List of attacks on Jewish institutions explained

See also: History of antisemitism.

This is a list of violent attacks on Jewish institutions, such as synagogues, Jewish Community Centers, and the headquarters of Jewish organizations.

Attacks

DateTargetLocationPerpetrator (motive)Details
11 April 1956Shafrir synagogueKfar Chabad, IsraelPalestinian fedayeen (Palestinian nationalism)Shafrir synagogue shooting

As part of the Palestinian Fedayeen insurgency, three Palestinian militants who crossed into Israel from Egypt attacked the study hall of a synagogue while it was full of children and teenagers, killing 6 people, including 5 children.

25 March 1960Congregation Beth Israel (Gadsden, Alabama)Gadsden, Alabama, United StatesJerry Hunt (white supremacy and antisemitism)Congregation Beth Israel attack

About 180 members were attending a Friday evening service to dedicate the new Zemurray Social Hall, and led by then-rabbi Saul Rubin and Rev. John Speaks and Dr. Franklin Denson of First Methodist Church, when 16-year-old neo-Nazi firebombed the synagogue. He then non-fatally shot two synagogue members who went outside to investigate.[1]

11 January 1969Congregation Shaare TikvahTemple Hills, Maryland, United StatesDavid Marness (possibly right-wing extremism linked to the Minutemen organization)A bomb planted in the rear wall of Congregation Shaare Tikvah, Temple Hills, Maryland severely damaged the kitchen, social hall, and classrooms, with damages estimated at $200,000. There were no casualties or injuries. Police arrested David Maness in February and found 38 pounds of dynamite and literature from the right-wing Minutemen organization in his home.[2] [3]
8 October 1977Shaare Zedek SynagogueSt. Louis, Missouri, United StatesJoseph Paul Franklin (white supremacy and antisemitism)Shaare Zedek Synagogue shooting

Joseph Paul Franklin fired upon congregants leaving a bar mitzvah, killing Gerald Gordon and wounding Steven Goldman and William Ash.[4]

11 March 1977B'nai B'rith headquartersWashington, D.C., United StatesHamaas Abdul Khaalis and 12 associated gunmen (Hanafi movement)1977 Washington, D.C., attack and hostage taking

Twelve gunmen took 149 hostages at the B'nai B'rith headquarters and two other buildings in Washington, D.C. After a 39-hour standoff, the gunmen surrendered the hostages were released.[5] [6]

July 1980Congregation Shaare TikvahTemple Hills, Maryland, United StatesVandals broke into the building and attempted to firebomb the bima and ark, but the synagogue's alarm system alerted the Prince George's County Police, who arrived within minutes, thwarting the attack and minimizing the damage.
29 August 1981StadttempelVienna, AustriaMarwan Hasan and Hesham Mohammed Rajeh (Palestinian nationalism)1981 Vienna synagogue attack

Two Palestinian nationals entered the 155-year old Israelite Temple, posing as Jews, opening fire and threw grenades as attendees of a Bar Mitzvah. Two were killed and 18 were wounded. The assailants received life sentences.[7] [8]

18 September 1982Great Synagogue of BrusselsBrussels, BelgiumAbu Nidal Organization (Palestinian nationalism)On Rosh Hashanah, the synagogue was attacked by a man with a submachine gun, seriously wounding four people. The attack was attributed to the Abu Nidal Organization.[9] [10]
9 October 1982Great Synagogue of RomeRome, Italy5 Palestinian militants of the Abu Nidal Organization (Palestinian nationalism)Great Synagogue of Rome attack

On Shabbat morning, as the families of the local Jewish community began leaving with their children from the back entrance to the synagogue, five elegantly dressed armed attackers walked calmly up to the back entrance of the synagogue and threw at least three hand grenades at the crowd, and afterwards sprayed the crowd with sub-machine gun fire. A 2-year-old toddler was killed and 37 civilians were injured. One of the assailants was identified as Osama Abdel al-Zomar, an alleged member of the Abu Nidal Organization.[11] [12] [13]

