List of autoimmune diseases explained

This article provides a list of autoimmune diseases. These conditions, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, affect a range of organs and systems within the body. Each disorder is listed with the primary organ or body part that it affects and the associated autoantibodies that are typically found in people diagnosed with the condition. Each disorder is also categorized by its acceptance as an autoimmune condition into four levels: confirmed, probable, possible, and uncertain. This classification is based on the current scientific consensus and reflects the level of evidence supporting the autoimmune nature of the disorder. Lastly, the prevalence rate, specifically in the United States, is included to give a sense of how common each disorder is within the population.

• Confirmed - Used for conditions that have strong, well-established evidence of autoimmune etiology.
• Probable - Used for conditions where there is substantial evidence of autoimmune involvement, but the scientific consensus may not be as strong as for those in the 'confirmed' category.
• Possible - Used for conditions that have some evidence pointing towards autoimmune involvement, but it's not yet clear or there is ongoing debate.
• Uncertain - Used for conditions where the evidence of autoimmune involvement is limited or contested.

Integumentary system

The integumentary system, composed of the skin, hair, nails, and associated glands, serves as a protective barrier between the body and the environment. It also plays a critical role in regulating body temperature and maintaining fluid balance.

Disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)
Alopecia areata	Hair follicles	None specific	Confirmed	2.1%	^[1] ^[2]
Autoimmune angioedema	Skin	C1 inhibitor	Probable	Less than 5,000	^[3]
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis	Skin	Progesterone	Probable	Extremely rare	^[4]
Autoimmune urticaria	Skin	IgG against IgE or IgE receptor	Probable	Not well established	^[5] ^[6]
Bullous pemphigoid	Skin	Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230	Confirmed	6-30 per 100,000 (mostly older adults)	^[7]
Cicatricial pemphigoid	Mucous membranes, sometimes skin	Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230	Confirmed	Rare	^[8]
Dermatitis herpetiformis	Skin	Anti-tissue transglutaminase	Confirmed	10 per 100,000	^[9]
Dermatomyositis	Skin and muscles	Anti-Jo1, Anti-Mi2, Anti-SRP, Anti-TIF1	Confirmed	9 in 1,000,000	^[10]
Discoid lupus erythematosus	Skin	ANA, Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm	Confirmed	Part of SLE prevalence (20-150 per 100,000)	^[11]
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita	Skin	Anti-type VII collagen	Confirmed	Extremely rare	^[12]
Erythema nodosum	Skin	None specific	Possible	Not well established	^[13]
Gestational pemphigoid	Skin	Anti-BP180, Anti-BP230	Confirmed	Rare	^[14]
Hidradenitis suppurativa	Skin	None specific	Uncertain	1-4%	^[15]
Lichen planus	Skin, mucous membranes	None specific	Probable	1%	^[16]
Lichen sclerosus	Skin	None specific	Probable	Rare	^[17]
Linear IgA disease	Skin	Anti-epidermal basement membrane IgA	Confirmed	Extremely rare	^[18]
Morphea	Skin	None specific	Probable	Not well established	^[19]
Psoriasis	Skin	Various, not specific	Confirmed	2-3%	^[20]
Pemphigus vulgaris	Skin and mucous membranes	Anti-desmoglein 3, Anti-desmoglein 1	Confirmed	1-5 per 100,000	^[21]
Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis)	Skin, organs	ANA, anti-Scl-70, anti-centromere	Confirmed	240 per 1,000,000	^[22]
Vitiligo	Skin	Various, not specific	Confirmed	1%	^[23]

Digestive system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)
Autoimmune enteropathy	Small intestine	Anti-enterocyte antibodies	Probable	Rare	^[24]
Autoimmune hepatitis	Liver	ANA, ASMA, anti-LKM1	Confirmed	1 in 10,000 to 1 in 50,000	^[25]
Celiac disease	Small intestine	Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTG), Endomysial antibody (EMA), Deamidated gliadin peptide (DGP)	Confirmed	1 in 100	^[26]
Crohn's disease	Digestive tract	ASCA, Anti-OmpC, Anti-CBir1, ANCA	Probable	201 per 100,000 adults	^[27]
Pernicious anemia	Stomach	Anti-IF, Anti-parietal cell	Confirmed	0.1%	^[28]
Ulcerative colitis	Colon and rectum	pANCA, ASCA	Probable	249 per 100,000 adults	^[29]

Heart and vascular system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)
Rheumatic heart disease	Heart valves	Anti-streptolysin O (ASO), anti-DNase B	Confirmed	Declining due to improved treatment of strep throat	^[30]
Kawasaki disease	Coronary arteries	Unknown	Probable	20 per 100,000 children under age 5	^[31]
Giant cell arteritis	Large and medium arteries, can affect coronary arteries	None specific	Confirmed	200 per 100,000 (over age 50)	^[32] ^[33]
Takayasu's arteritis	Large arteries, including the aorta	None specific	Confirmed	Rare, more common in East Asia	^[34]
Behçet's disease	Small to large vessels in mouth, genitals, eyes, skin	None specific	Probable		^[35]
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)	Small to medium vessels in respiratory tract, skin, heart, kidneys, nerves	ANCA	Confirmed		^[36]
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)	Small to medium vessels in respiratory tract, kidneys	c-ANCA/PR3-ANCA	Confirmed
IgA vasculitis (IgAV)	Small vessels in skin, joints, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract	IgA immune complexes	Probable		^[37]
Leukocytoclastic vasculitis	Small vessels in skin	Various immune complexes	Probable		^[38]
Lupus vasculitis	Small to medium vessels in multiple organs	ANA, anti-dsDNA, anti-Smith, others	Confirmed		^[39]
Rheumatoid vasculitis	Small to medium vessels in skin, nerves, eyes, heart	Rheumatoid factor, ACPA	Probable		^[40]
Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA)	Small vessels in kidneys, lungs, nerves, skin	p-ANCA/MPO-ANCA	Confirmed		^[41]
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN)	Medium to small vessels in kidneys, skin, muscles, joints, nerves	None specific	Probable		^[42]
Polymyalgia rheumatica	Large to medium vessels in shoulders, hips	None specific	Possible		^[43]
Urticarial vasculitis	Small vessels in skin	C1q antibodies	Probable		^[44]
Vasculitis	All vessel sizes in multiple organs	Depends on specific type	Uncertain		^[45]

Urinary system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)
Goodpasture syndrome	Kidneys, lungs	Anti-GBM antibodies	Confirmed	1 per million people	^[46]
IgA nephropathy	Kidneys	IgA autoantibodies	Confirmed	3.5 per 100,000	^[47]
Membranous nephropathy	Kidneys	Anti-PLA2R antibodies	Confirmed	10 per 100,000	^[48]
Lupus nephritis	Kidneys	Anti-dsDNA, Anti-Sm, Anti-nuclear antibodies	Confirmed	Up to 60% of those with Lupus	^[49]
Interstitial nephritis	Kidneys	Various autoantibodies	Probable	Varies widely, often drug-induced	^[50]
Interstitial cystitis	Bladder	Anti-urothelial and anti-nuclear antibodies	Probable	100-450 per 100,000 women, less common in men	^[51]
Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Bile ducts, can affect gallbladder	P-ANCA, Anti Smooth Muscle Antibodies (ASMA)	Confirmed	1 per 100,000	^[52]

