List of cars with non-standard door designs explained
This is a list of cars with non-standard door designs, sorted by door type. These car models use passenger door designs other than the standard design, which is hinged at the front edge of the door, and swings away from the car horizontally and towards the front of the car.
List of non-standard door designs
The main types of non-standard door designs are:
- Butterfly butterfly doors move via hinges along the A-pillar, on an axis not aligned vertically or horizontally to the vehicle or ground. A special type of butterfly door is a single door at the front of the car with the steering wheel attached.
- Canopy roof, windshield, and sides are one unit that moves upward, forward, or sideways to provide access.
- Gullwing (also called "falcon-wing") hinged to the roof at the top horizontal edge of the door, and open upward on a horizontal axis. Gullwing doors with a second hinge between door and moving roof panel are called falcon wing doors.
- Scissors rotate vertically at a fixed hinge at the front of the door, and open by rotating on a horizontal axis, perpendicular to the vehicle's length. Scissor doors that also move outward while rotating are called dihedral synchro-helix actuation doors.
- Sliding mounted to or suspended from a track, and open by sliding horizontally alongside or into the vehicle sidewall, or open by sliding vertically into the vehicle sidewall or floor. Sliding doors that disappear into the floor horizontally are called rolling doors.
- Suicide hinged on the rear end of the door-frame, and open horizontally towards the rear.
- Swan opens outward like either a conventional door or a suicide door, but on an axis slightly tilted from vertical, or via articulation in the hinge to angle upward for better ground clearance
Some custom limousines have enlarged doors.
Scissor doors
Road-legal cars
Racing cars
- Spyker C8 Laviolette GT2R and Spyker C8 Spider GT2R
Concept cars
Butterfly doors
Road-legal cars
Racing cars
A common door design on Group C, IMSA GTP cars of the 1980s and early 1990s and on any sports prototypes since then, this list does not include cars categorized as such. This list only includes purpose built race cars.
Concept cars
Gullwing doors
Road-legal cars
Racing cars
Concept cars
Suicide doors
Models of automobiles that featured suicide doors (i.e., doors hinged at the rear) include most full-sized extended-cab pickup trucks (rear doors only), and some vehicles categorised:
- AC Petite (1953–1958) (front door on 2-door saloons)
- Acura Precision Concept (2016) (rear door)
- Adler Typ 10 2.5 Litre
- Alfa Romeo 8C
- Alfa Romeo Gloria (2013) (rear door)
- Alfa Romeo Romeo 1 and 2
- Alta A200 (1968–1974) (front door)
- AMC Cavalier (1965) (rear door)
- Aston Martin Atom (1939/1944) (front door)
- Austin 7 (1922–1939) (front door on 2-door tourers, 2-door convertibles, 2-door saloons, 2-door coupes, and 3-door vans)
- Austin FX4 taxi (1958–1997) (rear door)
- Autobianchi Bianchina Trasformabile
- BAIC BJ100
- Bentley State Limousine
- BMW 331 (1949) (front door)
- BMW 502 4-door sedans (1954–1964) (rear door)
- BMW i3 (2013–2022) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- BMW i3 Concept (2011) (rear door)
- BMW Vision Future Luxury (2014) (rear door)
- Borgward Hansa 2400 (1952–1959) (Front and rear doors)
- Borgward Hansa 2400 Pullmanlimousine (1953–1959) (front door)
- Bugatti Type 46 (1929–1939) (front door)
- Bugatti Type 57 (1934–1940) (front door)
- Buick Roadmaster (rear door on 1st generation), (front door on 2nd generation)
- Cadillac Ciel (2011) (rear door)
- Cadillac Eldorado Brougham (1957–1958) (rear door)
- Cadillac LaSalle (1955) (rear door)
- Cadillac Series 65 (1937–1938) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Carbon Motors E7 police car (2008–2013) (rear door)