1983Beth Shalom synagogueBloomington, Indiana, United StatesThe Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA)In the summer of 1983, the Beth Shalom synagogue in Bloomington, Indiana was damaged in an arson attack. Unknown assailants had started a fire at the base of the Torah ark, from which it spread to the sanctuary before being extinguished, leaving tens of thousands of dollars of damage.[14] The group responsible was the white supremacist group, The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSA), which was linked to the Aryan Brotherhood and perpetrated multiple terrorist attacks across America in the early 1980s. The FBI suppressed the group following a siege of its rural Arkansas compound in the spring of 1985.[15]
8 October 1985Jewish quarterDjerba, TunisiaTunisian security guard[16] [17]
6 September 1986Neve Shalom SynagogueIstanbul, TurkeyMembers of Abu NidalDuring Shabbat services gunmen killed 22 worshippers and wounded 6.[18]
1991Crown HeightsBrooklyn, New York, United StatesRiotCrown Heights riot
1 March 1994Van carrying Jewish studentsNew York City, New York, United StatesRashid Baz (Anti-US and antisemitic sentiment)1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting

shooting attack on a van carrying Chabad-Lubavitch students crossing the bridge as part of an identifiably Jewish convoy of 20 vehicles carrying members of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement.[19]

20 March 1994Temple Beth IsraelEugene, OregonChris Lord (white supremacy and antisemitism)Chris Lord, an individual associated with the Volksfront and American Front, fired ten rounds with an assault rifle into the temple, damaging the interior. The attacks were prompted by a newspaper article about several members of Eugene's Jewish community, including a lesbian. Community organizations responded by standing vigil outside the synagogue during Passover services. Lord and an associate were caught and convicted, and Lord was sentenced to four and a half years in prison.[20]
18 June 1999Beth Shalom, B’nai Israel, and Knesset IsraelSacramento, California, United StatesBenjamin Matthew and James Tyler WilliamsSacramento synagogue firebombings
10 August 1999North Valley Jewish Community CenterGranada Hills, Los Angeles, California, United StatesBuford O. Furrow Jr. (White supremacy)Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting
8 October 2000Conservative Synagogue Adath Israel of RiverdaleThe Bronx, New York City, United StatesMazin Assi and Mohammed Alfaqih2000 New York synagogue firebombing

On the morning of the eve of Yom Kippur, two Molotov cocktails were thrown, but did not ignite, at the door of the Conservative Synagogue Adath Israel of Riverdale (CSAIR) in The Bronx in New York City. Two Palestinian men were arrested and found guilty for the attack.[21] [22] [23]

2000Temple Beth ElSyracuse, New York, United StatesArson attack on Temple Beth El in Syracuse, New York. Hate crime by perpetrator who claimed Palestinian descent.[24]
2000Beth El, Pittsburgh, and Congregation Ahavath AchimCarnegie, Pennsylvania, United StatesRichard Baumhammers (White supremacy)White supremacist Richard Baumhammers shot out windows at Congregation Beth El, Pittsburgh, and Congregation Ahavath Achim in Carnegie, Pennsylvania.
4 July 2002Los Angeles International AirportLos Angeles, California, United StatesHesham Mohamed Hadayet (Palestinian nationalism)2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting

At 11:30am on 4 July 2002, Hesham Mohamed Hadayet, a 41-year-old Egyptian national, approached the El Al ticket counter inside the Tom Bradley International Terminal at the Los Angeles International Airport, pulled out two Glock pistols, and started shooting at the 90 passengers standing in the line. Hadayet killed Customer Service Agent Victoria Hen and 46-year-old bystander Yaakov Aminov before being killed himself.[25] [26]

25 October 2002Temple Beth IsraelEugene, OregonMembers of Volksfront (white supremacy and antisemitism)Jacob Laskey, his brother Gabriel Laskey, Gerald Poundstone, Jesse Baker, and one other man, all members of the Volksfront, drove to Beth Israel with the intent of intimidating the congregants. While a service with 80 members attending was taking place, the men threw rocks etched with Nazi swastikas through the synagogue's stained glass windows, then sped off. The men were caught, pleaded guilty, and were convicted. They served sentences ranging from a 6-month work release term and five years probation, to eleven years and three months in federal prison for the ringleader, Jacob Laskey.[27] [28]
2003Valley Beth ShalomEncino, California, United StatesMolotov cocktail thrown through window at Valley Beth Shalom synagogue in Encino, California.
28 July 2006Jewish Federation of Greater SeattleSeattle, Washington, United StatesNaveed Afzal Haq (Unknown)
10 June 2009United States Holocaust Memorial MuseumWashington, D.C., United StatesJames Wenneker von Brunn (Antisemitism, Holocaust denial)United States Holocaust Memorial Museum shooting
11 January 2012Rutherford and Paramus, New Jersey, United StatesAnthony Graziano (Antisemitism)Firebombing in Rutherford and Paramus, NJ.[29]
13 April 2014Jewish Community Center of Greater Kansas City and Village ShalomOverland Park, Kansas, United StatesFrazier Glenn Miller Jr. (White supremacy)
18 November 2014Kehilat Bnei Torah synagogueHar Nof, Jerusalem, IsraelUday Abu Jamal and Ghassan Abu Jamal (Palestinian nationalism)2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack
14 February 2015Great Synagogue (Copenhagen)Copenhagen, DenmarkOmar Abdel Hamid El-Hussein (Islamic extremism)2015 Copenhagen shootings
11 February 2016Nazareth RestaurantColumbus, Ohio, U.S.Mohamed Barry (Islamic extremism)2016 Ohio restaurant machete attack