Nervous system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis	Central nervous system	Unknown	Confirmed	0.8 per 100,000	^[53]
Acute motor axonal neuropathy	Peripheral nerves	Anti-GM1	Confirmed	Part of Guillain-Barré syndrome prevalence
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis	Brain	Anti-NMDA receptor	Confirmed	1.5 per million	^[54]
Autoimmune encephalitis	Brain	Various, depending on subtype (e.g., NMDA receptor antibodies, LGI1 antibodies)	Confirmed	Rare	^[55]
Balo concentric sclerosis	Central nervous system	Unknown	Probable	Rare	^[56]
Bickerstaff's encephalitis	Brain	Anti-GQ1b	Confirmed	Rare	^[57]
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy	Peripheral nerves	Various, including anti-MAG	Confirmed	1-2 per 100,000	^[58]
Guillain-Barré syndrome	Peripheral nerves	Various, including anti-GM1, anti-GD1a	Confirmed	1-2 per 100,000	^[59]
Hashimoto's encephalopathy	Brain	Anti-thyroid (TPO, Tg)	Probable	Rare	^[60]
Idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating diseases	Central nervous system	Varies	Probable	Varies by specific disease	^[61]
Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome	Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS)	Anti-VGCC	Confirmed	0.5-2 per million	^[62]
Multiple sclerosis	Central nervous system	Unknown, but Oligoclonal bands often present in CSF	Confirmed	90 per 100,000	^[63]
Myasthenia gravis	Neuromuscular junction (affecting both CNS and PNS)	Anti-AChR, anti-MuSK	Confirmed	20 per 100,000	^[64]
Neuromyelitis optica (Devic's disease)/NMOSD	Optic nerves and spinal cord	AQP4-IgG (NMO-IgG)	Confirmed	0.5 - 4 per 100,000	^[65]
Restless legs syndrome	Central nervous system (thought to involve dopaminergic pathways)	Unknown	Uncertain	5-15% (more common in older adults)	^[66]
Stiff-person syndrome	Central nervous system	Anti-GAD, anti-amphiphysin	Confirmed	Rare	^[67]
Sydenham's chorea	Brain	Anti-basal ganglia	Confirmed	Rare (linked to Group A streptococcal infection)	^[68]
Transverse myelitis	Spinal cord	Various, including anti-AQP4	Probable	1-8 per million	^[69]
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD)	Various	ANA (antinuclear autoantibody) (HEp-2 cells)	Confirmed	2 per 100,000	^[70]

Endocrine system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)
Addison's disease	Adrenal glands	21-hydroxylase antibodies	Confirmed	0.93-1.4 per 10,000	^[71]
Autoimmune oophoritis	Ovaries	Anti-ovarian antibodies	Probable	Rare	^[72]
Autoimmune orchitis	Testes	Anti-sperm antibodies	Probable	Rare	^[73]
Autoimmune pancreatitis	Pancreas	IgG4, Anti-CA2 antibodies	Confirmed	0.82-1.3 per 100,000	^[74]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1)	Multiple endocrine organs	Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected	Confirmed	1 in 100,000 to 200,000	^[75]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2 (APS2)	Multiple endocrine organs	Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected	Confirmed	1 in 20,000	^[76]
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 3 (APS3)	Multiple endocrine organs	Various autoantibodies depending on the organs affected	Confirmed	Rare
Diabetes mellitus type 1	Pancreas	Anti-insulin, anti-IA-2, anti-GAD, anti-ZnT8 antibodies	Confirmed	1.6 per 1,000	^[77]
Endometriosis	Endometrium	Anti-endometrial antibodies	Probable	6-10% of women of reproductive age	^[78]
Graves' disease	Thyroid gland	TSI, TPO, TG antibodies	Confirmed	1.2% of the population	^[79]
Hashimoto's thyroiditis	Thyroid gland	TPO, TG antibodies	Confirmed	5% of the population	^[80]
Ord's thyroiditis	Thyroid gland	TPO, TG antibodies	Confirmed	Rare	^[81]
Sjögren syndrome	Exocrine glands (salivary and lacrimal glands)	Anti-SSA/Ro, Anti-SSB/La antibodies	Confirmed	0.1-4% of the population	^[82]

Respiratory system

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)
Goodpasture syndrome			Confirmed
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)			Confirmed
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)			Confirmed
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	Lungs	None specific	Possible	20 per 100,000 (men), 13 per 100,000 (women)	^[83]
Interstitial lung disease	Lungs	Depends on the subtype (e.g. Anti-Jo1 in Anti-synthetase syndrome)	Probable	31.5 per 100,000 (men), 26.1 per 100,000 (women)	^[84]
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis	Lungs	Anti-GM-CSF antibodies	Confirmed	6.2 per million	^[85]
Rheumatoid lung disease	Lungs	Rheumatoid factor, Anti-CCP antibodies	Confirmed	Part of RA prevalence (about 1%)	^[86]
Sarcoidosis	Lungs and other organs	None specific	Confirmed	10 - 40 per 100,000	^[87]

Blood

Autoimmune disease	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia	Anti-red blood cell antibodies	Confirmed	1-3 per 100,000	^[88]
Immune thrombocytopenia	Anti-platelet antibodies	Confirmed	3.3 per 100,000 (adults), 50 per 100,000 (children)	^[89]
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura	ADAMTS13 autoantibodies	Confirmed	1-2 per million	^[90]
Antiphospholipid syndrome	Antiphospholipid antibodies	Confirmed	40-50 per 100,000	^[91]
Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria	None specific, mutation causes self-cells to become susceptible to attack	Possible	1-2 per million	^[92]

Reproductive system

The reproductive system is responsible for the production and regulation of sex hormones, the formation of germ cells, and the nurturing of fertilized eggs. In women, it includes structures such as ovaries, fallopian tubes, a uterus, and a vagina, while in men, it includes testes, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and the penis. Autoimmune diseases of the reproductive system can affect both male and female fertility and reproductive health.

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)
Autoimmune orchitis	Testes	Anti-sperm antibodies	Probable	Not well established
Autoimmune oophoritis	Ovaries	Anti-ovarian antibodies	Probable	Not well established
Endometriosis	Uterus, ovaries, and pelvic tissue	Various, including anti-endometrial antibodies	Probable	Approx. 10% of women of reproductive age	^[93]
Premature ovarian failure	Ovaries	Anti-ovarian antibodies, Anti-adrenal antibodies	Confirmed	1% of women under 40 years	^[94]

Eyes

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disease	Prevalence rate (US)
Autoimmune retinopathy	Retina	Various	Confirmed		^[95]
Autoimmune uveitis	Uvea	Various	Confirmed		^[96]
Cogan syndrome	Inner ear and eye	None specific	Probable		^[97]
Graves' ophthalmopathy	Eye muscles and connective tissue	TSH receptor antibodies	Confirmed		^[98]
Intermediate uveitis	Uvea (pars plana)	Various	Probable		^[99]
Ligneous conjunctivitis	Conjunctiva	Plasminogen deficiency	Possible	Rare	^[100]
Mooren's ulcer	Cornea	None specific	Probable	Rare	^[101]
Neuromyelitis optica	Optic nerve and spinal cord	Anti-AQP4	Confirmed		^[102]
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome	Central nervous system, eye movement control	Anti-neuronal antibodies	Possible		^[103]
Optic neuritis	Optic nerve	Various	Confirmed		^[104]
Scleritis	Sclera	Various	Possible		^[105]
Susac's syndrome	Retina, cochlea, and brain	None specific	Probable		^[106]
Sympathetic ophthalmia	Uveal tract	Various	Probable	Rare	^[107]
Tolosa–Hunt syndrome	Orbit	None specific	Uncertain	Rare	^[108]

Muscular system

These autoimmune diseases are primarily associated with the muscles and neuromuscular function.

Autoimmune disease	Primary organ/body part affected	Autoantibodies	Acceptance as an autoimmune disorder	Prevalence rate (US)
Dermatomyositis			Confirmed
Fibromyalgia	Musculoskeletal system, pain perception	None specific	Possible		^[109]
Inclusion body myositis	Proximal and distal muscles	None specific	Probable		^[110]
Myositis	Skeletal muscles	Various, depends on subtype	Confirmed		^[111]
Myasthenia gravis	Voluntary muscles, neuromuscular junctions	Anti-acetylcholine receptor, Anti-MuSK	Confirmed		^[112]
Neuromyotonia	Peripheral nerves affecting muscle control	Anti-voltage-gated potassium channels	Probable		^[113]
Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration	Central nervous system, cerebellum	Anti-Yo, Anti-Hu, Anti-Ri, others	Confirmed		^[114]
Polymyositis	Proximal skeletal muscles	Anti-Jo-1, Anti-SRP, others	Confirmed		^[115]

Autoimmune comorbidities

This list includes conditions that are not diseases, but symptoms or syndromes common to autoimmune disease.^[116]

• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Complex regional pain syndrome
• Eosinophilic esophagitis
• Gastritis
• POEMS syndrome^[117]
• Raynaud's phenomenon
• Primary immunodeficiency^[118]
• Pyoderma gangrenosum

Non-autoimmune

At this time, there is not sufficient evidence to indicate that these diseases are caused by autoimmunity.