- Carbon Motors TX7 police SUV (2008–2013) (rear door)
- Chevrolet Biscayne (1955) (rear door)
- Chevrolet Greenbrier
- Chevrolet Master 2-door sedans (1935) (front door)
- Chevrolet Master Deluxe 2-door sedans (1935) (front door)
- Chrysler Airflow 4-door sedans (1934–1937) (rear door)
- Chrysler Akino (2005) (rear door)
- Chrysler Cirrus Concept (1992) (rear door)
- Chrysler Imperial Concept (2006) (rear door)
- Chrysler Royal (1933–1950) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Chrysler Windsor 4-door sedan (1946–1948) (rear door)
- Citroën 2CV (1948–1964) (front door)
- Citroën Activa (rear door)
- Citroën C3 Lumiere (1998) (rear door)
- Citroën C-SportLounge (2005) (rear door)
- Citroën C6 Lignage (1999) (rear door)
- Citroën H Van
- Citroën Hypnos (2008) (rear door)
- Citroën Metropolis (2010) (rear door)
- Citroën Revolte (2009) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Citroën Traction Avant (1934–1957) (front door on 4-door sedans, 2-door sedans, 2-door convertibles, and 5-door hatchbacks)
- Citroën Xanae (1994) (rear door)
- Dacia Duster Concept (2009) (rear door)
- Daihatsu Deca Deca (2009) (rear door)
- Daihatsu Deca Deca (2013) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Daihatsu FX (2015) (rear door)
- Daihatsu Hijet (1964–1968) (front door on vans and pickup trucks)
- Daihatsu Hinata (2015) (rear door)
- Dannenhauer & Stauss Cabriolet (1951–1957)(front door)
- Datsun Model 16 (1937–1938) (front door)
- Delahaye Type 135
- Denza EV (2012) (rear door)
- DKW 1000 S (1958–1961) (front door)
- DKW F7 (1937–1939) (front door on 2-door sedans, 2-door cabriolet sedans, and 2-door coupe cabriolets)
- DKW F8 (1939–1942) (front door on 2-door sedans, 2-door cabriolets, 2-door sedan deliveries, and 2-door flatbed trucks)
- Dodge Hornet (2006) (rear door)
- Dodge Super 8 Hemi (2001) (rear door)
- DS Divine (2014) (Butterfly front doors, with rear suicide doors)
- EMW 340 (1949–1955) (front door)
- Fiat 500 (1957–1965) (front door)
- Fiat 500 Spyder Bertone (1947) (front door)
- Fiat 508C (1937–1953) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Fiat 515 4-door sedans (1931–1935) (rear door)
- Fiat 518 Ardita 4-door sedans (1933–1938) (front door)
- Fiat 600 (1955–1969) (front door)
- Fiat 600 Multipla
- Fiat 1100 (1953–1969) (front door on 4-door sedans and 5-door estates)
- Fiat 1200 (1957–1961) (front door on 4-door sedans)
- Fiat AR 55 Campagnola
- Fiat Topolino (1936–1955) (front door)
- Fiat 500e "3+1" (single suicide half-rear door)
- Ford 021C (1999) (rear door)
- Ford 24.7 Wagon
- Ford F-150 SuperCab (1997–present) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Ford F-250 Super Chief
- Ford Iosis X (2006) (rear door)
- Ford Model U
- Ford Ranger SuperCab (2000–present) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Ford Thunderbird 4-door sedans (1967–1971) (rear door)
- Fuldamobil (1950–1969) (front door on 2-door coupes and 2-door convertibles)
- GMC Granite (2010) (rear door)
- Goggomobil 2-door sedans (1955) (front door)
- Hino 4CV (1953–1961) (front door on 4-door sedans and 4-door convertibles)
- Honda Element (2003–2011) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- HiPhi X (2020–present) (rear door)
- Hongqi 77X (2015–present) (rear door)
- Hongqi CA 72
- Hongqi CA 770/772/773
- Hongqi CA 7650
- Hongqi HQE
- Hyundai Blue-Will (2009) (rear door)
- Hyundai Genesis HCD-14 (2013) (rear door)
- Hyundai Portico
- Hyundai Santa Cruz (2015) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Hyundai Prophecy Concept (2020) (conventional front doors, with suicide rear doors)
- Infiniti Etherea (2011) (rear door)
- Infiniti Kuraza (2005) (rear door)
- Infiniti Q80 Inspiration (2014) (rear door)
- Invacar