Islamist attack on a Middle Eastern restaurant displaying an Israeli flag.

9 December 2017Gothenburg SynagogueGothenburg, SwedenTwo Palestinians, one Syrian migrant, unidentified others (Islamic extremism, anti-Israel)After marches protesting the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel, more than a dozen hurled firebombs at the Gothenburg Synagogue while teens from the local Jewish community were attending a party inside. No one was injured and there was no major damage to the property. On 25 June 2018, two Palestinians and one Syrian migrant were convicted for participation. Two were sentenced to two years in prison and the third was sentenced to 15 months.[30] [31]
27 October 2018Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha CongregationPittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United StatesRobert Bowers (White supremacy)Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
27 April 2019Chabad of PowayPoway, California, United StatesJohn Earnest (White supremacy)Poway synagogue shooting

[32]

28 July 2019Young Israel of Greater MiamiMiami Beach, Florida, United StatesCarlints St. LouisA member of the synagogue in N. Miami Beach, FL, 68, was shot in the legs, as he was unlocking the front doors of the synagogue prior to a religious service. The suspect, Carlints St. Louis of Hallandale drove up in a black Chevrolet Impala, and shot him multiple times.[33]
9 October 2019Halle SynagogueHalle, GermanyStephan Balliet (White supremacy)Halle synagogue shooting
10 December 2019JC Kosher SupermarketJersey City, New Jersey, United StatesDavid Anderson and Francine Graham (Antisemitism, anti-police sentiment)2019 Jersey City shooting

Shooting at a Kosher supermarket in Jersey City, New Jersey.[34] [35]

28 December 2019Monsey, New York, United StatesGrafton E. Thomas (Antisemitism)Monsey Hanukkah stabbing

Five people were stabbed during Hanukkah festivities at the home of a rabbi (which was being used as a synagogue) in Monsey, New York.[36]

15 January 2022Colleyville synagogueColleyville, Texas, United StatesMalik Faisal Akram (Islamic extremism)Colleyville synagogue hostage crisis

Four hostages taken at a synagogue in Colleyville, Texas.[37]

27 January 2023Neve Yaakov synagogueNeve Yaakov, East JerusalemKhairi Alqam (Unknown)2023 Neve Yaakov shooting
9 May 2023El Ghriba SynagogueDjerba, TunisiaWissam Khazri (Unknown)2023 Djerba shooting
18 October 2023Synagogue BrunnenstraßeBerlin, GermanyFirst attack: two unidentified assailants. Second (thwarted) attack: a 30-year-old man wearing a Palestinian scarf (Police stated that the man arrested was shouting inflammatory and anti-Israel slogans)There were two attempted attacks on the Jewish Community Centre in Berlin's Mitte district; the first involved Molotov cocktails being thrown at the building, causing no injuries or damage, and the second involved a man wearing a Palestinian scarf and shouting anti-Israeli slogans, who was thwarted when he forced his way to the entrance despite a police cordon.[38]
1 November 2023Jewish section of Vienna Central CemeteryVienna, AustriaUnknownUnidentified vandals set a fire and sprayed swastikas on external walls overnight in the Jewish section of the Vienna Central Cemetery. The entrance lobby to a ceremonial hall was burned for the first time since the 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom by the Nazis, but there were no injuries. The attack was condemned by Austrian Chancellor Karl Nehammer.[39] [40] [41]
23 November 2023Mordechai Navi SynagogueYerevan, ArmeniaUnknownA vandal poured fuel on the synagogue's door, setting the building on fire. No serious damage was reported and no one was in the building at the time. Videos of the incident were shared by news outlets in Azerbaijan, against whom Armenia has fought several wars. The following day, Armenian authorities opened an investigation.[42]
5 April 2024Oldenburg SynagogueOldenburg, GermanyUnknownArson attack on a synagogue in the city of Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany. German police have offered a cash reward for information about an arson attack.[43]
17 May 2024Rouen SynagogueRouen, FranceUnknownA 29 year old Algerian man threw a bomb through the synagogue's window, lighting the building on fire. After throwing a knife at responding police, the man jumped off of the synagogue's roof and was shot by police. Damage inside the synagogue was significant.[44]
18 June 2024SynagogueAthens, GreeceUnknownA Greek, Afghan, and Iranian were arrested by Greek officials for arson, gun possession, and robbery after two of the individuals rode near a synagogue and threw flammable material, causing fire.[45]