Disease	Reason not believed to be autoimmune
Agammaglobulinemia	An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
Amyloidosis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Anti-tubular basement membrane nephritis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Atopic allergy	A hypersensitivity.
Atopic dermatitis	A hypersensitivity.
Autism	No consistent evidence of association with maternal autoimmunity.
Blau syndrome	Overlaps both sarcoidosis and granuloma annulare. No evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Cancer	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Castleman's disease	An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
Chagas disease	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.	^[119]
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.	^[120] ^[121]
Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis	LPIN2, D18S60. Synonyms: Majeed syndrome.
Complement component 2 deficiency	Possibly symptomatic of autoimmune diseases, but not a disease.
Congenital heart block	May be related to autoimmune activity in the mother.
Contact dermatitis	A hypersensitivity.
Cushing's syndrome	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Dego's disease	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis	Possibly a hypersensitivity.
Eosinophilic pneumonia	A class of diseases, some of which may be autoimmune.
Erythroblastosis fetalis	Mother's immune system attacks fetus. An immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva	Possibly an immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Gastrointestinal pemphigoid	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Hypogammaglobulinemia	An immune system disorder but not autoimmune.
Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis	No consistent evidence of autoimmune cause though the disease has been found comorbid with other autoimmune diseases.	^[122]
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis	Autoantibodies: SFTPA1, SFTPA2, TERT, and TERC.
IgA nephropathy	An immune system disorder but not an autoimmune disease.
IPEX syndrome	A genetic mutation in FOXP3 that leads to autoimmune diseases, but not an autoimmune disorder itself.
Ligneous conjunctivitis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Majeed syndrome	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Narcolepsy	No evidence of association with autoimmunity. Research not reproducible.	^[123] ^[124] ^[125] ^[126]
Rasmussen's encephalitis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Schizophrenia	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.	^[127] ^[128] ^[129]
Serum sickness	A hypersensitivity.
Spondyloarthropathy	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Sweet's syndrome	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Takayasu's arteritis	No consistent evidence of association with autoimmunity.
Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy

See also

• Autoimmunity
• Autoantibody

External links

• NIH Center for Human Immunology, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity

