful Aggie. 2021-09-16. Chron. en-US.
14. News: FORMER FTC CHAIRMAN LEWIS A. ENGMAN DIES. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-09-16. 0190-8286.
15. "HUD Official to Speak to Builders", The Wichita Eagle-Beacon (May 6, 1973), p. 22.
16. News: Shifrin. Carole. 1979-05-27. Stephen Nye, Member Of FTC, Author of Letters By W.F.(Fred) Bunch, Dies. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-09-16. 0190-8286.
17. News: Greenhouse. Linda. Times. Special To the New York. 1988-12-25. A Career in the Capital; Woman in the News: Elizabeth Hanford Dole. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-09-12. 0362-4331.
18. Web site: 2016-10-04. Elizabeth Hanford Dole (1989–1991) Miller Center. 2021-09-16. millercenter.org. en.
19. Web site: kadlerabramson. Newly Opened Collection: Paul Rand Dixon Personal Papers – ARCHIVALLY SPEAKING: An Inside Look at the JFK Library Archives. 20 July 2015. 2021-09-16. en-US.
20. "Announcement of Intention To Nominate David A. Clanton To Be a Commissioner and Intention to Withdraw the Nomination of Thomas Sowell To Be a Commissioner" (July 20, 1976), in Presidential Documents: Gerald R. Ford, 1976, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Volume 12, Issues 27-39, p. 1188.
21. Web site: 2014-09-24. 1977-1981. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
22. News: Ap. 1982-12-16. Senate Panel Backs Nomination of Douglas to F.T.C.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-09-16. 0362-4331.
23. Web site: 2016-10-27. James Miller Oral History Miller Center. 2021-09-16. millercenter.org. en.
24. Web site: Federal Trade Commission Nomination of Patricia P. Bailey To Be a Commissioner. The American Presidency Project. 2021-09-16. www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
25. Web site: WHITE HOUSE WRITERS GROUP — Daniel Oliver. 2021-09-16. WHITE HOUSE WRITERS GROUP. en-US.
26. News: Isikoff. Michael. 1983-09-13. Terry Calvani. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-09-16. 0190-8286.
27. Web site: Strenio Jr., Andrew J. Bloomberg Law. 2021-09-11. authors.bloomberglaw.com.
28. Web site: Nomination of Deborah Kaye Owen To Be a Federal Trade Commissioner The American Presidency Project. 2021-09-27. www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
29. Web site: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George H. W. Bush (1991, Book I) - Nomination of Dennis A. Yao To Be Federal Trade Commissioner. 2021-09-11. www.govinfo.gov.
30. Web site: 2013-07-18. Christine A. Varney. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
31. Web site: 2013-07-18. Janet D. Steiger. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
32. Web site: 2013-07-18. Roscoe B. Starek, III. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
33. Web site: 2013-07-18. Mary L. Azcuenaga. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
34. Web site: 2013-07-18. Robert Pitofsky. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
35. Web site: 2013-07-18. Sheila F. Anthony. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
36. Web site: Muris, Timothy Antonin Scalia Law School. 2021-09-16. www.law.gmu.edu.
37. Web site: 2013-07-18. Mozelle W. Thompson. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. es.
38. Web site: 2013-07-18. Orson Swindle. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
39. Web site: 2005-12-22. FTC Commissioner Thomas B. Leary to Resign. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
40. Web site: 2015-06-25. Former Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Deborah Platt Majoras. 2021-09-16. www.justice.gov. en.
41. Web site: 8 July 2003. Senate Hearing 108-976. 20 October 2019.
42. Web site: William E. Kovacic. 2021-09-16. www.law.gwu.edu. en.
43. Web site: 2013-07-18. Joseph J. Simons. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
44. Web site: 2004-09-03. Jon Leibowitz Sworn in as FTC Commissioner. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
45. Web site: Wright, Joshua Antonin Scalia Law School. 2021-09-16. www.law.gmu.edu.
46. Web site: Associated Press. Former Vt. assistant AG Julie Brill chosen for Federal Trade Commission. 2021-09-16. Brattleboro Reformer. en.