- Isuzu GBX (2001) (rear door)
- Italdesign Giugiaro Gea (2015) (rear door)
- JAC SC-9 (2014) (rear door)
- Jaguar B99 (2011) (rear door)
- Jaguar Mark IV (1935–1949) (Front suicide doors, with rear suicide doors)
- Jaguar R-D6 (2003) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Jowett Javelin (1947–1953) (front door on 4-door sedans)
- Kia Cross GT (2013) (rear door)
- Kia GT (2011) (rear door)
- Kia KND-7 (2013) (rear door)
- Kia Naimo (2012) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Kia Novo (2015) (rear door)
- Kia Optima Convertible Concept (2015) (rear door)
- Kia Ray PHEV (2010) (rear door)
- Kia Soul Concept (2008) (rear door)
- Kia Telluride (2016) (rear door)
- Kurogane Baby (1959–1961) (front door on vans and pickup trucks)
- Lagonda 3-Litre (1953–1958) (front door)
- Lancia Aprilia 4-door sedan (1937–1949) (rear door)
- Lancia Ardea 4-door sedan (1939–1953) (rear door)
- Lancia Aurelia 4-door sedan (1950–1958) (rear door)
- Lancia Dialogos (1998) (rear door)
- Lancia Florida I 4-door sedan (1955) (rear door)
- Land Rover Discovery Vision Concept (2014) (rear door)
- Lexus HPX (2003) (rear door)
- Lincoln C Concept (2009) (rear door)
- Lincoln Continental/Lincoln Continental police car (1961–1969)/(1961–1967)/(2019–2021) (rear door on 4-door sedans, 4-door convertibles and police cars)
- Lincoln Continental Concept (2002) (rear door)
- Lincoln MKS Concept (2006) (rear door)
- Lincoln Navicross (2003) (rear door)
- Lincoln-Zephyr (1936–1940) (rear door on 4-door sedans and 4-door convertible sedans)
- Lloyd 300
- Lloyd 400
- Lloyd LT 600 Van
- Maybach Zeppelin (1928–1938) (front door on 4-door sedans, 4-door convertibles, and 2-door convertibles)
- Mazda BT-50 Freestyle Cab (2002–present) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Mazda RX-8 Concept (2001) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Mazda RX-8 (2003–2011) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Mazda Secret Hideout (2001) (rear door)
- Mercedes-Benz 170
- Mercedes-Benz 220 (1951–1955) (front door on 4-door sedans, 2-door coupes, and 2-door cabriolet 'A's)
- Mercedes-Benz Vision GST (2002) (rear door)
- Mercedes-Benz F700 (2008) (rear door)
- Mercedes-Benz Vision G-Code (2014) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Mercury Eight 4-door sedan/Mercury Eight police car (1938–1951) (rear door)
- Mercury MC4 (1997) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- MG Icon (2012) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- MG TF and TF 1500 (1953–1955) (front door)
- Mini Clubman (2008–2015) (conventional front doors, with single suicide half-rear door)
- Mini Clubvan (2012) (conventional front doors, with single suicide half-rear door)
- Mitsubishi eX Concept (2015) (rear door)
- Mitsubishi Re-Model A (by West Coast Customs) (2017) (rear door)
- Morris Eight (1935–1948) (front door on 2-door sedans, 4-door sedans, 2-door convertibles, and tourers)
- Nash Ambassador (1927–1948) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Nissan Ellure (2010) (rear door)
- Nissan Gripz (2015) (Butterfly front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Nissan Intima (2008) (rear door)
- Nissan Prince Royal (1966–1967) (rear door)
- Nissan Qashqai (2004) (rear door)
- Nissan Qazana (2009) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Nissan Sway (2015) (rear door)
- Nissan Titan Extended Cab (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Nissan Townpod (2010) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Oldsmobile O4 (2001) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Oldsmobile Recon (1999) (rear door)
- Oldsmobile Series 60 (1938–1948) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Opel Admiral 4-door saloon/4-door cabriolet (1937–1939) (rear door)