Notes and References

1. Pratt . C. Herbert . King . Lloyd E. . Messenger . Andrew G. . Christiano . Angela M. . Sundberg . John P. . Alopecia areata . Nature Reviews Disease Primers . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 3 . 1 . 2017-03-16 . 2056-676X . 10.1038/nrdp.2017.11 . 17011. 28300084 . 5573125 .
2. Mirzoyev . Sultan A. . Schrum . Adam G. . Davis . Mark D.P. . Torgerson . Rochelle R. . Lifetime Incidence Risk of Alopecia Areata Estimated at 2.1% by Rochester Epidemiology Project, 1990–2009 . Journal of Investigative Dermatology . Elsevier BV . 134 . 4 . 2014 . 0022-202X . 10.1038/jid.2013.464 . 1141–1142. 24202232 . 3961558 .
3. Web site: Acquired angioedema - About the Disease . Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center . 2021-01-08 . 2023-07-12.
4. Irshad . Shahmeen . Haider . Muhammad S . Master . Madiha F . Asif . Nasir . Khalil . Ambreen . Autoimmune Progesterone Dermatitis . Cureus . Cureus, Inc. . 2021-11-02 . 13 . 11 . e19217 . 2168-8184 . 10.7759/cureus.19217 . free . 34877200 . 8642151 .
5. Kolkhir . Pavel . Muñoz . Melba . Asero . Riccardo . Ferrer . Marta . Kocatürk . Emek . Metz . Martin . Xiang . Yi-Kui . Maurer . Marcus . Autoimmune chronic spontaneous urticaria . Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology . Elsevier BV . 149 . 6 . 2022 . 0091-6749 . 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.04.010 . 1819–1831. 35667749 . 249362247 .
6. Wertenteil . Sara . Strunk . Andrew . Garg . Amit . Prevalence estimates for chronic urticaria in the United States: A sex- and age-adjusted population analysis . Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology . Elsevier BV . 81 . 1 . 2019 . 0190-9622 . 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.02.064 . 152–156. 30872154 . 78092096 .
7. Cole . Connor . Vinay . Keshavamurthy . Borradori . Luca . Amber . Kyle T. . Insights Into the Pathogenesis of Bullous Pemphigoid: The Role of Complement-Independent Mechanisms . Frontiers in Immunology . Frontiers Media SA . 13 . 2022-07-07 . 1664-3224 . 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912876 . 35874745 . 9300999 . free .
8. Rashid . H. . Lamberts . A. . Borradori . L. . Alberti-Violetti . S. . Barry . R.J. . Caproni . M. . Carey . B. . Carrozzo . M. . Caux . F. . Cianchini . G. . Corrà . A. . Diercks . G.F.H. . Dikkers . F.G. . Di Zenzo . G. . Feliciani . C. . Geerling . G. . Genovese . G. . Hertl . M. . Joly . P. . Marzano . A.V. . Meijer . J.M. . Mercadante . V. . Murrell . D.F. . Ormond . M. . Pas . H.H. . Patsatsi . A. . Prost . C. . Rauz . S. . Rhijn . B.D. . Roth . M. . Schmidt . E. . Setterfield . J. . Zambruno . G. . Zillikens . D. . Horváth . B. . European guidelines (S3) on diagnosis and management of mucous membrane pemphigoid, initiated by the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology – Part I . Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology . Wiley . 35 . 9 . 2021-07-10 . 0926-9959 . 10.1111/jdv.17397 . 1750–1764. 34245180 . 8457055 .
9. Reunala . Timo . Hervonen . Kaisa . Salmi . Teea . Dermatitis Herpetiformis: An Update on Diagnosis and Management . American Journal of Clinical Dermatology . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 22 . 3 . 2021-01-11 . 1175-0561 . 10.1007/s40257-020-00584-2 . 329–338. 33432477 . 8068693 .
10. Nombel . Anaïs . Fabien . Nicole . Coutant . Frédéric . Dermatomyositis With Anti-MDA5 Antibodies: Bioclinical Features, Pathogenesis and Emerging Therapies . Frontiers in Immunology . Frontiers Media SA . 12 . 2021-10-20 . 1664-3224 . 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773352 . 34745149 . 8564476 . free .
11. Donnelly . AM . Halbert . AR . Rohr . JB . Discoid lupus erythematosus . Australasian Journal of Dermatology . Wiley . 36 . 1 . 1995 . 0004-8380 . 10.1111/j.1440-0960.1995.tb00916.x . 3–10. 7763220 . 9050427 .
12. Miyamoto . Denise . Gordilho . Juliana Olivieri . Santi . Claudia Giuli . Porro . Adriana Maria . Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita . Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia . Elsevier BV . 97 . 4 . 2022 . 0365-0596 . 10.1016/j.abd.2021.09.010 . 409–423. 35701269 . 9263658 .
13. Pérez-Garza . Daniela Michelle . Chavez-Alvarez . Sonia . Ocampo-Candiani . Jorge . Gomez-Flores . Minerva . Erythema Nodosum: A Practical Approach and Diagnostic Algorithm . American Journal of Clinical Dermatology . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 22 . 3 . 2021-03-08 . 1175-0561 . 10.1007/s40257-021-00592-w . 367–378. 33683567 . 7938036 .
14. Patel . Payal M. . Jones . Virginia A. . Murray . Taryn N. . Amber . Kyle T. . A Review Comparing International Guidelines for the Management of Bullous Pemphigoid, Pemphigoid Gestationis, Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid, and Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita . American Journal of Clinical Dermatology . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 21 . 4 . 2020-03-16 . 1175-0561 . 10.1007/s40257-020-00513-3 . 557–565. 32180161 . 212718889 .
15. Goldburg . Samantha R. . Strober . Bruce E. . Payette . Michael J. . Hidradenitis suppurativa . Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology . Elsevier BV . 82 . 5 . 2020 . 0190-9622 . 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.090 . 1045–1058. 31604104 . 243497119 .
16. Tziotzios . Christos . Lee . John Y.W. . Brier . Timothy . Saito . Ryo . Hsu . Chao-Kai . Bhargava . Kapil . Stefanato . Catherine M. . Fenton . David A. . McGrath . John A. . Lichen planus and lichenoid dermatoses . Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology . Elsevier BV . 79 . 5 . 2018 . 0190-9622 . 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.02.010 . 789–804. 30318136 . 52982317 .
17. Kirtschig . Gudula . Lichen Sclerosus—Presentation, Diagnosis and Management . Deutsches Ärzteblatt International . Deutscher Arzte-Verlag GmbH . 2016-05-13 . 113 . 19 . 337–343 . 1866-0452 . 10.3238/arztebl.2016.0337 . 27232363 . 4904529 .
18. Shin . Leah . Gardner . Jeffrey T. . Dao . Harry . Updates in the Diagnosis and Management of Linear IgA Disease: A Systematic Review . Medicina . MDPI AG . 57 . 8 . 2021-08-12 . 1648-9144 . 10.3390/medicina57080818 . 818 . 34441024 . 8400507 . free .
19. Florez-Pollack . Stephanie . Kunzler . Elaine . Jacobe . Heidi T. . Morphea: Current concepts . Clinics in Dermatology . Elsevier BV . 36 . 4 . 2018 . 0738-081X . 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2018.04.005 . 475–486. 30047431 . 206776415 .
20. Boehncke . Wolf-Henning . Schön . Michael P . Psoriasis . The Lancet . Elsevier BV . 386 . 9997 . 2015 . 0140-6736 . 10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61909-7 . 983–994. 26025581 .
21. Melchionda . V. . Harman . K. E. . Pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus: an overview of the clinical presentation, investigations and management . Clinical and Experimental Dermatology . Oxford University Press (OUP) . 44 . 7 . 2019-08-04 . 0307-6938 . 10.1111/ced.14041 . 740–746. 31378971 . 199436546 . free .
22. Careta . Mariana Figueiroa . Romiti . Ricardo . Localized scleroderma: clinical spectrum and therapeutic update . Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia . FapUNIFESP (SciELO) . 90 . 1 . 2015 . 0365-0596 . 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20152890 . 62–73. 25672301 . 4323700 .
23. Bergqvist . Christina . Ezzedine . Khaled . Vitiligo: A Review . Dermatology . S. Karger AG . 236 . 6 . 2020 . 1018-8665 . 10.1159/000506103 . 571–592. 32155629 . 212666272 . free .
24. Chen . Charles B. . Tahboub . Farah . Plesec . Thomas . Kay . Marsha . Radhakrishnan . Kadakkal . A Review of Autoimmune Enteropathy and Its Associated Syndromes . Digestive Diseases and Sciences . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 65 . 11 . 2020-08-24 . 0163-2116 . 10.1007/s10620-020-06540-8 . 3079–3090. 32833153 . 221257881 .
25. Sucher . Elisabeth . Sucher . Robert . Gradistanac . Tanja . Brandacher . Gerald . Schneeberger . Stefan . Berg . Thomas . Autoimmune Hepatitis—Immunologically Triggered Liver Pathogenesis—Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies . Journal of Immunology Research . Hindawi Limited . 2019 . 2019-11-25 . 2314-8861 . 10.1155/2019/9437043 . 1–19 . 31886312 . 6899271 . free .
26. Catassi . Carlo . Verdu . Elena F . Bai . Julio Cesar . Lionetti . Elena . Coeliac disease . The Lancet . Elsevier BV . 399 . 10344 . 2022 . 0140-6736 . 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00794-2 . 2413–2426. 35691302 . 249622609 .
