List of cetaceans explained

Cetacea is an infraorder that comprises the 94 species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. It is divided into toothed whales (Odontoceti) and baleen whales (Mysticeti), which diverged from each other in the Eocene some 50 million years ago (mya). Cetaceans are descended from land-dwelling hoofed mammals, and the now extinct archaeocetes represent the several transitional phases from terrestrial to completely aquatic.^[1] Historically, cetaceans were thought to have descended from the wolf-like mesonychians, but cladistic analyses confirm their placement with even-toed ungulates in the order Cetartiodactyla.^{[2] [3] [4] [5] [6]}

Whale populations were drastically reduced in the 20th century from intensive whaling, which lead to a moratorium on hunting by the International Whaling Commission in 1982.^[7] Smaller cetaceans are at risk of accidentally getting caught by fishing vessels using, namely, seine fishing, drift netting, or gill netting operations.^[8]

Conventions

The following is a list of currently existing (or, in the jargon of taxonomy) 'extant' species of the infraorder cetacea (for extinct cetacean species, see the list of extinct cetaceans). The list is organized taxonomically into parvorders, superfamilies when applicable, families, subfamilies when applicable, genus, and then species. In tabular form, seven descriptors are given for each species: the common name; the scientific name; the IUCN Red List status; a global population estimate; a global map with its range; its weight with an image of its shape, and its size relative to a human; and a photograph.

Conservation status codes listed follow the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v. 2014.3; data current at 20 January 2015).^[9]

Where available, the global population estimate has been listed. When not cited or footnoted differently, these are from the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (v. 2014.3; data current at 20 January 2015).

Mysticeti: baleen whales

The baleen whales, also called whalebone whales or great whales, form the parvorder Mysticeti. Baleen whales are characterized by having baleen plates for filter feeding and two blowholes.^[10]

Family Balaenidae: right whales

See also: Balaenidae. The family Balaenidae, the right whales, contains two genera and four species. All right whales have no ventral grooves; a distinctive head shape with a strongly arched, narrow rostrum, bowed lower jaw; lower lips that enfold the sides and front of the rostrum; and long, narrow, elastic baleen plates (up to nine times longer than wide) with fine baleen fringes.^[11]

Genus Balaena Linnaeus, 1758 – one species
Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List status	Global population estimate	Range	Size	Picture
Bowhead whale	Balaena mysticetus Linnaeus, 1758		10,000
Genus Eubalaena Gray, 1864 – three species
Common name	Scientific name	IUCN Red List status	Global population estimate	Range	Size	Picture
North Atlantic right whale	Eubalaena glacialis Müller, 1776		350
North Pacific right whale	Eubalaena japonica Lacépède, 1818		404-2,108^[12]
Southern right whale	Eubalaena australis Desmoulins, 1822		13,600 ^[13]

Family Balaenopteridae: rorquals

See also: Rorqual. Rorquals are the largest group of baleen whales, with eleven species in three genera. They include the largest animal that has ever lived, the blue whale. They take their name from a Norwegian word meaning "furrow whale"; all members of the family have a series of longitudinal folds of skin running from below the mouth back to the navel (except the sei whale, which has shorter grooves). They allow the mouth to expand immensely when feeding.^[14] All rorquals have these unique folds.

Subfamily Balaenopteridae – one genus, nine species
Genus Balaenoptera – nine species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Blue whale	Balaenoptera musculus Linnaeus, 1758		5,000-15,000
Bryde's whale	Balaenoptera brydei Olsen, 1913		90,000–100,000
Eden's whale	Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1879		Unknown		Unknown
Common minke whale	Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804		200,000
Rice's whale^[15]	Balaenoptera riceiRosel et al., 2021		30 – 100		~
Fin whale	Balaenoptera physalus Linnaeus, 1758		100,000
Omura's whale	Balaenoptera omurai Wada et al., 2003		Unknown	Unknown	Unknown
Sei whale	Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828		80,000^[16]
Antarctic minke whale	Balaenoptera bonaerensis Burmeister, 1867		515,000 ^[17]
Genus Megaptera Gray, 1846 – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Humpback whale	Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski, 1781		84,000
Genus Eschrichtius Gray, 1864 – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Gray whale	Eschrichtius robustus Lilljeborg, 1861		21,000 ^[18]

Family Cetotheriidae: pygmy right whale

See also: Cetotheriidae. The pygmy right whale shares several characteristics with the right whales, with the exception of having a dorsal fin. Also, pygmy right whales' heads are no more than one quarter the size of their bodies, whereas the right whales' heads are about one-third the size of their bodies. The pygmy right whale is the only extant member of its family.

