List of asteroid close approaches to Earth explained

This is a list of examples where an asteroid or meteoroid travels close to the Earth. Some are regarded as potentially hazardous objects if they are estimated to be large enough to cause regional devastation.

Near-Earth object detection technology began to improve around 1998, so objects being detected as of 2004 could have been missed only a decade earlier due to a lack of dedicated near-Earth astronomical surveys. As sky surveys improve, smaller and smaller asteroids are regularly being discovered. The small near-Earth asteroids, 2014 AA, 2018 LA, 2019 MO, 2022 EB₅, 2022 WJ₁, 2023 CX₁ and 2024 BX₁ are the only eight asteroids discovered before impacting into Earth (see asteroid impact prediction). Scientists estimate that several dozen asteroids in the NaNm (-2,147,483,648feet) size range fly by Earth at a distance closer than the moon every year, but only a fraction of these are actually detected.^{[1] [2]} See also lists dedicated to specific years such as List of asteroid close approaches to Earth in 2023.

Timeline of approaches within one lunar distance

The average distance to the Moon (or lunar distance (LD)) is about 384400km (238,900miles), which is around 30 times the diameter of the Earth.^[3] Below are lists of close approaches less than one LD for a given year. (See also near-Earth asteroids and NEO Earth Close Approaches.)

Year(s)	Approaches	Total
2000-2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Discovered > 1 year in advance Discovered > 7 weeks in advance Discovered > 1 week in advance Discovered up to 1 week in advance < 24 hours' warning < no warning

Closest per year

From the list in the first section, these are the closest known asteroids per year that approach Earth within one lunar distance. More than one asteroid per year may be listed if its geocentric distance^[4] is within a tenth of the lunar distance, or 0.10 LD. For comparison, since a satellite in a geostationary orbit has an altitude of about 36000km (22,000miles), then its geocentric distance is 0.11 LD (approximately three times the width of the Earth).

The table shows that the years 2016 and 2017 had a total of 13 such close encounters that are known. Of these, eight were undetected until after they'd happened and only one was detected with more than 24 hours' notice. 2018 has fared better so far, with six out of the eight known close encounters being detected beforehand, albeit with less than 24 hours' notice in most cases.

This list does not include any of the hundreds of objects that collided with Earth which were not discovered in advance but were recorded by sensors designed to detect detonation of nuclear devices. Of the objects so detected, 78 had an impact energy greater than that of a 1-kiloton device (equivalent to 1,000 tons of TNT), including 11 which had an impact energy greater than that of a 10-kiloton device, i.e. comparable to the atomic bombs detonated on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in the Second World War.^[5]

Rows highlighted red indicate objects which were not discovered until after closest approach

Rows highlighted yellow indicate objects discovered less than 24 hours before closest approach

Rows left white indicate objects discovered 1–7 days before closest approach

Rows highlighted green indicate objects discovered more than one week before closest approach

Rows highlighted blue indicate objects discovered more than one year before closest approach, i.e. objects successfully cataloged on a previous orbit, rather than being detected during final approach.