27. Torres . Joana . Mehandru . Saurabh . Colombel . Jean-Frédéric . Peyrin-Biroulet . Laurent . Crohn's disease . The Lancet . Elsevier BV . 389 . 10080 . 2017 . 0140-6736 . 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31711-1 . 1741–1755. 27914655 . 13678540 .
28. Mohamed . Muhajir . Thio . Joel . Thomas . Remy Susan . Phillips . Jehan . Pernicious anaemia . BMJ . 2020-04-24 . 369 . 1756-1833 . 10.1136/bmj.m1319 . m1319. 32332011 . 216129306 .
29. Ordás . Ingrid . Eckmann . Lars . Talamini . Mark . Baumgart . Daniel C . Sandborn . William J . Ulcerative colitis . The Lancet . Elsevier BV . 380 . 9853 . 2012 . 0140-6736 . 10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60150-0 . 1606–1619. 22914296 . 18349657 .
30. Carapetis . Jonathan R. . Beaton . Andrea . Cunningham . Madeleine W. . Guilherme . Luiza . Karthikeyan . Ganesan . Mayosi . Bongani M. . Sable . Craig . Steer . Andrew . Wilson . Nigel . Wyber . Rosemary . Zühlke . Liesl . Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease . Nature Reviews Disease Primers . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 2 . 1 . 2016-01-14 . 2056-676X . 10.1038/nrdp.2015.84 . 15084. 27188830 . 5810582 .
31. Rife . Eileen . Gedalia . Abraham . Kawasaki Disease: an Update . Current Rheumatology Reports . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 22 . 10 . 2020-09-13 . 1523-3774 . 10.1007/s11926-020-00941-4 . 75. 32924089 . 7487199 .
32. Ciofalo . Andrea . Gulotta . Giampiero . Iannella . Giannicola . Pasquariello . Benedetta . Manno . Alessandra . Angeletti . Diletta . Pace . Annalisa . Greco . Antonio . Altissimi . Giancarlo . de Vincentiis . Marco . Magliulo . Giuseppe . Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA): Pathogenesis, Clinical Aspects and Treatment Approaches . Current Rheumatology Reviews . Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. . 15 . 4 . 2019-11-25 . 1573-3971 . 10.2174/1573397115666190227194014 . 259–268. 30827250 . 73472064 .
33. Watanabe . Ryu . Berry . Gerald J. . Liang . David H. . Goronzy . Jörg J. . Weyand . Cornelia M. . Pathogenesis of Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu Arteritis—Similarities and Differences . Current Rheumatology Reports . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 22 . 10 . 2020-08-26 . 1523-3774 . 10.1007/s11926-020-00948-x . 68. 32845392 . 9112376 .
34. Galarza . Claudio . Valencia . Diana . Tobón . Gabriel J. . Zurita . Luis . Mantilla . Rubén D. . Pineda-Tamayo . Ricardo . Rojas-Villarraga . Adriana . Rueda . Juan C. . Anaya . Juan-Manuel . Should Rituximab be Considered as the First-Choice Treatment for Severe Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases? . Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 34 . 1 . 2007-09-22 . 1080-0549 . 10.1007/s12016-007-8028-z . 124–128. 18270866 . 21279076 .
35. Tong . Bainan . Liu . Xiaoli . Xiao . Jun . Su . Guanfang . Immunopathogenesis of Behcet's Disease . Frontiers in Immunology . Frontiers Media SA . 10 . 2019-03-29 . 1664-3224 . 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00665 . 665 . 30984205 . 6449449 . free .
36. White . JPE . Dubey . S. . Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis: A review . Autoimmunity Reviews . Elsevier BV . 22 . 1 . 2023 . 1568-9972 . 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103219 . 103219. 36283646 . 253087925 . free .
37. Pillebout . Evangéline . Sunderkötter . Cord . IgA vasculitis . Seminars in Immunopathology . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 43 . 5 . 2021-06-25 . 1863-2297 . 10.1007/s00281-021-00874-9 . 729–738. 34170395 . 235635414 .
38. Fraticelli . Paolo . Benfaremo . Devis . Gabrielli . Armando . Diagnosis and management of leukocytoclastic vasculitis . Internal and Emergency Medicine . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 16 . 4 . 2021-03-13 . 1828-0447 . 10.1007/s11739-021-02688-x . 831–841. 33713282 . 8195763 .
39. Calle-Botero . Estefania . Abril . Andy . Lupus Vasculitis . Current Rheumatology Reports . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 22 . 10 . 2020-08-26 . 1523-3774 . 10.1007/s11926-020-00937-0 . 71. 32845454 . 221329029 .
40. Mertz . Philippe . Wollenschlaeger . Clara . Chasset . François . Dima . Alina . Arnaud . Laurent . Rheumatoid vasculitis in 2023: Changes and challenges since the biologics era . Autoimmunity Reviews . Elsevier BV . 22 . 9 . 2023 . 1568-9972 . 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103391 . 103391. 37468085 . 259957955 .
41. Greco . Antonio . De Virgilio . Armando . Rizzo . Maria Ida . Gallo . Andrea . Magliulo . Giuseppe . Fusconi . Massimo . Ruoppolo . Giovanni . Tombolini . Mario . Turchetta . Rosaria . de Vincentiis . Marco . Microscopic polyangiitis: Advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches . Autoimmunity Reviews . Elsevier BV . 14 . 9 . 2015 . 1568-9972 . 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.05.005 . 837–844. 25992801 .
42. Bilginer . Yelda . Ozen . Seza . Polyarteritis nodosa . Current Opinion in Pediatrics . Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) . 34 . 2 . 2022-01-25 . 1040-8703 . 10.1097/mop.0000000000001106 . 229–233. 35081554 . 246296626 .
43. Lundberg . Ingrid E. . Sharma . Ankita . Turesson . Carl . Mohammad . Aladdin J. . An update on polymyalgia rheumatica . Journal of Internal Medicine . Wiley . 292 . 5 . 2022-06-11 . 0954-6820 . 10.1111/joim.13525 . 717–732. 35612524 . 9796644 .
44. Gu . Stephanie L. . Jorizzo . Joseph L. . Urticarial vasculitis . International Journal of Women's Dermatology . Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) . 7 . 3 . 2021 . 2352-6475 . 10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.01.021 . 290–297. 34222586 . 8243153 .
45. Kermani . Tanaz A. . Warrington . Kenneth J. . Dua . Anisha B. . Treatment Guidelines in Vasculitis . Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America . Elsevier BV . 48 . 3 . 2022 . 0889-857X . 10.1016/j.rdc.2022.03.006 . 705–724. 35953232 . 250323897 .
46. Reggiani . Francesco . L'Imperio . Vincenzo . Calatroni . Marta . Pagni . Fabio . Sinico . Renato Alberto . Goodpasture syndrome and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease . Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology . 2023-03-15 . 41 . 4 . 964–974 . 1593-098X . 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/tep3k5 . 36995324 . 257836514 . free .
47. Gesualdo . Loreto . Di Leo . Vincenzo . Coppo . Rosanna . The mucosal immune system and IgA nephropathy . Seminars in Immunopathology . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 43 . 5 . 2021 . 1863-2297 . 10.1007/s00281-021-00871-y . 657–668. 34642783 . 8551125 .
48. Keri . Krishna C . Blumenthal . Samuel . Kulkarni . Varsha . Beck . Laurence . Chongkrairatanakul . Tepsiri . Primary membranous nephropathy: comprehensive review and historical perspective . Postgraduate Medical Journal . Oxford University Press (OUP) . 95 . 1119 . 2019-01-01 . 0032-5473 . 10.1136/postgradmedj-2018-135729 . 23–31. 30683678 . 59275094 .
49. Almaani . Salem . Meara . Alexa . Rovin . Brad H. . May 2017 . Update on Lupus Nephritis . Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology . en . 12 . 5 . 825–835 . 10.2215/CJN.05780616 . 1555-9041 . 5477208 . 27821390.
50. Dhillon . S . Higgins . R M . 1997-03-01 . Interstitial nephritis . Postgraduate Medical Journal . en . 73 . 857 . 151–155 . 10.1136/pgmj.73.857.151 . 0032-5473 . 2431241 . 9135830.
51. Marcu . Ioana . Campian . E. . Tu . Frank . March 2018 . Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome . Seminars in Reproductive Medicine . en . 36 . 2 . 123–135 . 10.1055/s-0038-1676089 . 30566978 . 58586665 . 1526-8004.
52. Karlsen . Tom H. . Folseraas . Trine . Thorburn . Douglas . Vesterhus . Mette . December 2017 . Primary sclerosing cholangitis – a comprehensive review . Journal of Hepatology . en . 67 . 6 . 1298–1323 . 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.022. 28802875 . free .
53. Paolilo . Renata Barbosa . Deiva . Kumaran . Neuteboom . Rinze . Rostásy . Kevin . Lim . Ming . 2020-11-03 . Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: Current Perspectives . Children . en . 7 . 11 . 210 . 10.3390/children7110210 . 2227-9067 . 7692206 . 33153097 . free .