Genus Caperea Gray, 1864 – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Pygmy right whale	Caperea marginata Gray, 1846		Unknown

Odontoceti: toothed whales

See main article: Toothed whale. The toothed whales (parvorder Odontoceti), as the name suggests, are characterized by having teeth (rather than baleen). Toothed whales are active hunters, feeding on fish, squid, and in some cases other marine mammals.^[19]

Family Delphinidae: oceanic dolphins

See also: Delphinidae. Oceanic dolphins are the members of the family Delphinidae. As the name implies, they tend to be found in the open seas, unlike the river dolphins, although a few species such as the Irrawaddy dolphin are coastal or riverine.

The Delphinidae are characterized by having distinct beaks (unlike the Phocoenidae), two or more fused cervical vertebrae and 20 or more pairs of teeth in their upper jaws. None is more than 4 m long.

Genus Cephalorhynchus Gray, 1846 – four species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Chilean dolphin	Cephalorhynchus eutropia Gray, 1846		Unknown
Commerson's dolphin	Cephalorhynchus commersonii Lacépède, 1804		22,000 ^[20]
Heaviside's dolphin	Cephalorhynchus heavisidii Gray, 1828		Unknown
Hector's dolphin	Cephalorhynchus hectori Van Beneden, 1881	(subspecies Maui dolphin)	7,381 (subspecies Maui dolphin 57–75 in 2016)
Genus Delphinus – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Common dolphin	Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758		Unknown
Genus Feresa – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Pygmy killer whale	Feresa attenuata Gray, 1875		Unknown
Genus Globicephala – two species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Long-finned pilot whale	Globicephala melas Traill, 1809		Unknown	(green)
Short-finned pilot whale	Globicephala macrorhynchus Gray, 1846		Unknown	(dark blue)
Genus Grampus – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Risso's dolphin	Grampus griseus G. Cuvier, 1812		Unknown
Genus Lagenodelphis – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Fraser's dolphin	Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956		Unknown
Genus Lagenorhynchus Gray, 1846 – six species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
White-beaked dolphin	Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray, 1846		100,000
Atlantic white-sided dolphin	Lagenorhynchus acutus Gray, 1828		200,000 – 300,000
Dusky dolphin	Lagenorhynchus obscurus Gray, 1828		Unknown
Hourglass dolphin	Lagenorhynchus cruciger Quoy & Gaimard, 1824		140,000
Pacific white-sided dolphin	Lagenorhynchus obliquidens Gill, 1865		1,000,000
Peale's dolphin	Lagenorhynchus australis Peale, 1848		Unknown
Genus Lissodelphis – two species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Northern right whale dolphin	Lissodelphis borealis Peale, 1848		400,000
Southern right whale dolphin	Lissodelphis peronii Lacépède, 1804		Unknown
Genus Orcaella Gray, 1866 – two species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Australian snubfin dolphin	Orcaella heinsohni Beasley, Robertson & Arnold, 2005		9,000 - 10,000
Irrawaddy dolphin	Orcaella brevirostris Gray, 1866		Unknown
Genus Orcinus – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Orca	Orcinus orca Linnaeus, 1758		100,000
Genus Peponocephala – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Melon-headed whale	Peponocephala electra Gray, 1846		Unknown
Genus Pseudorca – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
False killer whale	Pseudorca crassidens Owen, 1846		Unknown
Genus Sousa – four species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Atlantic humpback dolphin	Sousa teuszii Kükenthal, 1892		1,500
Australian humpback dolphin	Sousa sahulensis Jefferson & Rosenbaum, 2014		10,000
Indian Ocean humpback dolphin	Sousa plumbea Cuvier, 1829		Unknown
Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin	Sousa chinensis Osbeck, 1765		Unknown
Genus Sotalia – two species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Guiana dolphin	Sotalia guianensis Bénéden, 1864		Unknown	Solid color
Tucuxi	Sotalia fluviatilis Gervais & Deville, 1853		Unknown	Hashed color
Genus Stenella Gray, 1866 – five species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Atlantic spotted dolphin	Stenella frontalis Cuvier, 1829		100,000		100 kg
Clymene dolphin	Stenella clymene Gray, 1846		Unknown
Pantropical spotted dolphin	Stenella attenuata Gray, 1846		3,000,000
Spinner dolphin	Stenella longirostris Gray, 1828		Unknown
Striped dolphin	Stenella coeruleoalba Meyen, 1833		2,000,000
Genus Steno – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Rough-toothed dolphin	Steno bredanensis Lesson, 1828		150,000
Genus Tursiops – three species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Common bottlenose dolphin	Tursiops truncatus Montagu, 1821		600,000^[21]
Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin	Tursiops aduncus Ehrenberg, 1833		Unknown		230 kg
Tamanend's bottlenose dolphin	Tursiops erebennus Cope, 1865		Unknown			[cetacean needed]