Year	Date of closest approach	width= 120	Date discovered !	Object	data-sort-type="number"	Nominal geocentric distance (in 000's km) !	data-sort-type="number"	Nominal geocentric distance (in LD)!	data-sort-type="number"	Size of object (in meters) !	data-sort-type="number"	(H) !	Ref
bgcolor=white	2095	2095-09-06	2010-09-05	align=left		39.1	0.10	7	28.4
bgcolor=white	2034	2034-05-06	2014-04-29	align=left		88.9	0.23	6–14	28.1
bgcolor=white	2032	2032-08-14	2008-02-18	align=left		125.0	0.32	19–43	25.7
bgcolor=white	2029	2029-04-13	2004-06-19	align=left		38.0	0.10	310–340	19.7
bgcolor=white	2028	2028-06-26	2001-11-20	align=left		248.7	0.65	610–1400	18.2
bgcolor=white rowspan=1	2023	2023-07-13	2023-07-15	align=left		100	0.26	26–59	23.8
bgcolor=white rowspan=2	2022	2022-03-11	2022-03-11	align=left		5.0	0.0130	1.3-3.0	31.4
2022-03-25	2022-03-25	align=left		14.8	0.022	2-4	31
bgcolor=white rowspan=1	2021	2021-02-09	2021-02-09	align=left		22.7	0.06	1.7–3.9	30.9
bgcolor=white rowspan=6	2020
2020-11-13	2020-11-14	align=left		9.3	0.02	4.8–11	28.7
2020-09-24	2020-09-18	align=left		28	0.07	4.3–9.7	28.9
2020-08-16	2020-08-16	align=left		9.3	0.02	2.9–6.4	29.8
2020-05-04	2020-05-04	align=left		13.5	0.03	2.7–6	30
2020-02-01	2020-02-01	align=left		15.7	0.04	0.83–1.9	32.6
bgcolor=white rowspan=7	2019	2019-10-31	2019-10-31	align=left		12.6	0.033	1.0–2.2	32.1
2019-04-04	2020-02-15	align=left		13.1	0.034	1.9–3.5	31.7
2019-01-08	2018-01-08	align=left		15.1	0.039	0.7–2.5	32.3
2019-03-01	2019-03-01	align=left		23.5	0.061	2–6	30.1
2019-03-04	2019-03-05	align=left	C09Q4H2	26.6	0.069^[6]	1–3	31.9	Pseudo-MPEC CNEOS Distance (T)
2019-01-17	2019-01-16	align=left	P10LGkb	33.7	0.088^[7]	1–3	31.6	Pseudo-MPEC CNEOS Distance (H) (T)
2019-09-05	2019-09-06		37	0.10	7.3–16	27.8
bgcolor=white rowspan=8	2018	2018-06-02	2018-06-02	align=left		5.0	0.0130	2–4	30.5
2018-10-19	2018-10-19	align=left		13.7	0.036	2–6	30.2
2018-01-22	2018-01-22	align=left		20?	0.03?	2–5	30.6	—
2018-06-17	2018-06-17	align=left	A107j4p	30.8	0.080	4–11	28.9	—
2018-11-16	2018-11-17	align=left		30.9	0.080	3–10	29.3
2018-12-02	2018-11-29	align=left		33.0	0.086	4	30.2
2018-08-10	2018-08-11	align=left		33.5	0.087	7–22	27.4
2018-01-18	2018-01-18	align=left		39.2	0.10	2–6	30.2
bgcolor=white rowspan=7	2017	2017-04-04	2017-04-03	align=left		16.3	0.042	2–7	29.9
2017-10-20	2017-10-21	align=left		18.0	0.047	1–5	30.8
2017-10-22	2017-10-30	align=left	YU95BEF	19.4	0.051	5–15	28.2	—
2017-03-02	2017-03-02	align=left		20.9	0.054	1–5	30.7
2017-11-26	2017-11-26	align=left		30.1	0.078	1–3	31.8
2017-11-14	2017-11-20	align=left	P10ELNY	31.7	0.083	4–12	28.8	—
2017-11-08	2017-11-16	align=left	A104Vqx	33.2	0.086	4–14	28.4	—
bgcolor=white rowspan=6	2016	2016-02-25	2016-02-26	align=left		14.3	0.04	2–5	30.5
2016-09-11	2016-09-11	align=left		23.7	0.06	1–5	31.0
2016-01-12	2016-01-13	align=left		26.7	0.07	3–7	29.6
2016-03-11	2016-03-15	align=left	^[8]	31.7	0.08	16–31	25.6
2016-11-05	2016-11-14	align=left	XV88D4F	36.7	0.09	2–7	30.0^[9]	—
2016-01-14	2016-01-14	align=left		37.0	0.10	2–5	30.5
bgcolor=white rowspan=3	2015	2015-09-22	2015-09-24	align=left		26.6	0.07	3–14	28.9
2015-11-15	2015-11-14	align=left		34.6	0.09	4–9	29.0
