List of breastwork monitors of the Royal Navy explained

The breastwork monitor was developed during the 1860s by Sir Edward Reed, Chief Constructor of the Royal Navy, as an improvement of the basic monitor design developed by John Ericsson during the American Civil War. Reed gave these ships a superstructure to increase seaworthiness and raise the freeboard of the gun turrets so they could be worked in all weathers. The superstructure was armoured to protect the bases of the turrets, the funnels and the ventilator ducts in what he termed a breastwork. The ships were conceived as harbour defence ships with little need to leave port. This meant that they could dispense with the masts, sails and rigging needed to supplement their coal-fired steam engines over any distance. Reed took advantage of the lack of masts and designed the ships with one twin-gun turret at each end of the superstructure, each able to turn and fire in a 270° arc.[1] These ships were described by Admiral George Alexander Ballard as being like "full-armoured knights riding on donkeys, easy to avoid but bad to close with".[2] Reed later developed the design into the, the first ocean-going turret ships without masts, the direct ancestors of the pre-dreadnought battleships and the dreadnoughts.[3]

Reed designed the first ship (HMVS Cerberus) at the request of the Colony of Victoria; the India Office then ordered another of the same design (HMS Magdala) as well as a less expensive version (HMS Abyssinia). The four Cyclops-class ships, enlarged versions of Cerberus, were ordered in 1870 for local defence of English ports.[4]

HMS Glatton was derived from the design of the first breastwork monitors, but sacrificed the rear turret for thicker armour and larger guns with which to attack enemy ports. She was given a deep draught to improve her seaworthiness, but her low freeboard meant that she had very little ability to weather head seas.[5] HMS Hotspur was similar in layout to Glatton, but she was given more freeboard by the addition of an unarmoured structure above her waterline armour belt. Designed as a ram, Hotspur was given a fixed turret with four gun ports as a rotating turret was not thought capable of withstanding the shock of impact. HMS Rupert was an enlarged version of Hotspur, but used a Glatton-type turret instead of the fixed turret and thicker armour than the older ship. The two Conqueror-class ships were enlarged versions of Rupert with heavier guns, thicker armour and a steel hull.[6]

With the exception of Cerberus, all of these ships were sold off for scrap during the first decade of the 20th century.[7] Cerberus was sold in 1924 and used as a breakwater; her wreck still exists off Half Moon Bay in Australia.

Key

Main gunsThe number and type of the main battery guns
ArmourWaterline belt thickness
DisplacementShip displacement
PropulsionNumber of shafts, type of propulsion system, and top speed generated
ServiceThe dates work began and finished on the ship and its ultimate fate
Laid downThe date the keel began to be assembled
CommissionedThe date the ship was commissioned or completed

Cerberus class

See main article: Cerberus-class monitor.

The two Cerberus-class ships were the first breastwork monitors to be built. Cerberus was ordered in 1866 by the Colony of Victoria to supplement the shore-based fortifications of Port Philip Bay and to defend the colony in the event of a Russian attack.[8] The India Office ordered a sister ship to defend the approaches of Bombay.[9] Magdala was rearmed with four 8inches breech-loading guns in 1892 and Cerberus had a number of small quick-firing guns added to her superstructure for defence against torpedo boats.[10]

Both ships were fitted with three temporary masts for their delivery voyages, although only Cerberus had her freeboard raised with the addition of temporary bulwarks.[11] The ships spent the bulk of their service lives in reserve and rarely, if ever, left their home port. Magdala was sold in January 1903,[12] but Cerberus was hulked in 1900[13] and transferred to the Royal Australian Navy when it was formed in 1911. She was renamed HMAS Platypus II in 1918 and sold in 1924. Stripped of all salvageable material, she was scuttled in 1926 as a breakwater, and her remains are still visible today.[8]

align= center rowspan=2 Shipalign= center rowspan=2 Main gunsalign= center rowspan=2 Armouralign= center rowspan=2 Displacementalign= center rowspan=2 Propulsionalign= center colspan=3 Service
align= center Laid downalign= center Completedalign= center Fate
align= left align= center rowspan=2 4 × 10inches rifled muzzle loaders[14] align= center rowspan=2 align= center rowspan=2 33400NaN0align= center rowspan=2 10knalign= center 1 September 1867September 1870align= center Sold 24 June 1924
align= left align= center 6 October 1868November 1870align= center Sold January 1903

