List of birds displaying homosexual behavior explained

See also: List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior. For these birds, there is documented evidence of homosexual behavior in one or more of the following kinds: sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, or parenting, as noted in researcher and author Bruce Bagemihl's 1999 book Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity.

According to Bagemihl, animal sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sex, has been documented in about 500 species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.^{[1] [2]} Homosexuality in animals is seen as controversial by social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate animal behavior to morality.^{[3] [4]} Animal preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. The correct usage of the term homosexual is that an animal exhibits homosexual behavior, however this article conforms to the usage by modern research^{[5] [6] [7] [8]} applying the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex.

This list is part of a larger list of animals displaying homosexual behavior including mammals, insects, fish etc.

Birds

• Acorn woodpecker^[9]
• Adelie penguin^[10]
• American flamingo^[11]
• American herring gull^[12]
• Anna's hummingbird^[13]
• Australian shelduck^[14]
• Aztec parakeet^[15]
• Bengalese finch (domestic)^[16]
• Bank swallow^[17]
• Barn owls^[18]
• Bearded vulture^[19]
• Bicolored antbird^[20]
• Black-billed magpie^[21]
• Black-Capped Chickadee^[22]
• Black-crowned night heron^[23]
• Black-headed gull^[24]
• Black-rumped flameback^[9]
• Black stilt^[25]
• Black swan^[26]
• Black-winged stilt^[25]
• Blue-backed manakin^[27]
• Blue-bellied roller^[28]
• Blue crowned conure^[29]
• Blue tit^[29]
• Blue-winged teal^[30]
• Brown-headed cowbird^[31]
• Budgerigar (domestic)^[32]
• Buff-breasted sandpiper^[33]
• Calfbird^[34]
• California gull^[35]
• Canada goose^[36]
• Canary-winged parakeet^[15]
• Caspian tern^[37]
• Cattle egret^[38]
• Cockatiel
• Common chaffinch^[39]
• Chicken^[40]
• Chilean flamingo^[11]
• Chiloe wigeon^[30]
• Chinstrap penguin^[41]
• Cliff swallow^[17]
• Common gull^[35]
• Common murre^[42]
• Common redshank
• Common shelduck^[14]
• Crane spp.^[43]
• Dusky moorhen^[43]
• Domesticated turkey^[44]
• Eastern bluebird^[29]
• Egyptian goose^[14]
• Elegant parrot^[15]
• Emu^[45]
• Eurasian oystercatcher
• European jay^[21]
• European shag^[46]
• Galah^[15]
• Gentoo penguin^[10]
• Golden bishop bird^[47]
• Golden plover^[48]
• Gray-capped social weaver^[49]
• Grey heron^[38]
• Great cormorant^[46]
• Greater bird of paradise^[50]
• Greater flamingo^[11]
• Greater rhea^[45]
• Green cheek conure^[29]
• Green sandpiper^[51]
• Greenshank^[52]
• Greylag goose^[53]
• Griffon vulture^[18]
• Guianan cock-of-the-rock
• Guillemot^[42]
• Hammerkop^[54]
• Herring gull^[12]
• Hoary-headed grebe^[55]
• Hooded warbler^[56]
• House sparrow^[31]
• Humboldt penguin^[10]
• Ivory gull^[57]
• Jackdaw^[21]
• Kestrel^[18]
• King penguin^[10]
• Kittiwake^[58]
• Laughing gull^[57]
• Laysan albatross^[42]
• Lesser flamingo^[11]
• Lesser scaup duck^[14]
• Little blue heron^[38]
• Little egret^[38]
• Long-tailed hermit hummingbird^[13]
• Lory spp.^[15]
• Mallard^[30]
• Masked lovebird^[15]
• Mealy amazon parrot^[15]
• Mew gull^[35]
• Mexican jay^[59]
• Musk duck^[14]
• Mute swan^[60]
• Ocellated antbird^[20]
• Ocher-bellied flycatcher^[61]
• Orange bishop bird^[49]
• Orange-fronted parakeet^[15]
• Ornate lorikeet^[15]
• Ostrich^[45]
• Peach-faced lovebird^[15]
• Pied flycatcher^[62]
• Pied kingfisher^[28]
• Pigeon (domestic)^[63]
• Powerful owl^[64]
• Purple swamphen^[43]
• Raggiana's bird of paradise^[65]
• Raven^[21]
• Razorbill^[42]
• Red-backed shrike^[29]
• Red bishop bird^[49]
• Red-faced lovebird^[15]
• Red-shouldered widowbird^[66]
• Regent bowerbird^[67]
• Ring-billed gull^[35]
• Ring dove^[68]
• Rock dove^[69]
• Roseate tern^[37]
• Rose-ringed parakeet^[15]
• Ruff^[33]
• Ruffed grouse^[70]
• Sage grouse^[70]
• San Blas jay^[21]
• Sand martin^[17]
• Satin bowerbird^[71]
• Scarlet ibis^[11]
• Scottish crossbill^[39]
• Seagull^[72]
• Senegal parrot^[15]
• Sharp-tailed sparrow^[73]
• Silver gull^[12]
• Silvery grebe^[55]
• Snow goose^[36]
• Stitchbird^[74]
• Superb lyrebird^[75]
• Swallow-tailed manakin^[27]
• Tasmanian native hen^[43]
• Toco toucan^[76]
• Tree swallow^[77]
• Trumpeter swan^[78]
• Victoria's riflebird^[65]
• Wattled starling^[31]
• Western gull^[79]
• White-fronted amazon parrot^[15]
• White stork^[80]
• Wood duck^[30]
• Yellow-backed lorikeet^[15]
• Yellow-rumped cacique^[81]
• Zebra finch (domestic)^[82]