2015-02-17	2015-02-18	align=left		39.3	0.10	1–3	30.4
bgcolor=white rowspan=3	2014	2014-01-02	2014-01-01	align=left		0.45^[10] ^[11]	0.001	2–4	30.9
2014-06-03	2014-06-02	align=left		16.7	0.04	4–8	29.1
2014-09-07	2014-09-01	align=left		39.9	0.10	12–25	26.8
bgcolor=white rowspan=2	2013	2013-12-23	2013-12-23	align=left		27.3	0.07	3	31.4
2013-02-15	2012-02-23	align=left		34.1	0.09	30	24.0
bgcolor=white	2012	2012-05-29	2012-05-28	align=left		20.8	0.05	9	29.0
bgcolor=white rowspan=3	2011	2011-02-04	2011-02-04	align=left	^[12]	11.9	0.03	1	32.1
2011-06-27	2011-06-22	align=left		18.7	0.05	14	28.0
2011-02-06	2011-02-07	align=left		40.2	0.10	2.4	30.9
bgcolor=white	2010	2010-11-17	2010-11-16	align=left		38.9	0.10	2–6	30.0
bgcolor=white	2009	2009-11-06	2009-11-06	align=left		20.4	0.05	4–13	28.6
bgcolor=white rowspan=3	2008	2008-10-07	2008-10-06	align=left		5.9	0.0152	4.1	30.4
2008-10-09	2008-10-09	align=left		12.6	0.03	0.5-1.6	33.2
2008-10-20	2008-10-21	align=left		32.9	0.09	1–4	31.4
bgcolor=white	2007	2007-10-17	2007-10-21	align=left		69.7	0.18	4–11	28.7
bgcolor=white	2006	2006-02-23	2006-02-22	align=left		117.5	0.31	12–30	26.5
bgcolor=white	2005	2005-11-26	2005-11-25	align=left		83.8	0.22	3–6	29.9
bgcolor=white	2004	2004-03-31	2004-03-31	align=left		12.9	0.03	4–12	28.7
bgcolor=white	2003	2003-09-27	2003-09-28	align=left		84.2	0.22	2–6	30.1
bgcolor=white	2002	2002-12-11	2002-12-13	align=left		117.7	0.31	19–47	25.5
bgcolor=white	2001	2001-01-15	2001-01-19	align=left		79.0	0.21	15–38	26.0
bgcolor=white	1999	1999-03-12	2013	align=left		315.4	0.82	3–12	29.0
bgcolor=white	1994	1994-12-09	1994-12-09	align=left		105.5	0.27	5–16	28.2
bgcolor=white	1993	1993-05-20	1993-05-21	align=left		149.2	0.39	3–11	29.0
bgcolor=white	1991	1991-01-18	1991-01-18	align=left		168.2	0.44	4–13	28.6
bgcolor=white	1990	1990-09-19	2003	align=left		213.9	0.56	3–10	29.1
bgcolor=white	1984	1984-01-10	2016	align=left		294.8	0.77	13–43	26.0
bgcolor=white	1982	1982-11-04	2012	align=left		314.4	0.82	111–358	21.2
bgcolor=white	1979	1979-09-02	2014	align=left		334.3	0.87	3–8	29.6
bgcolor=white	1976	1976-10-17	2013	align=left		328.1	0.85	70–226	22.4
bgcolor=white	1971	1971-04-11	2002	align=left		237.0	0.62	122–393	21.2
bgcolor=white	1965	1965-10-27	2005	align=left		289.2	0.75	10–33	26.6
bgcolor=white	1959	1959-01-27	2012	align=left		203.4	0.53	6–21	27.6
bgcolor=white	1957	1957-12-10	2010	align=left		60.8	0.16	22–71	24.9
bgcolor=white	1955	1955-06-19	2015	align=left		225.6	0.59	11–34	26.5
bgcolor=white	1954	1954-03-13	2013	align=left		102.7	0.27	1–4	31.1
bgcolor=white	1949	1949-01-01	2003	align=left		259.6	0.68	3–10	29.1
bgcolor=white	1938	1938-11-02	2018	align=left		105.0	0.27	2-5	30.3
bgcolor=white	1936	1936-01-06	2010	align=left		212.6	0.55	61–140	23.2
bgcolor=white	1935	1935-03-08	2015	align=left		182.8	0.48	18–57	25.4
bgcolor=white	1925	1925-03-29	2012	align=left		39.3	0.10	4-9	29.2
bgcolor=white	1922	1922-06-07	2017	align=left		18.2	0.047	11	27.5
bgcolor=white	1918	1918-09-17	2011	align=left		350.1	0.91	556–1795	17.9
bgcolor=white	1914	1914-12-31	1998	align=left		232.9	0.61	279–900	19.4
bgcolor=white	1910	1910-05-09	2007	align=left		288.7	0.75	18–57	25.4