- Opel Flextreme (2008) (rear door)
- Opel Flextreme GT/E (2010) (rear door)
- Opel Kapitän 4-door sedans (1938–1953) (rear door)
- Opel Meriva (2010–2017) (rear door)
- Opel Meriva Concept (2008) (rear door)
- Packard One-Ten (1938–1942) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Packard Super Eight (1939–1951) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Panhard Dyna Junior
- Panhard Dyna X
- Panhard Dyna Z
- Peel P50
- Peugeot 202 (1938–1942) (front door on 4-door sedans, 2-door cabriolets, and 2-door fourgonettes)
- Peugeot 203 (1948–1960) (front door on 4-door sedans, 5-door estates, 2-door cabriolets, 4-door cabriolets, and 2-door coupes)
- Peugeot 301 (1932–1936) (front door on 4-door sedans, 2-door coupes, 2-door cabriolets, and 3-door vans)
- Peugeot 302
- Peugeot 402
- Peugeot 601
- Peugeot BB1 (2009) (front door)
- Peugeot EX1 Concept (2010) (front door)
- Peugeot Fractal (2016) (front door)
- Peugeot SXC Concept (2011) (rear door)
- Peugeot VLV
- Pininfarina Cambiano (2012) (conventional front doors, with single suicide rear door)
- Pontiac Strato Streak (1954) (rear door)
- Porsche 928 Study H50 (1987) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Porsche Mission E (2015) (rear door)
- Praga Piccolo Furgon
- Proton e-Luma (2014) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Renault 4CV (1946–1961) (front door on 4-door sedans and 4-door convertibles)
- Renault Celtaquatre 4-door sedan/2-door coupe/2-door cabriolet (1934–1938) (front door)
- Renault Egeus (2005) (rear door)
- Renault Eolab (2014) (rear door)
- Renault Frendzy (2011) (conventional front doors, with single suicide door and single sliding door)
- Renault Initiale Paris (2013) (rear door)
- Renault Monaquatre 4-door sedan (1931–1936) (rear door)
- Renault R-Space (2011) (rear door)
- Renault Twin'Z (2013) (rear door)
- Renault Vivastella 4-door sedan (1934–1939) (front door)
- Riley RM (1945–1955) (front door on 4-door sedans and 2-door convertibles)
- Rolls-Royce Cullinan (2018–present) (rear door)
- Rolls-Royce 200EX (2009) (rear door)
- Rolls-Royce Dawn (2015–present) (front door)
- Rolls-Royce Ghost (2010–present) (rear door)
- Rolls-Royce Ghost EWB (2011–present) (rear door)
- Rolls-Royce Phantom (2003–2017) (rear door)
- Rolls-Royce Phantom (2018–present) (rear door)
- Rolls-Royce Phantom Coupe (2008–2017) (front door)
- Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead Coupe (2007–2017) (front door)
- Rolls-Royce Phantom EWB (2005–2017) (rear door)
- Rolls-Royce Phantom I, II, III, IV, V and VI
- Rolls-Royce Silver Dawn (1949–1955) (front door on 4-door sedans)
- Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith (1946–1958) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Rolls-Royce Wraith (2013–present) (front door)
- Rover P3 4-door sedan (1948–1949) (Front suicide doors, with rear suicide doors)
- Rover P3 4-door sports sedan (1948–1949) (Front suicide doors, with rear suicide doors)
- Rover P4 (1949–1964) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Russo-Baltique Impression (2007) (front door)
- Saab 92 (1949–1956) (front door on 2-door coupes)
- Saab 93 (1956–1960) (front door on 2-door coupes)
- Saturn Flextreme (2008) (rear door)
- Saturn Ion Quad Coupe (2002–2007) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Saturn SC (1999–2002) (conventional front doors, with single suicide half-rear door)
- Scion t2B (2005) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- SEAT 600 and SEAT 600 D (1957–1970) (front door on 2-door sedans)
- SEAT 800 (1963–1968) (front door on 4-door sedans)
- Simca 6 (1947–1950) (front door on 2-door coupes and 3-door vans)
- Simca 8 4-door sedan (1937–1951) (rear door)
- Singulato iS6 (2018–2023)