Family Iniidae: river dolphins

See main article: Iniidae. This family contains one genus with two species.

Genus Inia – two species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Amazon river dolphin	Inia geoffrensis Blainville, 1817		Unknown
Araguaian river dolphin	Inia araguaiaensis Hrbek, Da Silva, Dutra, Farias, 2014		Unknown	Araguaian river dolphin in blue

Family Kogiidae: dwarf and pygmy sperm whales

See also: Kogiidae. The dwarf and pygmy sperm whales resemble sperm whales, but are far smaller. They have blunt, squarish heads with narrow, underslung jaws; the flippers are set far forward, close to the head and their dorsal fins are set far back down the body.^[22]

Genus Kogia – two species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Dwarf sperm whale	Kogia sima Owen, 1866		Unknown
Pygmy sperm whale	Kogia breviceps Blainville, 1838		Unknown

Family Lipotidae: baiji

See main article: Lipotidae.

The family Lipotidae contains only the baiji. DNA evidence suggests it separated from oceanic dolphins about 25 million years ago.^[23] The species was declared functionally extinct in 2006 after an expedition to estimate the population found none.

Genus Lipotes – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Baiji	Lipotes vexillifer Miller, 1918		0-13

Family Monodontidae: narwhal and beluga

See also: Monodontidae. The Monodontidae lack dorsal fins, which have been replaced by tough, fibrous ridges just behind the midpoints of their bodies and are probably an adaptation to swimming under ice, as both do in their Arctic habitat. The flippers are small, rounded and tend to curl up at the ends in adulthood. All, or almost all, the cervical vertebrae are unfused, allowing their heads to be turned independently of their bodies.

Genus Delphinapterus – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Beluga	Delphinapterus leucas Pallas, 1776		136,000
Genus Monodon – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Narwhal	Monodon monoceros Linnaeus, 1758		123,000

Family Phocoenidae: porpoises

See also: Phocoenidae. Porpoises are small cetaceans of the family Phocoenidae. They are distinct from dolphins, although the word "porpoise" has been used to refer to any small dolphin, especially by sailors and fishermen. The most obvious visible differences between the two groups are that porpoises have a less pronounced beak, and have spade-shaped teeth as opposed to conical.^[24]

Porpoises, divided into seven species, live in all oceans. They span from species that live almost exclusively coastal and in rivers (finless porpoises) to species that are entirely oceanic (spectacled porpoise).

