List of national governments explained

This is a list of the offices of heads of state, heads of government, cabinet, and legislature, of sovereign states. Date of Origin refers to most recent fundamental change in form of government, for example independence, change from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, revolution, new constitution.

Member and observer states of the United Nations

Country Head of state Head of government Cabinet Legislature Date of origin
AfghanistanSupreme LeaderPrime MinisterCabinetLeadership Council2021
AlbaniaPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersParliament1991
AlgeriaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1989
AndorraCo-PrincesHead of GovernmentExecutive CouncilGeneral Council1993
AngolaPresidentCabinetNational Assembly2010
Antigua and BarbudaMonarch[1] Prime MinisterCabinetParliament1981
ArgentinaPresidentMinistriesNational Congress1994
ArmeniaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1995
AustraliaMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1901
AustriaPresidentChancellorCabinetParliament1955
AzerbaijanPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1990
Bahamas, TheMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1973
BahrainKingPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly2002
BangladeshPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Parliament1971
BarbadosPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament2021
BelarusPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersNational Assembly1994
BelgiumKingPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersFederal Parliament1831
BelizeMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1981
BeninPresidentCabinetNational Assembly1990
BhutanKingPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersParliament1952
BoliviaPresidentCabinetPlurinational Legislative Assembly2009
Bosnia and HerzegovinaPresidencyChairman of the Council of MinistersCouncil of MinistersParliamentary Assembly1996
BotswanaPresidentCabinetParliament1966
BrazilPresidentCabinetNational Congress1988
BruneiSultanPrime MinisterCabinetLegislative Council1991
BulgariaPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersNational Assembly1991
Burkina FasoPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1992
BurundiPresidentCouncil of MinistersParliament1998
CambodiaKingPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1993
CameroonPresidentCabinetNational Assembly1992
CanadaMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1867
Cape VerdePresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1992
Central African RepublicPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly2003
ChadPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1996
ChilePresidentCabinetNational Congress1980
ChinaPresident[2] PremierState CouncilNational People's Congress1982
ColombiaPresidentCouncil of MinistersCongress1991
ComorosPresidentGovernmentAssembly of the Union2002
Congo, Democratic Republic ofPresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentParliament2006
Congo, Republic ofPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament2002
Costa RicaPresidentGovernmentLegislative Assembly1949
Côte d'IvoirePresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentNational Assembly2000
CroatiaPresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentParliament1990
CubaPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersNational Assembly of People's Power2019
CyprusPresidentCouncil of MinistersHouse of Representatives1960
Czech RepublicPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1992
DenmarkMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetParliament of Denmark1848[3]
DjiboutiPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersNational Assembly1992
DominicaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetHouse of Assembly1978
Dominican RepublicPresidentCabinetCongress1994
East TimorPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of StateNational Parliament2002
EcuadorPresidentCabinetNational Assembly2008
EgyptPresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentParliament1953
El SalvadorPresidentCouncil of MinistersLegislative Assembly1983
Equatorial GuineaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetChamber of People's Representatives1987
EritreaPresidentCabinet of MinistersNational Assembly1993
EstoniaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetRiigikogu1992,
(1938)
EswatiniKingPrime MinisterCabinetParliament2005
EthiopiaPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersFederal Parliamentary Assembly1995
FijiPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament2014
FinlandPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of StateParliament1919
FrancePresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersParliament1958
GabonPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1964
Gambia, ThePresidentCabinetNational Assembly1996
GeorgiaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinet of GeorgiaParliament1995
GermanyPresidentChancellorCabinetBundestag1949
Bundesrat
GhanaPresidentCouncil of MinistersParliament1992
GreecePresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1974
GrenadaMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1974
GuatemalaPresidentCouncil of MinistersCongress1985
GuineaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1991
Guinea-BissauPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational People's Assembly1984
GuyanaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1970
HaitiPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1987
HondurasPresidentCouncil of Secretaries of StateNational Congress1982
HungaryPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1990
IcelandPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetAlthing1944
IndiaPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersParliament1950
IndonesiaPresidentCabinetPeople's Consultative Assembly1945
IranSupreme LeaderPresidentCabinetIslamic Consultative Assembly1979
IraqPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersCouncil of Representatives2005
IrelandPresidentTaoiseachCabinetOireachtas1937
IsraelPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetKnesset1948
ItalyPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersParliament1948
JamaicaMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1962
JapanEmperorPrime MinisterCabinetDiet1867
JordanKingPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1952
KazakhstanPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersParliament1995
KenyaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1969
KiribatiPresidentCabinetHouse of Assembly1979
KuwaitEmirPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1962
KyrgyzstanPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersSupreme Council2010
LaosPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1991
LatviaPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersSaeima1993
LebanonPresidentPresident of the Council of MinistersCabinetParliament1926
LesothoKingPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1966
LiberiaPresidentCabinet of MinistersLegislature1986
LibyaChairman of the Presidential CouncilPrime MinisterCabinetHouse of Representatives2011
LiechtensteinReigning PrinceHead of GovernmentGovernmentLandtag1921
LithuaniaPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersSeimas1992
LuxembourgGrand DukePrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersChamber of Deputies1842
MadagascarPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1992
MalawiPresidentCabinetNational Assembly1994