Failed attacks

A number of planned attacks were unsuccessful, either due to prevention by authorities or failed execution.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Encyclopedia: Gadsden, Alabama . Encyclopedia of Southern Jewish Communities . Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life . 2024-01-29 . en-US.
  2. News: 1969-02-03 . Hold Man in $200,000 Jan. 11 Bombing of Synagogue in Suburban Washington, D.c. . 2024-01-29 . . en.
  3. News: 1969-02-26 . Maryland Grand Jury Indicts Electrical Worker for $200,000 Bombing of Synagogue . 2024-01-29 . . en.
  4. News: Green . David . 2018-10-28 . From Lynchings to Mass Shootings: The History of Deadly Attacks on Jews in America . 2018-11-20 . . en.
  5. News: Smith . J.Y. . 1977-06-10 . Prosecution Opens Trial Of Hanafis . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170315091124/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/06/10/prosecution-opens-trial-of-hanafis/37b5ca1f-a16a-4736-bafc-6a3ade587c0b/ . 2017-03-15 . 2017-03-14 . . en-US.
  6. News: Kiernan . Laura . 1977-10-19 . Amina Khaalis Relives Horror of Slayings, Court Is Told . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20201114180519/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/10/19/amina-khaalis-relives-horror-of-slayings-court-is-told/bce2434e-08f3-4ebb-9912-c443646ef288/ . 2020-11-14 . 2017-03-10 . . en-US.
  7. https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/22/world/around-the-world-palestinians-get-life-in-austrian-slayings.html Palestinians get life in Austrian Slayings
  8. Web site: Terrorists Strike in Vienna; Kill Two, Wound 18 in an Attack on a Synagogue. 31 August 1981.
  9. News: 1982-09-20 . AROUND THE WORLD; Hunt Is On in Brussels For Synagogue Raider . 2024-01-28 . . 11 . en-US . 0362-4331 . UPI.
  10. News: 2014-05-25 . Israeli victims of Brussels shooting named as Mira and Emanuel Riva . 2024-01-28 . . en . AFP.
  11. Web site: BOY, 2, IS KILLED AND 34 ARE HURT. 10 October 1982. The New York Times. 5 March 2016.
  12. News: Italy Jews Angry With Gadhafi Over Plan to Meet on Shabbat. Haaretz.com. 5 March 2016.
  13. Web site: Italy Gives Arab a Life Term In a 1982 Synagogue Attack. 24 May 1989. Reuters. 5 March 2016. The New York Times.
  14. News: 1983-09-13 . Arson Believed Certain Bloomington Center . . Indianapolis . 14 . en-US.
  15. Book: Stern, Jessica Eve . Toxic Terror: Assessing Terrorist Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons . Toxic Terror (book) . . 2000 . Tucker . Jonathan B. . Cambridge, MA . 151–52 . en-US . The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord . 1985.
  16. News: 1985-10-08 . Policeman shoots into Jewish quarter . 2024-01-28 . . en-US.
  17. News: 1985-10-08 . Tunisia Guard Fires at Crowd, Killing 1; Jews Among Injured . 2024-01-28 . . en-US . Associated Press.
  18. News: Arsu . Sebnem . Filkins . Dexter . 2003-11-16 . 20 in Istanbul Die in Bombings At Synagogues . 2019-05-13 . . en-US.
  19. News: Sexton . Joe . 1994-03-02 . 4 Hasidic Youths Hurt in Brooklyn Bridge Shooting . 2019-06-24 . . 1 . en-US.
  20. [#refComstock2002|Comstock (2002)]
  21. News: Green . David . 2018-10-28 . From Lynchings to Mass Shootings: The History of Deadly Attacks on Jews in America . 2018-11-20 . . en.
  22. News: 2000-10-19 . Hate-Crime Law Cited in Synagogue Attack . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150527135742/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/19/nyregion/hate-crime-law-cited-in-synagogue-attack.html . 2015-05-27 . 2023-11-30 . . en-US.
  23. News: Fried . Joseph P. . 2003-05-18 . Following Up . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150922174454/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/18/nyregion/following-up.html . 2015-09-22 . 2023-11-30 . . en-US.