HMS Abyssinia

HMS Abyssinia was a smaller and cheaper version of Cerberus designed by the Dudgeon shipyard when the India Office ran out of money after it ordered HMS Magdala. She was intended as a partner for the larger ship in the defence of Bombay and had the same armament but one less inch of armour, and she was one knot slower. The ship was rearmed with eight-inch breech-loading guns in 1892 before being sold for scrap in 1903.[15]

align= center rowspan=2 Shipalign= center rowspan=2 Main gunsalign= center rowspan=2 Armouralign= center rowspan=2 Displacementalign= center rowspan=2 Propulsionalign= center colspan=3 Service
align= center Laid downalign= center Completedalign= center Fate
align= left align= center 4 × 10inches rifled muzzle loadersalign= center 7inchesalign= center 29010NaN0align= center 9knotsalign= center 23 March 1868October 1870align= center Sold 1903

HMS Glatton

See main article: HMS Glatton (1871).

The design of HMS Glatton was also derived from that of Cerberus, although she exchanged one turret for heavier guns and armour. She was given a deeper draught for better seakeeping abilities, but retained the low freeboard of the older ships to make her a smaller target, making it difficult to weather head seas in heavy weather. Nominally intended for coast defence, she was designed to attack the defences of deep-water ports like Brest and Cherbourg.[5]

Glatton was immediately assigned as tender to HMS Excellent upon completion and remained in Portsmouth for the bulk of her career. She participated in a gunnery trial in 1872 where HMS Hotspur fired on her turret at a range of . Neither of the 12inches shells that hit her turret penetrated although some rivets were dislodged.[16] She was mobilised in 1878 for service with the Particular Service Squadron. In 1881 she received 14inches torpedo launchers as well as three small quick-firing guns for use against torpedo boats later in the decade. Glatton participated in the 1887 fleet manoeuvres, but she returned to reserve afterwards. She was sold in 1903 for breaking-up.[17]

align= center rowspan=2 Shipalign= center rowspan=2 Main gunsalign= center rowspan=2 Armouralign= center rowspan=2 Displacementalign= center rowspan=2 Propulsionalign= center colspan=3 Service
align= center Laid downalign= center Completedalign= center Fate
align= left align= center 2 × 12inches rifled muzzle loaders[18] align= center 12 inchesalign= center 4912LTalign= center 12knotsalign= center 10 August 1868align= center 24 February 1872align= center Sold 1903

HMS Hotspur

See main article: HMS Hotspur (1870).

HMS Hotspur was inspired by a series of French coast-defence ships with the ram as their primary weapon. The layout of Glatton was modified with a fixed turret and her freeboard was increased over that of the older ship. The single 12-inch gun was mounted on a turntable and could pivot at each gun port to maximise its arc of fire. It was nominally capable of firing forward, but this proved to damage the upper deck.[19]

Hotspur remained in reserve until 1876 after she was commissioned. She served with in the Sea of Marmara during the Russo-Turkish War of 1878. Hotspur was reconstructed between 1881 and 1883 with the substitution of a new turret with two 12-inch guns protected by the newly developed compound armour. The ship's breastwork was removed and replaced by side armour with transverse armoured bulkheads to form an armoured citadel. Her only active service thereafter was with the Particular Service Squadron of 1885. She was guard ship at Holyhead until 1893, then in reserve again until 1897, and then relieved as guard ship at Bermuda. Hotspur remained there until sold in August 1904.[20]

align= center rowspan=2 Shipalign= center rowspan=2 Main gunsalign= center rowspan=2 Armouralign= center rowspan=2 Displacementalign= center rowspan=2 Propulsionalign= center colspan=3 Service
align= center Laid downalign= center Completedalign= center Fate
align= left align= center 1 × 12inches rifled muzzle loader[21] align= center 11inchesalign= center 4331LTalign= center 2 screws, 2 steam engines, align= center 2 October 1868align= center 17 November 1871align= center Sold August 1904

HMS Rupert

See main article: HMS Rupert (1872).