Genus Neophocaena – two or three species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Indo-Pacific finless porpoise	Neophocaena phocaenoides Cuvier, 1829		Unknown
Narrow-ridged finless porpoise	Neophocaena asiaeorientalisCuvier, 1829	(subspecies Yangtze finless porpoise)	Unknown (subspecies Yangtze finless porpoise 1,012 in 2018^[25] ^[26])
Genus Phocoena – four species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Burmeister's porpoise	Phocoena spinipinnisBurmeister, 1865		Unknown
Harbour porpoise	Phocoena phocoenaLinnaeus, 1758		700,000 ^[27]
Spectacled porpoise	Phocoena dioptricaLahille, 1912		Unknown
Vaquita	Phocoena sinusNorris & McFarland, 1958		12 ^[28]
Genus Phocoenoides – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Dall's porpoise	Phocoenoides dalliTrue, 1885		1,100,000

Family Physeteridae: sperm whale

See also: Physeteridae. The sperm whale characteristically has a large, squarish head one-third the length of its body; the blowhole is slightly to the left hand side; the skin is usually wrinkled; and it has no teeth on the upper jaw.

Genus Physeter – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Sperm whale	Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758		200,000–2,000,000

Family Platanistidae: South Asian river dolphins

See main article: Platanistidae. The Platanistidae were originally thought to hold only one species (the South Asian river dolphin), but, based on differences in skull structure, vertebrae and lipid composition, it was split into two separate species in the early 1970s, before being demoted back to subspecies in 1988.^[29] However, more recent studies support them being distinct species.^[30]

Genus Platanista – two species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Ganges river dolphin	Platanista gangetica (Lebeck, 1801)		3,500^[31]	(orange)
Indus river dolphin	Platanista minor Owen, 1853		1450^[32]	(blue)

Family Pontoporiidae: La Plata dolphin

See main article: Pontoporiidae. The La Plata dolphin is the only species of the family Pontoporiidae and genus Pontoporia. These dolphins are known for their long beak in relation to their relatively small body size. They have a small geographic range and are mainly found in the waters along the east coast of South America. La Plata dolphins are exclusively marine organisms, however, they are grouped with river-dolphins due to the fact that they reside in the La Plata River which is a salt-water estuary. With their white or sometimes pale brown coloration, fishermen tend to call them "the white ghost", as they also tend to stray away from any human interaction.^[33]

Genus Pontoporia – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
La Plata dolphin	Pontoporia blainvillei Gervais & d'Orbigny, 1844		4,000–4,500

Family Ziphiidae: beaked whales

A beaked whale is any of at least 22 species of whale in the family Ziphiidae. Several species have only been described in the last two decades. Six genera have been identified.

They possess a unique feeding mechanism among cetaceans known as suction feeding. They are characterized by having a lower jaw that extends at least to the tip of the upper jaw, a shallow or non-existent notch between the tail flukes, a dorsal fin set far backwards, three of four fused neck vertebrae, extensive skull asymmetry and two conspicuous throat grooves forming a 'V' pattern (which aid in sucking).

Genus Berardius – three species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Arnoux's beaked whale	Berardius arnuxii Duvernoy, 1851		Unknown
Baird's beaked whale	Berardius bairdii Stejneger, 1883		Unknown
Sato's beaked whale	Berardius minimus Yamada et al., 2019		Unknown	North Pacific	Unknown
Genus Tasmacetus – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Shepherd's beaked whale	Tasmacetus shepherdi Oliver, 1937		Unknown
Genus Ziphius – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Cuvier's beaked whale	Ziphius cavirostris G. Cuvier, 1823		100,000
Subfamily Hyperoodontinae – three genera, 17 species
Genus Hyperoodon – two species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Northern bottlenose whale	Hyperoodon ampullatus Forster, 1770		10,000
Southern bottlenose whale	Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, 1882		500,000
Genus Indopacetus – one species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Tropical bottlenose whale	Indopacetus pacificus Longman, 1926		Unknown
Genus Mesoplodon Gervais, 1850 – 15 species
Common name	Scientific name	Status	Population	Distribution	Size	Picture
Andrews' beaked whale	Mesoplodon bowdoini Andrews, 1908		Unknown
Blainville's beaked whale	Mesoplodon densirostris Blainville, 1817		Unknown
Deraniyagala's beaked whale	Mesoplodon hotaula P. E. P. Deraniyagala, 1963		Unknown			[cetacean needed]
Gervais' beaked whale	Mesoplodon europaeus Gervais, 1855		Unknown
Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale	Mesoplodon ginkgodens Nishiwaki & Kamiya, 1958		Unknown
Gray's beaked whale	Mesoplodon grayi von Haast, 1876		Unknown
Hector's beaked whale	Mesoplodon hectori Gray, 1871		Unknown
Hubbs' beaked whale	Mesoplodon carlhubbsi Moore, 1963		Unknown
Perrin's beaked whale	Mesoplodon perrini Dalebout, Mead, Baker, Baker, & van Helding, 2002		500-1,164
Pygmy beaked whale	Mesoplodon peruvianus Reyes, Mead, and Van Waerebeek, 1991		Unknown
Ramari's beaked whale	Mesoplodon eueu Carroll et al, 2021		Unknown	(red circle)	Unknown
Sowerby's beaked whale	Mesoplodon bidens Sowerby, 1804		Unknown
Spade-toothed whale	Mesoplodon traversii, syn. Mesoplodon bahamondi Gray, 1874		Unknown
Stejneger's beaked whale	Mesoplodon stejnegeri True, 1885		Unknown
Strap-toothed whale	Mesoplodon layardii Gray, 1865		Unknown
True's beaked whale	Mesoplodon mirus True, 1913		Unknown	(North Atlantic only; map includes range of M. eueu in Indian Ocean)