  24. News: 2003-11-25 . Arab convicted of hate crimes in temple arson . . . AP.
  25. News: FBI, Justice: El Al attack was terrorism . CNN . April 12, 2003 . December 2, 2008 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070203145025/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/West/04/12/airport.shooting/ . February 3, 2007.
  26. News: LAX Assailant Died of Abdominal Gunshot Wound. Los Angeles Times. Andrew. Blankstein. July 7, 2002. October 7, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20151124114635/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/jul/07/local/me-lax7. November 24, 2015. live.
  27. [#refSalemNews2007|''The Salem News'' (November 14, 2007)]
  28. [#refUSAO2006|United States Attorney's Office District of Oregon (August 15, 2006)]
  29. News: 2012-01-24 . Firebombings at 2 Synagogues in New Jersey Lead to Arrest . 2022-07-31 . . en-US . The Associated Press.
  30. News: 3 Arab men convicted of firebombing Swedish synagogue . 31 January 2024 . . 2018-06-25.
  31. News: Liphshiz . Cnaan . Firebombs hurled at synagogue in Sweden after protest march about Jerusalem . 31 January 2024 . . 2017-12-09.
  32. News: Davis . Kristina . Parvini . Sarah . 2019-04-27 . Multiple people shot in attack on Poway synagogue; police detain man for questioning . 2019-04-27 . . en-US.
  33. News: 2019-08-20 . Arrest Made Weeks After Shooting Outside North Miami Beach Synagogue . 2021-02-08 . . en-US.
  34. News: 2019-12-10 . Six people confirmed dead as Jersey City shooting targets kosher supermarket . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20191210230341/https://www.thejc.com/news/us-news/six-people-confirmed-dead-as-jersey-city-shooting-targets-kosher-supermarket-1.494201 . 2019-12-10 . 2021-02-08 . . en-GB.
  35. News: Joffre . Tzvi . 2019-12-12 . Jersey City shooting was 'an act of terror' says Bill de Blasio . 2021-02-08 . . en-US.
  36. News: Helmore . Edward . 2019-12-28 . Synagogue stabbings: five hurt in Monsey attack, say reports . 2019-12-28 . . en-GB.
  37. News: Williams . Michael . 2022-01-15 . Colleyville police SWAT team involved in incident at synagogue . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220115210817/https://www.dallasnews.com/news/crime/2022/01/15/colleyville-police-swat-team-involved-in-incident-at-synagogue/ . 2022-01-15 . 2022-01-15 . . en-US.
  38. Web site: Jüdische Gemeinde in der Brunnenstraße meldet zweiten Angriff .
  39. News: Walsh . Eli . Jewish Section of Austria Cemetery Marked with Swastikas, Set Ablaze for First Time Since Kristallnacht . https://web.archive.org/web/20231103035950/https://themessenger.com/news/jewish-austria-cemetery-swastikas-set-ablaze-for-first-time-since-kristallnacht . dead . 3 November 2023 . 30 January 2024 . . 2023-11-02.
  40. News: A fire in the Jewish section of a cemetery in Austria's capital causes damage but no injuries . 30 January 2024 . . 2023-11-01.
  41. News: Vienna's Jewish community in shock after arson attack on cemetery hall . 30 January 2024 . . 2023-11-03.
  42. News: Armenia opens probe into arson attack on synagogue . 11 December 2023 . . 2013-11-16.
  43. Web site: 2024-04-11 . Germany: Police offer €5,000 for synagogue attack tips . .
  44. News: Kirby . Paul . Man shot dead after French synagogue set on fire . 31 July 2024 . . 2024-05-17.
  45. News: Greece arrests 7 over arson attacks on synagogue, Israeli-owned hotel . 8 July 2024 . . 2024-07-04.
  46. Kellman . George . 1959 . Anti-Jewish Agitation . . en-US . 60 . 44–52 . 0065-8987 . 23602919.
  47. News: Toby . Jackson . May 1958 . Bombing in Nashville:A Jewish Center and the Desegregation Struggle . . en-US.