54. Dalmau . Josep . Armangué . Thais . Planagumà . Jesús . Radosevic . Marija . Mannara . Francesco . Leypoldt . Frank . Geis . Christian . Lancaster . Eric . Titulaer . Maarten J . Rosenfeld . Myrna R . Graus . Francesc . November 2019 . An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: mechanisms and models . The Lancet Neurology . en . 18 . 11 . 1045–1057 . 10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30244-3. 31326280 . 197464804 .
55. Nissen . Mette Scheller . Ryding . Matias . Meyer . Morten . Blaabjerg . Morten . 2020-12-24 . Autoimmune Encephalitis: Current Knowledge on Subtypes, Disease Mechanisms and Treatment . CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets . en . 19 . 8 . 584–598 . 10.2174/1871527319666200708133103. 32640967 . 220436473 .
56. Hardy . Todd A . Miller . David H . July 2014 . Baló's concentric sclerosis . The Lancet Neurology . en . 13 . 7 . 740–746 . 10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70052-3. 24943346 . 9624023 .
57. Marino . S. . Marino . L. . Greco . F. . Venti . V. . Fontana . A. . Timpanaro . T. . Taibi . R. . Pustorino . E. . Barbagallo . M. . Pavone . P. . December 2020 . Bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis in childhood: a literature overview . European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences . 24 . 24 . 12802–12807 . 10.26355/eurrev_202012_24181 . 33378029 . 1128-3602.
58. Stino . Amro M. . Naddaf . Elie . Dyck . Peter J. . Dyck . P. James B. . February 2021 . Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy—Diagnostic pitfalls and treatment approach . Muscle & Nerve . en . 63 . 2 . 157–169 . 10.1002/mus.27046 . 32914902 . 2027.42/166169 . 221619303 . 0148-639X. free .
59. Jasti . Anil K. . Selmi . Carlo . Sarmiento-Monroy . Juan C. . Vega . Daniel A. . Anaya . Juan-Manuel . Gershwin . M. Eric . November 2016 . Guillain-Barré syndrome: causes, immunopathogenic mechanisms and treatment . Expert Review of Clinical Immunology . en . 12 . 11 . 1175–1189 . 10.1080/1744666X.2016.1193006 . 27292311 . 2434/424557 . 45391831 . 1744-666X. free .
60. Mocellin . Ramon . Walterfang . Mark . Velakoulis . Dennis . 2007 . Hashimoto???s Encephalopathy: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis and Management . CNS Drugs . en . 21 . 10 . 799–811 . 10.2165/00023210-200721100-00002 . 17850170 . 39949260 . 1172-7047.
61. Rovira . Àlex . Sastre-Garriga . Jaume . Auger . Cristina . Rovira . Antoni . April 2013 . Idiopathic Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases of the Brainstem . Seminars in Ultrasound, CT and MRI . en . 34 . 2 . 123–130 . 10.1053/j.sult.2013.01.003. 23522777 .
62. Pascuzzi . Robert M. . Bodkin . Cynthia L. . 2022-12-22 . Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome: New Developments in Diagnosis and Treatment . Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment . English . 18 . 3001–3022 . 10.2147/NDT.S296714 . 9792103 . 36578903 . free .
63. Yamout . Bassem . Alroughani . Raed . April 2018 . Multiple Sclerosis . Seminars in Neurology . en . 38 . 2 . 212–225 . 10.1055/s-0038-1649502 . 29791948 . 43931137 . 0271-8235.
64. Gilhus . Nils Erik . Verschuuren . Jan J . October 2015 . Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies . The Lancet Neurology . en . 14 . 10 . 1023–1036 . 10.1016/S1474-4422(15)00145-3. 26376969 . 19615369 .
65. Holroyd . Kathryn B. . Manzano . Giovanna S. . Levy . Michael . November 2020 . Update on neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder . Current Opinion in Ophthalmology . en . 31 . 6 . 462–468 . 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000703 . 1040-8738 . 7771018 . 33009077.
66. Trenkwalder . Claudia . Allen . Richard . Högl . Birgit . Clemens . Stefan . Patton . Stephanie . Schormair . Barbara . Winkelmann . Juliane . November 2018 . Comorbidities, treatment, and pathophysiology in restless legs syndrome . The Lancet Neurology . en . 17 . 11 . 994–1005 . 10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30311-9. 30244828 . 52335655 .
67. Newsome . Scott D. . Johnson . Tory . August 2022 . Stiff person syndrome spectrum disorders; more than meets the eye . Journal of Neuroimmunology . en . 369 . 577915 . 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577915 . 9274902 . 35717735.
68. Punukollu . Mallika . Mushet . Nadine . Linney . Marisa . Hennessy . Colm . Morton . Michael . January 2016 . Neuropsychiatric manifestations of Sydenham's chorea: a systematic review . Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology . en . 58 . 1 . 16–28 . 10.1111/dmcn.12786 . 25926089 . 31037155 . 0012-1622. free .
69. Beh . Shin C. . Greenberg . Benjamin M. . Frohman . Teresa . Frohman . Elliot M. . February 2013 . Transverse Myelitis . Neurologic Clinics . en . 31 . 1 . 79–138 . 10.1016/j.ncl.2012.09.008 . 7132741 . 23186897.
70. Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease With Isolated Diaphragmatic Dysfunction. Richa. Purohit. Ravi Shahu. Khal. Gizem. Gokalp. Rajan. Sambandan. Neha. Bhanusali. Richa. Purohit. Ravi Shahu. Khal. Gizem. Gokalp. Rajan. Sambandan. Neha. Bhanusali. June 16, 2023. Cureus. 15. 6. e40515 . 10.7759/cureus.40515. free . 37461764 . 10350301.
71. Saverino . Serena . Falorni . Alberto . Autoimmune Addison's disease . Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism . Elsevier BV . 34 . 1 . 2020 . 1521-690X . 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101379 . 101379. 32063488 .
72. Levit . Elizabeth . Singh . Bhuchitra . Nylander . Elisabeth . Segars . James H. . A Systematic Review of Autoimmune Oophoritis Therapies . Reproductive Sciences . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 2023-07-27 . 31 . 1 . 1–16 . 1933-7191 . 10.1007/s43032-023-01299-5 . 37500976 . 260246899 .
73. Silva . C.A. . Cocuzza . M. . Carvalho . J.F. . Bonfá . E. . Diagnosis and classification of autoimmune orchitis . Autoimmunity Reviews . Elsevier BV . 13 . 4–5 . 2014 . 1568-9972 . 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.024 . 431–434. 24424181 .
74. Nista . Enrico Celestino . De Lucia . Sara Sofia . Manilla . Vittoria . Schepis . Tommaso . Pellegrino . Antonio . Ojetti . Veronica . Pignataro . Giulia . Zileri dal Verme . Lorenzo . Franceschi . Francesco . Gasbarrini . Antonio . Candelli . Marcello . Autoimmune Pancreatitis: From Pathogenesis to Treatment . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . MDPI AG . 23 . 20 . 2022-10-21 . 1422-0067 . 10.3390/ijms232012667 . 12667 . 36293522 . 9604056 . free .
75. Bjørklund . Geir . Pivin . Maksim . Hangan . Tony . Yurkovskaya . Oksana . Pivina . Lyudmila . Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1: Clinical manifestations, pathogenetic features, and management approach . Autoimmunity Reviews . Elsevier BV . 21 . 8 . 2022 . 1568-9972 . 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103135 . 103135. 35690244 .
76. Husebye . Eystein S. . Anderson . Mark S. . Kämpe . Olle . Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes . New England Journal of Medicine . Massachusetts Medical Society . 378 . 12 . 2018-03-22 . 0028-4793 . 10.1056/nejmra1713301 . 1132–1141. 29562162 . 6007870 .
77. Rezaei . Nima . Bahreini . Farbod . Rayzan . Elham . MicroRNAs and Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 . Current Diabetes Reviews . Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. . 18 . 2 . 2022 . e021421191398 . 1573-3998 . 10.2174/1573399817666210215111201 . 33588736 . 231938319 .
78. Abramiuk . Monika . Grywalska . Ewelina . Małkowska . Paulina . Sierawska . Olga . Hrynkiewicz . Rafał . Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej . Paulina . The Role of the Immune System in the Development of Endometriosis . Cells . MDPI AG . 11 . 13 . 2022-06-25 . 2073-4409 . 10.3390/cells11132028 . 2028 . 35805112 . 9265783 . free .
79. Moshkelgosha . Sajad . So . Po-Wah . Diaz-Cano . Salvador . Banga . J. . Preclinical Models of Graves' Disease and Associated Secondary Complications . Current Pharmaceutical Design . Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. . 21 . 18 . 2015-04-30 . 1381-6128 . 10.2174/1381612821666150316121945 . 2414–2421. 25777757 .
80. Mikulska . Aniceta A. . Karaźniewicz-Łada . Marta . Filipowicz . Dorota . Ruchała . Marek . Główka . Franciszek K. . Metabolic Characteristics of Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Patients and the Role of Microelements and Diet in the Disease Management—An Overview . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . MDPI AG . 23 . 12 . 2022-06-13 . 1422-0067 . 10.3390/ijms23126580 . 6580 . 35743024 . 9223845 . free .