See also

• List of cetacean genera
• List of extinct cetaceans
• List of individual cetaceans
• Evolution of cetaceans
• Archaeoceti
• List of whale vocalizations
• List of marine mammal species
• Mammal classification

Further reading

• Book: Rice, Dale W. . 1998 . Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution . Society of Marine Mammalogy, Special Publication No. 4. 1891276034 .
  • Web site: Red List of Threatened Species . . 2006-11-09 . https://archive.today/20061102232005/http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/redlist2006/redlist2006.htm . 2006-11-02 . dead .
• Carwardine, M., Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises, Dorling Kindersley, 2000. .

External links

• CMS Small Cetaceans

Notes and References

1. Book: [{{Google books|plainurl=yes|id=sD3NBQAAQBAJ |page=111}} Reproductive Biology and Phylogeny of Cetaceans]. Debra L.. Miller. Barrie G. M.. Jamieson. 7. CRC Press. 111 . 978-1-4398-4257-7. 2016-04-19.
2. The phylogeny of Cetartiodactyla: the importance of dense taxon sampling, missing data, and the remarkable promise of cytochrome b to provide reliable species-level phylogenies . Mol Phylogenet Evol . 2008 . Agnarsson . I. . May-Collado . LJ. . 48 . 3 . 964–985 . 18590827 . 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.05.046.
3. A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals – Cetartiodactyla . Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc . 2005 . Price . SA. . Bininda-Emonds . OR. . Gittleman . JL. . 80 . 3 . 445–473 . 16094808 . 10.1017/s1464793105006743. 45056197 .
4. Phylogenetic relationships of artiodactyls and cetaceans as deduced from the comparison of cytochrome b and 12S RNA mitochondrial sequences . Molecular Biology and Evolution . 1997 . Montgelard . C. . Catzeflis . FM. . Douzery . E. . 14 . 5 . 550–559 . 9159933 . 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025792. free .
5. Relationships of Cetacea -Artiodactyla- Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution . PLOS ONE . 4 . 9 . e7062 . 2009 . Spaulding . M. . O'Leary . MA. . Gatesy . J. . 10.1371/journal.pone.0007062 . 19774069 . 2009PLoSO...4.7062S . 2740860. free .
6. Web site: Cetacean Species and Taxonomy. IUCN-SSC: Cetacean Specialist Group. December 14, 2015.
7. Book: Beckman, Daniel. . 2013. Marine Environmental Biology and Conservation. Conservation of Cetaceans. Jones and Bartlett Learning. 328. 978-0-7637-7350-2.
8. Book: Clover, Charles. [{{google books |plainurl=y |id=OMY-gEKMod8C}} The End of the Line: How Overfishing is Changing the World and what We Eat]. 2008. University of California Press. 978-0-520-25505-0.
9. Web site: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources . 20 January 2015.
10. Karlsen . K. . 1962 . Development of tooth germs and adjacent structures in the whalebone whale (Balaenoptera physalus) . Hvalrådets Skrifter: Scientific Results of Marine Biological Research . 45 . 1–56 .
11. Book: Martin, Dr. Anthony R. . Whales and Dolphins . Salamander Books . London . 1991. 978-0-8160-3922-7 .
12. Web site: Miyashita. T. Kato. H. 1998. Recent data on the status of right whales in the NW Pacific Ocean. International Whaling Commission. Cambridge, UK.