  48. Webb . Clive . 2009-06-22 . Counterblast: How the Atlanta Temple Bombing Strengthened the Civil Rights Cause . . en-US . 10.18737/M75W2T . 2018-11-19 . free.
  49. News: Montgomery . Paul . 1970-11-07 . 8th Blast in Rochester Area Damages a Third Synagogue . https://web.archive.org/web/20220708102913/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/11/07/archives/8th-blast-in-rochester-area-damages-a-third-synagogue.html . 2022-07-08 . 2024-01-07 . The New York Times.
  50. News: 1970-11-09 . Police Investigating Bombing of Temple, the Third in Less Than Two Weeks . 2024-01-07 . . en.
  51. Book: Prohibiting Certain Acts Involving the Use of Explosives: Hearings Before Subcommittee No. 3 on H. R. 15 [and Other] Bills Prohibiting Certain Acts Involving the Impertation, Transportation, Possession, Or Use of Explosives, and for Other Purposes ]. 1959 . . Washington, D.C. . 82–85 . 30 January 2024.
  52. News: White Supremacist Sentenced in Racial Bombing Plot . 30 January 2024 . . 2012-12-26.
  53. News: Lavoie . Denise . White supremacist couple convicted in racial bomb plot trial . 30 January 2024 . . 2002-07-27.
  54. Web site: Four indicted in alleged terrorist plot against LA-area targets. Marquez. Jeremiah. 2005-09-01. SFGate.com. https://web.archive.org/web/20060815233005/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2005%2F08%2F31%2Fstate%2Fn143135D24.DTL. 2006-08-15. dead.
  55. Web site: Four charged with hatching prison terror plot. 2005-08-31. NBC News. https://archive.today/20181029193130/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/9148467/ns/us_news-security/t/four-charged-hatching-prison-terror-plot/%23.W9dgC9LLfK4. 2018-10-29. live. 2018-10-29.
  56. Web site: Peter . Tom A. . New York terror plotters wanted to 'do jihad' . csmonitor.com . May 21, 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090524221948/http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0521/p06s04-duts.html . May 24, 2009 . dead . mdy .
  57. News: Hernandez . Javier C. . Sewell Chan . N.Y. Bomb Plot Suspects Acted Alone, Police Say . . May 21, 2009 . May 21, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20140724081544/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/22/nyregion/22terror.html. July 24, 2014. live.
  58. News: Grimm . Andy . Man gets two years in prison for bomb threat . 30 January 2024 . . 2010-11-24.
  59. News: Oster . Marcy . Alleged Chicago bomb threat author arrested . 30 January 2024 . . 2009-03-22.
  60. News: Keys . Lisa . 'Developing threat' to NYC Jewish community averted as 2 arrested at Penn Station . 31 January 2024 . . 2022-11-19.
  61. News: del Valle . Lauren . Two men, one a descendant of Holocaust survivor, indicted in connection with threat to attack NYC synagogue . 31 January 2024 . . 2022-12-07.
  62. News: Harpaz . Beth . A Jewish man was charged in a plot against synagogues. His parents want you to know the whole story . 31 January 2024 . The Forward . 2023-09-14.
  63. News: Rosen . Armin . 2018-11-28 . We May Never Know the Motivations of the Man Who Shouted Anti-Semitic Slurs Before Trying to Kill Jews . 2018-11-29 . . en.
  64. News: Waller . Allyson . 2020-10-15 . White Supremacist Pleads Guilty to Plotting to Bomb Colorado Synagogue . 2020-10-16 . . en-US . 0362-4331.
  65. News: Middlesex County Man Sentenced To 15 Months In Prison For Communicating Threats To Attack Synagogue . 30 January 2024 . . 2023-11-14.
  66. News: New Jersey man admits posting broad online threat to synagogues . 30 January 2024 . . 2023-07-12.
  67. News: Snell . Robert . 2023-11-13 . U.P. man Seann Pietila guilty after threatening to kill Jews at East Lansing synagogue . 2024-01-28 . . en-US.
  68. News: Barr . Luke . 2023-06-29 . Man accused of plotting antisemitic attack indicted by grand jury . 2024-01-28 . . en-US.