47. Web site: HSF: HSF Stories Detail. 2021-09-16. www.hsf.net. en-US.
48. Web site: 2014-04-24. Terrell McSweeny. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
49. Web site: 2018-05-02 . Noah Joshua Phillips . 2022-11-26 . Federal Trade Commission . en.
50. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/attachments/Chairs/Chair_chart_november_2018_0.pdf List of Chairs, Chairwomen, and Chairmen of the Federal Trade Commission: 1915-2018 (as of November 2018)
51. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/attachments/Chairs/Chair_chart_november_2018_0.pdf List of Chairs, Chairwomen, and Chairmen of the Federal Trade Commission: 1915-2018 (as of November 2018)
52. Web site: January 21, 2021 . U.S. FTC names Rebecca Slaughter acting chair of the agency . Reuters.
53. News: Witt. Karen de. Times. Special To the New York. 1981-06-27. MAN IN THE NEWS; NOMINEE AS F.T.C. HEAD. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-09-27. 0362-4331.
54. News: Auerbach. Stuart. 1982-09-18. A Conservative Economist Will Get FTC Nomination. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-09-27. 0190-8286.
55. Web site: 2012-09-10. Josh Wright to be nominated to be next FTC Commissioner. 2021-09-27. Truth on the Market. en-US.

1. Web site: Commissioners and Chairmen of the Federal Trade Commission. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130512031437/http://www.ftc.gov/ftc/history/commisionerchartlegal.pdf. May 12, 2013. Federal Trade Commission. mdy-all.
2. Web site: Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions - FTCWatch. 2021-09-11. www.mlexwatch.com.
3. Web site: Khan unlikely to face confirmation fight for FTC post - FTCWatch. 2021-09-12. www.mlexwatch.com.
4. Web site: Carson. John J.. Hess. Jerry N.. 8 November 1971. Oral History Interview with John J. Carson. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. John J. Carson. Jerry N. Hess. 19 August 2017.
5. Web site: 4 March 1975. Stephen J. Spingarn Papers, 1943-1969. Marist University]: FDR Library Digital Collection. 20 August 2017.
6. Web site: Caspar Weinberger (1981–1987). dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20160923174615/http://millercenter.org/president/essays/weinberger-1981-secretary-of-defense. 2016-09-23. Miller Center, University of Virginia.
7. Web site: 1999-12-07. Philip Elman. 2021-09-16. SFGATE. en-US.
8. Web site: 2016-01-21. Miles Wells Kirkpatrick '40. 2021-09-16. Princeton Alumni Weekly. en.
9. News: Canedy. Dana. 1997-06-12. A. Everette MacIntyre, 96; Served on F.T.C.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-09-16. 0362-4331.
10. News: Fox. Margalit. 2010-01-08. Mary Gardiner Jones, Consumer Advocate, Dies at 89. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-09-12. 0362-4331.
11. "Choice for FTC", The New York Daily News (September 29, 1964), p. 8.
12. Web site: David Short Dennison. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. 2012-07-28.
13. Web site: Turner. Allan. 2007-07-18. Mayo Thompson, 88, lawyer, faithful Aggie. 2021-09-16. Chron. en-US.
14. News: FORMER FTC CHAIRMAN LEWIS A. ENGMAN DIES. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-09-16. 0190-8286.
15. "HUD Official to Speak to Builders", The Wichita Eagle-Beacon (May 6, 1973), p. 22.
16. News: Shifrin. Carole. 1979-05-27. Stephen Nye, Member Of FTC, Author of Letters By W.F.(Fred) Bunch, Dies. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-09-16. 0190-8286.
17. News: Greenhouse. Linda. Times. Special To the New York. 1988-12-25. A Career in the Capital; Woman in the News: Elizabeth Hanford Dole. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-09-12. 0362-4331.
18. Web site: 2016-10-04. Elizabeth Hanford Dole (1989–1991) Miller Center. 2021-09-16. millercenter.org. en.
19. Web site: kadlerabramson. Newly Opened Collection: Paul Rand Dixon Personal Papers – ARCHIVALLY SPEAKING: An Inside Look at the JFK Library Archives. 20 July 2015. 2021-09-16. en-US.