- Singer Hunter (1954–1956) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Singer SM1500 (1948–1954) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Škoda Superb 4-door sedan (1934–1949) (front door)
- Škoda VOS 4-door sedan (1949–1952) (front door)
- Spyker D12 Peking-to-Paris (2006) (rear door)
- Studebaker Champion 4-door sedans (1947–1952) (rear door)
- Subaru 360 (1958–1971) (front door on 2-door sedans and 2-door convertibles)
- Subaru B11S (2003) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Subaru Sambar (1961–1966) (front door on vans and pickup trucks)
- Sunbeam-Talbot 90 (1948–1954) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Sunbeam-Talbot Ten 4-door sedan (1938–1948) (Front suicide doors, with rear suicide doors)
- Suzuki Mom's Personal Wagon (2005) (rear door)
- Suzulight FB/FBD (1961–1965) (front door on 3-/4-door vans and 2-door pickup trucks)
- Ssangyong XIV-1 (2011) (rear door)
- Tata Nexon (2014) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Tatra 57 2-door coupes (1932–1949) (front door)
- Tatra 600 (1947–1952) (front door)
- Toyota AA 4-door sedans (1936–1943) (rear door)
- Toyota A-BAT (2007) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Toyota Century Royal
- Toyota Crown (1955–1962) (rear door on 4-door sedans)
- Toyota FJ Cruiser (2006–2018) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Toyota FT-SX (2005) (rear door)
- Toyota Hybrid X (2007) (rear door)
- Toyota ME.WE (2013) (rear door)
- Toyota Origin (2000–2001) (rear door)
- Toyota Tacoma
- Triumph Renown (front doors)
- Vauxhall 10-4 4-door sedan/2-door coupe/2-door tourer/2-door roadster (1937–1940) (front door)
- Vauxhall Meriva (2010–2017) (rear door)
- Venucia VOW (2015) (rear door)
- Vespa 400 (1957–1961) (front door)
- Volkswagen Concept A (2006) (conventional front doors, with suicide half-rear doors)
- Volkswagen Nezza (2006) (rear door)
- Volkswagen Transporter (T1) (1950–1967) (conventional front doors, with single conventional half-rear door and single suicide half-rear door)
- Volkswagen Type 147 Kleinlieferwagen (1964–1974) (front door on 2-door panel vans)
- Volvo Concept Universe (2011) (rear door)
- Volvo Concept You (2011) (rear door)
- Volvo PV 36 Carioca (1935–1938) (front door on 4-door sedans)
- Volvo Venus Bilo (1933) (rear door)
- W Motors Fenyr SuperSport (2017–present) (front suicide swan doors)
- W Motors Lykan HyperSport (2013–2017) (front suicide swan doors)
- Wanderer W22
- Wanderer W24
- Zastava 750 (1955–1969) (front door)
- ZAZ-965 Zaporozhets (1960–1969) (front door)
Canopy doors
Swan doors
Swan doors open outward like either a conventional door or a suicide door, but hinge slightly upward as well for better ground clearance, includes some vehicles categorised:
Dihedral synchro-helix actuation doors
See main article: Dihedral synchro-helix actuation doors. Dihedral doors are a type of doors found on all Koenigsegg cars. They open by rotating 90° at the hinge.
Other door types
- AMC Pacer Aircraft-style doors improve sealing and reduce wind noise, top of door wraps into the roof, hinges provide an outward arc for the top of the door for easier egress when open, rain gutters are hidden in the roof cut outs, the passenger door is four-inches (101 mm) longer than the driver's and the difference disguised by the broad B-pillar design.[4] [5] [6] [7]
- BMW 600 left-side-mounted front door
- Chrysler ME Four-Twelve conventional front doors, but no door handles
- Ford GT (first generation), Ford GT40 and Ford GT90 conventional front-hinged doors that have panels extended to the roof of the car (also called aircraft doors)
- Hudson Italia doors cut 14inches into the roof (also called aircraft doors)[8] [9]
- Hyundai Veloster Driver side of the car has one coupe-sized door, but the passenger side has two smaller, sedan-sized doors for front and rear occupants.