A notable case is the relatively large asteroid Duende, which was predicted nearly a year in advance, coincidentally approaching just a few hours after the unrelated Chelyabinsk meteor, which was unpredicted, but injured thousands of people when it impacted.

Largest per year

From the lists in the first section, these are the largest known asteroids per year that approach Earth within one LD. (More than one asteroid per year may be listed if its size is 100m (300feet) or more.) For comparison, the 1908 Tunguska event was caused by an object about NaNm (-2,147,483,648feet) in size, while the 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor, which injured thousands of people and damaged buildings when it generated a large airburst over Russia, was estimated to be just 20m (70feet) across.

The table shows about 14 events in the decades 1900–2020 involving a body with an upper size estimate of 100m (300feet) or more making a close approach to Earth within one LD, with one (the Tunguska object) making impact.

Year	Date of closest approach	Object	Nominal geocentric distance (in 000s km)	Nominal geocentric distance (in LD)	Est. size (in m)	width=50	(H) !	Ref
2029	2029-04-13	align=left		38.0	0.10		19.7
2028	2028-06-26	align=left		248.7	0.65		18.3
2019	2019-07-25	align=left		78	0.2		23.3
2018	2018-01-03	align=left		298	0.77		22.5
	2018-05-15	align=left		203	0.53		23.5
	2018-04-15	align=left		193	0.50		23.6
2017	2017-07-21	align=left		63	0.16		24.3
2016	2016-03-21	align=left		384	1.00		24.2
2015	2015-01-18	align=left		240	0.62		26.7
2014	2014-03-05	align=left		349	0.91		25.7
2013	2013-08-04	align=left		371	0.97		24.6
2012	2012-04-01	align=left		230	0.60		24.3
2011	2011-11-08	align=left		324	0.84		21.9
	2011-12-03	align=left		347	0.90		23.1
2010	2010-11-02	align=left		286	0.74		25.4
2009	2009-03-02	align=left		72	0.19		25.8
2008	2008-02-15	align=left		371	0.97		24.9
2007	2007-01-18	align=left		324	0.84		25.4
2006	2006-02-23	align=left		117	0.31		26.5
2005	2005-12-05	align=left		217	0.57		25.7
2004	2004-03-18	align=left		49	0.13		25.7
2003	2003-12-06	align=left		148	0.39		26.4
2002	2002-06-14	align=left		120	0.31		23.6
2001	2001-01-15	align=left		306	0.80		26.0
1999	1999-08-12	align=left		179	0.47		26.0
1994	1994-12-09	align=left		105	0.27		28.2
1993	1993-05-20	align=left		149	0.39		29.0
1991	1991-04-08	align=left		322	0.84		23.3
1990	1990-09-19	align=left		186	0.48		29.1
1988	1988-10-16	align=left		322	0.84		26.8
1982	1982-11-04	align=left		314	0.82		21.4
1980	1980-05-18	align=left		74	0.19		28.9
1976	1976-10-17	align=left		328.1	0.85		22.4
1971	1971-04-11	align=left		237.0	0.62		21.2
1936	1936-01-06	align=left		212.6	0.55		23.2
1925	1925-08-30	align=left		347.0	0.90		18.5
1918	1918-09-17	align=left		350.1	0.91		17.9
1914	1914-12-31	align=left		232.9	0.61		19.4

The year 2011 was notable as two asteroids with size 100m (300feet) or more approached within one lunar distance.