13. Web site: Migratory secrets of recovering whale species. British Antarctic Survey.
14. Goldbogen. Jeremy A.. The Ultimate Mouthful: Lunge Feeding in Rorqual Whales. American Scientist. 2010. 98. 2. 124–131. 10.1511/2010.83.124. 2015-11-14. 2016-10-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20161028092321/http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/the-ultimate-mouthful-lunge-feeding-in-rorqual-whales. dead.
15. Rosel. Patricia E.. Wilcox. Lynsey A.. Yamada. Tadasu K.. Mullin. Keith D.. A new species of baleen whale (Balaenoptera) from the Gulf of Mexico, with a review of its geographic distribution. Marine Mammal Science. 2021. 37. 2. 577–610. en. 10.1111/mms.12776. 234256521. 1748-7692.
16. Web site: Sei Whale. 2021-10-11. oceanwide-expeditions.com. en.
17. International Whaling Commission. (2013). "Report of the Scientific Committee". Journal of Cetacean Research and Management 14 (Supplement): 1–86.
18. Stewart . Joshua D. . Weller . David W. . ABUNDANCE OF EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC GRAY WHALES 2019/2020 . NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS . January 2021 . 10.25923/bmam-pe91 . 3 February 2022.
19. Book: Klinowska . M.. Cooke . J.. 1991 . Dolphins, Porpoises, and Whales of the World: the IUCN Red Data Book . IUCN Publications . Columbia University Press, NY . 978-2-88032-936-5.
20. Dellabianca . Natalia A. . Spatial Models of Abundance and Habitat Preferences of Commerson's and Peale's Dolphin in Southern Patagonian Waters . PLOS ONE . 26 October 2016 . 11 . 10 . e0163441 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0163441 . 27783627 . 5082685 . 2016PLoSO..1163441D . 21 January 2022. free .
21. Web site: Common Bottlenose Dolphin . WWF . 2019-05-13 .
22. Huggenberger. S.. Leidenberger. S.. Oelschläger. H. H. A.. December 13, 2016. Asymmetry of the nasofacial skull in toothed whales (Odontoceit). Journal of Zoology. 302. 1. 15–23. 10.1111/jzo.12425.
23. Zhou. X.. Sun. F.. Xu. S.. et al.. 2013. Baiji genomes reveal low genetic variability and new insights into secondary aquatic adaptations. Nature Communications. 4. 2708. 2708. 2013NatCo...4.2708Z. 10.1038/ncomms3708. 3826649. 24169659.
24. Web site: What's the difference between dolphins and porpoises?. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 5 December 2019.
25. News: zh:长江江豚减少 仅剩约1012头 . http://epaper.bjnews.com.cn/html/2018-07/25/content_727143.htm . 28 August 2021 . . 25 July 2018 . zh.
26. News: zh:农业农村部：长江江豚减少 仅剩约1012头 . http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2018-07/25/c_1123171998.htm . 28 August 2021 . . . 25 July 2018 . zh.
27. Book: Arne. Bjorge. Krystal. A Tolley. Harbor porpoise Phocoena phocoena. 530–532. Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. William F. Perrin. Bernd Wursig. J. G.M. Thewissen. 2008.
28. Web site: Hoffner. Erik. Only 12 vaquita porpoises remain, watchdog group reports. Mongabay. 19 April 2018. 2018-03-08.
29. Book: Rice, DW. Marine mammals of the world: Systematics and distribution. Society for Marine Mammalogy. 1998. 978-1-891276-03-3. 92–95.
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