81. Carlé . Allan . Pedersen . Inge Bülow . Knudsen . Nils . Perrild . Hans . Ovesen . Lars . Jørgensen . Torben . Laurberg . Peter . Thyroid Volume in Hypothyroidism due to Autoimmune Disease Follows a Unimodal Distribution: Evidence against Primary Thyroid Atrophy and Autoimmune Thyroiditis Being Distinct Diseases . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism . The Endocrine Society . 94 . 3 . 2009-03-01 . 0021-972X . 10.1210/jc.2008-1370 . 833–839. 19088156 . 8184654 .
82. Brito-Zerón . Pilar . Retamozo . Soledad . Ramos-Casals . Manuel . Síndrome de Sjögren . Medicina Clínica . Elsevier BV . 160 . 4 . 2023 . 0025-7753 . 10.1016/j.medcli.2022.10.007 . 163–171 . 36528400 . 263009504 . es.
83. Hoyne . Gerard F . Elliott . Hannah . Mutsaers . Steven E . Prêle . Cecilia M . Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and a role for autoimmunity . Immunology & Cell Biology . Wiley . 95 . 7 . 2017-04-25 . 0818-9641 . 10.1038/icb.2017.22 . 577–583. 28356570 . 205152247 .
84. Kadura . Suha . Raghu . Ganesh . Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: manifestations and current concepts in pathogenesis and management . European Respiratory Review . European Respiratory Society (ERS) . 30 . 160 . 2021-06-23 . 0905-9180 . 10.1183/16000617.0011-2021 . 210011. 34168062 . 9489133 .
85. Trapnell . Bruce C. . Nakata . Koh . Bonella . Francesco . Campo . Ilaria . Griese . Matthias . Hamilton . John . Wang . Tisha . Morgan . Cliff . Cottin . Vincent . McCarthy . Cormac . Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis . Nature Reviews Disease Primers . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 5 . 1 . 2019-03-07 . 2056-676X . 10.1038/s41572-019-0066-3 . 16. 30846703 . 73484878 .
86. Akiyama . Mitsuhiro . Kaneko . Yuko . Pathogenesis, clinical features, and treatment strategy for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease . Autoimmunity Reviews . Elsevier BV . 21 . 5 . 2022 . 1568-9972 . 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103056 . 103056. 35121155 . 246496520 . free .
87. Brito-Zerón . Pilar . Pérez-Álvarez . Roberto . Ramos-Casals . Manuel . Sarcoidosis . Medicina Clínica . Elsevier BV . 159 . 4 . 2022 . 0025-7753 . 10.1016/j.medcli.2022.03.009 . 195–204 . 35680449 . es.
88. Scheckel . Caleb J. . Go . Ronald S. . Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia: Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis . Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America . Elsevier BV . 36 . 2 . 2022 . 0889-8588 . 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.12.001 . 315–324. 35282951 . 247428832 .
89. Audia . Sylvain . Mahévas . Matthieu . Samson . Maxime . Godeau . Bertrand . Bonnotte . Bernard . Pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopenia . Autoimmunity Reviews . Elsevier BV . 16 . 6 . 2017 . 1568-9972 . 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.04.012 . 620–632. 28428120 .
90. Sadler . J. Evan . Pathophysiology of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura . Blood . American Society of Hematology . 130 . 10 . 2017-09-07 . 0006-4971 . 10.1182/blood-2017-04-636431 . 1181–1188. 28768626 . 5606001 .
91. Sammaritano . Lisa R. . Antiphospholipid syndrome . Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology . Elsevier BV . 34 . 1 . 2020 . 1521-6942 . 10.1016/j.berh.2019.101463 . 101463. 31866276 . 209447261 .
92. Brodsky . Robert A. . How I treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria . Blood . American Society of Hematology . 137 . 10 . 2021-03-11 . 0006-4971 . 10.1182/blood.2019003812 . 1304–1309. 33512400 . 7955407 .
93. Bulletti . C. . Coccia . M. E. . Battistoni . S. . Borini . A. . Endometriosis and infertility . Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 27 . 8 . 2010-08-01 . 1058-0468 . 10.1007/s10815-010-9436-1 . 441–447. 20574791 . 2941592 .
94. Nelson . Lawrence M. . Primary Ovarian Insufficiency . New England Journal of Medicine . Massachusetts Medical Society . 360 . 6 . 2009-02-05 . 0028-4793 . 10.1056/NEJMcp0808697 . 606–614. 19196677 . 2762081 .
95. Dutta Majumder . Parthopratim . Marchese . Alessandro . Pichi . Francesco . Garg . Itika . Agarwal . Aniruddha . An update on autoimmune retinopathy . Indian Journal of Ophthalmology . Medknow . 68 . 9 . 2020 . 1829–1837 . 0301-4738 . 10.4103/ijo.ijo_786_20 . 32823399 . 7690499 . free .
96. Horai . Reiko . Caspi . Rachel R. . Microbiome and Autoimmune Uveitis . Frontiers in Immunology . Frontiers Media SA . 10 . 2019-02-19 . 1664-3224 . 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00232 . 232 . 30837991 . 6389708 . free .
97. Espinoza . Gabriela Mabel . Wheeler . Joseph . Temprano . Katherine K. . Keller . Angela Prost . Cogan's Syndrome: Clinical Presentations and Update on Treatment . Current Allergy and Asthma Reports . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 20 . 9 . 2020-06-16 . 1529-7322 . 10.1007/s11882-020-00945-1 . 46. 32548646 . 219692073 .
98. González-García . Andrés . Sales-Sanz . Marco . Tratamiento de la oftalmopatía de Graves . Medicina Clínica . Elsevier BV . 156 . 4 . 2021 . 0025-7753 . 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.07.031 . 180–186 . 33069387 . 225173294 . es.
99. Teo . Andrea York Tiang . Betzler . Bjorn Kaijun . Hua . Keith Low Qie . Chen . Elizabeth Jiahui . Gupta . Vishali . Agrawal . Rupesh . Intermediate Uveitis: A Review . Ocular Immunology and Inflammation . Informa UK Limited . 31 . 5 . 2022-06-27 . 0927-3948 . 10.1080/09273948.2022.2070503 . 1041–1060. 35759636 . 250090138 .
100. Tu . Yufei . Gonzalez-Gronow . Mario . Kolomeyer . Anton M. . Cohen . Alice . Pruzon . Joanna . Milman . Tatyana . Chu . David S. . Adult-Onset Ligneous Conjunctivitis with Detection of a Novel Plasminogen Gene Mutation and Anti-Plasminogen IgA Antibody: A Clinicopathologic Study and Review of Literature . Seminars in Ophthalmology . Informa UK Limited . 2015-02-12 . 31 . 6 . 0882-0538 . 10.3109/08820538.2015.1005319 . 526–531. 25674820 . 45834939 .
101. He . Na . Song . Wei . Gao . Ying . Treatment of Mooren's ulcer coexisting with a pterygium using an intrastromal lenticule obtained from small-incision lenticule extraction: case report and literature review . Journal of International Medical Research . SAGE Publications . 49 . 6 . 2021 . 0300-0605 . 10.1177/03000605211020246 . 030006052110202. 34130538 . 8212381 .
102. Wingerchuk . Dean M. . Banwell . Brenda . Bennett . Jeffrey L. . Cabre . Philippe . Carroll . William . Chitnis . Tanuja . de Seze . Jérôme . Fujihara . Kazuo . Greenberg . Benjamin . Jacob . Anu . Jarius . Sven . Lana-Peixoto . Marco . Levy . Michael . Simon . Jack H. . Tenembaum . Silvia . Traboulsee . Anthony L. . Waters . Patrick . Wellik . Kay E. . Weinshenker . Brian G. . International consensus diagnostic criteria for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders . Neurology . Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) . 85 . 2 . 2015-06-19 . 0028-3878 . 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001729 . 177–189. 26092914 . 4515040 . 5932243 .
103. Bhatia . Poonam . Heim . Jennifer . Cornejo . Patricia . Kane . Lauren . Santiago . Jason . Kruer . Michael C. . Opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia syndrome in children . Journal of Neurology . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 269 . 2 . 2021-03-29 . 0340-5354 . 10.1007/s00415-021-10536-3 . 750–757. 33779841 . 232387732 .