Fastest per year

The average near-Earth asteroid, such as 2019 VF₅, passes Earth at 18 km/s. The average short-period comet passes Earth at 30 km/s, and the average long-period comet passes Earth at 53 km/s. A retrograde parabolic Oort cloud comet (e=1, i=180°) could pass Earth at 72 km/s when 1 AU from the Sun.

Approx.
size (m)! (H)
(abs. mag)! References

2022-12-23		0.55	0.983	29.8	38.1	4.8–11	28.7	JPL Horizons
2021-10-27		0.33	0.994	27.7	37.0	4.7–11	28.8	JPL Horizons
2020-03-14		0.85	0.995	33.4	38.6	19–43	25.7	JPL Horizons
2019-03-28		0.27	0.998	25.9	37.1	20–45	25.6	JPL Horizons
2018-04-15		0.50	1.003	29.6	35.9	46–100	23.8	JPL Horizons
2017-08-14		0.16	1.013	24.0	33.4	37–83	24.3	JPL Horizons
2016-03-08		0.40	0.993	25.6	36.6	5.3–12	28.5	JPL Horizons
2015-03-12		0.29	0.994	23.8	37.5	2.4–5.4	30.2	JPL Horizons

Approx.
size (m)! (H)
(abs. mag)! References

2007-03-25		0.92	0.997	1.37	31.1	3.3–7.5	29.5	JPL Horizons
2018-10-26		0.84	0.994	1.45	31.3	1.2–2.7	31.7	JPL Horizons
2014-12-07		0.98	0.985	1.67	30.6	3.2–7.1	29.6	JPL Horizons

Passed by outside atmosphere

Objects with distances greater than 100km (100miles) are listed here, although there is no discrete beginning of space.

Objects < 50 meters

Asteroids smaller than about 50m (160feet).^[13]

2020 QG—Closest asteroid flyby not to hit Earth, at ; closest approach on 16 August 2020.^{[14] [15]}

Nominal geocentric distance (AU)	Nominal geocentric distance (km)	Size (m) (approximate)	Date of closest approach	Object	Ref
0.000079	11,900	1	February 4, 2011
0.000084	12,500	1	October 9, 2008
0.000086	12,900	6	March 31, 2004
0.000088	13,100	1.9–3.5	April 4, 2019
0.000125	18,700	10	June 27, 2011	^[16]
0.000137	20,400	7	November 6, 2009
0.000139	20,800	4–10	May 29, 2012
0.000177	26,500	3–14	September 22, 2015
0.00018	27,000	3	December 23, 2013
0.000221	33,000	4	December 2, 2018
0.000227	33,900	5	December 19, 2004
0.000228	34,100	40×20^[17]	February 15, 2013	367943 Duende^[18]
0.000260	38,900	3	November 17, 2010
0.000262	39,300	1–3	February 17, 2015
0.000267	39,900	12–25	September 7, 2014
0.000269	40,200	2.4	February 6, 2011
0.000328	49,100	30	March 18, 2004
0.000346	51,800	5–10	October 12, 2010
0.000383	57,300	25	May 28, 2012	^[19]
0.000437	65,400	8	January 27, 2012
0.000482	72,100	9	September 8, 2010
0.000483	72,200	19	March 2, 2009
0.000484	72,400	2–7	December 11, 2013
0.000531	79,400	7	September 8, 2010
0.000564	84,300	5	September 27, 2003
0.000568	85,000	15	March 18, 2009
0.000635	95,000	17	October 12, 2012
0.000704	105,400	10	December 9, 1994	^[20]
0.000856	128,000	2	October 13, 2015
0.000862	129,000	15–30	January 13, 2010
0.000998	149,200	7	May 20, 1993
0.001124	168,200	6–10	January 18, 1991
0.001539	230,200	47	April 1, 2012
0.001655	247,600	12	September 8, 2010
0.002454	367,100	10–17	March 4, 2013
0.00257	384,400	average distance to the Moon
0.002899	433,600	22	April 9, 2010