Notes and References

1. Bagemihl (1999)
2. Harrold (1999)
3. Solimeo (2004)
4. Solimeo (2004b)
5. Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166
6. Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183
7. Vasey (1995) pages 173-204
8. Sommer & Vasey (2006)
9. Bagemihl (1999) pages 644-7
10. 365 Gay.com (2005)
11. Bagemihl (1999) pages 524-7
12. Bagemihl (1999) pages 552-6
13. Bagemihl (1999) pages 640-3
14. Bagemihl (1999) pages 496-500
15. Bagemihl (1999) pages 650-5
16. Bagemihl (1999) pages 81 & 89
17. Bagemihl (1999) pages 583-6
18. Bagemihl (1999) pages 632-5
19. Poiani (2010) page 47
20. Bagemihl (1999) pages 575-7
21. Bagemihl (1999) pages 606-10
22. Bagemihl (1999)
23. Bagemihl (1999) pages 511-3
24. Bagemihl (1999) pages 556-9
25. Bagemihl (1999) pages 536-9
26. Goudarzi (2006)
27. Bagemihl (1999) pages 572-4
28. Bagemihl (1999) pages 647-9
29. Bagemihl (1999) pages 594-7
30. Bagemihl (1999) pages 491-5
31. Bagemihl (1999) pages 602-5
32. Bagemihl (1999) page 81
33. Bagemihl (1999) pages 528-32
34. Bagemihl (1999) pages 569-71
35. Bagemihl (1999) pages 544-8
36. Bagemihl (1999) pages 483-7
37. Bagemihl (1999) pages 563-5
38. Bagemihl (1999) pages 514-7
39. Bagemihl (1999) pages 591-3
40. Bagemihl (1999) pages 83
41. Smith (February 7, 2004)
42. Bagemihl (1999) pages 501-5
43. Bagemihl (1999) pages 518-22
44. Bagemihl (1999) pages 82, 90
45. Bagemihl (1999) page 621-6
46. Bagemihl (1999) pages 506-8
47. Bagemihl (1999) pages 600
48. Bagemihl (1999) pages 539-43
49. Bagemihl (1999) pages 598-601
50. Bagemihl (1999) page 613
51. Bagemihl (1999) pages 534, 535
52. Bagemihl (1999) pages 533-536
53. Bagemihl (1999), page 479-482
54. Bagemihl (1999), page 522-524
55. Bagemihl (1999) pages 509-10
56. Bagemihl (1999) pages 587-590
57. Bagemihl (1999) pages 560-562
58. Bagemihl (1999) pages 548-552
59. Bagemihl (1999) page 232, 609-610
60. Bagemihl (1999) pages 487-491
61. Bagemihl (1999) pages 141-142, 577-579
62. Bagemihl (1999) page 596
63. Bagemihl (1999) pages 486, 663
64. Bagemihl (1999) page 634
65. Bagemihl (1999) pages 611-614
66. Bagemihl (1999) page 601
67. Bagemihl (1999) pages 614-616
68. Bagemihl (1999) page 639
69. Bagemihl (1999) page 639
70. Bagemihl (1999) pages 636-639
71. Bagemihl (1999) page 616
72. Mating Call (1979)
73. Bagemihl (1999) page 604
74. Poiani (2010) page 49
75. Bagemihl (1999) pages 617-620
76. Kishikawa (2021)
77. Bagemihl (1999) pages 580-3
78. Bagemihl (1999) page 489
79. Smith (February 7, 2004)
80. Bagemihl (1999) pages 206, 232
81. Bagemihl (1999) page 232
82. Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 85, 101, 150, 156