104. Petzold . Axel . Fraser . Clare L . Abegg . Mathias . Alroughani . Raed . Alshowaeir . Daniah . Alvarenga . Regina . Andris . Cécile . Asgari . Nasrin . Barnett . Yael . Battistella . Roberto . Behbehani . Raed . Berger . Thomas . Bikbov . Mukharram M . Biotti . Damien . Biousse . Valerie . Boschi . Antonella . Brazdil . Milan . Brezhnev . Andrei . Calabresi . Peter A . Cordonnier . Monique . Costello . Fiona . Cruz . Franz M . Cunha . Leonardo Provetti . Daoudi . Smail . Deschamps . Romain . de Seze . Jerome . Diem . Ricarda . Etemadifar . Masoud . Flores-Rivera . Jose . Fonseca . Pedro . Frederiksen . Jette . Frohman . Elliot . Frohman . Teresa . Tilikete . Caroline Froment . Fujihara . Kazuo . Gálvez . Alberto . Gouider . Riadh . Gracia . Fernando . Grigoriadis . Nikolaos . Guajardo . José M . Habek . Mario . Hawlina . Marko . Martínez-Lapiscina . Elena H . Hooker . Juzar . Hor . Jyh Yung . Howlett . William . Huang-Link . Yumin . Idrissova . Zhannat . Illes . Zsolt . Jancic . Jasna . Jindahra . Panitha . Karussis . Dimitrios . Kerty . Emilia . Kim . Ho Jin . Lagrèze . Wolf . Leocani . Letizia . Levin . Netta . Liskova . Petra . Liu . Yaou . Maiga . Youssoufa . Marignier . Romain . McGuigan . Chris . Meira . Dália . Merle . Harold . Monteiro . Mário L R . Moodley . Anand . Moura . Frederico . Muñoz . Silvia . Mustafa . Sharik . Nakashima . Ichiro . Noval . Susana . Oehninger . Carlos . Ogun . Olufunmilola . Omoti . Afekhide . Pandit . Lekha . Paul . Friedemann . Rebolleda . Gema . Reddel . Stephen . Rejdak . Konrad . Rejdak . Robert . Rodriguez-Morales . Alfonso J . Rougier . Marie-Bénédicte . Sa . Maria Jose . Sanchez-Dalmau . Bernardo . Saylor . Deanna . Shatriah . Ismail . Siva . Aksel . Stiebel-Kalish . Hadas . Szatmary . Gabriella . Ta . Linh . Tenembaum . Silvia . Tran . Huy . Trufanov . Yevgen . van Pesch . Vincent . Wang . An-Guor . Wattjes . Mike P . Willoughby . Ernest . Zakaria . Magd . Zvornicanin . Jasmin . 1 . Balcer . Laura . Plant . Gordon T . Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis . The Lancet Neurology . Elsevier BV . 21 . 12 . 2022 . 1474-4422 . 10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00200-9 . 1120–1134. 36179757 . 252564095 .
105. Promelle . Veronique . Goeb . Vincent . Gueudry . Julie . Rheumatoid Arthritis Associated Episcleritis and Scleritis: An Update on Treatment Perspectives . Journal of Clinical Medicine . MDPI AG . 10 . 10 . 2021-05-14 . 2077-0383 . 10.3390/jcm10102118 . 2118 . 34068884 . 8156434 . free .
106. Pereira . Sara . Vieira . Bruna . Maio . Tiago . Moreira . Jorge . Sampaio . Filipa . Susac's Syndrome: An Updated Review . Neuro-Ophthalmology . Informa UK Limited . 44 . 6 . 2020-05-01 . 0165-8107 . 10.1080/01658107.2020.1748062 . 355–360. 33408428 . 7746245 .
107. Agrawal . Deepshikha . Parchand . Swapnil . Ayyadurai . Nikitha . Agarwal . Aniruddha . Gangwe . Anil . Behera . Shashwat . Bhatia . Priyavat . Mulkutkar . Samyak . Barwar . Gulshan . Singh . Ramandeep . Sen . Alok . Agarwal . Manisha . Sympathetic ophthalmia: A comprehensive update . Indian Journal of Ophthalmology . Medknow . 70 . 6 . 2022 . 1931–1944 . 0301-4738 . 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2363_21 . 35647958 . 9359263 . free .
108. Badakere . Akshay . Patil- Chhablani . Preeti . <p>Orbital Apex Syndrome: A Review</p> . Eye and Brain . Informa UK Limited . 11 . 2019 . 1179-2744 . 10.2147/eb.s180190 . 63–72 . 31849556 . 6913296 . free .
109. Siracusa . Rosalba . Paola . Rosanna Di . Cuzzocrea . Salvatore . Impellizzeri . Daniela . Fibromyalgia: Pathogenesis, Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Update . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . MDPI AG . 22 . 8 . 2021-04-09 . 1422-0067 . 10.3390/ijms22083891 . 3891 . 33918736 . 8068842 . free .
110. Greenberg . Steven A. . Inclusion body myositis: clinical features and pathogenesis . Nature Reviews Rheumatology . Springer Science and Business Media LLC . 15 . 5 . 2019-03-05 . 1759-4790 . 10.1038/s41584-019-0186-x . 257–272. 30837708 . 71146208 .
111. Betteridge . Z. . McHugh . N. . Myositis-specific autoantibodies: an important tool to support diagnosis of myositis . Journal of Internal Medicine . Wiley . 280 . 1 . 2015-11-25 . 0954-6820 . 10.1111/joim.12451 . 8–23. 26602539 . 41157692 . free .
112. Gilhus . Nils Erik . Verschuuren . Jan J . Myasthenia gravis: subgroup classification and therapeutic strategies . The Lancet Neurology . Elsevier BV . 14 . 10 . 2015 . 1474-4422 . 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00145-3 . 1023–1036. 26376969 . 19615369 .
113. Comperat . Louis . Pegat . Antoine . Honnorat . Jérôme . Joubert . Bastien . Autoimmune neuromyotonia . Current Opinion in Neurology . Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health) . 35 . 5 . 2022-08-19 . 1350-7540 . 10.1097/wco.0000000000001104 . 597–603. 35989569 . 251720232 .
114. Loehrer . Philipp Alexander . Zieger . Lara . Simon . Ole J. . Update on Paraneoplastic Cerebellar Degeneration . Brain Sciences . MDPI AG . 11 . 11 . 2021-10-26 . 2076-3425 . 10.3390/brainsci11111414 . 1414 . 34827413 . 8615604 . free .
115. Findlay . Andrew R. . Goyal . Namita A. . Mozaffar . Tahseen . An overview of polymyositis and dermatomyositis . Muscle & Nerve . Wiley . 51 . 5 . 2015-04-20 . 0148-639X . 10.1002/mus.24566 . 638–656. 25641317 . 206296273 . free .
116. Book: MacKay . Ian R. . Rose . Noel Richard . The autoimmune diseases. 2014. Academic Press. [S.l.]. 978-0-12-384929-8. Chapter 70. Fifth.
117. Dispenzieri A, Kyle RA, Lacy MQ, Rajkumar SV, Therneau TM, Larson DR, Greipp PR, Witzig TE, Basu R, Suarez GA, Fonseca R, Lust JA, Gertz MA . POEMS syndrome: definitions and long-term outcome . Blood . 101 . 7 . 2496–506 . 2003 . 12456500 . 10.1182/blood-2002-07-2299 . free .
118. Lim. Megan S.. Elenitoba-Johnson. Kojo S.J.. The Molecular Pathology of Primary Immunodeficiencies. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics. May 2004. 6. 2. 59–83. 10.1016/S1525-1578(10)60493-X. 15096561. 1867474.
119. Hyland KV, Engman DM . Further thoughts on where we stand on the autoimmunity hypothesis of Chagas disease . Trends in Parasitology . 22 . 3 . 101–2; author reply 103 . 2006 . 16446117 . 10.1016/j.pt.2006.01.001 .
120. Agustí A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Cosio M . Hypothesis: does COPD have an autoimmune component? . Thorax . 58 . 10 . 832–834 . 2003 . 14514931 . 1746486 . 10.1136/thorax.58.10.832 .
121. Lee SH, Goswami S, Grudo A, Song LZ, Bandi V, Goodnight-White S, Green L, Hacken-Bitar J, Huh J, Bakaeen F, Coxson HO, Cogswell S, Storness-Bliss C, Corry DB, Kheradmand F . Antielastin autoimmunity in tobacco smoking-induced emphysema . Nature Medicine . 13 . 5 . 567–9 . 2007 . 17450149 . 10.1038/nm1583 . 1732877 .
122. Blauwet. Lori A.. Cooper. Leslie T.. Idiopathic giant cell myocarditis and cardiac sarcoidosis. Heart Failure Reviews. 31 October 2012. 18. 6. 733–746. 10.1007/s10741-012-9358-3. 23111533. 21558135.
123. Hallmayer J, Faraco J, Lin L, Hesselson S, Winkelmann J, Kawashima M, Mayer G, Plazzi G, Nevsimalova S, Bourgin P, Hong SC, Hong SS, Honda Y, Honda M, Högl B, Longstreth WT, Montplaisir J, Kemlink D, Einen M, Chen J, Musone SL, Akana M, Miyagawa T, Duan J, Desautels A, Erhardt C, Hesla PE, Poli F, Frauscher B, Jeong JH, Lee SP, Ton TG, Kvale M, Kolesar L, Dobrovolná M, Nepom GT, Salomon D, Wichmann HE, Rouleau GA, Gieger C, Levinson DF, Gejman PV, Meitinger T, Young T, Peppard P, Tokunaga K, Kwok PY, Risch N, Mignot E . Narcolepsy is strongly associated with the TCR alpha locus. Nature Genetics. 41. 6. 708–11. June 2009. 19412176. 2803042. 10.1038/ng.372.
124. Web site: Narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder, Stanford researcher says. 2009-05-03. EurekAlert. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2009-05-31. https://web.archive.org/web/20090510122328/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2009-05/sumc-nia042809.php. 10 May 2009 . live.
125. Mignot E. A commentary on the neurobiology of the hypocretin/orexin system. Neuropsychopharmacology. 25. 5 Suppl. S5–13. 2001. 11682267. 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00316-5. free.
126. Maret S, Tafti M . Genetics of narcolepsy and other major sleep disorders. Swiss Medical Weekly. 135. 45–46. 662–5. November 2005. 10.4414/smw.2005.11162 . 16453205. 14868861 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080414122100/http://www.smw.ch/docs/pdf200x/2005/45/smw-11162.pdf. 2008-03-07. live. 14 April 2008 .
127. Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H, Mors O, Chen CY, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB . Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers . American Journal of Psychiatry . 163 . 3 . 521–8 . 2006 . 16513876 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.521 .
128. Jones AL, Mowry BJ, Pender MP, Greer JM . Immune dysregulation and self-reactivity in schizophrenia: do some cases of schizophrenia have an autoimmune basis? . Immunology and Cell Biology . 83 . 1 . 9–17 . 2005 . 15661036 . 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01305.x . 23236916 .
129. Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y . Schizophrenia, autoimmunity and immune system dysregulation: a comprehensive model updated and revisited . Journal of Autoimmunity . 27 . 2 . 71–80 . 2006 . 16997531 . 10.1016/j.jaut.2006.07.006 .