Objects > 50 meters

Asteroids larger than about 50m (160feet).^{[13] [21]}

Nominal geocentric distance (AU)	Nominal geocentric distance (km)	Size (m) (approximate)	Date of closest approach	Object	Ref
0.000521	78,000	57–130	July 25, 2019
0.000802	120,000	73	June 14, 2002
0.00155^*	233,000	500	December 31, 1914
0.00159^*	239,000	200	April 11, 1971
0.00210^*	314,000	200	November 4, 1982
0.002172	324,900	360	November 8, 2011
0.00219^*	328,000	150	October 17, 1976
0.0022^**	329,000	100	April 8, 1991
0.0023^*	340,000	730	August 30, 1925
0.0023	340,000	100	December 3, 2011
0.00257	384,400	average distance to the Moon
<0.00266^*	<398,000	100	January 6, 1936
0.002891	432,400	500	July 3, 2006
0.003704	554,200	250	January 29, 2008
0.004241^*	634,500	300	April 26, 1942
0.004572	684,000	300	March 22, 1989
0.004950	740,500	300	October 30, 1937
0.0062^*	930,000	200	December 27, 1976
0.00836	1,251,000	325	June 8, 2014
0.0093^*	1,390,000	5000	August 27, 1969
0.0124855	1,867,800	400	December 16, 2001
0.036415	5,447,600	1000	June 14, 2012
0.043294	6,476,600	1600	November 5, 2012	^[22]
0.046332	6,900,000	5400	December 12, 2012	4179 Toutatis^[23]

Asteroids with large uncertainty regions are not included.

• Asteroid approach did not occur during an observed apparition. Passage is calculated by integrating the equations of motion.

• • Only the nominal (best-fit) orbit shows a passage this close. The uncertainty region is still somewhat large due to a short observation arc.

Predicted encounters

Incomplete list of asteroids larger than about 50m (160feet) predicted to pass close to Earth (see also asteroid impact prediction and Sentry (monitoring system)):^{[21] [24]}

Nominal geocentric distance (AU)	Nominal geocentric distance (km)	Size (m) (estimated)	Date of closest approach	Object	JPL-Ref
0.000256	38,300	325	April 13, 2029
0.000670	100,200	75–170	October 19, 2129
0.000721	107,800	50–120	April 8, 2041
0.001572	235,200	170–370	January 2, 2101
0.001585	237,000	360±40	November 8, 2075
0.001629	243,700	370–840	December 1, 2140
0.001635^**	244,600	190–420	October 25, 2077
0.001663	248,800	700–1500	June 26, 2028
0.001980	296,200	170–370	January 22, 2148
0.002222	332,500	190–250	May 28, 2065
0.002241	335,200	75–170	March 23, 2146
0.00257	384,400	for comparison, this is the average distance to the Moon

A list of predicted NEO approaches at larger distances is maintained as a database by the NASA Near Earth Object Program.^[25]

• • Only the nominal (best-fit) orbit shows a passage this close. The uncertainty region is still somewhat large due to a short observation arc.

Earth-grazers

See main article: article and Earth-grazing fireball.

Objects which enter and then leave Earth's atmosphere, the so-called Earth-grazers, are a distinct phenomenon, inasmuch as entering the lower atmosphere can constitute an impact event rather than a close pass. Earth-grazer can also be short for a body that "grazes" the orbit of the Earth, in a different context.