MalaysiaYang di-Pertuan AgongPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1957
MaldivesPresidentCabinetMajlis1932
MaliPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1992
MaltaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetHouse of Representatives1964
Marshall IslandsPresidentCabinetLegislature1979
MauritaniaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1991
MauritiusPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1968
MexicoPresidentCabinetCongress1917
Micronesia, Federated States ofPresidentCabinetCongress1979
MoldovaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament
MonacoSovereign PrinceMinister of StateCouncil of GovernmentNational Council1911
MongoliaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetState Great Khural1992
MontenegroPresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentParliament2007
MoroccoKingHead of GovernmentCabinetParliament1996
MozambiquePresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersAssembly1990
MyanmarPresidentCabinetAssembly of the Union2011
NamibiaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1990
NauruPresidentCabinetParliament1968
NepalPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersFederal Parliament2015
NetherlandsMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetStates General1983
New ZealandMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1986
NicaraguaPresidentCouncil of MinistersNational Assembly1987
NigerPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly2010
NigeriaPresidentCabinetNational Assembly1999
North KoreaPresident of State AffairsPremierCabinetSupreme People's Assembly1998
North MacedoniaPresidentPresident of the GovernmentGovernmentAssembly1991
NorwayMonarchPrime MinisterCouncil of StateParliament1814
OmanSultanPrime MinisterCabinetConsultative Assembly1971
PakistanPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament2002
PalauPresidentCabinetNational Congress1994
PalestinePresidentPrime MinisterCabinetLegislative Council1994
PanamaPresidentCabinetNational Assembly1972
Papua New GuineaMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetNational Parliament1975
ParaguayPresidentCabinetCongress1992
PeruPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersCongress of the Republic1993
PhilippinesPresidentCabinetCongress1987
PolandPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersNational Assembly1997
PortugalPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersAssembly of the Republic1976
QatarEmirPrime MinisterCabinetConsultative Assembly2004
RomaniaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1991
RussiaPresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentFederal Assembly1993
RwandaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament2003
Saint Kitts and NevisMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1983
Saint LuciaMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1979
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetHouse of Assembly1979
SamoaO le Ao o le MaloPrime MinisterCabinetLegislative Assembly1962
San MarinoCaptains RegentCongress of StateGrand and General Council1974
São Tomé and PríncipePresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersNational Assembly1980
Saudi ArabiaKingPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersConsultative Assembly1992
SenegalPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament2001
SerbiaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly2006
SeychellesPresidentCabinetNational Assembly1976
Sierra LeonePresidentCabinetParliament1991
SingaporePresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1965
SlovakiaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Council1992
SloveniaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1991
Solomon IslandsMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetNational Parliament1978
SomaliaPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersParliament2004
South AfricaPresidentCabinetParliament1996
South KoreaPresidentState CouncilNational Assembly1987
South SudanPresidentCabinetParliament2011
SpainKingPresident of the GovernmentCouncil of MinistersCortes Generales1978
Sri LankaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1978
SudanPresidentCabinetNational Legislature2021
SurinamePresidentCabinetNational Assembly1987
SwedenMonarchPrime MinisterGovernmentRiksdag1974
SwitzerlandFederal CouncilFederal Assembly1848 or 1874
SyriaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinet with
Council of Ministers
People's Council2012
TajikistanPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersSupreme Assembly1994
TanzaniaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly1977
ThailandMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetNational Assembly2019
TogoPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersNational Assembly1992
TongaMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetLegislative Assembly1875
Trinidad and TobagoPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1976
TunisiaPresidentHead of GovernmentCabinetParliament2014
TurkeyPresidentCabinetGrand National Assembly1982
TurkmenistanPresidentCabinetAssembly1992
TuvaluMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1978
UgandaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1995
UkrainePresidentPrime MinisterCabinet of MinistersVerkhovna Rada1996
United Arab EmiratesPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetFederal National Council1971
United KingdomMonarchPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1721[4]
United StatesPresidentCabinetCongress1789
UruguayPresidentCouncil of MinistersGeneral Assembly1967
UzbekistanPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersSupreme Assembly1992
VanuatuPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersParliament1980
Vatican City/Holy SeeSovereignPresident of the GovernorateGovernoratePontifical Commission1929
VenezuelaPresidentCabinetNational Assembly1999
VietnamPresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentNational Assembly1992
YemenPresidentPrime MinisterCouncil of MinistersAssembly of Representatives1991
ZambiaPresidentCabinetNational Assembly1991
ZimbabwePresidentCabinetParliament2013

Other states

Country Head of State Head of Government Cabinet Legislature Date of Origin
AbkhaziaPresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentPeople's Assembly1994
Republic of China
PresidentPremierExecutive YuanNational Assembly1947
Legislative Yuan
Control Yuan
Cook Islands[5] MonarchPremierParliament1965
KosovoPresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentAssembly2001
NiueMonarchPremierAssembly1974
Northern CyprusPresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentAssembly of the Republic1985
SomalilandPresidentParliament1991
South OssetiaPresidentPrime MinisterCabinetParliament1991
TransnistriaPresidentPrime MinisterGovernmentSupreme Soviet1991
Western SaharaPresidentPrime MinisterNational Council1976

See also

Notes and References

  1. In Commonwealth realms other than the UK, the Governor-General represents the Monarch of the UK who is the official head of state.
  2. The President of China is legally a ceremonial office and head of state, but the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (de facto leader) has always held this office since 1993 except for the months of transition, making the officeholder the most powerful political figure.
  3. Web site: Statsministeriet - History. 1 September 2012. Statsministeriet.
  4. Book: Taylor, Stephen . Biographical Dictionary of British Prime Ministers . 10 . 2002 . Routledge . Robert . Eccleshall . Graham . Walker . Robert Walpole.
  5. The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.