20. "Announcement of Intention To Nominate David A. Clanton To Be a Commissioner and Intention to Withdraw the Nomination of Thomas Sowell To Be a Commissioner" (July 20, 1976), in Presidential Documents: Gerald R. Ford, 1976, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, Volume 12, Issues 27-39, p. 1188.
21. Web site: 2014-09-24. 1977-1981. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
22. News: Ap. 1982-12-16. Senate Panel Backs Nomination of Douglas to F.T.C.. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-09-16. 0362-4331.
23. Web site: 2016-10-27. James Miller Oral History Miller Center. 2021-09-16. millercenter.org. en.
24. Web site: Federal Trade Commission Nomination of Patricia P. Bailey To Be a Commissioner. The American Presidency Project. 2021-09-16. www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
25. Web site: WHITE HOUSE WRITERS GROUP — Daniel Oliver. 2021-09-16. WHITE HOUSE WRITERS GROUP. en-US.
26. News: Isikoff. Michael. 1983-09-13. Terry Calvani. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-09-16. 0190-8286.
27. Web site: Strenio Jr., Andrew J. Bloomberg Law. 2021-09-11. authors.bloomberglaw.com.
28. Web site: Nomination of Deborah Kaye Owen To Be a Federal Trade Commissioner The American Presidency Project. 2021-09-27. www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
29. Web site: Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: George H. W. Bush (1991, Book I) - Nomination of Dennis A. Yao To Be Federal Trade Commissioner. 2021-09-11. www.govinfo.gov.
30. Web site: 2013-07-18. Christine A. Varney. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
31. Web site: 2013-07-18. Janet D. Steiger. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
32. Web site: 2013-07-18. Roscoe B. Starek, III. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
33. Web site: 2013-07-18. Mary L. Azcuenaga. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
34. Web site: 2013-07-18. Robert Pitofsky. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
35. Web site: 2013-07-18. Sheila F. Anthony. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
36. Web site: Muris, Timothy Antonin Scalia Law School. 2021-09-16. www.law.gmu.edu.
37. Web site: 2013-07-18. Mozelle W. Thompson. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. es.
38. Web site: 2013-07-18. Orson Swindle. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
39. Web site: 2005-12-22. FTC Commissioner Thomas B. Leary to Resign. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
40. Web site: 2015-06-25. Former Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Deborah Platt Majoras. 2021-09-16. www.justice.gov. en.
41. Web site: 8 July 2003. Senate Hearing 108-976. 20 October 2019.
42. Web site: William E. Kovacic. 2021-09-16. www.law.gwu.edu. en.
43. Web site: 2013-07-18. Joseph J. Simons. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
44. Web site: 2004-09-03. Jon Leibowitz Sworn in as FTC Commissioner. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
45. Web site: Wright, Joshua Antonin Scalia Law School. 2021-09-16. www.law.gmu.edu.
46. Web site: Associated Press. Former Vt. assistant AG Julie Brill chosen for Federal Trade Commission. 2021-09-16. Brattleboro Reformer. en.
47. Web site: HSF: HSF Stories Detail. 2021-09-16. www.hsf.net. en-US.
48. Web site: 2014-04-24. Terrell McSweeny. 2021-09-16. Federal Trade Commission. en.
49. Web site: 2018-05-02 . Noah Joshua Phillips . 2022-11-26 . Federal Trade Commission . en.
50. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/attachments/Chairs/Chair_chart_november_2018_0.pdf List of Chairs, Chairwomen, and Chairmen of the Federal Trade Commission: 1915-2018 (as of November 2018)
51. https://www.ftc.gov/system/files/attachments/Chairs/Chair_chart_november_2018_0.pdf List of Chairs, Chairwomen, and Chairmen of the Federal Trade Commission: 1915-2018 (as of November 2018)
52. Web site: January 21, 2021 . U.S. FTC names Rebecca Slaughter acting chair of the agency . Reuters.
53. News: Witt. Karen de. Times. Special To the New York. 1981-06-27. MAN IN THE NEWS; NOMINEE AS F.T.C. HEAD. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-09-27. 0362-4331.
54. News: Auerbach. Stuart. 1982-09-18. A Conservative Economist Will Get FTC Nomination. en-US. Washington Post. 2021-09-27. 0190-8286.
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