Altitude (km)	Size (m) (approximate)	Mass (kg) (approximate)	Date of closest approach	Object	Note	Ref.
0	mean sea level
8.8	Mount Everest (height)
58	5	10^5–10^6	August 10, 1972	1972 Great Daylight Fireball above the United States and Canada	First scientifically observed	^[26]
71.4		100	March 29, 2006	2006 Earth-grazing Fireball above Japan		^[27]
98.7		44	October 13, 1990	1990 Earth-grazing Fireball above Czechoslovakia and Poland	First captured from 2 distant locations, which enabled computing its orbit by geometrical methods	^[28]
			August 7, 2007	2007 Earth-grazing Fireball
100	Kármán line

Overview

External links

• Sentry Risk TableJet Propulsion Laboratory
• "PHA Close Approaches To The Earth"Minor Planet Center
• "NEO Earth Close Approaches"NASA/JPL's Near-Earth Object Program Office
• "NEO Earth Close-Approaches" (Between 1900 A.D. and 2200 A.D., NEOs with H <=22, nominal distance within 5 LD)NASA/JPL's Near-Earth Object Program Office
• "Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs): A Chronology of Milestones"International Astronomical Union
• NEODyS-2Near Earth Objects Dynamic Site sponsored by ESA
• TECA Table of asteroids next close approaches to the EarthSormano Astronomical Observatory
• SAEL Small Asteroids Encounter ListSormano Astronomical Observatory
• http://www.spacenewshindi.com/2020/08/nasa-big-update-coming-asteroid-2020.html
• E.A.R.N.European Asteroid Research Node
• Upcoming Close Approaches (< 0.10 AU) of NEOs to the Inner Planets - Andrew Lowe using Solex 11
• Earth's Busy NeighborhoodHohmannTransfer