HMS Rupert was an enlarged version of Hotspur with a rotating turret, two smaller guns, and heavier armour. Her machinery was unsatisfactory and she could only make 12 knots rather than her designed . The ship was comprehensively reconstructed in 1891–93 when her old muzzle-loading guns were replaced by breech-loading 9.2inches guns, her machinery was replaced and a number of light quick-firing guns were added for torpedo boat defence.[22]

Rupert was sent to the Mediterranean after she was commissioned and served there from 1876 to 1880. She was thereafter held in reserve at Portsmouth until being mobilised for the Particular Service Squadron during the Russian war scare from April to August 1885. She was then assigned as guard ship at Hull until 1890. After reconstruction she became guard ship at Pembroke Dock until 1895, then at Gibraltar between 1895 and 1902, then relieved Hotspur as guard ship at Bermuda until her sale in 1907.[23]

align= center rowspan=2 Shipalign= center rowspan=2 Main gunsalign= center rowspan=2 Armouralign= center rowspan=2 Displacementalign= center rowspan=2 Propulsionalign= center colspan=3 Service
align= center Laid downalign= center Completedalign= center Fate
align= left align= center 2 × 10inches rifled muzzle loaders[24] align= center align= center 54400NaN0align= center 2 screws, 2 steam engines, 12knalign= center 6 June 1870align= center 1 July 1874align= center Sold 1907

Cyclops class

See main article: Cyclops-class monitor.

The Cyclops-class ships were slightly larger versions of Cerberus, and one knot faster. They were ordered to satisfy demands for local defence during the war scare of 1870. They were ostensibly for coast defence purposes, but the Admiralty planned to use them to attack enemy ports and for operations in the shallow waters of the Baltic Sea.[25] The pace of construction was initially quite fast, but the fitting-out work slowed drastically as the threat of war declined. The ships spent most of their careers in reserve and were sold off in 1903.[26]

align= center rowspan=2 Shipalign= center rowspan=2 Main gunsalign= center rowspan=2 Armouralign= center rowspan=2 Displacementalign= center rowspan=2 Propulsionalign= center colspan=3 Service
align= center Laid downalign= center Completedalign= center Fate
align= left align= center rowspan=4 4 × 10-inch rifled muzzle loaders[27] align= center rowspan=4 align= center rowspan=4 34800NaN0align= left rowspan=4 2 screws, 2 steam engines, 11knalign=center 10 September 1870align=center 4 May 1877align=center Sold 7 July 1903[28]
align=center rowspan=3 5 September 187019 March 1874align=center rowspan=2 Sold 12 May 1903
align=center 24 May 1877
31 May 1876Sold 7 July 1903

Conqueror class

See main article: Conqueror-class monitor.

The Conqueror-class monitors were enlarged versions of HMS Rupert with improvements based on suggestions from one of Ruperts captains. The useless foremast was removed, and breech-loading guns and heavier compound armour were added. The rear superstructure was enlarged to better accommodate the crew and secondary armament. Six 14-inch torpedo tubes were fitted above water.[29]

Both ships were assigned as tenders to the gunnery schools in Devonport and Portsmouth, although Conqueror did participate in Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee Fleet review in July 1887. Each ship remained in reserve except to participate in the annual fleet manoeuvres, although this ceased after 1894. Conqueror was placed in reserve in 1902 and sold in April 1907. Hero became a target ship in November 1907 and was sunk in February 1908.[30]

align= center rowspan=2 Shipalign= center rowspan=2 Main gunsalign= center rowspan=2 Armouralign= center rowspan=2 Displacementalign= center rowspan=2 Propulsionalign= center colspan=3 Service
align= center Laid downalign= center Completedalign= center Fate
align= left align= center rowspan=2 2 × 12-inch breech loaders[31] align= center rowspan=2 12 inchesalign= center rowspan=2 6200-align= center rowspan=2 14knotsalign= center 24 April 1879align= center March 1886align= center Sold April 1907
align= left align= center 11 April 1884align= center May 1888align= center Sunk as target 18 February 1908

See also

References

Notes and References

  1. Parkes, p. 166
  2. Ballard, p. 219
  3. Gardiner, p. 23
  4. Brown, pp. 56–57
  5. Brown, pp. 57–58
  6. Gardiner, pp. 22, 24, 28
  7. Gardiner, pp. 21–22, 24, 28
  8. Heritage Division, p. 21
  9. Brown, p. 57
  10. Gardiner, p. 21
  11. Parkes, p. 169
  12. Silverstone, p. 249
  13. Silverstone, p. 223
  14. Parkes, p. 167
  15. Gardiner, p. 22
  16. Brown, p. 58
  17. Parkes, p. 174
  18. Parkes, p. 171
  19. Parkes, pp. 178–79
  20. Parkes, p. 181
  21. Parkes, p. 177
  22. Gardiner, p. 24
  23. Parkes, p. 186
  24. Parkes, p. 182
  25. Beeler, p. 102
  26. Parkes, pp. 212, 215
  27. Parkes, p. 213
  28. Parkes, p. 215
  29. Gardiner, p. 28
  30. Parkes, p. 296
  31. Parkes, p. 293

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