- Lincoln Mark VIII Concept Doors "rolled" into underbody of frame (also called disappearing doors)[10]
- Mitsuoka MC-1 Plastic doors that can be removed when opened.
- Mohs SafariKar doors slide outward from the body on four linear rods mounted behind the front row of seats providing egress from both the front and rear of the car when opened.[11]
- Peel Manxcar suicide rear-hinged doors that open until it touches the body of the car
- Smart Crossblade minimal "sword-like" door
- Suzuki CV1 one single door in the car's fiberglass body
- Tata Magic Iris All three doors are conventional doors, 2 doors on the passenger's side and 1 door on the driver's side.
- TVR Tuscan Speed Six Conventional front doors, but door handles are in button form under the side mirrors.
- Zündapp Janus front- and rear-mounted side-hinged doors
- HiPhi X Apart from the suicide doors, there is an extra pair of gullwing-like doors between the C and D pillars which the company marketed as the NT (New-type) doors.
Sliding doors
Sliding doors are common on minivans, leisure activity vehicles, light commercial vehicles and minibuses. A few passenger cars have notably also been equipped with sliding doors, such as the Peugeot 1007, the Suzuki Alto Slide Slim, the BMW Z1 and the 1954 Kaiser Darrin. Many concept cars use the design as well.
Concept cars
- Bertone Ramarro – forward sliding doors
- Chrysler Portal – front doors slide forward, rear doors slide rearward
- Honda Vision XS-1 – a single sliding door on each side for both the front and rear seats
- Lincoln Mark VIII – rolling door concept–doors slid downwards and disappeared into the bodywork
- Renault Scenic Concept – front doors slide forward, rear doors slide rearward
- Toyota Fine-Comfort Ride Concept – rear doors
- Toyota Kikai Concept
- Volkswagen BUDD-e – rear doors
- Volkswagen ID. – rear doors
- Volkswagen ID. Buzz – rear doors
- Volkswagen ID. Crozz – rear doors
No doors
Some cars – generally those of a very open design – have no doors at all.
Notes and References
- For Your Information . 80 . Car and Driver . 13 . 1967 . 2 November 2015.
- Web site: Lancia Stratos Prototipo. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/s_oe4vmXbAE . 2021-12-21 . live. videodigitalpixel. youtube.com. 22 October 2012.
- Web site: Photograph . sphotos-e.ak.fbcdn.net . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140225010002/http://sphotos-e.ak.fbcdn.net/hphotos-ak-snc7/387236_10150532934814253_613864485_n.jpg . 2014-02-25.
- Test driving the new Honda and Pacer . 29–30 . Kiplinger's Personal Finance . July 1975 . 29 . 7 . 28 February 2018.
- Web site: Design Notes: 1975 AMC Pacer . GM Inside News . 28 January 2013 . 28 February 2018.
- Book: Montgomery, Andrew . Illustrated Directory of American Automobiles . 311 . Salamander Books . 2003 . 9781840655346 . 28 February 2018.
- 1975-'80 AMC Pacer: The Pacer pointed the way toward modern car-design priorities . Hemmings Motor News. March 2012 . Jeff . Koch . 28 February 2018.
- Book: Lyons, Dan . Cars of the Fantastic '50s . 58–61. Krause Publications . 2005 . 9780873499262 . 28 February 2018.
- Web site: Motoring Memories: Hudson Italia, 1954 . 29 January 2010 . Bill . Vance . Autos Canada . 28 February 2018.
- Web site: Entrancing: Lincoln's disappearing-door concept . 18 July 2007 . Kevin . Massy . cnet . 28 February 2018.
- Web site: McCabe . John . The Mohs SafariKar: There's Nothing Like it (and for Good Reason) . DrivingLine . 21 December 2014 . 28 January 2021.