Notes and References

1. Web site: Responding to Potential Asteroid Redirect Mission Targets . . 2014-02-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140226020619/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-052 . 2014-02-26 . live .
2. News: Chang . Kenneth . Asteroids and Adversaries: Challenging What NASA Knows About Space Rocks - Relevant Comments . June 14, 2018 . . July 21, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180622170339/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/14/science/asteroids-nasa-nathan-myhrvold.html#permid=27500228:27506217 . June 22, 2018 . live .
3. Web site: NASA Staff . Solar System Exploration: Planets: Earth's Moon: Facts & Figures . 10 May 2011 . NASA . 6 November 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140210103759/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Moon&Display=Facts . 10 February 2014 . dead .
4. Distance from the center of Earth to the center of the object. See the NASA/JPL Solar System Dynamics Glossary: Geocentric . Earth has a radius of approximately 6,400 km.
5. Web site: Fireballs . 2018-07-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170314153125/https://cneos.jpl.nasa.gov/fireballs . 2017-03-14 . live .
6. the asteroid is unconfirmed and will likely never receive a provisional designation.
7. Distance error: 0.000420 AU, approach range: 0.016 to 0.25 LD. There was a roughly 2% chance of impact. The asteroid is most likely between 1 and 14 meters across, so would probably be detectable. The asteroid is unconfirmed and will likely never receive a provisional designation.
8. Web site: Small asteroid detected 4 days after passing as close as satellites. 18 March 2016 . 2016-04-21. https://web.archive.org/web/20160422125457/http://earthsky.org/space/asteroid-2016-ef195-detected-4-days-after-passing. 2016-04-22. live.
9. With an arc of 1.5 hours and 6 observations, there is a roughly 40% chance it passed further than 0.1 LD, with a maximum distance of 0.13 LD.
10. The trajectory and atmospheric impact of asteroid 2014 AA. Davide. Farnocchia. Steven R.. Chesley. Peter G.. Brown. Paul W.. Chodas. 1 August 2016. Icarus. 274. 327–333. 2016Icar..274..327F. 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.056 .
11. Homing in for New Year: impact parameters and pre-impact orbital evolution of meteoroid 2014 AA. C.. de la Fuente Marcos. R.. de la Fuente Marcos. P.. Mialle. 13 October 2016. Astrophysics and Space Science. 361. 11. 358 (33 pp.). 1610.01055. 2016Ap&SS.361..358D . 10.1007/s10509-016-2945-3. 119251345.
12. Web site: Very Small Asteroid Makes Close Earth Approach on February 4, 2011 . Yeomans . Don . Chodas . Paul . 4 February 2011 . Near-Earth Object Program Office . NASA/JPL . 22 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110902004227/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news170.html . 2 September 2011 . dead .
13. Web site: Closest Approaches to the Earth by Minor Planets . . 12 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130214081554/http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/Closest.html . 14 February 2013 . live .
14. https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/mpec/K20/K20Q51.html MPEC 2020-Q51 : 2020 QG
15. https://twitter.com/tony873004/status/1295390969613840386 Newly-discovered asteroid ZTF0DxQ passed less than 1/4 Earth diameter yesterday, making it the closest-known flyby that didn't hit our planet.
16. Web site: 2011 MD Goldstone Radar Observations Planning . Benner . Lance A. M . Asteroid Radar Research . JPL/California Institute of Technology . 22 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130219005003/http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2011MD/2011MD_planning.html . 19 February 2013 . live .
17. Web site: 2012 DA14 Goldstone Radar Observations Planning . Benner . Lance A. M . Asteroid Radar Research . . 20 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130215133731/http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2012DA14/2012DA14_planning.html . 15 February 2013 . live .
18. Web site: NEOs Removed from Impact Risk Tables . Near-Earth Object Program Office . NASA/JPL . 17 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110426000059/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/removed.html . 26 April 2011 . dead .
19. Web site: Small asteroid to buzz Earth on May 28 . Plait . Phil . . 25 May 2012 . 16 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130121183558/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2012/05/25/small-asteroid-to-buzz-earth-on-may-28/#.USCGT_KPC98 . 21 January 2013 . live .
20. Web site: Near Earth Object Fact Sheet . Williams . David R. . Lunar & Planetary Science . . 17 February 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150926070521/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/neofact.html . 26 September 2015 .
21. Web site: NEO Earth Close-Approaches (Between 1900 A.D. and 2200 A.D., NEOs with H <=22, nominal distance within 5 LD) . Near-Earth Object Program Office . NASA/JPL . https://archive.today/20121213115119/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/neo_ca?type=NEO&hmax=22&sort=dist&sdir=ASC&tlim=all&dmax=5LD&max_rows=20&action=Display+Table&show=1 . dead . 13 December 2012 . 17 May 2015.
22. Web site: (214869) 2007 PA8 Goldstone Radar Observations Planning . Benner . Lance A. M . Asteroid Radar Research . JPL/California Institute of Technology . 14 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130216031533/http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroids/2007PA8/2007PA8_planning.html . 16 February 2013 . live .
23. Web site: Two Asteroids Will Buzz Past Earth on December 11 . Atkinson . Nancy . . 11 December 2012 . 12 February 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130326091952/http://www.universetoday.com/98923/two-asteroids-will-buzz-past-earth-on-december-11/#more-98923 . 26 March 2013 . live .
24. Web site: PHA Close Approaches To The Earth . International Astronomical Union/Minor Planet Center . 14 November 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111104144458/http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/PHACloseApp.html . 4 November 2011 . live .
25. NASA, Near Earth Object Program, database NEO Earth Close-Approaches Between 1900 A.D. and 2200 A.D. limited to encounters with reasonably low uncertainty (accessed 20 Sept. 2013)
26. Ceplecha . Z. . Earth-grazing daylight fireball of August 10, 1972 . Astronomy and Astrophysics . 283 . 1 . 287–288 . March 1994 . 1994A&A...283..287C . 0004-6361 .
27. Abe . S. . Borovička . J. . Spurný . P. . Koten . P. . Ceplecha . Z. . Meteor Network Team in Japan . Earth-grazing fireball on March 29, 2006 . European Planetary Science Congress 2006 . 486 . 18–22 September 2006 . Berlin . 2006epsc.conf..486A . 2015-03-14 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190528072728/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/conf/epsc./2006//0000486.001.html . 28 May 2019 . live .
28. Borovička . J. . Ceplecha . Z. . Earth-grazing fireball of October 13, 1990 . Astronomy and Astrophysics . 257 . 1 . 323–328 . April 1992 . 1992A&A...257..323B . 0004-6361 .